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</div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分类</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分类-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分类子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-按性质分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按性质分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>按性质分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按性质分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-按因素分类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#按因素分类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>按因素分类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-按因素分类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雪崩" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雪崩"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>雪崩</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雪崩-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地震" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地震"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>地震</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地震-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-火山爆发" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#火山爆发"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>火山爆发</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-火山爆发-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水文灾害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水文灾害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>水文灾害</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-水文灾害-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关水文灾害子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-水文灾害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-洪水" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#洪水"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>洪水</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-洪水-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-湖底喷发" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#湖底喷发"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>湖底喷发</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-湖底喷发-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海啸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海啸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>海啸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海啸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-气象灾害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#气象灾害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>气象灾害</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-气象灾害-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关气象灾害子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-气象灾害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-雪暴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雪暴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>雪暴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雪暴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-颱風" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#颱風"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>颱風</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-颱風-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-干旱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#干旱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>干旱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-干旱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雹暴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雹暴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>雹暴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雹暴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-热浪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#热浪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>热浪</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-热浪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-龙卷风" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#龙卷风"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>龙卷风</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-龙卷风-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-山火" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#山火"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>山火</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-山火-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-卫生灾难" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#卫生灾难"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>卫生灾难</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-卫生灾难-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关卫生灾难子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-卫生灾难-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-流行病" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流行病"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>流行病</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流行病-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-太空灾难" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#太空灾难"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>太空灾难</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-太空灾难-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关太空灾难子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-太空灾难-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-撞击事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#撞击事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>撞击事件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-撞击事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-耀斑爆发" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#耀斑爆发"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>耀斑爆发</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-耀斑爆发-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伽玛射线暴" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伽玛射线暴"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>伽玛射线暴</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伽玛射线暴-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-預測" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#預測"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>預測</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-預測-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关預測子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-預測-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-尋找適當的科學教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#尋找適當的科學教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>尋找適當的科學教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-尋找適當的科學教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-認識自然灾害所需基礎原理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#認識自然灾害所需基礎原理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>認識自然灾害所需基礎原理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-認識自然灾害所需基礎原理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部鏈接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部鏈接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>外部鏈接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部鏈接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">自然灾害</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。