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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-名称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>名称</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-洪災的類型" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#洪災的類型"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>洪災的類型</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-洪災的類型-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-成因" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#成因"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>成因</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-成因-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关成因子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-成因-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自然因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>自然因素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人為因素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人為因素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>人為因素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人為因素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發生的地方" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發生的地方"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>發生的地方</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發生的地方-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>影響</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-影響-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关影響子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-直接損失" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接損失"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>直接損失</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接損失-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-間接損失" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#間接損失"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>間接損失</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-間接損失-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-好处" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#好处"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>好处</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-好处-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-預防措施" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#預防措施"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>預防措施</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-預防措施-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-洪水预报" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#洪水预报"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>洪水预报</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-洪水预报-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-计算机模拟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#计算机模拟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>计算机模拟</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-计算机模拟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-神话和宗教中的洪灾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神话和宗教中的洪灾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>神话和宗教中的洪灾</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神话和宗教中的洪灾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各地大型水災" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各地大型水災"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>各地大型水災</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-各地大型水災-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关各地大型水災子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-各地大型水災-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-亞洲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞洲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>亞洲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞洲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">洪水</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。149种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorstroming" title="Oorstroming – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oorstroming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochwasser" title="Hochwasser – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hochwasser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%8D" title="ጎርፍ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጎርፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundaci%C3%B3n" title="Inundación – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Inundación" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2" title="बाढ – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बाढ" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فيضان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيضان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="বানপানী – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বানপানী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enllena" title="Enllena – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enllena" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C5%9Fq%C4%B1n" title="Daşqın – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daşqın" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86" title="داشقین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="داشقین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%AB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Һыу баҫыу – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һыу баҫыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluad" title="Fluad – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Fluad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABds" title="Plūds – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Plūds" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A2" title="Bahâ – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bahâ" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liud" title="Liud – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Liud" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Навадненне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Навадненне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Паводка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паводка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Наводнение – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Наводнение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF" title="बाढ़ि – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बाढ़ि" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baah" title="Baah – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Baah" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="বন্যা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বন্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dour-beuz" title="Dour-beuz – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dour-beuz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplava" title="Poplava – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poplava" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Үер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundaci%C3%B3" title="Inundació – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inundació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C5%ABi-c%C4%83i" title="Cūi-căi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cūi-căi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%88" title="لافاو – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لافاو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povode%C5%88" title="Povodeň – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povodeň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Шыв илни – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шыв илни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llifogydd" title="Llifogydd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llifogydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oversv%C3%B8mmelse" title="Oversvømmelse – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oversvømmelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%94kp%C9%9B%C9%A3u" title="Kɔkpɛɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Kɔkpɛɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochwasser" title="Hochwasser – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hochwasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80" title="बाढी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बाढी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Πλημμύρα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλημμύρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flood" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundo" title="Inundo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Inundo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundaci%C3%B3n" title="Inundación – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inundación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cleujutus" title="Üleujutus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Üleujutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uholde" title="Uholde – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Uholde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84" title="سیل – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulva" title="Tulva – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cleujotus" title="Üleujotus – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Üleujotus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inondation" title="Inondation – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inondation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huuchweeder" title="Huuchweeder – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Huuchweeder" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oerstreaming" title="Oerstreaming – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oerstreaming" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuile" title="Tuile – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tuile" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BE%87" title="水澇 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="水澇" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inondasyon" title="Inondasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Inondasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundaci%C3%B3n" title="Inundación – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Inundación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%B0" title="પૂર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પૂર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliya" title="Ambaliya – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ambaliya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F" title="שיטפון – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטפון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC" title="बाढ़ – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाढ़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baarr" title="Baarr – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Baarr" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplava" title="Poplava – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poplava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inondasyon" title="Inondasyon – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Inondasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rv%C3%ADz" title="Árvíz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Árvíz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Ջրհեղեղ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջրհեղեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundation" title="Inundation – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Inundation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah" title="Bah – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir" title="Banjir – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Banjir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idei_mmiri" title="Idei mmiri – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Idei mmiri" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layus" title="Layus – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Layus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundado" title="Inundado – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Inundado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Flóð – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Flóð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inondazione" title="Inondazione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inondazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="洪水" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flod" title="Flod – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Flod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir" title="Banjir – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banjir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="წყალდიდობა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყალდიდობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%A9m_wad%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Lɩm wadʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lɩm wadʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Сел – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сел" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9" title="ಪ್ರವಾಹ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರವಾಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%88%98" title="홍수 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홍수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83" title="Суу къобуу – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Суу къобуу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%94%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="سٔہلاب – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="سٔہلاب" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh%C3%AE" title="Lehî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Lehî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ташкын – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ташкын" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inundatio" title="Inundatio – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Inundatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%8D%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%96%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A1" title="ນໍ້າຖ້ວມ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນໍ້າຖ້ວມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potvynis_(stichin%C4%97_nelaim%C4%97)" title="Potvynis (stichinė nelaimė) – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Potvynis (stichinė nelaimė)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C5%ABdi" title="Plūdi – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plūdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2njir" title="Bânjir – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bânjir" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF" title="बाढ़ि – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बाढ़ि" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir" title="Banjir – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Banjir" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra-drano" title="Tondra-drano – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tondra-drano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Поплава – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Поплава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെള്ളപ്പൊക്കം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Үер – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Үер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="पूर – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjir" title="Banjir – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Banjir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရေကြီးခြင်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေကြီးခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="لاهیز – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لاهیز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluvione" title="Alluvione – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Alluvione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_(Natuurkatastrooph)" title="Flood (Natuurkatastrooph) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Flood (Natuurkatastrooph)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A2%E0%A5%80" title="बाढी – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाढी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE" title="खुसि बाहा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खुसि बाहा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overstroming" title="Overstroming – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overstroming" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaum" title="Flaum – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flaum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flom" title="Flom – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inondacion" title="Inondacion – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Inondacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE" title="ବନ୍ୟା – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବନ୍ୟା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B9" title="ਹੜ੍ਹ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੜ੍ਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Powódź – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powódź" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="سلھاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلھاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="سيلاب – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سيلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inunda%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Inundação – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inundação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuyuy" title="Nuyuy – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nuyuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inunda%C8%9Bie" title="Inundație – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inundație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Наводнение – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наводнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Повінь – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Повінь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="प्लावनम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्लावनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱵᱟᱱ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allavinamentu" title="Allavinamentu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Allavinamentu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid_(naitural_disaster)" title="Fluid (naitural disaster) – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fluid (naitural disaster)" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplava" title="Poplava – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poplava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8" title="ජලගැල්ම – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජලගැල්ම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood" title="Flood – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Flood" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povode%C5%88" title="Povodeň – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Povodeň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplava" title="Poplava – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poplava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafashamo" title="Mafashamo – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mafashamo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daad" title="Daad – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%ABrmbytja" title="Përmbytja – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Përmbytja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Поплава – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поплава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caah" title="Caah – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Caah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96versv%C3%A4mning" title="Översvämning – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Översvämning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafuriko" title="Mafuriko – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mafuriko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெள்ளம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A6" title="వరద – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వరద" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B7%D3%A3" title="Обхезӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Обхезӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1" title="น้ำท่วม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำท่วม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baha" title="Baha – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Baha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sel" title="Sel – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sel" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rngsux_Paru" title="Rngsux Paru – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Rngsux Paru" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Су басу – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Су басу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Повідь – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Повідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="سیلاب – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیلاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshqin" title="Toshqin – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toshqin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur%27vezi" title="Sur'vezi – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sur'vezi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%A5t" title="Lụt – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lụt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross%C3%A8s_aiwes" title="Grossès aiwes – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Grossès aiwes" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A2" title="Bahâ – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bahâ" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="洪水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="წყარალა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წყარალა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פארפלייצונג – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פארפלייצונג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raemxrongz" title="Raemxrongz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Raemxrongz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Da-ch%C3%BAi" title="Tōa-chúi – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōa-chúi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洪水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8068#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flood" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8068" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年5月9日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%22">"洪水"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>关于与「<b>洪水</b>」標題相近或相同的条目页，請見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="洪水 (消歧義)">洪水 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="background:#9BEDFF; border: 1px solid #44ddff; text-align: center ;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size: 110%; padding: 0; line-height: 150%;"><table cellspacing="0" style="background:#9BEDFF;"><tbody><tr> <td style="background: #9BEDFF; color: #0068d4; vertical-align: middle; padding: 6px; width: 100%;"><span style="font-size: 0.75em;">本條目屬於</span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流"><span style="color: #0068EE;">河流系列</span></a></b></span></span></td> <td style="background:#9BEDFF; vertical-align:middle; padding:6px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg/75px-Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg/113px-Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg/150px-Le_pont_d%27Avignon_depuis_l%27%C3%AEle_de_la_Barthelasse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">分布</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界长河列表">世界河流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="歐洲河流列表">歐洲河流</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞洲河流列表（页面不存在）">亞洲河流</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國河流列表">中國河流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="臺灣河流列表">台灣河流</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="非洲河流列表">非洲河流</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美洲河流列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of rivers of the Americas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美洲河流列表（页面不存在）">美洲河流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="en:List of rivers of the Americas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of rivers of the Americas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大洋洲河流列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of rivers of Oceania"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%8B%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大洋洲河流列表（页面不存在）">大洋洲河流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Oceania" class="extiw" title="en:List of rivers of Oceania"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of rivers of Oceania</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">種類</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%A9%8D%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="沖積河流">沖積河流</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AA" title="溪">溪流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89" title="泉">泉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%B5%81" title="伏流">伏流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A0%E5%A1%98" title="池塘">池塘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="河口">河口</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">地形</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="三角洲">三角洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%BA%E7%A9%B4" title="壺穴">壺穴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2" title="沙洲">沙洲</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河曲沙洲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Point bar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%9B%B2%E6%B2%99%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河曲沙洲（页面不存在）">河曲沙洲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_bar" class="extiw" title="en:Point bar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Point bar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="決口扇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crevasse splay"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="決口扇（页面不存在）">決口扇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crevasse_splay" class="extiw" title="en:Crevasse splay"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crevasse splay</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E7%A7%AF%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="冲积平原">冲积平原</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%BC%AB%E6%BB%A9" title="河漫滩">河漫滩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%A9%8D%E6%89%87" title="沖積扇">沖積扇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪溢草原" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flood-meadow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%BA%A2%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪溢草原（页面不存在）">洪溢草原</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood-meadow" class="extiw" title="en:Flood-meadow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flood-meadow</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%9B" title="河岛">河岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="谷地">河谷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%BF%B9%E6%B9%96" title="河迹湖">河跡湖</a> <ul><li>牛軛湖</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%9A%8E" title="河階">河階</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="沼澤">沼澤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%85%E6%BB%A9" title="浅滩">浅滩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="湿地">湿地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%91%E5%B8%83" title="瀑布">瀑布</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">術語</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B5%81" title="支流">支流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%B0%B4%E5%B2%AD" title="分水岭">分水嶺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%94%E6%B5%81" title="岔流">分流</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="合流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Confluence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="合流（页面不存在）">合流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluence" class="extiw" title="en:Confluence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Confluence</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="侵蚀作用">侵蝕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E%E8%AF%B4" title="侵蚀轮回说">侵蝕輪迴說</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="回春作用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="River rejuvenation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%98%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回春作用（页面不存在）">回春作用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_rejuvenation" class="extiw" title="en:River rejuvenation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">River rejuvenation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嵌入河" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Entrenched river"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嵌入河（页面不存在）">嵌入河</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrenched_river" class="extiw" title="en:Entrenched river"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Entrenched river</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AC%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="搬運作用">搬運</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%A9%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="堆積作用">堆積</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="艾克納方程">艾克納方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉積物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E5%8C%AF%E6%B5%81" title="再匯流">再匯流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="水文模型">水文模型</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="分布式水文模型">分布式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%80%BB%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="集总式水文模型">集總式</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB" title="水系">水系</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水系密度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Drainage density"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水系密度（页面不存在）">水系密度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_density" class="extiw" title="en:Drainage density"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Drainage density</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河流遷移" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Avulson (river)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E9%81%B7%E7%A7%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流遷移（页面不存在）">河流遷移</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avulson_(river)" class="extiw" title="en:Avulson (river)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Avulson (river)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%BA%8A" title="河床">河床</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河槽形態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Channel pattern"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%A7%BD%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河槽形態（页面不存在）">河槽形態</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_pattern" class="extiw" title="en:Channel pattern"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Channel pattern</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="河岸">河岸</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基蝕坡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cut bank"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E8%9D%95%E5%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基蝕坡（页面不存在）">基蝕坡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_bank" class="extiw" title="en:Cut bank"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cut bank</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滑走坡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slip-off slope"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BB%91%E8%B5%B0%E5%9D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="滑走坡（页面不存在）">滑走坡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slip-off_slope" class="extiw" title="en:Slip-off slope"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slip-off slope</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" title="流域">流域</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="哈克定律">哈克定律</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流量 (水文學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F_(%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流量 (水文學（页面不存在）">流量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" class="extiw" title="en:Discharge (hydrology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Discharge (hydrology)</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水歷線" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hydrograph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%AD%B7%E7%B7%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水歷線（页面不存在）">水歷線</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrograph" class="extiw" title="en:Hydrograph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hydrograph</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境流量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental flow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境流量（页面不存在）">環境流量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_flow" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental flow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental flow</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="清水 (河水類型)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clearwater river"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%85%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="清水 (河水類型)（页面不存在）">清水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_river" class="extiw" title="en:Clearwater