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id="toc-Powers_and_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Requirements_and_appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Requirements_and_appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Requirements and appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Requirements_and_appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judge_as_an_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judge_as_an_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Judge as an occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judge_as_an_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gender effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Age and retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_of_office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_of_office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Symbols of office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_of_office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles_and_forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Titles and forms of address</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Titles and forms of address subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakh_Khanate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakh_Khanate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Kazakh Khanate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakh_Khanate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.6</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.7</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.8</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.11</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.12</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.13</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.14</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.15</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.15.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.15.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.15.3</span> <span>Northern Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_courts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_courts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>International courts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_courts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Judge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%89%D3%80%D1%8D" title="ХеящӀэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="ХеящӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regter" title="Regter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Regter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter" title="Richter – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Richter" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6" title="قاض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قاض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuez" title="Chuez – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chuez" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuez" title="Xuez – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xuez" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekojojah%C3%A1ra" title="Tekojojahára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tekojojahára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim_(h%C3%BCquq)" title="Hakim (hüquq) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hakim (hüquq)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="বিচারক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিচারক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-koa%E2%81%BF" title="Hoat-koaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-koaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Суддзя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суддзя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F" title="Судзьдзя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Судзьдзя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Съдия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съдия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁྲིམས་དཔོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁྲིམས་དཔོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutge" title="Jutge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jutge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Тӳре – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тӳре" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soudce" title="Soudce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Soudce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnwr" title="Barnwr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Barnwr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dommer" title="Dommer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dommer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richter" title="Richter – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohtunik" title="Kohtunik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kohtunik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Δικαστής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δικαστής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juez" title="Juez – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juez" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C4%9Disto" title="Juĝisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juĝisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaile" title="Epaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Epaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="قاضی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاضی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juge" title="Juge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjochter" title="Rjochter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rjochter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitheamh" title="Breitheamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Breitheamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitheamh" title="Breitheamh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Breitheamh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu%C3%ADz,_xu%C3%ADza" title="Xuíz, xuíza – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xuíz, xuíza" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B0_(%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0)" title="𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰) – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌰 (𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐌰)" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%95%EA%B4%80" title="법관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="법관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Alkali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Դատավոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դատավոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6" title="न्यायाधीश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्यायाधीश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudac" title="Sudac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sudac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim" title="Hakim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hakim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mari" title="Dómari – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dómari" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudice" title="Giudice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giudice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שופט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שופט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Судья – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Судья" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakimu" title="Hakimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hakimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jij" title="Jij – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jij" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadger" title="Dadger – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dadger" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Судья – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Судья" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iudex" title="Iudex – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iudex" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiesnesis" title="Tiesnesis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tiesnesis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97jas" title="Teisėjas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisėjas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giudes" title="Giudes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giudes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ADr%C3%B3_(igazs%C3%A1gszolg%C3%A1ltat%C3%A1s)" title="Bíró (igazságszolgáltatás) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bíró (igazságszolgáltatás)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Судија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Судија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6" title="न्यायाधीश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="न्यायाधीश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%89" title="قاضى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قاضى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کادی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کادی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim" title="Hakim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hakim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim" title="Hakim – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hakim" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-gu%C4%83ng" title="Huák-guăng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-guăng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jui%C3%A7" title="Juiç – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Juiç" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="တရားသူကြီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တရားသူကြီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechter" title="Rechter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rechter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6" title="न्यायाधीश – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="न्यायाधीश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E5%AE%98" title="裁判官 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="裁判官" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dommer" title="Dommer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dommer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dommar_i_retten" title="Dommar i retten – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dommar i retten" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutge" title="Jutge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jutge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudya" title="Sudya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sudya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9C" title="ਜੱਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੱਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AC" title="جج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="قاضي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="قاضي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%99dzia" title="Sędzia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sędzia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juiz" title="Juiz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Juiz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judec%C4%83tor" title="Judecător – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Judecător" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taripakuq" title="Taripakuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Taripakuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8F" title="Судья – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Судья" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge" title="Judge – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Judge" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjyqtari" title="Gjyqtari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjyqtari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge" title="Judge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AC" title="جج – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جج" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudca" title="Sudca – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sudca" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodnik" title="Sodnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sodnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1" title="دادوەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دادوەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Судија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Судија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudija" title="Sudija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sudija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuomari" title="Tuomari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tuomari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domare" title="Domare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Domare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukom" title="Hukom – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hukom" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="న్యాయమూర్తి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="న్యాయమూర్తి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2)" title="ข้าราชการฝ่ายตุลาการ (ประเทศไทย) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าราชการฝ่ายตุลาการ (ประเทศไทย)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Қозӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қозӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2kim_(hukuk)" title="Hâkim (hukuk) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hâkim (hukuk)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86t%C9%9Bnmuafo" title="Ɔtɛnmuafo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ɔtɛnmuafo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%8F" title="Суддя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суддя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AC" title="جج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%A9m_ph%C3%A1n" title="Thẩm phán – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thẩm phán" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E4%BA%8B" title="推事 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="推事" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" title="法官 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法官" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ריכטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריכטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad%C3%A1j%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" title="Adájọ́ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Adájọ́" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98" title="法官 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法官" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Official who presides over court proceedings</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Judge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Judge (disambiguation)">Judge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output 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class="infobox-title">Judge</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg/220px-ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg/330px-ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg/440px-ICJ-CJI_hearing_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Judges at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Judge, <a href="/wiki/Justice_(title)" title="Justice (title)">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">University degree in law and experience as a lawyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Courts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>judge</b> is a person who <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/preside" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:preside">presides</a> over <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a> proceedings, either alone or as a part of a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_panel" title="Judicial panel">panel of judges</a>. In an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a>, the judge hears all the <a href="/wiki/Witness" title="Witness">witnesses</a> and any other <a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">evidence</a> presented by the <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitors</a> of the case, assesses the credibility and <a href="/wiki/Arguments" class="mw-redirect" title="Arguments">arguments</a> of the parties, and then issues a ruling in the <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case</a> based on their interpretation of the law and their own personal judgment. A judge is expected to conduct the trial <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/impartial" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:impartial">impartially</a> and, typically, in an <a href="/wiki/In_open_court" title="In open court">open court</a>. </p><p>The powers, functions, method of appointment, discipline, and training of judges vary widely across different <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>. In some jurisdictions, the judge's powers may be shared with a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial systems</a> of <a href="/wiki/Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">criminal investigation</a>, a judge might also be an <a href="/wiki/Examining_magistrate" title="Examining magistrate">examining magistrate</a>. The presiding judge ensures that all court proceedings are lawful and orderly. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_functions">Powers and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Powers and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ultimate task of a judge is to settle a legal dispute in a final and publicly lawful manner in agreement with substantial partialities. Judges exercise significant governmental power. They can order police, military or judicial officials to execute searches, arrests, imprisonments, garnishments, detainment, seizures, deportations and similar actions. However, judges also supervise that trial procedures are followed, in order to ensure consistency and impartiality and avoid arbitrariness. The powers of a judge are checked by higher courts such as appeals courts and supreme courts. </p><p>The court usually has three main legally trained court officials: the judge, the prosecutor and the defence attorney. The role of a judge can vary between legal systems. In an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a> (common law), as in effect in the U.S. and England, the judge functions as an impartial referee, mainly ensuring correct procedure, while the prosecution and the defense present their case to a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>, often selected from common citizens. The main factfinder is the jury, and the judge will then finalize sentencing. Nevertheless, in smaller cases judges can issue <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgments</a> without proceeding to a jury trial. In an <a href="/wiki/Inquisitorial_system" title="Inquisitorial system">inquisitorial system</a> (civil law), as in effect in continental Europe, there is no jury and the main factfinder is the judge, who will do the presiding, judging and sentencing on his own. As such, the judge is expected to apply the law directly, as in the French expression <i>Le juge est la bouche de la loi</i> ("The judge is the mouth of the law"). Furthermore, in some systems even investigations may be conducted by the judge, functioning as an examining magistrate. </p><p>Judges may work alone in smaller cases, but in criminal, family and other significant cases, they work in a panel. In some civil law systems, this panel may include <a href="/wiki/Lay_judge" title="Lay judge">lay judges</a>. Unlike professional judges, lay judges are not legally trained, but unlike jurors, lay judges are usually volunteers and may be politically appointed. Judges are often assisted by <a href="/wiki/Law_clerk" title="Law clerk">law clerks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Referendary" title="Referendary">referendaries</a> and notaries in legal cases and by <a href="/wiki/Bailiff" title="Bailiff">bailiffs</a> or similar with security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Requirements_and_appointment">Requirements and appointment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Requirements and appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are both volunteer and professional judges. A volunteer judge, such as an English <a href="/wiki/Magistrate_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrate (England and Wales)">magistrate</a>, is not required to have legal training and is unpaid. Whereas, a professional judge is required to be <a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">legally educated</a>; in the U.S., this generally requires a degree of <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a>. Furthermore, significant professional experience is often required; for example, in the U.S., judges are often appointed from experienced <a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">attorneys</a>. Judges are often appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. However in some jurisdictions, judges are elected in a political election.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impartiality is often considered important for <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>. Thus, in many jurisdictions judges may be appointed for life, so that they cannot be removed by the executive. However, in non-democratic systems, the appointment of judges may be highly politicized and they often receive instructions on how to judge, and may be removed if their conduct does not please the political leadership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judge_as_an_occupation">Judge as an occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judge as an occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges must be able to research and process extensive lengths of documents, witness testimonies, and other case material, understand complex cases and possess a thorough understanding of the law and legal procedure, which requires excellent skills in logical reasoning, analysis and decision-making. Excellent writing skills are also a necessity, given the finality and authority of the documents written. Judges work with people all the time; by the nature of the job, good dispute resolution and interpersonal skills are a necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-thebalance_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thebalance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges are required to have <a href="/wiki/Good_moral_character" title="Good moral character">good moral character</a>, i.e. there must be no history of crime. Professional judges often enjoy a high salary, in the U.S. the median salary of judges is $101,690 per annum,<sup id="cite_ref-thebalance_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thebalance-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and federal judges earn $208,000–$267,000 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_effects">Gender effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gender effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries in Europe the majority of judges are women: in 5 countries (<a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>) women make more that 70% of judges of the first instance. In contrast, in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries (<a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and the United States) the situation is reverse: over 70% of judges of the first instance are men.<sup id="cite_ref-Bench_2020_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bench_2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, women are underrepresented in the Supreme Courts in the USA and all EU countries, except for Romania (in Romanian <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Cassation_and_Justice" title="High Court of Cassation and Justice">High Court of Cassation and Justice</a> over 80% of judges are women).<sup id="cite_ref-Bench_2020_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bench_2020-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_retirement">Age and retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Age and retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, federal judges are appointed "for good behavior", which means in practice, that federal judges work until they die, voluntarily retire or are impeached.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> in the office in 2020 and suspension of <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Newman" title="Pauline Newman">Pauline Newman</a> in 2023 reinvigorated the discussion about mandatory retirement age for federal judges, but such change would require a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> and is unlikely to be implemented soon.