111种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurramp" title="Natuurramp – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natuurramp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrophe" title="Naturkatastrophe – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Naturkatastrophe" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_natural" title="Desastre natural – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Desastre natural" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كارثة طبيعية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارثة طبيعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাকৃতিক দুৰ্যোগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_natural" title="Desastre natural – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Desastre natural" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99bii_f%C9%99lak%C9%99t" title="Təbii fəlakət – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təbii fəlakət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AB%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="طبیعی حادیثه‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طبیعی حادیثه‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D3%99%D1%82_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Тәбиғәт һәләкәте – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тәбиғәт һәләкәте" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuakatastrophn" title="Natuakatastrophn – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Natuakatastrophn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomtuos_%C4%97%C5%A1kadas" title="Gomtuos ėškadas – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gomtuos ėškadas" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masap_laat" title="Masap laat – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Masap laat" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стыхійнае бедства – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стыхійнае бедства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Стыхійнае бедзтва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стыхійнае бедзтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Природно бедствие – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Природно бедствие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwallreuz_naturel" title="Gwallreuz naturel – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwallreuz naturel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodna_katastrofa" title="Prirodna katastrofa – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prirodna katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0strofe_natural" title="Catàstrofe natural – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catàstrofe natural" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کارەساتی سروشتی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارەساتی سروشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99%C3%ADrodn%C3%AD_katastrofa" title="Přírodní katastrofa – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přírodní katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trychineb_naturiol" title="Trychineb naturiol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Trychineb naturiol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrofe" title="Naturkatastrofe – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Naturkatastrofe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrophe" title="Naturkatastrophe – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Naturkatastrophe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AE" title="Φυσική καταστροφή – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φυσική καταστροφή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Natural disaster" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrofo" title="Naturkatastrofo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naturkatastrofo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_natural" title="Desastre natural – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desastre natural" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loodus%C3%B5nnetus" title="Loodusõnnetus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loodusõnnetus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondamen_natural" title="Hondamen natural – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hondamen natural" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="بلایای طبیعی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلایای طبیعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luonnonkatastrofi" title="Luonnonkatastrofi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Luonnonkatastrofi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BAruvanlukka" title="Náttúruvanlukka – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Náttúruvanlukka" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastrophe_naturelle" title="Catastrophe naturelle – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catastrophe naturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat%C3%BC%C3%BCrkatastroof" title="Natüürkatastroof – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Natüürkatastroof" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natoerramp" title="Natoerramp – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Natoerramp" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1strofe_natural" title="Catástrofe natural – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catástrofe natural" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8B" title="કુદરતી આફતો – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કુદરતી આફતો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A2" title="אסון טבע – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסון טבע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राकृतिक आपदा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राकृतिक आपदा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrakit_musibat" title="Prakrakit