river"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clearwater river</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%B1%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%B6" title="濱水帶">濱水帶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瀕危河川" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endangered river"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瀕危河川（页面不存在）">瀕危河川</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_river" class="extiw" title="en:Endangered river"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endangered river</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藍色空間" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bluespace"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E8%89%B2%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="蓝色空间">藍色空間</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluespace" class="extiw" title="en:Bluespace"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bluespace</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E6%B5%81" title="曲流">曲流</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="貝爾定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Baer–Babinet law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝爾定律（页面不存在）">貝爾定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baer%E2%80%93Babinet_law" class="extiw" title="en:Baer–Babinet law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Baer–Babinet law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E6%B5%81%E5%88%87%E6%96%B7" title="曲流切斷">曲流切斷</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曲流痕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Meander scar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B2%E6%B5%81%E7%97%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曲流痕（页面不存在）">曲流痕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_scar" class="extiw" title="en:Meander scar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Meander scar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AE%E7%8B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="辮狀河流">辮狀河</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑水 (河水類型)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blackwater river"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑水 (河水類型)（页面不存在）">黑水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_river" class="extiw" title="en:Blackwater river"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blackwater river</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">人造建物</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E5%85%92%E4%BA%95" title="坎兒井">坎井</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D" title="水坝">壩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%A4" title="堤">堤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B0" title="堰">堰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%AD" title="埭">埭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋">橋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E6%B8%A0" title="溝渠">溝渠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A2%E6%B4%AA%E9%81%93" title="溢洪道">溢洪道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%AF%E6%B4%AA%E6%B1%A0" title="滯洪池">滯洪池</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疏洪道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flood bypass"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%8F%E6%B4%AA%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疏洪道（页面不存在）">疏洪道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_bypass" class="extiw" title="en:Flood bypass"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flood bypass</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河">运河</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="防洪渠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flood control channel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E6%B4%AA%E6%B8%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="防洪渠（页面不存在）">防洪渠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_control_channel" class="extiw" title="en:Flood control channel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flood control channel</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%95%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="水底隧道">隧道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%81%93" title="魚道">魚道</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">天然災害</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="土石流">土石流</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">洪水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E6%B1%9B" title="凌汛">凌汛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BA%95%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC" title="湖底噴發">湖底噴發</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none; padding:0;"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #44ddff; text-align: center;">相關學科</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="土木工程">土木工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地理學">地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="地貌学">地貌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="水文學">水文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="流体力学">流体力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">環境工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生態學">生態學</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6;text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Template:河流系列模板"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:河流系列模板（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:河流系列模板"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood102405.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flood102405.JPG/300px-Flood102405.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flood102405.JPG/450px-Flood102405.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flood102405.JPG/600px-Flood102405.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>2005年10月，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="佛羅里達州">佛羅里達州</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%BE%85%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%B7%9E)" title="基韋斯特 (佛羅里達州)">基韋斯特</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B6%E9%A2%A8%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E7%91%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="颶風威爾瑪">颶風威爾瑪</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E6%9A%B4%E6%BD%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="風暴潮">風暴潮</a>造成的洪災</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg/220px-Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg/330px-Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg/440px-Flood_in_wuhan_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="2016年中国南方水灾">2016年中国南方水灾</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="湖北">湖北</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%B8%82" title="武汉市">武汉市</a>情况</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg/300px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg/450px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg/600px-HK_Sheung_Wan_Wing_Lok_Street_121_Floods_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">水浸</a>之後的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>街景</figcaption></figure> <p><b>洪水</b>是一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="自然灾害">自然灾害</a>，指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a>所含的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="水体">水体</a>上涨，超过常规水位的水流现象。洪水常威胁沿河、湖滨、近海地区的安全，甚至造成淹没灾害。 </p><p>洪災是因自然<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4" title="降水">降水</a>过量或排水不及时造成的人员伤亡、财物损坏、建筑倒塌等现象，洪災發生時不單會淹浸沿海地區，更會破壞農作物、淹死牲畜、沖毀房屋。此外，氾濫使商業活動停頓、學校停課、古蹟文物受損、水電瓦斯供應中斷，更會污染食水及傳播疾病。 </p><p>洪水一般会给人类带来灾难，因此常稱為洪災，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" title="黄河">黄河</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="恒河">恒河</a>下游地区泛滥成灾，造成巨大的损失。另一方面，卻也有一些洪水現象會给人类带来益处，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河">尼罗河</a>定期的泛滥，给下游三角洲平原带来大量肥沃的泥沙，有利农业生产。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="名称"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A7.B0"></span>名称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：名称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「洪水」一詞一說取自一河川名，其源流大約在今日<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E5%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="辉县">輝縣</a>（舊名共）及其東鄰各縣境內，「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4_(%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪水 (河流)（页面不存在）">洪水</a>」與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%87%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="淇水">淇水</a>會合後流入<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="黃河">黃河</a>。當地<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="黃河">黃河</a>轉折處的北岸，正是黃河水患開始的地方。該處起源於輝縣的為共、龔、段三姓。一種說法稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="古代中國">古代中國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%A6%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="大禹">大禹</a>所治之水，即在今日輝縣境內，大概以當時的人力物力，尚不能治理江河。因此「洪」一字即源自輝縣舊稱「共」，「洪水」也就是「共地之水」。<sup id="cite_ref-Xu1985_ch3.2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xu1985_ch3.2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wang2003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="洪災的類型"><span id=".E6.B4.AA.E7.81.BD.E7.9A.84.E9.A1.9E.E5.9E.8B"></span>洪災的類型</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：洪災的類型"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johor_Flood_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johor_Flood_2007.jpg/220px-Johor_Flood_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johor_Flood_2007.jpg/330px-Johor_Flood_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Johor_Flood_2007.jpg/440px-Johor_Flood_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>2006年12月<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E6%89%93%E4%B8%81%E5%AE%9C" title="哥打丁宜">哥打丁宜</a>遭洪水袭击</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" title="暴雨">暴雨</a>洪水</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="山洪">山洪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a></li> <li>融雪洪水</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="冰凌">冰凌</a>洪水</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%B0%E5%A3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="潰壩">溃坝</a>洪水</li> <li>湖泊洪水</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E6%BD%AE" title="风暴潮">风暴潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">內澇</a></li></ul> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" title="暴雨">暴雨</a>洪水、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="山洪">山洪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a>、融雪洪水、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="冰凌">冰凌</a>洪水和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%B0%E5%A3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="潰壩">溃坝</a>洪水均发生在江河，称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流洪水（页面不存在）">河流洪水</a>。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E6%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天文潮（页面不存在）">天文潮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E6%BD%AE" title="风暴潮">风暴潮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a>均发生在沿海地区，称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海岸洪水（页面不存在）">海岸洪水</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="成因"><span id=".E6.88.90.E5.9B.A0"></span>成因</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：成因"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在正常的情況下，水會在河道內流動，或儲存在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a>裡。但流動的水量並不常常一樣。當水流突然增加時，就被稱為「洪」。若河洪太大，而河道又未能容納所有水時，洪水便會溢出河道，淹沒附近地方，造成洪災。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨">雨水</a>是洪水最重要的來源。下雨時，雨水流入河道，使河水增加，因此，如果一地的降雨量很多，而又持續一段長時間的話，便可能出現洪災。城市中雨水積聚又稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">內澇</a>。 </p><p>此外，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪">雪</a>是洪水的第二大來源。某些地方山上的冰雪溶化，流入河道，大大提高河流流量。 </p><p>在沿海地區，海上的風暴大浪也是洪水的來源之一。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%AD%A3" title="夏季">夏季</a>時，活躍的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8" title="颱風">颱風</a>會為這些地區帶來大量雨水。有時強風更會把海水推向沿海地區，造成嚴重的水災。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自然因素"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.84.B6.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>自然因素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：自然因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>瞬間雨量或累積雨量，超過河道的排放能力 <dl><dd>一般來說，如果一地有持續的大雨，發生洪災的可能性便會增加。受<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="季風">季風</a>影響的國家，氣候變化很大。夏季時，潮濕的季風會為當地帶來大量雨水。當大雨持續，而河道又未能容納所有水時，洪水便會溢出河道，造成水災。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%A2%A8" title="暴風">暴風</a>亦會造成沿海地區氾濫。它暴風把海水推向沿海地區，造成風暴大浪，沿海地區會因此而被水淹沒。</dd></dl></li> <li>可用的滯洪區的容積減少 <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>面積減少亦可以是洪災發生的原因之一。湖泊可以說是一個緩衝區，若河水滿溢，湖泊可以儲存過多的河水，以及調節流量。因此，若湖泊的面積減少，它們調節河流的功能也會隨之下降。</dd></dl></li> <li>河道淤積，疏於疏浚 <dl><dd>有些河流會運載大量<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉積物</a>。河流中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A0%82%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="砂石（页面不存在）">砂石</a>到達<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="下游">下游</a>時便會沉積，令<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%BA%8A" title="河床">河床</a>變淺，河道淤積，容量因而減少。當遇上大雨時，洪水便會溢出河道，造成洪災。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="天體">天體</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>引發<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E6%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天文潮（页面不存在）">天文潮</a>，或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>引發<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%98%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="海嘯">海嘯</a> <dl><dd>引起海水倒灌，淹沒低窪地區，或是順著河道逆流。</dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%AE%A4%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="溫室效應">溫室效應</a>所引起的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%9A%96%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="全球暖化">全球暖化</a>現象 <dl><dd>特點是豪大雨發生頻率增加、或是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8E%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="熱帶性低氣壓">熱帶性低氣壓</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8" title="颱風">颱風</a>帶來的瞬間雨量變多。另外因全球氣候變遷所導致的全球海水面上升亦會增高水位基準面，導致防洪設施的功能減損。</dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人為因素"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E7.82.BA.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0"></span>人為因素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：人為因素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>濫墾濫伐，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%B1" title="水土流失">水土流失</a> <dl><dd>由於樹木可以固定水土，伐林會導致土壤的吸水能力減弱、土表因失去植被保護而加速侵蝕，因此每逢下雨，雨水、砂土便迅速流往下坡，流入河道，造成淤積，發生洪災的可能便會增加。除了伐林外，不良的耕作方式和在山坡上過量放牧，也使土地失去植被的保護，加速斜坡土壤侵蝕的現象。</dd></dl></li> <li>與水爭地 <dl><dd>城市建設、農村<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8D%E6%B9%96%E9%80%A0%E7%94%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="圍湖造田">圍湖造田</a>導致河道、湖泊等水域面積縮小，因此當瞬間雨量較大時，雨水只能湧向面積本來不大的水域，導致積水無法排盡，甚至出現倒灌，產生<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">水浸</a>的風險。</dd></dl></li> <li>地層下陷，或堤防係<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="豆腐渣工程">豆腐渣工程</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="養殖漁業">養殖漁業</a>或其它因素，導致超抽地下水，引發地層下陷。或是濫用生態工法或<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B7%E5%B7%A5%E5%87%8F%E6%96%99" title="偷工减料">偷工減料</a>，導致堤防的強度不如預期。</dd></dl></li> <li>高度都市化，地面硬化 <dl><dd>高度<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="都市化">都市化</a>的結果是地表被<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%9D%E9%9D%92" title="瀝青">瀝青</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%B2%B9%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="柏油路">柏油路</a>）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B3%A5" title="水泥">水泥</a>所覆蓋，導致雨水無法經由滲透方式流入地底，因此增加排水系統與河川排放雨水的負擔，導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">內澇</a>。</dd></dl></li> <li>資金管理問題 <dl><dd>建設資金的城鄉分配不均、重都市景觀工程卻輕忽水利，某些地方政府為了眼前利益，輕視水利工程。把錢大量投在城市，獲得的效益往往立竿見影，官員可以迅速累加政績，例如，花大價錢營造城市景觀，可以美化市容，改善投資環境，帶動房地產開發等。但把錢投在水利，獲得的效益的週期較長，不能給官員帶來直接的、看得見的利益。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發生的地方"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E7.94.9F.E7.9A.84.E5.9C.B0.E6.96.B9"></span>發生的地方</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：發生的地方"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>洪災通常會發生在海岸平地和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E7%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="河盆">河盆</a>。由於這些地方的地勢較低，若大雨持續的話，河水便會上漲，淹蓋河岸兩旁的土地，造成洪災。中國主要的河流，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="長江">長江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="黃河">黃河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%B1%9F_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="漢江 (中國)">汉江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F" title="珠江">珠江</a>等沿海地區，洪災十分嚴重。一些欠發達國家如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="菲律賓">菲律賓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉">孟加拉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="泰國">泰國</a>等地，水災亦經常發生，造成嚴重破壞。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>亦經常受著<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="萊茵河">萊茵河</a>氾濫的影響，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3" title="密西西比河">密西西比河</a>也時有氾濫。 </p><p>洪災發生季節與氣候密切相關，如季風亞洲多發生在夏季、歐洲冬雨區多發生在冬季，反之則屬罕見現象，如2013年6月法國南部的夏季洪水、2013年12月海南島的冬季洪水。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影響"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>影響</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接損失"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E6.90.8D.E5.A4.B1"></span>直接損失</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：直接損失"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>洪水的直接效应包括有人员伤亡、建筑毁坏（如大楼、桥梁、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="下水道">下水道</a>系统、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="公路">公路</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河">运河</a>）等。 </p><p>基础设施的损害还常会造成电力传输和发电系统的损害，甚至引起连锁反应造成大面积断电。洪水还会损害饮水处理和供应，从而造成饮用水短缺。洪水可能破坏排污设施，还有可能严重污染水源。未处理的生活污水混合洪水会造成<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水传疾病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="waterborne diseases"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E4%BC%A0%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水传疾病（页面不存在）">水传疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/waterborne_diseases" class="extiw" title="en:waterborne diseases"><span lang="en" dir="auto">waterborne diseases</span></a></span>）</span></span>（比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92" title="伤寒">伤寒</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%B9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="霍乱">霍乱</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贾弟虫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="giardia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%BE%E5%BC%9F%E8%99%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贾弟虫（页面不存在）">贾弟虫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/giardia" class="extiw" title="en:giardia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">giardia</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="隐孢子虫">隐孢子虫</a>，以及一些和事物地点有关的疾病）的产生概率大涨。 </p><p>道路和交通设施的损坏还会影响调动物资和紧急医疗救助到受灾地区。 </p><p>洪水还会淹没田地，妨碍农作物种植或采收，从而造成人类和家畜的食品短缺。严重时甚至可能造成整个国家的歉收。一些树木可能无法在根部被长期浸泡的情况下存活。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="間接損失"><span id=".E9.96.93.E6.8E.A5.E6.90.8D.E5.A4.B1"></span>間接損失</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：間接損失"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>严重的洪灾常常会使得旅游业临时性萧条，灾后重建费用高涨，或是食品价格因短缺而大涨，从而造成经济上的困境。洪灾的损失还有可能给受灾的人带来心理上的伤害，特别是对那些有死亡，重伤和严重财产损失发生的地方。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="好处"><span id=".E5.A5.BD.E5.A4.84"></span>好处</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：好处"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>洪灾（特别是那些更小更频繁的洪灾）也有可能带来好处，比如补充<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a>，使土壤更肥沃，以及增加土壤中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="营养素">营养成分</a>。洪水甚至可以为那些全年降水分布极不平均的干旱和半干旱地区带来急需的水资源。淡水地区洪水对保持河流廊道地区的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>尤其重要，也对维持<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%BC%AB%E6%BB%A9" title="河漫滩">河漫滩</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="生物多样性">生物多样性</a>具有非常重要的意义。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>洪水可以将营养成分传送到湖泊和河流中，从而在很多年内都能增加生物质和改善渔业。 </p><p>对于一些种类的鱼，淹没的河漫滩有可能形成非常适宜的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A2%E5%8D%B5" title="產卵">产卵</a>地，减少<a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食">捕食</a>者的出现，以及增加食物和营养。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>鱼类（特别是 <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天气鱼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="weather fish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94%E9%B1%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天气鱼（页面不存在）">天气鱼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/weather_fish" class="extiw" title="en:weather fish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">weather fish</span></a></span>）</span></span>）利用洪水来转移到新的栖息地。鸟群也会因为洪水带来的食物增加而扩大。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>周期性的洪水是一些大河两岸的古代社区的福音，比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="两河流域">两河流域</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%B2%B3" title="尼罗河">尼罗河</a>流域，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>流域，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="恒河">恒河</a>流域，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" title="黄河">黄河</a>流域等地。洪水易发区的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="风能">风能</a>（一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a>）潜力也更高些。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="預防措施"><span id=".E9.A0.90.E9.98.B2.E6.8E.AA.E6.96.BD"></span>預防措施</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：預防措施"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alicante(30-09-1997).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alicante%2830-09-1997%29.JPG/100px-Alicante%2830-09-1997%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alicante%2830-09-1997%29.JPG/150px-Alicante%2830-09-1997%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alicante%2830-09-1997%29.JPG/200px-Alicante%2830-09-1997%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>1997年秋季發生於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%9D%8E%E7%89%B9" title="阿利坎特">阿利坎特</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>氾濫</figcaption></figure> <p>湖泊能調節河流的流量，因此，增加湖泊的儲水容量便可減少洪災發生的可能。可是，湖泊的儲水量仍然有限，為了調節河流流量，可以在河流修築<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="水壩">水壩</a>，並在水壩前面興建<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="人工湖">人工湖</a>。就好像在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="長江">長江</a>流域內，就有超過4萬個人工湖，儲水量逾1,370億<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="立方米">立方米</a>。 </p><p>河水外溢的控制亦非常重要。可以在河流的兩旁建築<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%A4%E5%A3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="堤壩">堤壩</a>，防止河水外溢，保護陸地的城市免受氾濫的破壞。 </p><p>除此之外，增加河水流動的速度亦可以避免洪災的發生。如果河水流動的速度增加，河水外溢的可能便會減少。有很多地方均有在常造成水災的河道進行拉直的工程，疏導河水，增加流速，以防洪災的發生。 </p><p>要根治洪災，就必須保存河流<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B8%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="上游">上游</a>的自然植被，立例管制<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%90%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="伐林">伐林</a>，並種植更多<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B9%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="樹木">樹木</a>，可以抓緊土壤，防止淤積物被沖往下游，避免河流下游有過多沉積物。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="洪水预报"><span id=".E6.B4.AA.E6.B0.B4.E9.A2.84.E6.8A.A5"></span>洪水预报</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：洪水预报"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>能够预测洪灾的发生可以及早做出防洪措施和发布<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪水警报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flood warning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪水警报（页面不存在）">洪水警报</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_warning" class="extiw" title="en:Flood warning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flood warning</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 比如，农民们可以将家畜从低洼地带移走。公用事业也可以预备紧急备用设备。紧急服务也可以提前储备足够的紧急援救物资。 </p><p>为了给航道做出最精确的洪水预报，对与过去降雨事件相关的径流最好是有一个长期的历史数据。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这个历史数据信息还要和集水区容量实时数据（比如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93" class="mw-redirect" title="水库">水库</a>富于库容，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a>水位，<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%84%E6%B0%B4%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="蓄水层">蓄水层</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潜水带" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phreatic zone"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E5%B8%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潜水带（页面不存在）">饱和</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_zone" class="extiw" title="en:Phreatic zone"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phreatic zone</span></a></span>）</span></span>程度）相结合才可能得到最精确的洪水预报。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="天气雷达">雷达</a>估测的降雨和普通<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94%E9%A2%84%E6%8A%A5" title="天气预报">天气预报</a>技术也是提高洪水预报精确度的重要要素。在数据质量高的地方，洪水的高度和强度可以被比较精确的预报出来，并留有大量的提前期做准备。洪水预报的结果一般包括最高预期水位和洪峰预期到达航道沿线重要地点的时间。<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Hydrometeorological_Prediction_System_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Hydrometeorological_Prediction_System-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>预报也可能给出洪灾的统计的可能<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%8E%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="重现期">重现期</a>。在许多发达国家，城市区域按照<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="百年洪水">百年一遇洪灾</a>的标准（即在任意百年内发生洪灾的概率为大约63%）来防止洪灾风险。 </p><p>根据美国国家气象局（NWS）位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E9%A1%BF_(%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%B8%E5%A1%9E%E5%B7%9E)" title="汤顿 (马萨诸塞州)">汤顿</a>的西北河流预报中心（River Forecast Center，RFC），城市地区的一个通常洪水预测经验法则是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非渗透表面" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Impervious surface"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%B8%97%E9%80%8F%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非渗透表面（页面不存在）">非渗透表面</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impervious_surface" class="extiw" title="en:Impervious surface"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Impervious surface</span></a></span>）</span></span>要想开始显著<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="积水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ponding"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%AF%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="积水（页面不存在）">积水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ponding" class="extiw" title="en:ponding"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ponding</span></a></span>）</span></span>至少需要1小时内有至少1英寸（25毫米）的降雨。许多国家气象局的河流预报中心定常的发布山洪暴發指导和上游水位指导（Flash Flood Guidance and Headwater Guidance）。指导会告诉, 在段时间内要有多大的降雨量才可能造成<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="山洪暴发" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="flash flood"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E6%B4%AA%E6%9A%B4%E5%8F%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山洪暴发（页面不存在）">山洪暴发</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/flash_flood" class="extiw" title="en:flash flood"><span lang="en" dir="auto">flash flood</span></a></span>）</span></span>或大<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" title="流域">流域</a>性洪水。<sup id="cite_ref-Flash_Flood_Guidance_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flash_Flood_Guidance-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="计算机模拟"><span id=".E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97.E6.9C.BA.E6.A8.A1.E6.8B.9F"></span>计算机模拟</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：计算机模拟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然计算机模拟是最近才发展起来的工具，理解和应用河漫滩的形成发展机制的尝试以及持续了六千多年。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>最近在计算机模拟洪水方面的进展使得工程人员摆脱了反复试错的方式，逐渐促进了整体工程结构的水平。最近以来多个计算机洪水模型已经被发展起来，有1维模型（比如模拟<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="河道">河道</a>里测量的洪水水位）和2维模型（比如模拟整个河漫滩各处的洪水深度）。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="HEC-RAS" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="HEC-RAS"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HEC-RAS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEC-RAS（页面不存在）">HEC-RAS</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEC-RAS" class="extiw" title="en:HEC-RAS"><span lang="en" dir="auto">HEC-RAS</span></a></span>）</span></span>模型<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（the Hydraulic Engineering Centre model，水利工程中心模型）是当前最流行的免费计算机模型。其他的一些模型（比如TUFLOW模型<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）结合了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="一维空间">1D</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BB%B4%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4" title="二维空间">2D</a>的成分来推算河道和整个河漫滩的洪水深度。一直以来，计算机模拟的重点已经是绘制河流产生的和潮汐产生的洪水事件的地图。但是2007年英国的洪水使得人们开始重视地表水的洪泛。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在美国，一种将实时<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文</a>计算机模型与诸多观测数据集成起来的方法被用来生成日常或所需的水文预报。常用的观测数据来源有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国地质调查局">美国地质调查局</a>（USGS），<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_WaterWatch_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS_WaterWatch-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>几个协同气象观测网，<sup id="cite_ref-Community_Collaborative_Rain,_Hail_and_Snow_Network_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Community_Collaborative_Rain,_Hail_and_Snow_Network-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E7%AB%99" title="自動氣象站">自动气象站</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="美国国家海洋和大气管理局">NOAA</a>业务水文遥感中心（NOHRSC），<sup id="cite_ref-National_Operational_Hydrologic_Remote_Sensing_Center_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Operational_Hydrologic_Remote_Sensing_Center-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="水力发电">水力发电</a>公司等等。这些观测数据与降雨或融雪的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="定量降水预报" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="quantitative precipitation forecast"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%A2%84%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定量降水预报（页面不存在）">定量降水预报</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/quantitative_precipitation_forecast" class="extiw" title="en:quantitative precipitation forecast"><span lang="en" dir="auto">quantitative precipitation forecast</span></a></span>）</span></span>（QPF）相结合被使用在水文预报中。<sup id="cite_ref-Advanced_Hydrologic_Prediction_System_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advanced_Hydrologic_Prediction_System-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国家气象局">美国国家气象局</a>和加拿大环境部合作预报加拿大和美国的水文，比如对<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%E8%88%AA%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="圣劳伦斯航道">圣劳伦斯航道</a>区域的预报。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="神话和宗教中的洪灾"><span id=".E7.A5.9E.E8.AF.9D.E5.92.8C.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E6.B4.AA.E7.81.BE"></span>神话和宗教中的洪灾</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：神话和宗教中的洪灾"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="大洪水">大洪水</a></div> <p>在全世界很多文化和宗教中都有灭世<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="大洪水">大洪水</a>的传说。比如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%8E%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾伽美什史詩">吉爾伽美什史詩</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圣经">圣经</a>》。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各地大型水災"><span id=".E5.90.84.E5.9C.B0.E5.A4.A7.E5.9E.8B.E6.B0.B4.E7.81.BD"></span>各地大型水災</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：各地大型水災"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞洲"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E6.B4.B2"></span>亞洲</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：亞洲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg/350px-Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg/525px-Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg/700px-Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>1975年8月<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E2%80%9C75%C2%B78%E2%80%9D%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93%E6%BA%83%E5%9D%9D" title="河南“75·8”水库溃坝">河南“75·8”水库溃坝</a>洪水淹没范围</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_2011_(6340229422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg/220px-China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg/330px-China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg/440px-China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="长江">长江</a>堤岸的一块指示牌，记载了此处<a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1998年中国水灾">1998年洪水</a>的最高水位。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooded_Datong_Town,_Tongling_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="2020年中国南方水灾">2020年中国南方水灾</a>期间被淹没的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E9%99%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="铜陵">铜陵</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E9%95%87" class="mw-redirect" title="大通古镇">大通古镇</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>公元前1922（±28）年，因为一场大地震引发黄河在现今青海省<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="循化县">循化县</a>积石峡被拦腰截断，黄河水被蓄积了6-9个月形成蓄水120-170亿立方米的巨型堰塞湖，水位最终漫过堰塞坝形成总溃决，整个洪水在大概55公里的河道长度内迅速下降了110-135米，大概释放了120亿立方米，洪峰流量40万立方米/秒，大约7倍于98年长江大洪水，引发了整个中国华北平原被淹没。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这是有据可查地球全新世时期（公元前9700年至今）排名第一的大洪水。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1410%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB" title="1410年黃河氾濫">1410年黄河泛滥</a>是一场发生于<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90" title="永乐">永乐</a>八年的自然灾害<sup id="cite_ref-熊玲司达2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-熊玲司达2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这一年秋，河堤决口，坏<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%82" title="开封市">开封</a>旧城，致使1.4万户人口罹难，淹没农田7500余顷，到十二月又坏城200余丈。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1870年，<a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1870年长江洪水">长江最大的洪水</a>，峰值是10万立方米/秒，万年一遇的标准</li> <li>1887年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="郑州">郑州</a>下汛十堡（今惠济区花园口镇石桥村）发生<a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="1887年黄河决口">黄河决口</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，致使200多万（一说93万；一说最保守估计150万；一说700万）人罹难。