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>States have more flexibility in establishing a mandatory retirement age for judges, as was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/SCOTUS" class="mw-redirect" title="SCOTUS">SCOTUS</a> in its 1991 decision <a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._Ashcroft" title="Gregory v. Ashcroft">Gregory v. Ashcroft</a>. As of 2015, 33 States and the District of Columbia had mandatory retirement ages for State court judges, which ranged from 70 to 75 for most (but is as high as 90 in <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">National Bureau of Economic Research</a> found significant positive effects on the performance of state Supreme Courts with mandatory retirement age for judges. The authors advocated the adoption of mandatory retirement ages for all federal and state judges, although they felt, that the individual authorities should decide on the specific age for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_of_office">Symbols of office</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Symbols of office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano,_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano%2C_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/170px-Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano%2C_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano%2C_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/255px-Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano%2C_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano%2C_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg/340px-Don_Diego_del_Corral_y_Arellano%2C_por_Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption>17th century <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> judge in full gowns, by Velázquez</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">Court dress</a></div> <p>A variety of traditions have become associated with the rank or occupation. <a href="/wiki/Gavel" title="Gavel">Gavels</a> (a ceremonial hammer) are used by judges in many countries, to the point that the gavel has become a symbol of a judge. In many parts of the world, judges wear long <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robes</a> (often in black or red) and sit on an elevated platform during trials (known as the bench). </p><p>American judges frequently wear black robes. American judges have ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Gavel" title="Gavel">gavels</a>, although American judges have court deputies or bailiffs and <i><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a></i> power as their main devices to maintain decorum in the courtroom. However, in some of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a>, like California, judges did not always wear robes and instead wore everyday clothing. Today, some members of <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">state supreme courts</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Supreme Court">Maryland Supreme Court</a> wear distinct dress. In Italy and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, both judges and lawyers wear particular black robes. </p><p>In some countries, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, judges wear <a href="/wiki/Wig_(hair)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wig (hair)">wigs</a>. The long wig often associated with judges is now reserved for ceremonial occasions, although it was part of the standard attire in previous centuries. A short wig resembling but not identical to a <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>'s wig (a Bench Wig) would be worn in court. This tradition, however, is being phased out in Britain in non-criminal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, the judge wears a long stripe (red, green white), while the attorneys wear the black gown. </p><p>In Portugal and in the former <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, the judges used to carry a staff that was red for ordinary judges and white for the <a href="/wiki/Juiz_de_fora_(office)" title="Juiz de fora (office)">judges from the outside</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles_and_forms_of_address">Titles and forms of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Titles and forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Judge" title="Special:EditPage/Judge">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, court proceedings are conducted in either English or <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a> (a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a>). Judges of Hong Kong retain many of the English traditions such as wearing wigs and robes in trials. </p><p>In the lower courts, magistrates are addressed as <i>Your worship</i>, and district court judges as <i>Your Honour</i>. </p><p>In the superior courts of record, namely the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Hong_Kong" title="High Court of Hong Kong">High Court of Hong Kong</a> (which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Hong_Kong)" title="Court of Appeal (Hong Kong)">Court of Appeal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_First_Instance_(Hong_Kong)" title="Court of First Instance (Hong Kong)">Court of First Instance</a>), judges are addressed as <i>My Lord</i> or <i>My Lady</i> and referred to as <i>Your Lordship</i> or <i>Your Ladyship</i>, following the English tradition. </p><p>In writing, the post-nominal letters <i>PJ</i> is used to refer to a permanent judge of the Court of Final Appeal and <i>NPJ</i> to a non-permanent judge. In the High Court, the abbreviation <i>JA</i> is used to denote a justice of appeal, and the letter <i>J</i> refers to a judge of the Court of First Instance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Master_(judiciary)" title="Master (judiciary)">Masters</a> of the High Court are addressed as <i>Master</i>. </p><p>When trials are conducted in Chinese, judges were addressed, in Cantonese, as <i>Fat Goon Dai Yan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong Cantonese</a>: <span lang="yue">法官大人</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">faat3 gun1 daai6 jan4</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Judge, your lordship') before the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, and as <i>Fat Goon Gok Ha</i> (Hong Kong Cantonese: <span lang="yue">法官閣下</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">faat3 gun1 gok3 haa6</i></span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Judge, your honour') since 1997. <i>Fat Goon</i> (Hong Kong Cantonese: <span lang="yue">法官</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="yue-Latn">faat gun1</i></span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'Judge') means the word "judge". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Native_Judges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_Native_Judges.jpg/220px-The_Native_Judges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_Native_Judges.jpg/330px-The_Native_Judges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/The_Native_Judges.jpg/440px-The_Native_Judges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>These drawings were taken from life in 1758. From left to right, top row: 1. Interpreter, Rhowangee Sewagee. 2. Judge of the Hindoo Law, Antoba Crustnagee Pundit. 3. Hindoo Officer, Lellather Chatta Bhutt. From left to right, bottom row: 4. Officer to the Mooremen, Mahmoud Ackram of the Codjee order or priesthood of the cast of Moormens. 5. Judge of the Mohomedan Law, Cajee Husson. 6. Haveldar, or summoning Officer, Mahmound Ismael'.