musibat – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Prakrakit musibat" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodna_katastrofa" title="Prirodna katastrofa – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prirodna katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Term%C3%A9szeti_katasztr%C3%B3fa" title="Természeti katasztrófa – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Természeti katasztrófa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տարերային աղետներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տարերային աղետներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disastro_natural" title="Disastro natural – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Disastro natural" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencana_alam" title="Bencana alam – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bencana alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masna_a_didigra" title="Masna a didigra – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Masna a didigra" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1tt%C3%BAruhamfarir" title="Náttúruhamfarir – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Náttúruhamfarir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disastro_naturale" title="Disastro naturale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disastro naturale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3" title="自然災害 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自然災害" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="სტიქიური უბედურება – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტიქიური უბედურება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7_%D2%9B%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Тілсіз қияпат – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тілсіз қияпат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA" title="ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ವಿಕೋಪ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ವಿಕೋಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%97%B0%EC%9E%AC%ED%95%B4" title="자연재해 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자연재해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Табият кырсыктары – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Табият кырсыктары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruina_naturae" title="Ruina naturae – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ruina naturae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netuurramp" title="Netuurramp – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Netuurramp" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disaster_natural" title="Disaster natural – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Disaster natural" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stichin%C4%97_nelaim%C4%97" title="Stichinė nelaimė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stichinė nelaimė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabas_katastrofa" title="Dabas katastrofa – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dabas katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencana_Alam" title="Bencana Alam – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Bencana Alam" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Природна катастрофа – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Природна катастрофа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകൃതിക്ഷോഭം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകൃതിക്ഷോഭം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Байгалийн гамшиг – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Байгалийн гамшиг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F" title="नैसर्गिक संकट – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नैसर्गिक संकट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bencana_alam" title="Bencana alam – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bencana alam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="သဘာဝဘေးအန္တရာယ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သဘာဝဘေးအန္တရာယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82" title="Колакст – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Колакст" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurkatastrooph" title="Natuurkatastrooph – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Natuurkatastrooph" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="प्राकृतिक प्रकोप – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राकृतिक प्रकोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natuurramp" title="Natuurramp – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natuurramp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrofe" title="Naturkatastrofe – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Naturkatastrofe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrofe" title="Naturkatastrofe – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturkatastrofe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catastr%C3%B2fa_naturala" title="Catastròfa naturala – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catastròfa naturala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਤਬਾਹੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੁਦਰਤੀ ਤਬਾਹੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C4%99ska_%C5%BCywio%C5%82owa" title="Klęska żywiołowa – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Klęska żywiołowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disastr_natural" title="Disastr natural – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Disastr natural" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C" title="قدرتی تباہی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قدرتی تباہی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="طبيعي ناورين – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبيعي ناورين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_natural" title="Desastre natural – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desastre natural" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezastru_natural" title="Dezastru natural – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dezastru natural" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Стихийное бедствие – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стихийное бедствие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="प्राकृतिकी आपद् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्राकृतिकी