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931%E5%B9%B4%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="1931年江淮大水">1931年江淮大水</a>是中国的几条主要河流如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="長江">长江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F" title="珠江">珠江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" title="黄河">黄河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E6%B2%B3" title="淮河">淮河</a>等都发生非常巨大的洪水<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，官方报告死亡人数估计200万人<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1939年8月至10月，因连续暴雨加上<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%9B" title="日本军">日军</a>扒开河堤的因素，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津</a>遭受<a href="/wiki/1939%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1939年天津水灾">严重水灾</a>，天津市区百分之八十的地区被洪水所淹，超过10万间房屋被冲毁，八百多万人受灾，六十五万天津及其周边居民成为灾民。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1954年长江洪水">1954年长江洪水</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="长江">长江</a>中下游、淮河流域，湘、鄂、赣、皖、苏5省有123个县市受灾，农田受淹4755万<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="亩">亩</a>，受灾人口1888万人，死亡3万余人，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B9%BF%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="京广铁路">京广铁路</a>近100天不能通车。尤以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖北省">湖北省</a>受洪水的影响严重<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-程美东2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程美东2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1969年<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%8A%AE" title="居銮">居銮</a>遭遇<a href="/wiki/1969%E5%B9%B4%E5%B1%85%E9%8A%AE%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1969年居銮水灾">特大水灾</a>，此水灾是居銮经历开埠后最大的一场洪水浩劫，造成惨重人命丧亡和难以估计的财物损失<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1975年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8%E5%A6%AE%E5%A8%9C_(1975%E5%B9%B4)" title="颱風妮娜 (1975年)">台风尼娜</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="河南省">河南</a>等地带来<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" title="暴雨">暴雨</a>，最终引致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E2%80%9C75%C2%B78%E2%80%9D%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93%E6%BA%83%E5%9D%9D" title="河南“75·8”水库溃坝">河南“75·8”水库溃坝</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%BB%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="驻马店">驻马店</a>地区板桥、石漫滩两座大型水库，以及数十座中小型水库同时垮坝溃决，造成29个县市被淹，1100万亩农田受到毁灭性的灾害，1100万人受灾，24万人死亡，倒塌房屋596万间，冲走耕畜30.23万头，猪72万头，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B9%BF%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="京广铁路">京广线</a>被冲毁102公里。2005年该事件被美国《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="探索频道">探索频道</a>》评为世界历史上最重大的人为技术灾难第一名<sup id="cite_ref-:02_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1983年7月31日，中国<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安康">安康</a>发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE" title="安康特大洪灾">一场特大洪灾</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>官方数据显示，此次洪灾导致安康几乎全城被毁，共造成870人死亡、89600人受灾，3.2<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="平方公里">平方公里</a>被淹，经济损失4亿余元人民币。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4%E8%8F%AF%E6%9D%B1%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD" title="1991年華東水災">1991年華東水災</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81" title="安徽省">安徽省</a>受灾人口达4800多万人、占全省总人口近70％，因灾死亡267人，农作物受灾面积430多万公顷，各项直接经济损失金额将近人民币70亿元。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81" title="江苏省">江苏省</a>受灾人口达4200多万人、占全省总人口的62％，因灾死亡164人，农作物受灾面积300万公顷，各项直接经济损失金额人民币90亿元。</li> <li>1998年，夏季，<a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1998年中国水灾">中國長江流域氾濫</a>，為中國帶來嚴重的損失。連日來持續的大雨令洪災更為嚴重，造成自1954年以來最大的洪水。共有29個省、市、自治區都遭受了這場災難，受災人數上億，4150人死亡，近500萬所房屋倒塌，2000多萬公頃的中國土地被淹，經濟損失達1,600多億<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="人民幣">人民幣</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此次洪水暴露出许多水利工程质量低劣的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="豆腐渣工程">豆腐渣工程</a>”，被总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%95%95%E5%9F%BA" title="朱镕基">朱镕基</a>斥责并创造“豆腐渣工程”一词，也引发了公众对于“围湖造田”等环境保护问题的讨论。</li> <li>2005年，12月19日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%BD" title="泰国">泰国</a>南部地区的水灾死亡人数至27人，40万人患病。泰国当局把超过1万2千人疏散到地势较高的地区。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006年，1月3日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印尼</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E7%9C%81" title="东爪哇省">东爪哇省</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%98%E8%92%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潘蒂（页面不存在）">潘蒂</a>地区周末连降暴雨，并导致<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡利普提河（页面不存在）">卡利普提河</a>水决堤。洪水导致至少51人死亡，许多人无家可归。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1月4日清晨5点，暴雨引发<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a>，掩埋了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E7%9C%81" title="中爪哇省">中爪哇省</a>一个村庄，造成至少200人死亡，100多座民居被毁。<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">台湾</a>因<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B_(2009%E5%B9%B4)" title="颱風莫拉克 (2009年)">颱風莫拉克</a>侵襲，為台灣南部帶來破紀錄的雨量以及慘重的災情，颱風來襲時適逢父親節故稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AB%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD" title="八八水災">八八水災</a>。</li> <li>2012年7月21日至22日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82" title="北京市">北京</a>及其周边地区遭遇61年来<a href="/wiki/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="2012年北京特大暴雨">最强暴雨及洪涝灾害</a>，死亡至少79人<sup id="cite_ref-灾情通报2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-灾情通报2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-人民网20120806_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-人民网20120806-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="2013年印度洪水">2013年印度洪水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="2016年中国南方水灾">2016年中国南方水灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E5%B9%B4%E9%82%A2%E5%8F%B0%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE" title="2016年邢台洪灾">2016年邢台洪灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E5%B9%B4%E5%AF%BF%E5%85%89%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE" title="2018年寿光洪灾">2018年寿光洪灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="2020年中国南方水灾">2020年中国南方水灾</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E5%B9%B4%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="2021年河南水灾">2021年河南水灾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%AC%E6%B4%A5%E5%86%80%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="2023年京津冀暴雨">2023年京津冀暴雨</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E6%BE%87" title="內澇">內澇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="大洪水">大洪水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="流體力學">流體力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%9A%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="水險">水險</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Xu1985_ch3.2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xu1985_ch3.2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E6%97%AD%E7%94%9F" title="徐旭生">徐旭生</a>. 《中国古史的传说时代》（增订本）. 北京: 文物出版社. 1985: p131–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%97%AD%E7%94%9F&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E5%A2%9E%E8%AE%A2%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=p131-136&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">王青. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716121702/http://xiangyata.net/data/articles/a03/255.html">鲧禹治水传说新探</a>. 南京师范大学文学院学报. 2003, (03) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-26</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3969%2Fj.issn.1008-9853.2003.03.007"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3969/j.issn.1008-9853.2003.03.007</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xiangyata.net/data/articles/a03/255.html">原始内容</a>存档于2015-07-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.atitle=%E9%B2%A7%E7%A6%B9%E6%B2%BB%E6%B0%B4%E4%BC%A0%E8%AF%B4%E6%96%B0%E6%8E%A2&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E9%9D%92&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=03&rft.jtitle=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%88%E8%8C%83%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxiangyata.net%2Fdata%2Farticles%2Fa03%2F255.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3969%2Fj.issn.1008-9853.2003.03.007&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/comments/2010-06/28/c_12270511_2.htm">有钱造水景，无钱修大堤？</a>. 新京报. 2010-06-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130914051122/http://news.xinhuanet.com/comments/2010-06/28/c_12270511_2.htm">存档</a>于2013-09-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.atitle=%E6%9C%89%E9%92%B1%E9%80%A0%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%AF%EF%BC%8C%E6%97%A0%E9%92%B1%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%A0%A4%EF%BC%9F&rft.date=2010-06-28&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fcomments%2F2010-06%2F28%2Fc_12270511_2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stephen Bratkovich, Lisa Burban; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/n_resource/flood/cover.htm">Flooding and its Effects on Trees</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=USDA_Forest_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USDA Forest Service（页面不存在）">USDA Forest Service</a>, Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry, St. Paul, MN. 1993-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160614132703/http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/n_resource/flood/cover.htm">存档</a>于2016-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.au=Stephen+Bratkovich%2C+Lisa+Burban&rft.btitle=Flooding+and+its+Effects+on+Trees&rft.date=1993-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=USDA+Forest+Service%2C+Northeastern+Area+State+and+Private+Forestry%2C+St.+Paul%2C+MN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.na.fs.fed.us%2Fspfo%2Fpubs%2Fn_resource%2Fflood%2Fcover.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WMO/GWP Associated Programme on Flood Management <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apfm.info/pdf/ifm_environmental_aspects.pdf">"Environmental Aspects of Integrated Flood Management."</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20151106094450/http://www.apfm.info/pdf/ifm_environmental_aspects.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） WMO, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kops.ub.uni-konstanz.de/volltexte/2009/7515/pdf/2008_Wantzen_etal_An_extension_of_the_floodpulse.pdf">Extension of the Flood Pulse Concept</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.btitle=NOHRSC&rft.date=2012-05-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nohrsc.noaa.gov&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Advanced_Hydrologic_Prediction_System-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Advanced_Hydrologic_Prediction_System_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.weather.gov/ahps">Advanced Hydrologic Prediction System</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-02-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GdQNsGtH?url=http://water.weather.gov/ahps">存档</a>于2013-05-15）.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><b>35.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><b>35.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217114409/http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/0731/c346862-21832581.html">7月31日 再忆1983年安康特大洪灾 一座城市的灭顶之灾（组图）</a>. 《华商报》、《三秦都市报》. 人民网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/0731/c346862-21832581.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.btitle=7%E6%9C%8831%E6%97%A5+%E5%86%8D%E5%BF%861983%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE+%E4%B8%80%E5%BA%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E7%81%AD%E9%A1%B6%E4%B9%8B%E7%81%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%BB%84%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%8E%E5%95%86%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B%E3%80%81%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%89%E7%A7%A6%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsn.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2014%2F0731%2Fc346862-21832581.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0"><sup><b>36.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-1"><sup><b>36.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akxw.cn/zt/ak731/index.htm">安康7.31洪灾记忆</a>. 安康新闻网. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210701080006/http://www.akxw.cn/zt/ak731/index.htm">存档</a>于2021-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.btitle=%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B77.31%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE%E8%AE%B0%E5%BF%86&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.akxw.cn%2Fzt%2Fak731%2Findex.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite 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BBC中文网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-07-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120725125028/http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/chinese_news/2012/07/120725_beijing_rain_weibo.shtml">存档</a>于2012-07-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&rft.btitle=%E7%BD%91%E6%B0%91%E8%B4%A8%E7%96%91%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=BBC%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fzhongwen%2Fsimp%2Fchinese_news%2F2012%2F07%2F120725_beijing_rain_weibo.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8068" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q8068"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flood?uselang=zh">洪水</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu4hazards.org/flooding_ch.html">山洪暴发-引导儿童，青年和家庭</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210210164031/http://www.edu4hazards.org/flooding_ch.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winmedia.kingcounty.gov/dnr/dnrp/FloodPSAChineseMandarin.wmv">Mandarin (Chinese) - King County Flood Safety Video</a>." ( （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160306080702/http://winmedia.kingcounty.gov/dnr/dnrp/FloodPSAChineseMandarin.wmv">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）) King County Flood Control District, <a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%8E%BF_(%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%9E)" title="金县 (华盛顿州)">金县</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="华盛顿州">华盛顿州</a>) - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqCdUg4Y8Wc">YouTube</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210410010822/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqCdUg4Y8Wc">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chuobou/26/pdf/shiryo6.pdf">首都圏水没～被害軽減のために取るべき対策とは～</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span lang="ja">中央防災会議大規模水害対策に関する専門調査会</span>. 平成22年4月21日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-09-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210210164038/http://www.bousai.go.jp/kaigirep/chuobou/26/pdf/shiryo6.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-02-10） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到日语网页">（日语）</span>.