</figcaption></figure> <p>In India, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts were addressed as <i>Your Lordship</i> or <i>My Lord</i> and <i>Your Ladyship</i> or <i>My Lady</i>, a tradition directly attributable to England. The <a href="/wiki/Bar_Council_of_India" title="Bar Council of India">Bar Council of India</a> had adopted a resolution in April 2006 and added a new Rule 49(1)(j) in the <a href="/wiki/Legal_practice_laws_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal practice laws in India">Advocates Act</a>. As per the rule, lawyers can address the court as <i>Your Honour</i> and refer to it as <i>Honourable Court</i>. If it is a subordinate court, lawyers can use terms such as <i>sir</i> or any equivalent phrase in the regional language concerned. Explaining the rationale behind the move, the Bar Council had held that the words such as <i>My Lord</i> and <i>Your Lordship</i> were "relics of the colonial past". The resolution has since been circulated to all state councils and the Supreme Court for adoption but over five years now, the resolution largely remained on paper. </p><p>However, in an unprecedented move in October 2009, one of the judges of <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras HC</a>, Justice K Chandru had banned lawyers from addressing his court as <i>My Lord</i> and <i>Your Lordship</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges" title="Hebrew Bible judges">Hebrew Bible judges</a></div> <p>In Israel, the judges (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שופט‬</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">shofét</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'judge') of all courts are addressed as <i>Sir</i>, <i>Madam</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אדוני‬/גבירתי‬</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">adoni/geverti</i></span>) or <i>Your Honor</i> (Hebrew: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כבודו‬/כבודה‬</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kevodo/kevoda</i></span>). Typically after every naming you will hear <i>haShofét</i>, meaning "the judge" after the respective address. For example, <i>Your Honor the Judge</i> would be <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כבוד השופט‬</span></span> (<i>kevod haShofét</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kazakh_Khanate"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kazakh Khanate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Biy" title="Biy">Biy</a> - elected judges using <a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a> <a href="/wiki/Zheti_Zhargy" title="Zheti Zhargy">Zheti Zhargy</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Council_of_biys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Council of biys (page does not exist)">Council of biys</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" class="extiw" title="kk:Билер кеңесі">kk</a>; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="ru:Совет биев">ru</a>]</span> was the highest council, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Senate" title="Senate">senate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malaysia, judges of the subordinate courts are addressed as <i>Tuan</i> or <i>Puan</i> ("Sir", "Madam"), or <i>Your Honour</i>. Judges of the superior courts are addressed as <i>Yang Arif</i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Learned One</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or <i>My Lord</i>, <i>My Lady</i>, etc.; and <i>Your Lordship</i> or <i>My Ladyship</i> if the proceedings, as they generally are in the superior courts, are in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts are addressed as <i>Your Lordship</i> or <i>My Lord</i> or <i>Lordship</i> and <i>Your Ladyship</i> or <i>My Lady</i>, a tradition directly attributable to England. There is some resistance to this on religious grounds but more or less continues till this day. In lower courts, judges are addressed as <i>sir</i>, <i>madam</i> or the <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> equivalent <i>Janab</i> or <i>Judge Sahab</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, judges of most courts are addressed as <i>Your Honour</i>; however, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Chief Justice of Sri Lanka">Chief Justice</a> is addressed as <i>Your Lordship</i>. Judges of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a> and the Appeal Court receives the title <i>The Honourable</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> are addressed as <i><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Quý tòa</i></span></i> (literally the "Honorable Court"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Robert_Spano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/President_Robert_Spano.jpg/220px-President_Robert_Spano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/President_Robert_Spano.jpg/330px-President_Robert_Spano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/President_Robert_Spano.jpg/440px-President_Robert_Spano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_Ragnar_Span%C3%B3" title="Róbert Ragnar Spanó">Róbert Ragnar Spanó</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> before 1989 during the communist regime, judges were addressed as <i>drugarju</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">другарю</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'comrade').<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1989, <i>gospodín sŭdiya</i> (Bulgarian: <span lang="bg">господин съдия</span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'mister judge') or <i>gospožo sŭdiya</i> (Bulgarian: <span lang="bg">госпожо съдия</span>, <small><abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'madam judge'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no special form of address; ordinary politeness is sufficient and the procedure lacks arcane rituals. Accordingly, the chairman of the panel is addressed as <i>herra/rouva puheenjohtaja</i> ("Mr./Ms. Chairman"). Finnish judges use gavels, but there are no robes or cloaks used in any Finnish courts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a district court (<i>käräjäoikeus</i>), ordinary judges work with the title <i>käräjätuomari</i> and the chairman is <i>laamanni</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lawspeaker" title="Lawspeaker">lawspeaker</a>). They are assisted by notaries (<i>notaari</i>), assessors (<i>asessori</i>) and referendaries (<i>viskaali</i>) who may sometimes even chair sessions. In appeals courts (<i>hovioikeus</i>) an ordinary judge has the title <i>hovioikeudenneuvos</i>, the chairman of a section is <i>hovioikeudenlaamanni</i> and the court is led by a <i>presidentti</i>. In the Supreme Court, judges are titled <i>oikeusneuvos</i> and the court is led by a <i>presidentti</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as <i>Monsieur le président</i> or <i>Madame le président</i>, whilst associated judges are addressed as <i>Monsieur l'Assesseur</i> or <i>Madame l'Assesseur</i>. Out of the courtroom, judges are referred to as <i>Monsieur le juge</i> or <i>Madame le juge</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Germany, judges are addressed as <i>Herr Vorsitzender</i> or <i>Frau Vorsitzende</i>, which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman", or as <i>Hohes Gericht</i>, which translates as "High Court". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The male presiding judge of a court is addressed as <i>tisztelt bíró úr</i>, which means "Honourable Mister Judge" and a female presiding judge is addressed as <i>tisztelt bírónő</i>, which means "Honourable Madam Judge". The court as a body can be addressed as <i>tisztelt bíróság</i>, which means "Honourable Court". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Judges of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Ireland)">Supreme Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_(Ireland)" title="Court of Appeal (Ireland)">Court of Appeal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)" title="High Court (Ireland)">High Court</a> are officially titled <i>The Honourable Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname</i> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i lang="ga">An Breitheamh Onórach Uasal [surname]</i>), and informally referred to for short as <i>Mr/Mrs/Ms/Miss Justice Surname</i>. In court, they are addressed either by their respective titles or styles, as <i>The Court</i> (<i>An Chúirt</i>), or simply <i>Judge</i> (<i>A Bhreithimh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Law_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Law reports">law reports</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Ireland" title="Chief Justice of Ireland">Chief Justice of Ireland</a> has the postnominal <i>CJ</i>, the Presidents of the other Courts have the postnominal <i>P</i>, and all other judges <i>J</i>, e.g. <i>Smith J</i>. </p><p>Judges of the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_Court_(Ireland)" title="Circuit Court (Ireland)">Circuit Court</a> are titled <i>His/Her Honour Judge Surname</i> and are addressed in Court as <i>Judge</i>. Before 2006, they were addressed as <i>My Lord</i> (<i>A thiarna</i>) . </p><p>Judges of the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_(Ireland)" title="District Court (Ireland)">District Court</a> are titled <i>Judge Surname</i> and addressed in Court as <i>Judge</i>. Before 1991 these judges were known as District Justices and addressed as <i>Your Worship</i> (<i>d'Onóra</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, the presiding judge of a court is addressed as <i>Signor presidente della corte</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, presiding judges of either sex are, in writing only, addressed <i>edelachtbare</i> ("Your Honour") for judges in the Court of First Instance, <i>edelgrootachtbare</i> ("Your Great Honour") for justices in the Court of Appeal and <i>edelhoogachtbare</i> ("Your High Honour") for justices in the High Council of the Netherlands (Supreme Court). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Poland, presiding judges of either sex during trial are addressed <i>Wysoki Sądzie</i> ("High Court"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, presiding judges during trial are addressed as <i>Meretíssimo Juiz</i> when a man or <i>Meretíssima Juíza</i> when a woman (meaning "Most Worthy Judge") or as <i>Vossa Excelência</i> ("Your Excellency") when not specifying gender. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, judges during trial are addressed as <i>Onorata Instanta</i> (Your Honor).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russia">Russia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia, <i>Vasha Chest</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ваша Честь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Your Honour') is used for criminal cases only with the one judge presiding.<sup id="cite_ref-Criminal_Procedure_Code_of_Russia._257_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criminal_Procedure_Code_of_Russia._257-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For civil, commercial and criminal cases presided over by a panel of judges the right address is <i>Honorable Court</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Criminal_Procedure_Code_of_Russia._257_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Criminal_Procedure_Code_of_Russia._257-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, magistrates of the Supreme Court, magistrates and judges are addressed to as "Your Lordship" (<i>Su Señoría</i>); however, in formal occasions, magistrates of the Supreme Court are addressed to as "Your Most Excellent Lordship" (<i>Vuestra Señoría Excelentísima</i> or <i>Excelentísimo Señor</i>/<i>Excelentísima Señora</i>); in those solemn occasions, magistrates of lower Courts are addressed as "Your Most Illustrious Lordship" (<i>Vuestra Señoría Ilustrísima</i> or <i>Ilustrísimo Señor</i>/<i>Ilustrísima Señora</i>); simple judges are always called "Your Lordship". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, the presiding judge of a court is traditionally addressed as <i>Herr Ordförande</i> or <i>Fru Ordförande</i>, which translate as "Mister Chairman" and "Madam Chairwoman". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom#Judiciary" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">Forms of address in the United Kingdom § Judiciary</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts of England and Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a> judges are called Justices of the Supreme Court. Justices of the Supreme Court who do not hold life peerages are now given the courtesy style "Lord" or "Lady".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justices of the Supreme Court are addressed as "My Lord/Lady" in court. In the law reports, the Justices of the Supreme Court are usually referred to as "Lord/Lady N", although the Weekly Law Reports appends the post-nominal letters "JSC" (e.g. "Lady Smith JSC"). The President and Deputy President of the Court are afforded the post-nominal letters PSC and DPSC respectively. Only experienced <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barristers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitors</a> are usually appointed as judges. </p><p>Judges of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court">High Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal">Court of Appeal</a> are <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_address_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forms of address in the United Kingdom">addressed</a> (when sitting in those courts) as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship". </p><p>Judges of the Court of Appeal, also called <a href="/wiki/Lords_Justice_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lords Justice of Appeal">Lords Justice of Appeal</a>, are referred to as "Lord Justice N" or "Lady Justice N". In legal writing, Lords Justices of Appeal are afforded the post nominal letters "LJ": for example, Smith LJ. </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_judge_(England_and_Wales)" title="High Court judge (England and Wales)">Justice of the High Court</a> who is not present is being referred to they are <a href="/wiki/Mr_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Justice">described</a> as "Mr./Mrs./Ms. Justice <i>N.</i>" In legal writing, the post-nominal letter "J" is used to denote a Justice (male or female) of the High Court; for example, a Justice Smith is referred to as Smith J.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike American English, no comma is used to offset the letter J from the Justice's name.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full stop after the preceding examples terminates the sentence, not the abbreviation, and the abbreviation can be used mid-sentence in prose in formal legal writing.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Master_(judiciary)" title="Master (judiciary)">Masters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/EWHC" class="mw-redirect" title="EWHC">High Court</a> are addressed as "Master". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Insolvency_and_Companies_Court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Insolvency and Companies Court (page does not exist)">Insolvency and Companies Court</a> judges in the High Court are addressed as "Judge". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Circuit_judge_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit judge (UK)">Circuit judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(judge)" title="Recorder (judge)">recorders</a> are addressed as "Your Honour". Circuit judges are referred to as "His/Her Honour Judge N". In writing, this title is occasionally abbreviated as "HHJ" or "HH Judge N", but not in legal writing. <a href="/wiki/District_judge_(magistrates_courts)" class="mw-redirect" title="District judge (magistrates courts)">District judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a> judges are addressed as "Sir/Madam". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magistrate_(England_and_Wales)" title="Magistrate (England and Wales)">Magistrates</a> are usually still addressed as "<a href="/wiki/Your_Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Your Worship">Your Worship</a>" in much of England. Magistrates are also addressed as "Sir/Madam". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Scotland">Scotland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Scotland" title="Courts of Scotland">Courts of Scotland</a> judges in the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Session" title="Court of Session">Court of Session</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_court" title="Sheriff court">sheriff courts</a> are all addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady" and referred to as "Your Lordship" or "Your Ladyship". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justices of the peace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace_court" title="Justice of the peace court">justice of the peace courts</a> are addressed and referred to as "Your Honour". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northern_Ireland">Northern Ireland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judicial system of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> is very similar to that of England and Wales, and superior court judges are addressed the same way as those in England and Wales. However, there are a few differences at the lower levels. </p><p>In Northern Ireland, the equivalent to a circuit judge is a <a href="/wiki/County_court" title="County court">county court</a> judge, and they are addressed and titled the same way as a circuit judge is in England and Wales. The senior county court judges assigned to the county court divisions of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> have the titles of <a href="/wiki/Recorder_of_Belfast" title="Recorder of Belfast">Recorder of Belfast</a> and Recorder of Londonderry (or Derry) respectively, but are addressed the same as other county court judges. A district judge sitting in the County Court is addressed as "Your Honour". </p><p>A district judge (magistrates' court) is addressed as "Your Worship". A lay magistrate, in cases where they are present, is also addressed as "Your Worship", and may use the post-nominals "LM", e.g. "John Smith LM".