आपद्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disastru" title="Disastru – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Disastru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA" title="قدرتي آفت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قدرتي آفت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prirodna_katastrofa" title="Prirodna katastrofa – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prirodna katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1" title="ස්වාභාවික ව්‍යසන – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්වාභාවික ව්‍යසන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Natural disaster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDiveln%C3%A1_pohroma" title="Živelná pohroma – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Živelná pohroma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naravna_katastrofa" title="Naravna katastrofa – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Naravna katastrofa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatkeq%C3%ABsia_natyrore" title="Fatkeqësia natyrore – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fatkeqësia natyrore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Природне катастрофе – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Природне катастрофе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturkatastrof" title="Naturkatastrof – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Naturkatastrof" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maafa_asilia" title="Maafa asilia – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maafa asilia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="இயற்கைப் பேரழிவு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இயற்கைப் பேரழிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ప్రకృతి వైపరీత్యాలు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రకృతి వైపరీత్యాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejastre_naturais" title="Dejastre naturais – 德顿语" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Dejastre naturais" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="德顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D3%A3" title="Рухдодҳои табиӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рухдодҳои табиӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ภัยธรรมชาติ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภัยธรรมชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likas_na_sakuna" title="Likas na sakuna – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Likas na sakuna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_afet" title="Doğal afet – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğal afet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Стихійне лихо – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стихійне лихо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA" title="قدرتی آفت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدرتی آفت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabiiy_ofat" title="Tabiiy ofat – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tabiiy ofat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezastro_natura%C5%82e" title="Dezastro naturałe – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dezastro naturałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%C3%AAn_tai" title="Thiên tai – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiên tai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desastre_natural" title="Desastre natural – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Desastre natural" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="自然灾害 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自然灾害" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%A2_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="נאטירלעכע קאטאסטראפע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאטירלעכע קאטאסטראפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C5%AB-ji%C3%A2n_chai-h%C4%81i" title="Chū-jiân chai-hāi – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chū-jiân chai-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%81%BD" title="天災 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="天災" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8065#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-fc2b1c24" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-fc2b1c24" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Earthquake"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato,_Japan,_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato%2C_Japan%2C_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg/260px-US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato%2C_Japan%2C_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato%2C_Japan%2C_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg/390px-US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato%2C_Japan%2C_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato%2C_Japan%2C_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg/520px-US_Navy_110315-N-2653B-107_An_upended_house_is_among_debris_in_Ofunato%2C_Japan%2C_following_a_9.0_magnitude_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%89%8B%E5%8E%BF" title="岩手县">岩手縣</a>大<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E6%A9%8B%E5%B8%82" title="船橋市">船渡市</a>被巨大海嘯破壞四散的房屋（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BD" title="東日本大震災">東日本大震災</a>）</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg/260px-Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg/390px-Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg/520px-Yushuquake-Gruschke1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>2010年<a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E7%8E%89%E6%A8%B9%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="2010年玉樹地震">玉樹大地震</a>后被地震扭曲的房屋</figcaption></figure> <p><b>自然災害</b>（英語：<span lang="en"><b>natural hazard</b>、<b>natural disaster</b></span>），又稱為<b>自然災難</b>、<b>天然災難</b>、<b>天然災害</b>、<b>天災</b>、<b>天禍</b>、<b>天患</b>、<b>災荒</b> ，指<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="自然界">自然界</a>中所發生的自然現象，这种异常现象會给周围的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="人类">人类</a>社会造成<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="灾害">灾害</a>。世界气象组织表示，所有的天災有百分之九十跟<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%94" title="天气">天气</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="气候">气候</a>事件有关<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自然灾害的严重程度与人口的弹性及其所受影响或其恢复的能力有关<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>若有害事件所发生的区域内没有人受害，则该事件不属于灾难<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="舊金山">舊金山</a>这样的大城市等较易受害的地区，一场地震可能会带来持久性的破坏，这些破坏通常需要數年才能修复，甚至如果嚴重，需要到更久。