</cite><span 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副溫帶氣旋（页面不存在）">副溫帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="溫帶氣旋">溫帶氣旋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="龍捲風">龍捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%B5%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="塵捲風">塵捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4" title="沙尘暴">沙尘暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">寒災</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%BD%AE" title="寒潮">寒潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4" title="雪暴">雪暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD" title="火災">火災</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="山火">山火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1" title="干旱">旱災</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%BE%E6%9E%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乾枯（页面不存在）">乾枯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7" title="雷">雷</a>、雷暴</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%B5%AA" title="热浪">热浪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%BA%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="厄尔尼诺现象">厄尔尼诺现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A8%9C%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="拉尼娜现象">拉尼娜现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">全球暖化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%B9" title="冰雹">冰雹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雾">雾</a>害</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%BE%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="霾害">霾害</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="地理">地理</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地震學">地震學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="地震灾害">地震灾害</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="火山噴發類型">火山噴發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BA%95%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC" title="湖底噴發">湖底噴發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="板块运动">板塊運動</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%9E%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="崩壞作用">崩壞作用</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9" title="雪崩">雪崩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%A9" title="山崩">山崩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%92%E5%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="倒塌（页面不存在）">倒塌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B1%A4%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%B7" title="地層下陷">地層下陷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%B1" title="水土流失">水土流失</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E8%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="病媒蚊">病媒蚊</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9A%8A%E7%96%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蚊疫（页面不存在）">蚊疫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%97%E7%81%BD" title="蝗災">蝗災</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%91%E8%8D%92" title="饑荒">饑荒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B2%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="蟲害">虫害</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%A0%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼠害（页面不存在）">鼠害</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">洪災</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%A8" title="酸雨">酸雨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%B0" title="海冰">海冰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E6%B1%9B" title="凌汛">凌汛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E6%BD%AE" title="赤潮">赤潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E6%BD%AE" title="风暴潮">风暴潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="海洋灾害">海洋災害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8B%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%A8" title="锋面雨">鋒面雨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%A8" title="梅雨">梅雨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%A8" title="对流雨">對流雨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="天文">天文</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞擊事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9A%B4" title="伽玛射线暴">伽玛射线暴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%80%E6%96%91" title="耀斑">耀斑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="極超新星">極超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%9A%B4" title="磁暴">磁暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">複合型災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" title="气旋">气旋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="副熱帶氣旋">副熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="溫帶氣旋">溫帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副溫帶氣旋（页面不存在）">副溫帶氣旋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8B%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%A8" title="锋面雨">鋒面雨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%A8" title="梅雨">梅雨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%A8" title="对流雨">對流雨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>噴發</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物<br />質</a><br />分<br />類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E5%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="灰塵">塵</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%A9" title="山崩">山崩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B3%A5%E6%B5%81" title="火山泥流">火山泥流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91" title="火山噴發碎屑">火山噴發碎屑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4" title="沙尘暴">沙尘暴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%B5%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="塵捲風">塵捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞擊事件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">液體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">洪水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%A8" title="酸雨">酸雨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">固體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9" title="雪崩">雪崩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4" title="雪暴">雪暴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%B0" title="海冰">海冰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%B9" title="冰雹">冰雹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">氣體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" title="气旋">气旋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="副熱帶氣旋">副熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="溫帶氣旋">溫帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副溫帶氣旋（页面不存在）">副溫帶氣旋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="龍捲風">龍捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雾">雾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BA%95%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC" title="湖底噴發">湖底噴發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4" title="雪暴">雪暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="山火">山火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自然災害死亡人數排序列表">自然災害死亡人數列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪災列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of floods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪災列表（页面不存在）">洪災列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods" class="extiw" title="en:List of floods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of floods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%80%A7%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="历史性火灾列表">历史性火灾列表</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="山火列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of wildfires"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山火列表（页面不存在）">山火列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildfires" class="extiw" title="en:List of wildfires"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of wildfires</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶氣旋列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of tropical cyclones"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶氣旋列表（页面不存在）">熱帶氣旋列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclones" class="extiw" title="en:List of tropical cyclones"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of tropical cyclones</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溫帶氣旋列表（页面不存在）">溫帶氣旋列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地震列表">地震列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3" title="Portal:災害">災害</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:地球科學">地球科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="模板"><img alt="模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="Template:灾害">災害</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="河川、溪流和泉水" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#aff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D" title="Template:河川"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D" title="Template talk:河川"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:河川"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="河川、溪流和泉水" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河川</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AA%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="溪流">溪流</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="泉水">泉水</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河流类型" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Fließgewässertyp"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流类型（页面不存在）">分類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flie%C3%9Fgew%C3%A4ssertyp" class="extiw" title="de:Fließgewässertyp"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Fließgewässertyp</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">內流河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B5%81%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="外流河">外流河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%B4%9A%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB" title="一級水系">一級水系</a>（日本）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%81%93" title="水道">水道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河">运河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="潮汐河流">涌</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="河流作用">河流作用</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E6%90%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8)" title="磨損作用 (地質學)">磨損作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%90%AC%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="搬運作用">搬運作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%B5%E8%9A%80%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="侵蚀作用">侵蚀作用</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E6%BA%90%E4%BE%B5%E8%9D%95" title="向源侵蝕">向源侵蝕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E4%B8%8B%E4%BE%B5%E8%9D%95" title="向下侵蝕">向下侵蝕</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加积作用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aggradation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E7%A7%AF%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加积作用（页面不存在）">加积作用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggradation" class="extiw" title="en:Aggradation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aggradation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%E8%A5%B2%E5%A5%AA" title="河川襲奪">河川襲奪</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="床沙质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bed material load"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%8A%E6%B2%99%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="床沙质（页面不存在）">床沙质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed_material_load" class="extiw" title="en:Bed material load"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bed material load</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="颗粒流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Granular flow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%86%E7%B2%92%E6%B5%81" title="顆粒流">颗粒流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granular_flow" class="extiw" title="en:Granular flow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Granular flow</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%89%A9" title="沉積物">沉積物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%A9%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="堆積作用">堆積作用</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="冲泻质" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wash load"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B2%E6%B3%BB%E8%B4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冲泻质（页面不存在）">冲泻质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_load" class="extiw" title="en:Wash load"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wash load</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E7%A7%BB%E8%B4%A8" title="溶移质">溶移质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%AC%E7%A7%BB%E8%B4%A8" title="悬移质">悬移质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%A7%BB%E8%B4%A8" title="推移质">推移质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E7%A9%8D" title="進積">進積</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E7%A7%AF" title="退积">退积</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BA%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="躍移">躍移</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="河流形态学">河流形态</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河流發源地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="River source"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%99%BC%E6%BA%90%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流發源地（页面不存在）">河流發源地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_source" class="extiw" title="en:River source"><span lang="en" dir="auto">River source</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%90" class="mw-disambig" title="水源">水源</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB" title="水系">水系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" title="流域">流域</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E6%B5%81" title="幹流">幹流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E6%B5%81" title="支流">支流</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="河口">河口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="河谷">河谷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%BA%8A" title="河床">河床</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%91%E5%B8%83" title="瀑布">瀑布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%B3%BD" title="沼泽">沼泽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AA%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="溪流">溪流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%BA%E7%A9%B4" title="壺穴">壺穴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E6%B5%81" title="曲流">曲流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81%E7%82%B9" title="合流点">合流点</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="再汇流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anabranch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E5%8C%AF%E6%B5%81" title="再匯流">再汇流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabranch" class="extiw" title="en:Anabranch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anabranch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二次流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Secondary flow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二次流（页面不存在）">二次流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_flow" class="extiw" title="en:Secondary flow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Secondary flow</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%94%E6%B5%81" title="岔流">岔流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E6%B5%81" title="伏流">伏流</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河汊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="River bifurcation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B1%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河汊（页面不存在）">河汊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bifurcation" class="extiw" title="en:River bifurcation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">River bifurcation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%A3_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="水口 (地理學)">水口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%A9%8D%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="沖積河流">沖積河流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AE%E7%8B%80%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="辮狀河流">辮狀河流</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">河流地貌</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="江心岛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ait"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E5%BF%83%E5%B2%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江心岛（页面不存在）">江心岛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ait" class="extiw" title="en:Ait"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ait</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%A9%8D%E6%89%87" title="沖積扇">沖積扇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="三角洲">三角洲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E6%B1%BA" title="沖決">沖決</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="干河道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Billabong"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B2%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="干河道（页面不存在）">干河道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billabong" class="extiw" title="en:Billabong"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Billabong</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%A1%E8%B0%B7" title="峡谷">峡谷</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舭缘线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%AD%E7%BC%98%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舭缘线（页面不存在）">舭缘线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chine" class="extiw" title="en:Chine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="凹岸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cut bank"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%B9%E5%B2%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凹岸（页面不存在）">凹岸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut_bank" class="extiw" title="en:Cut bank"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cut bank</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E7%81%A3" title="河口灣">河口灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E9%9A%8E" title="河階">河階</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B2%E6%B2%9F" title="冲沟">冲沟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="曲流痕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Meander scar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B2%E6%B5%81%E7%97%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曲流痕（页面不存在）">曲流痕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander_scar" class="extiw" title="en:Meander scar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Meander scar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河口坝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mouth