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Canadian judges may be addressed directly, depending on the province, as "My Lord", "My Lady", "Your Honour" or "Justice" and are formally referred to in the third person as "The Honourable Mr. (or Madam) Justice 'Forename Surname<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". Less formally, judges of a Superior Court are referred to as "Justice 'Surname<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", not as "Judge 'Surname.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" When referred to in a decision of a court, judges' titles are often abbreviated to the suffix "J.", so that Justice Smith will be referred to as Smith J. Judges in some superior courts are addressed as "My Lord" or "My Lady".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, judges are rarely referred to as "My Lord" or "My Lady", but only as "Your Honour" at the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court_of_Justice" title="Ontario Superior Court of Justice">Ontario Superior Court of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly, translations of these titles such as <i>Votre Honneur</i> ("your honour") or <i>Votre Seigneurie</i> ("your lordship") were used in French; today, only <i>Monsieur le juge</i> and <i>Madame la juge</i> are officially used. Both the titles "judge" and "justice" are translated <i>juge</i>. </p><p>Generally, it is only appropriate to use the term "judge" when speaking of an anonymous or general position, such as "the trial judge", or when referring to a member of an inferior or provincial court such as the Ontario Court of Justice. The exception is <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizenship Judge">Citizenship Judges</a> who are referred to only as "Judge 'Surname<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" in accordance with their appointment as independent decision makers of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Canada#Citizenship_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada">Citizenship Commission</a>. </p><p>Like other members of the Commonwealth, a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#Canada" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> is addressed as "Your Worship", and a <a href="/wiki/Master_(judiciary)#Canada" title="Master (judiciary)">Master of a Superior Court</a> is referred to as "Master". As of December 7, 2018, Ontario Court Masters are addressed in English as "Your Honour" and in French as "Votre Honneur" and no longer as "Master". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Judge" title="Special:EditPage/Judge">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_US_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> throughout the United States, a judge is addressed as "Your Honor" or "Judge" when presiding over the court. "Judge" may be more commonly used by attorneys and staff, while either may be commonly used by the plaintiff or defendant. Notably, the <a href="/wiki/Superior_Court_of_Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Court of Los Angeles County">Superior Court of Los Angeles County</a>, the largest unified trial court in the United States, has a rule that the judge shall be addressed only as "Your Honor" while in court, and never as "Judge", "Judge (name)", "ma'am", or "sir".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is somewhat unusual as "Judge" and "Judge (name)" or similar forms of address are considered appropriate and respectful in many other courts. </p><p>The judges of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, and the judges of the <a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">supreme courts</a> of several <a href="/wiki/US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a> and other countries are called "justices". Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> and Justices of other courts are addressed as "Justice (name)". The Chief Justice of the United States is formally addressed as "Mr. or Madam Chief Justice" but also may be identified and addressed as "Chief Justice (name)". </p><p>Regardless of the specific term employed (judge or justice), the formal title is reduced to the postnominal abbreviation "J." in <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">case citations</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> <a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">reporters</a> when it is necessary to identify the author of a cited opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>, the postnominal "J." is always divided from the judge's name by a comma and a space, so that a citation to a <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a> by Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> would warn that the cited opinion is not the majority opinion with the parenthetical notation "Scalia, J., dissenting".<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plural form is JJ.<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike British English, this abbreviation style is used only in case citations, and is not used mid-sentence in regular prose (as distinguished from case citations dropped into sentences as parentheticals).<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a prose sentence discussing the actual contents of a dissenting opinion right before a case citation to that opinion would refer to the reasoning of "Justice Scalia", not "Scalia, J."<sup id="cite_ref-Garner_Page_489_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garner_Page_489-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The justices of the supreme courts usually hold higher offices than any other judges in a jurisdiction, including a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a>, a judge who holds police court in some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> and who may also try <a href="/wiki/Small_claims_court" title="Small claims court">small claims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanors</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="New York judiciary">State of New York</a> inverts this usual order. The initial trial court in this state is called the Supreme Court of New York, and its judges are called "justices". The next highest appellate court is the Supreme Court, Appellate Division, whose judges are also called "justices". However, the highest court in New York is called the New York Court of Appeals, whose members are called "judges". </p><p>Judges in certain jurisdictions, such as New York and New Jersey, who deal with guardianships, trusts and estates are known as "<a href="/wiki/Surrogate_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate Court">surrogates</a>". </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior judge</a></i>, in US practice, is a retired judge who handles selected cases for a governmental entity while in retirement, on a <a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">part-time</a> basis. </p><p>Subordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in US legal practice are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a>, although in the federal judiciary of the United States, they are called <a href="/wiki/United_States_magistrate_judge" title="United States magistrate judge">magistrate judges</a>. Subordinate judges in US legal practice who are appointed on an <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> case-by-case basis, particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed and tedious evidence must be reviewed, are often called "masters" or "special masters". </p><p>Judges of courts of specialized jurisdiction (such as <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankruptcy court">bankruptcy courts</a> or <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_court" title="Juvenile court">juvenile courts</a>) were sometimes known officially as "<a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">referees</a>", but the use of this title is in decline. Judges sitting in courts of equity in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> systems (such as judges in the equity courts of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>) are called "<a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">chancellors</a>". </p><p>Individuals with judicial responsibilities who report to an executive branch official, rather than being a part of the judiciary, are often called "<a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">administrative law judges</a>" (ALJs) in US practice. Historically, such officials were previously known as hearing