而且会带来很多影响，例如：人命伤亡、财物损失、引发焦虑、损失家园、引起焦虑等等。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按性质分类"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E6.80.A7.E8.B4.A8.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>按性质分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：按性质分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="地质灾害">地质灾害</a>：地质作用所产生的灾害，如：<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1#火山灾害" title="火山">火山灾害</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%A9" title="山崩">山崩</a>。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天氣災害" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Meteorological disasters"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%B0%A3%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天氣災害（页面不存在）">天氣災害</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological_disasters" class="extiw" title="en:Meteorological disasters"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Meteorological disasters</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>：短时间的大气物理过程产生的灾害，如：雨灾（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%A8" title="对流雨">對流雨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8B%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%A8" title="锋面雨">鋒面雨</a>）、风灾（<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%B7%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="龙卷风">龙卷风</a>）、雪灾（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%A3%8E%E9%9B%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="暴风雪">暴风雪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9" title="雪崩">雪崩</a>）、雷擊。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气候灾害（页面不存在）">气候灾害</a>：气候异常所产生的灾害，如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%9A%96%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="全球暖化">全球暖化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B5%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="熱浪">熱浪</a>、旱灾</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态灾害（页面不存在）">生态灾害</a>：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%92%E7%81%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毒灾（页面不存在）">毒灾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="传染病">传染病</a>（恶性<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/SARS" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS">SARS</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8D%9A%E6%8B%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="埃博拉病毒">埃博拉病毒</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9A%B4%E9%87%8D%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E7%97%87%E5%86%A0%E7%8B%80%E7%97%85%E6%AF%922%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="嚴重急性呼吸系統綜合症冠狀病毒2型">新型冠狀病毒</a>等）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天文灾害（页面不存在）">天文灾害</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E6%98%9F%E4%BD%93" title="流星体">流星体</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="小行星">小行星</a>撞击地球，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4" class="mw-disambig" title="太阳风暴">太阳風暴</a>灾害。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水文灾害（页面不存在）">水文灾害</a>：如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="洪灾">洪灾</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="水灾">水灾</a>等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="按因素分类"><span id=".E6.8C.89.E5.9B.A0.E7.B4.A0.E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>按因素分类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：按因素分类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="热带气旋">热带气旋</a>灾害（风灾）：土石流、山崩、洪灾、飢荒</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" title="暴雨">暴雨</a>灾害、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%A8" title="梅雨">梅雨</a>灾害：洪灾、飢荒</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E5%9E%8B%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="复合型灾害（页面不存在）">复合型灾害</a>（二次灾害、间接灾害、次生灾害、大規模災害） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="地震灾害">地震灾害</a>（震灾）：火山灾害、土石流、山崩、洪灾（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a>）、火灾、核灾、飢荒</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="超级火山">超级火山</a>灾害：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="饥荒">饥荒</a>（火山灰覆盖农作物）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="寒害">寒害</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E6%B2%B3%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="冰河时期">冰河时期</a>、火山灰覆盖天空）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞击事件</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A8%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="陨石">陨石</a>灾害）：火山灾害、土石流、山崩、洪灾（海啸）、火灾、震灾、核灾、飢荒、毒灾（陨石携带<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙病毒（页面不存在）">宇宙病毒</a>）</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="雪崩"><span id=".E9.9B.AA.E5.B4.A9"></span>雪崩</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：雪崩"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9" title="雪崩">雪崩</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雪崩列表（页面不存在）">雪崩列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lawine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lawine.jpg/220px-Lawine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Lawine.jpg/330px-Lawine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Lawine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA" title="雪">粉末状雪</a>的雪崩。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>期间，约有40000至80000名士兵在参与<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9_(%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98)" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利战役 (第一次世界大战)">意大利战役</a>的过程中死于阿尔卑斯山的雪崩，这场雪崩是由炮火引发的<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地震"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E9.9C.87"></span>地震</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：地震"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="地震灾害">地震灾害</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地震列表">地震列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/220px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/330px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png/440px-Shaanxi_1556_earthquake_map_of_provinces.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>1556年<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%9D%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="嘉靖大地震">嘉靖大地震</a>，人类历史上死亡人数最多的一次地震</figcaption></figure> <p>地震是地壳快速释放能量过程中造成的震动，会产生<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E6%B3%A2" title="地震波">地震波</a>。