bar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河口坝（页面不存在）">河口坝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_bar" class="extiw" title="en:Mouth bar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mouth bar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%BF%B9%E6%B9%96" title="河迹湖">河迹湖</a>（牛軛湖）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="点沙坝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Point bar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%82%B9%E6%B2%99%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="点沙坝（页面不存在）">点沙坝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_bar" class="extiw" title="en:Point bar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Point bar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%9F%E5%A3%91" title="沟壑">沟壑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%9B" title="河岛">河岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="沉積盆地">沉積盆地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A9%8D%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0" title="沉積構造">沉積構造</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="平底河谷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Strath"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%BA%95%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平底河谷（页面不存在）">平底河谷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strath" class="extiw" title="en:Strath"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Strath</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河流谷底线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thalweg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E8%B0%B7%E5%BA%95%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流谷底线（页面不存在）">河流谷底线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalweg" class="extiw" title="en:Thalweg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thalweg</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%B0" title="谷地">谷地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E8%B0%B7" title="乾谷">乾谷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">相關地貌</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89" title="泉">泉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="湖">湖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-disambig" title="池">池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="盆地">盆地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="山地">山地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%B0%B4%E5%B2%AD" title="分水岭">分水岭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7" title="海">海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%A3" class="mw-disambig" title="灣">湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%B8" title="岸">岸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="生态">生態</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河川植物（页面不存在）">河川植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="水生植物">水生植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%B2%B8%E5%B8%A6" title="河岸带">河岸帶</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河流生态系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="River ecosystem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流生态系统（页面不存在）">河流生态系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem" class="extiw" title="en:River ecosystem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">River ecosystem</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A0%E5%8C%96" title="渠化">渠化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D" title="水坝">水坝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%A0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="河堤">河堤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B0" title="堰">堰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%AD" title="埭">埭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E9%81%93" title="魚道">魚道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B" title="橋">橋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%BF%90" class="mw-redirect" title="水运">水運</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河">运河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E6%B8%A0" title="溝渠">溝渠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%AF%E6%B4%AA%E6%B1%A0" title="滯洪池">滯洪池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%A2%E6%B4%AA%E9%81%93" title="溢洪道">溢洪道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E4%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="沙井">沙井</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E4%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="坎井">坎井</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">水文</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%9C%96" title="水文圖">水文圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="水文模型">水文模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="哈克定律">哈克定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E6%96%AF%E6%95%B8" title="勞斯數">勞斯數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="艾克納方程">艾克納方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%AF" title="流域面积">流域面积</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流域高宽比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relief ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%BD%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流域高宽比（页面不存在）">流域高宽比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Relief ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relief ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D%E6%B5%81%E7%8E%87" title="體積流率">體積流率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A8%E9%80%95%E6%B5%81" title="地表逕流">地表逕流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F" title="流量">流量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8F" title="降水量">降水量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" title="通用土壤流失公式">通用土壤流失公式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="水循环">水循环</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">相關學科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="地理学">地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="河流形态学">河流形态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="地质学">地质学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="地球科学">地球科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%9C%A8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="土木工程學">土木工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="環境工程學">環境工程學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8" title="湖沼學">湖沼學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="农学">农学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" title="生活">生活</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%AD%9A" title="捕魚">捕魚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A3%E9%AD%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="釣魚">釣魚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="水利工程">水利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="水危機">水危機</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E9%84%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水鄉（页面不存在）">水鄉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E8%88%9F" title="泛舟">泛舟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E8%88%B9" title="划船">划船</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AF%E6%BA%AA" title="溯溪">溯溪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="災害">災害</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">洪水</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E6%B4%AA" title="暴洪">暴洪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="百年洪水">百年洪水</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E6%B1%9B" title="凌汛">凌汛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%BC%AB%E6%BB%A9" title="河漫滩">河漫滩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB%E8%8D%89%E7%94%B8%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB%E7%A8%80%E6%9E%97" title="氾濫草甸和氾濫稀林">氾濫草甸和氾濫稀林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="水利工程">治水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%B4%AA" title="防洪">防洪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D" title="水坝">水坝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%A4%E9%98%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="堤防">堤防</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪水預報" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Flood forecasting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%E9%A0%90%E5%A0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪水預報（页面不存在）">洪水預報</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flood_forecasting" class="extiw" title="en:Flood forecasting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Flood forecasting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="暴雨管理模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Storm Water Management Model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暴雨管理模型（页面不存在）">暴雨管理模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" class="extiw" title="en:Storm Water Management Model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Storm Water Management Model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="土石流">土石流</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81%E8%AD%A6%E5%A0%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土石流警報（页面不存在）">土石流警報</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">各地河流</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%95%BF%E6%B2%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="世界长河列表">世界河川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="歐洲河流列表">歐洲河川</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞洲河流列表（页面不存在）">亞洲河川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="中國河流列表">中國河川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣河流列表">台灣河川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="非洲河流列表">非洲河川</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界運河列表（页面不存在）">世界運河</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%A5%9E" title="水神">水神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E7%A5%9E" class="mw-disambig" title="河神">河神</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="自然资源" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="Template:自然资源"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="Template talk:自然资源"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自然资源"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然资源" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="自然资源">自然资源</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%B1%82" title="地球大气层">大气</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="空氣污染">污染 / 质量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国家环境大气质量标准" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国家环境大气质量标准（页面不存在）">环境标准<span style="font-size:smaller;">（美国）</span></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" class="extiw" title="en:National Ambient Air Quality Standards"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="空气质量指数">指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="室內空氣品質">室内</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="发展中国家室内空气污染" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indoor air pollution in developing nations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%A4%E5%86%85%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发展中国家室内空气污染（页面不存在）">发展中国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution_in_developing_nations" class="extiw" title="en:Indoor air pollution in developing nations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indoor air pollution in developing nations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空气质量法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Air quality law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空气质量法律（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_law" class="extiw" title="en:Air quality law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Air quality law</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国空气清洁法案" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clean Air Act (United States)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%81%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国空气清洁法案（页面不存在）">空气清洁法案<span style="font-size:smaller;">（美国）</span></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Clean Air Act (United States)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clean Air Act (United States)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%82%E7%A9%BA%E6%B4%9E" title="臭氧层空洞">臭氧层空洞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">排放</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Airshed" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Airshed"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airshed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airshed（页面不存在）">Airshed</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airshed" class="extiw" title="en:Airshed"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Airshed</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E6%9D%83%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="排放权交易">排放权交易</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E6%AF%81%E6%9E%97%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E6%89%80%E8%87%B4%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量（页面不存在）">减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="extiw" title="en:Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo"><img alt="Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/100px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/150px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/200px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_law" class="extiw" title="en:Energy law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界能源（页面不存在）">资源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC" title="石油峰值">哈伯特顶点</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="地熱能">地熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD" title="太阳能">太阳能</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89" title="太阳光">太阳光</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荫蔽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shade (shadow)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%AB%E8%94%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荫蔽（页面不存在）">荫蔽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" class="extiw" title="en:Shade (shadow)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shade (shadow)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E8%83%BD" title="潮汐能">潮汐能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%B5%AA%E8%83%BD" title="波浪能">波浪能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%95%E5%9C%B0" title="耕地">耕地</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="peak farmland" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="peak farmland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_farmland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peak farmland（页面不存在）">peak farmland</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peak_farmland" class="extiw" title="en:peak farmland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">peak farmland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%B1" title="水土流失">水土流失</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95" title="土地法">法律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2%E6%B3%95" title="財產法">财产</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="土地管理">管理</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="栖息地保护" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="habitat conservation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%96%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="栖息地保护（页面不存在）">栖息地保护</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/habitat_conservation" class="extiw" title="en:habitat conservation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">habitat conservation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物">礦物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="采矿法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mining law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="采矿法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_law" class="extiw" title="en:Mining law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mining law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%A0%82" title="采砂">采沙</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="峰值矿产" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peak minerals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峰值矿产（页面不存在）">峰值</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_minerals" class="extiw" title="en:Peak minerals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peak minerals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="矿产权利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mineral rights"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="矿产权利（页面不存在）">权利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights" class="extiw" title="en:Mineral rights"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mineral rights</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7" title="土壤保護">保护</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E8%82%A5%E5%8A%9B" title="土壤肥力">肥力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土壤健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤健康（页面不存在）">健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_health" class="extiw" title="en:Soil