examiners or referees before American English settled on the ALJ title. They commonly make initial determinations regarding matters such as <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">workers' compensation</a>, eligibility for government benefits, regulatory matters, and immigration determinations. </p><p>Judges who derive their authority from a contractual agreement of the parties to a dispute, rather than a governmental body, are called <a href="/wiki/Arbitrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrator">arbitrators</a>. They typically do not receive the honorific forms of address nor do they bear the symbolic trappings of a publicly appointed judge. However, it is now common for many retired judges to serve as arbitrators, and they will often write their names as if they were still judges, with the parenthetical "(Ret.)" for "Retired". </p><p>Unlike many civil law countries which have some courts on which panels of judges with nearly equal status composed of both legally trained professional judges and lay judges who lack legal training and are not career judges, the United States legal system (like most Anglo-American legal systems) makes a clear distinction between professional judges and laypeople involved in deciding a case who are jurors who are part of a <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">jury</a>. Most but not all US judges have professional credentials as lawyers. Non-lawyer judges in the United States are often elected, and are typically either justices of the peace or part-time judges in rural limited jurisdiction <a href="/wiki/Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts">courts</a>. A non-lawyer judge typically has the same rights and responsibilities as a lawyer who is a judge holding the same office and is addressed in the same manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Kiefel_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Susan_Kiefel_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="177" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kiefel" title="Susan Kiefel">Susan Kiefel</a>, former Chief Justice of Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> judges and, since 2007, magistrates, of all jurisdictions including the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a> are now addressed as "Your Honour". In legal contexts, they are referred to as "His/Her Honour" and "the Honourable Justice Surname" (for judges of superior courts) or "his/her Honour Judge Surname" (for inferior courts). Outside legal contexts, the formal terms of address are "Judge" (for puisne justices) or "Chief Justice" (for chief justices). </p><p>The title for most puisne judges is "Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnominal "J", in the form "Surname J". Chief Justices of the High Court and of state Supreme Courts are titled "Chief Justice", which is abbreviated in law reports to a postnomial "CJ". Judges in State Supreme Courts with a separate Court of Appeal division (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and Western Australia) are referred to as Justices/Judges of the Appeal (abbreviated "Surname JA"), while the President of the Court of Appeal is referred to as "President" (abbreviated "Surname P").<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, judges of the <a href="/wiki/District_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="District Court of New Zealand">District Court of New Zealand</a> generally referred to as "His/Her Honour" or "Sir/Madame". Judges from the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="High Court of New Zealand">High Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_New_Zealand" title="Court of Appeal of New Zealand">Appeals Court</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_Zealand" title="Supreme Court of New Zealand">Supreme Court</a> are referred to as "Justice [Surname]". In social settings, it is appropriate to use "Judge" in all cases.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg/220px-Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg/330px-Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg/440px-Cms_BANCOIMAGEMFOTOMINISTRO_bancoImagemFotoMinistro_AP_88800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Judges of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a> of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, judges are simply called "Juiz" or "Juíza" (male and female forms of "judge") and traditionally addressed to as "Vossa Excelência" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Your_Excellency" class="mw-redirect" title="Your Excellency">Your Excellency</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, translated as 'Your Honor') or "Meritíssimo" ('Honorable', but it is used as a pronoun also translated as 'Your Honor'). Judges that are part of a panel in a State Court, or Federal Court are called "desembargadores". Judges sitting in the higher courts (<a href="/wiki/Supremo_Tribunal_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremo Tribunal Federal">Supremo Tribunal Federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior Tribunal de Justiça">Superior Tribunal de Justiça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superior_Labor_Court" title="Superior Labor Court">Tribunal Superior do Trabalho</a>, Superior Tribunal Militar and <a href="/wiki/Tribunal_Superior_Eleitoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribunal Superior Eleitoral">Tribunal Superior Eleitoral</a>) are called "ministro" or "ministra" (male and female forms of "minister") and also referred to as "Vossa Excelência". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_courts">International courts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: International courts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, judges may be addressed by the titles they received in their countries of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Judges_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Judges of the International Criminal Court">Judges of the International Criminal Court</a> are referred to as "judge".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudicator" title="Adjudicator">Adjudicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_by_algorithm#AI_judges" title="Government by algorithm">AI judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biy" title="Biy">Biy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_dress" title="Court dress">Court dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Election judge">Election judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible_judges" title="Hebrew Bible judges">Hebrew Bible judges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_deference" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_judge" title="Lay judge">Lay judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jurists" title="List of jurists">List of jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_defender" title="Public defender">Public defender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judge&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKritzer2024" class="citation book cs1">Kritzer, Herbert (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009425476"><i>Litigating Judicial Selection</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009425476">10.1017/9781009425476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-42547-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-42547-6"><bdi>978-1-009-42547-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Litigating+Judicial+Selection&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781009425476&rft.isbn=978-1-009-42547-6&rft.aulast=Kritzer&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2F9781009425476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thebalance-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thebalance_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thebalance_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170930131934/https://www.thebalance.com/judge-job-description-career-profile-2164303">"What Does It Take to Be a Judge? 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Ontario Justice Education Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojen.ca/sites/ojen.ca/files/sites/default/files/resources/Jurisdiction%20of%20Ontario%20Courts.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawsociety.org.nz/practice-resources/new-zealand-law-society-guide-for-new-lawyers/appearing-in-courts-and-tribunals">the original</a> on 2017-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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