在地球表面地震会表现为震动、摇动，有时会带来地形的变化。不同的地震产生的震动强度不同。地震主要是由于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4" title="斷層">断层</a>的滑动导致的，其他原因如火山活动、泥石流、煤矿瓦斯爆炸和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="核试验">核试验</a>也会引发地震。地震最初发生的地下位置被称为<b>震源</b>，在震源一点位置之上的地表位置被称作<b>震中</b>。地震很少能够直接杀死人类或者其他野生动物，主要是由地震引发的二级灾难如建筑物垮塌、火灾、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a>和火山爆发等会带来严重的后果，这些后果实际上属于人类灾难。这些严重后果可以通过建筑结构的改善、安全系统、预警系统等措施得以避免。 </p><p>以下列出部分严重的地震： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/115%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="115年安条克地震">115年安条克地震</a>：发生于115年，震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马帝国">罗马帝国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B" title="安条克">安条克</a>地区，震级7.5，这场地震总计约260,000人丧生。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/526%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="526年安提阿地震">526年安提阿地震</a>：发生于526年5月20日至29日之间，震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="拜占庭帝国">拜占庭帝国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="安提阿">安提阿</a>（当时称为狄奥波里斯，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁语</a>：Theopolis，现归<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>管辖），震级7，这场地震总计约250,000人丧生。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1138%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1138年阿勒颇大地震">1138年阿勒颇大地震</a>：发生于1138年10月11日，震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="敘利亞">叙利亚</a>南部城镇<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="阿勒頗">阿勒颇</a>附近（现主要道路<i>Ghrintana St.</i>上），震级不明，这场地震总计共230,000人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1290%E5%B9%B4%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B8%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1290年直隸地震">1290年直隶地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%85%83_(%E5%BF%BD%E5%BF%85%E7%83%88)" class="mw-redirect" title="至元 (忽必烈)">至元</a>二十七年（1290年9月27日），震中位于直隶<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="武平路（页面不存在）">武平路</a>（今<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="内蒙古">内蒙古</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E5%9F%8E%E5%8E%BF" title="宁城县">宁城县</a>），震级6.8，这场地震总计共100,000人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B4%9E%E8%B6%99%E5%9F%8E%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="洪洞趙城地震">洪洞赵城地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BE%B7_(%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D)" title="大德 (元朝)">大德</a>七年八月初六（1303年9月17日），震中在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="山西省">山西</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B4%9E%E5%8E%BF" title="洪洞县">洪洞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B4%9E%E5%8E%BF" title="洪洞县">赵城</a>，震级8，这场地震共200,000到475,800人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%9D%96%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="嘉靖大地震">嘉靖大地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%98%89%E9%9D%96" title="嘉靖">嘉靖</a>三十四年腊月十二（1556年1月23日），震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81" title="陕西省">陕西省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="华县">华县</a>，震级8. 3，这场地震总计共有830,000人丧生（不包括没有登记户口的居民），是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="中国历史">中国历史</a>乃至世界历史上死亡人数最多的地震<sup id="cite_ref-MinshengWeekly_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MinshengWeekly-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AF%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="郯城大地震">郯城大地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>七年农历<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%9C%88%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83" title="六月十七">六月十七</a>戌时（1668年7月25日），震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81" title="山东省">山东省</a>东南部今<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%AF%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="郯城">郯城</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B2%82" class="mw-redirect" title="临沂">临沂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E6%B2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="临沭">临沭</a>三县交界处，震级8.5，这场地震共5万余人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-csi01_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csi01-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1679%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%89%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B3%E8%B0%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1679年三河平谷地震">1679年三河平谷地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99" title="康熙">康熙</a>十八年七月二十八日（1679年9月2日），震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" title="河北省">河北省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8E%82%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%8E%BF" title="大厂回族自治县">大厂回族自治县</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%9E%AB%E9%95%87" title="夏垫镇">夏垫镇</a>，震级8，虽然死亡总数未知，但据估计约有超过45,500人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-RMS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755%E5%B9%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1755年里斯本大地震">1755年里斯本大地震</a>：发生于1755年11月1日，震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC" title="里斯本">里斯本</a>，震级9，这场地震共100,000人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1786%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%B7%E5%AE%9A-%E6%B3%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="1786年康定-泸定地震">1786年康定-泸定地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86" title="乾隆">乾隆</a>五十一年五月初六（1786年6月1日），震中据推定位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B8%82" title="康定市">康定</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%97%E5%A6%A5%E4%B9%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="得妥乡">得妥</a>之间，震级7.75，446人丧生，但因地震<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B0%E5%A1%9E%E6%B9%96" title="堰塞湖">堰塞湖</a>所淹没及坝倒大水冲刷使沿河两岸村镇因水灾丧生近100,000人<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="海原大地震">海原大地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4" title="民國紀年">民国</a>九年（1920年12月16日），震中在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃省">甘肃省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%8E%9F%E5%8E%BF" title="海原县">海原县</a>，震级8. 5，这场地震总计共有234,117到273,400人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="關東大地震">关东大地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">大日本帝国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3" title="大正">大正</a>12年（1923年9月1日），震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%88%E5%B7%9D%E7%B8%A3" title="神奈川縣">神奈川县</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%A8%A1%E7%81%A3" title="相模灣">相模湾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%B1%86%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6" title="伊豆大島">伊豆大岛</a>，震级8. 