health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土壤活力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil resilience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤活力（页面不存在）">活力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_resilience" class="extiw" title="en:Soil resilience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil resilience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8" title="土地利用">土地利用</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地使用规划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land-use planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地使用规划（页面不存在）">规划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Land-use planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land-use planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放空间保护区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open space reserve"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放空间保护区（页面不存在）">保护区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_space_reserve" class="extiw" title="en:Open space reserve"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open space reserve</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物勘探" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bioprospecting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%98%E6%8E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物勘探（页面不存在）">生物勘探</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprospecting" class="extiw" title="en:Bioprospecting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioprospecting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A2%E6%9E%97%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" title="叢林食物">丛林食物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%82%89" title="丛林肉">丛林肉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A" title="渔业">渔业</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="渔业法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fisheries law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渔业法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_law" class="extiw" title="en:Fisheries law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fisheries law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="漁業管理">管理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" title="食物">食物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林基因资源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest genetic resources"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林基因资源（页面不存在）">基因资源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" class="extiw" title="en:Forest genetic resources"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest genetic resources</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forestry law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_law" class="extiw" title="en:Forestry law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forestry law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%93%E7%87%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="森林經營學">管理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E7%89%A9" title="獵物">狩猎</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狩猎法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Game law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E7%8C%8E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狩猎法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_law" class="extiw" title="en:Game law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Game law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">基因银行</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of plants used in herbalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of plants used in herbalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of plants used in herbalism（页面不存在）">Herbalist plants</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" class="extiw" title="en:List of plants used in herbalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of plants used in herbalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋保护" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine conservation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋保护（页面不存在）">海洋保护</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation" class="extiw" title="en:Marine conservation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine conservation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非木质林产品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-timber forest product"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E6%9E%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非木质林产品（页面不存在）">非木质林产品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" class="extiw" title="en:Non-timber forest product"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-timber forest product</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%9C%B0" title="牧地">牧地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%AB" title="種子庫">種子庫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="野生动物">野生生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4" title="野生生物保护">保护</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="野生生物管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wildlife management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野生生物管理（页面不存在）">管理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management" class="extiw" title="en:Wildlife management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wildlife management</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材">木材</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">种类/位置</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%B4%E5%B1%82" title="含水层">含水层</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="含水层储水与恢复" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aquifer storage and recovery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%B4%E5%B1%82%E5%82%A8%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8E%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="含水层储水与恢复（页面不存在）">储水与恢复</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" class="extiw" title="en:Aquifer storage and recovery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aquifer storage and recovery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%AE%E7%94%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="饮用水">饮用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="淡水">淡水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="地下水污染">污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E8%A3%9C%E7%B5%A6" title="地下水補給">补给</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地下水治理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Groundwater remediation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地下水治理（页面不存在）">治理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" class="extiw" title="en:Groundwater remediation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Groundwater remediation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%88" title="水圈">水圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B1%B1" title="冰山">冰山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="冰川">冰川</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="极地冰盖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polar ice cap"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E5%9C%B0%E5%86%B0%E7%9B%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="极地冰盖（页面不存在）">极地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" class="extiw" title="en:Polar ice cap"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polar ice cap</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%BA%89" title="灌溉">灌溉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨">雨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%B0%B4%E6%92%B2%E6%BB%BF" title="雨水撲滿">雨水收集</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="暴雨水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stormwater"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暴雨水（页面不存在）">暴雨水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater" class="extiw" title="en:Stormwater"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stormwater</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="地表水">地表水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%B0%B4" title="廢水">廢水</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4" title="中水">中水</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">其他方面</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%B7%A1%E5%8C%96" title="海水淡化">海水淡化</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">洪水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水资源法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水资源法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law" class="extiw" title="en:Water law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Leaching (agriculture)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leaching (agriculture)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaching_(agriculture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leaching (agriculture)（页面不存在）">Leaching</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" class="extiw" title="en:Leaching (agriculture)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leaching (agriculture)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sanitation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sanitation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanitation（页面不存在）">Sanitation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation" class="extiw" title="en:Sanitation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sanitation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水资源冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水资源冲突（页面不存在）">冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Water conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water conflict</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E6%B0%B4" title="節水">節水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="峰值水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peak water"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峰值水（页面不存在）">峰值水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_water" class="extiw" title="en:Peak water"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peak water</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="水污染">污染</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水务民营化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water privatization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%A1%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水务民营化（页面不存在）">民营化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_privatization" class="extiw" title="en:Water privatization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water privatization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%AA" title="水質">水質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%AC%8A" title="水權">水权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="水资源">资源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="水管理">管理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水资源政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water resource policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水资源政策（页面不存在）">政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Water resource policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water resource policy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Commons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公地（页面不存在）">公地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons" class="extiw" title="en:Commons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Commons</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="圈地运动">圈地</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球公地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global commons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球公地（页面不存在）">全球公地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_commons" class="extiw" title="en:Global commons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global commons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公有土地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Common land"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公有土地（页面不存在）">公有土地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land" class="extiw" title="en:Common land"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Common land</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87" title="公地悲劇">悲剧</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资源经济" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural resource economics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然资源经济（页面不存在）">经济</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" class="extiw" title="en:Natural resource economics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural resource economics</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="生態經濟學">生态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="土地 (經濟學)">土地</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="生態系統服務">生態系統服務</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E9%96%8B%E6%8E%A1" title="自然資源開採">开采</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="過度開發">過度開發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%B6%85%E8%BD%BD%E6%97%A5" title="地球超载日">地球超载日</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资源管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural resource management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="自然資源管理">管理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management" class="extiw" title="en:Natural resource management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural resource management</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="适应性管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adaptive management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="适应性管理（页面不存在）">适应性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management" class="extiw" title="en:Adaptive management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adaptive management</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资产" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural capital"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="自然資產">自然资产</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_capital" class="extiw" title="en:Natural capital"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural capital</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资产会计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural capital accounting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然资产会计（页面不存在）">会计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" class="extiw" title="en:Natural capital accounting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural capital accounting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA" title="自然保护区">自然保护区</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统生态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统生态（页面不存在）">系统生态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="都市生態學">都市生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%8E" title="原野">原野</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="资源">资源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共池塘资源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Common-pool resource"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B1%A0%E5%A1%98%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共池塘资源（页面不存在）">公共池塘资源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-pool_resource" class="extiw" title="en:Common-pool resource"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Common-pool resource</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="衝突資源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conflict resource"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衝突資源（页面不存在）">衝突資源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="extiw" title="en:Conflict resource"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conflict resource</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E8%A9%9B%E5%92%92" title="資源詛咒">資源詛咒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%9E%AF%E7%AB%AD" title="资源枯竭">枯竭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="自然资源">提取</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资源民族主义">民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="可再生資源">可再生</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="不可再生能源">不可再生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%96%E9%A0%81" title="Portal:首頁">主题</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:农业和农学">农业和农学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="Portal:環境">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8D%95%E9%B1%BC" title="Portal:捕鱼">捕鱼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Natural resources">自然资源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119713173">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119713173">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4025289-9">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007535919005171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049168">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566917">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="povodně"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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