1，这场地震总计共100,000到142,000人丧生和失踪<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B5%AA%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="古浪大地震">古浪大地震</a>：发生于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E7%B4%80%E5%B9%B4" title="民國紀年">民国</a>16年（1927年5月23日），震中位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%82%83%E7%9C%81" title="甘肃省">甘肃省</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A8%81%E5%B8%82" title="武威市">武威</a>南沈家窝铺，震级8，这场地震共40,900人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="唐山大地震">唐山大地震</a>：发生在1976年7月28日于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%B1%B1%E5%B8%82" title="唐山市">唐山市</a>，震级7. 8，历史上排名第四死亡人数最多的地震，这场地震总计共有242,769到655,237人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="2004年印度洋大地震">2004年印度洋大地震</a>：历史上规模第三大的地震，震级在9.1-9.3之间，这场地震还导致了海啸，总计共有300,000人在该地震中丧生<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="2005年克什米尔大地震">2005年克什米尔大地震</a>：强度7.8级，有超过87350丧生。<sup id="cite_ref-自动生成1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-自动生成1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="汶川大地震">汶川大地震</a>：发生于2008年5月12日，地震中央在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%9D%E8%97%8F%E6%97%8F%E7%BE%8C%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E5%B7%9E" title="阿坝藏族羌族自治州">阿坝藏族羌族自治州</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%B6%E5%B7%9D%E5%8E%BF" title="汶川县">汶川县</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A0%E7%A7%80%E9%95%87" title="映秀镇">映秀镇</a>、四川省会<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="成都市">成都市</a>西北偏西方向79千米处，据官方统计，至2008年5月27日死亡人数超过69,227<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%BF%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" class="mw-redirect" title="2011年日本东北地方太平洋近海地震">2011年日本东北地方太平洋近海地震</a>：震级9.0，因地震和海啸而丧生的人数超过15,893，并有12,000人失踪。<sup id="cite_ref-NPA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="火山爆发"><span id=".E7.81.AB.E5.B1.B1.E7.88.86.E5.8F.91"></span>火山爆发</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：火山爆发"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="火山噴發列表">火山噴發列表</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="火山爆发类型">火山爆发类型</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg/220px-Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg/330px-Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg/440px-Deccan_Traps_volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>描述火山爆发的一幅艺术作品，这场火山爆发后来形成了印度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B9%B2%E6%9A%97%E8%89%B2%E5%B2%A9" title="德干暗色岩">德干暗色岩</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>可以通过不同地途造成破坏并带来灾难，火山爆发属于其中一种。火山爆发通常会伴随着许多岩石的坠落，有时候还会有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%B5%86" class="mw-redirect" title="岩浆">岩浆</a>流出。当岩浆离开火山山体后，其便会摧毁沿途其所遇到的大量建筑物与植物。此外<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%B0" title="火山灰">火山灰</a>会在火山附近大量聚集，当其与水混合后便会变成类似混凝土的物质。大量火山灰聚集时便可以压垮屋顶，当人体吸入火山灰后也会带来伤害。火山灰中还含有毛玻璃成分，这会使得引擎等运动部件磨损损坏。 </p><p>火山爆发导致许多人死亡的原因是爆发后产生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91%E6%B5%81" title="火山碎屑流">火山碎屑流</a>，这里面包含着大量高温的火山灰。最开始他们会飘在空中，当爆发产生的能量不足以支撑他们在空中停留时，火山碎屑流便会迅速地从山坡上滑下。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E8%B2%9D%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="龐貝古城">庞贝古城</a>被认为是被火山碎屑流所摧毁的。 </p><p>火山爆发还会产生<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B3%A5%E6%B5%81" title="火山泥流">火山泥流</a>，这是一种由火山导致的泥石流或山体滑坡。近年造成重大伤亡的火山泥流发生在1985年，当时<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="哥伦比亚">哥伦比亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="內瓦多·德·魯伊斯火山">内瓦多·德·鲁伊斯火山</a>爆发导致火山泥流，邻近城市<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85%E7%BE%85" title="阿爾梅羅">阿尔梅罗</a>被5米深的山泥淹埋，造成约23,000居民死亡。 </p><p>还有一类火山被称作<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%BA%A7%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="超级火山">超级火山</a>，根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B3%87%E5%B7%A8%E7%81%BD%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="多峇巨災理論">多峇巨灾理论</a>在75,000至80,000年前曾经在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼">印尼</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E9%96%80%E9%81%94%E8%87%98%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇門達臘島">苏门达腊岛</a>北部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%B3%87%E6%B9%96" class="mw-redirect" title="多峇湖">多峇湖</a>发生过超级火山爆发，使得当时地球的人口数量减至10,000甚至1,000人，这使得人类在进化史上一度达到了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4%E7%93%B6%E9%A2%88" title="种群瓶颈">种群瓶颈</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这次超级火山爆发同时摧毁了北半球四分之三的植被。超级火山爆發带来的最大的危险是可以持续数年的灾难性的全球气候环境与温度变化。 </p><p>有科學家推測，多年前存在的恐龍滅絕的其中一個原因是因爲火山爆發，導致恐龍大量滅絕 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水文灾害"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E6.96.87.E7.81.BE.E5.AE.B3"></span>水文灾害</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：水文灾害"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水文灾害（页面不存在）">水文灾害</a></div> <p>水文灾害是指地球的水质、水域的分布或者是流动状况发生突然且暴力的破坏性变化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="洪水"><span id=".E6.B4.AA.E6.B0.B4"></span>洪水</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：洪水"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪水</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪水列表（页面不存在）">洪水列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:China_2011_(6340229422).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg/220px-China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg/330px-China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg/440px-China_2011_%286340229422%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="长江">长江</a>堤岸的一块指示牌，记载了此处<a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1998年中国水灾">1998年洪水</a>的最高水位。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flooded_Datong_Town,_Tongling_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Flooded_Datong_Town%2C_Tongling_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="2020年中国南方水灾">2020年中国南方水灾</a>期间被淹没的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C%E9%99%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="铜陵">铜陵</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E9%95%87" class="mw-redirect" title="大通古镇">大通古镇</a></figcaption></figure> <p>洪水是指<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="湖泊">湖泊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%8B" title="洋">海洋</a>所含的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="水体">水体</a>上涨，并漫过陆地的现象<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。由于各个水域的水体体积可能会随季节变化而发生较大变化，因此只有当这些水体淹没了有人类活动的场所如村庄、城市、道路或农场等时，才能称其为值得注意的洪水。 </p><p>以下列出部分历史上比较知名的洪水灾害： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1410%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%BE%E6%BF%AB" title="1410年黃河氾濫">1410年黄河泛滥</a>是一场发生于<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%88%90%E7%A5%96" title="明成祖">明成祖</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%90" title="永乐">永乐</a>八年的自然灾害<sup id="cite_ref-熊玲司达2016_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-熊玲司达2016-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这一年秋，河堤决口，坏<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%82" title="开封市">开封</a>旧城，致使1.4万户人口罹难，淹没农田7500余顷，到十二月又坏城200余丈。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1870年，<a href="/wiki/1870%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1870年长江洪水">长江最大的洪水</a>，峰值是10万立方米/秒，万年一遇的标准</li> <li>1887年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="河南">河南</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="郑州">郑州</a>下汛十堡（今惠济区花园口镇石桥村）发生<a href="/wiki/1887%E5%B9%B4%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%B3%E5%8F%A3" title="1887年黄河决口">黄河决口</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，致使200多万（一说93万；一说最保守估计150万；一说700万）人罹难。</li> <li>1889年的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E6%96%AF%E6%95%A6%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰斯敦洪水（页面不存在）">约翰斯敦洪水</a>使2200余人丧生，这场洪水是由于水坝溃坝导致的。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931%E5%B9%B4%E6%B1%9F%E6%B7%AE%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="1931年江淮大水">1931年江淮大水</a>是中国的几条主要河流如<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="長江">长江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F" title="珠江">珠江</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3" title="黄河">黄河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E6%B2%B3" title="淮河">淮河</a>等都发生非常巨大的洪水<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，官方报告死亡人数估计200万人<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1939年8月至10月，因连续暴雨加上<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%9B" title="日本军">日军</a>扒开河堤的因素，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E5%B8%82" title="天津市">天津</a>遭受<a href="/wiki/1939%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1939年天津水灾">严重水灾</a>，天津市区百分之八十的地区被洪水所淹，超过10万间房屋被冲毁，八百多万人受灾，六十五万天津及其周边居民成为灾民。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954%E5%B9%B4%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="1954年长江洪水">1954年长江洪水</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="长江">长江</a>中下游、淮河流域，湘、鄂、赣、皖、苏5省有123个县市受灾，农田受淹4755万<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="亩">亩</a>，受灾人口1888万人，死亡3万余人，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B9%BF%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="京广铁路">京广铁路</a>近100天不能通车。尤以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81" title="湖北省">湖北省</a>受洪水的影响严重<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-程美东2008_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-程美东2008-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1969年<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="马来西亚">马来西亚</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E9%8A%AE%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="居銮市">居銮市</a>遭遇<a href="/wiki/1969%E5%B9%B4%E5%B1%85%E9%8A%AE%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1969年居銮水灾">特大水灾</a>，此水灾是居銮经历开埠后最大的一场洪水浩劫，造成惨重人命丧亡和难以估计的财物损失<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1983年7月31日，中国<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安康">安康</a>发生<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE" title="安康特大洪灾">一场特大洪灾</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>官方数据显示，此次洪灾导致安康几乎全城被毁，共造成870人死亡、89600人受灾，3.2平方公里被淹，经济损失4亿余元人民币。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991%E5%B9%B4%E8%8F%AF%E6%9D%B1%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD" title="1991年華東水災">1991年华东水灾</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD%E7%9C%81" title="安徽省">安徽省</a>受灾人口达4800多万人、占全省总人口近70％，因灾死亡267人，农作物受灾面积430多万公顷，各项直接经济损失金额将近人民币70亿元。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F%E7%9C%81" title="江苏省">江苏省</a>受灾人口达4200多万人、占全省总人口的62％，因灾死亡164人，农作物受灾面积300万公顷，各项直接经济损失金额人民币90亿元。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993%E5%B9%B4%E5%AF%86%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E6%B2%B3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993年密西西比河大洪水（页面不存在）">1993年密西西比河大洪水</a>是美国历史上造成损失最多的洪水之一。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="1998年中国水灾">1998年中国水灾</a>使得4150人死亡，1400万人无家可归，直接经济损失2551亿元人民币<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这次洪水暴露出许多水利工程质量低劣的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B8%A3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="豆腐渣工程">豆腐渣工程</a>”，被总理<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E9%95%95%E5%9F%BA" title="朱镕基">朱镕基</a>斥责并创造“豆腐渣工程”一词，也引发了公众对于“围湖造田”等环境保护问题的讨论。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000%E5%B9%B4%E8%8E%AB%E6%A1%91%E6%AF%94%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000年莫桑比克洪灾（页面不存在）">2000年莫桑比克洪灾</a>导致国家的大片地区被水淹没长达3周，数千人因此丧生，整个灾后重建工作持续数年。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005%E5%B9%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005年马哈拉施特拉邦洪灾（页面不存在）">2005年马哈拉施特拉邦洪灾</a>中有1094人丧生。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BD" title="2010年巴基斯坦洪災">2010年巴基斯坦洪灾</a>造成1600人死亡，并有大片农田被摧毁。</li> <li>2020年5月下旬至今，中国<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%8B%E6%B8%B8%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="长江中下游平原">长江中下游地区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%AE%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="淮河流域">淮河流域</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国西南地区">西南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="华南地区">华南</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东南地区">东南沿海</a>等地因持续强降水引发<a href="/wiki/2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE" title="2020年中国南方水灾">严重洪灾</a>。</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="热带气旋">热带气旋</a>可以导致大范围的洪水与<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E6%BD%AE" title="风暴潮">风暴潮</a>，以下列出一些事件： </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg/350px-Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg/525px-Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg/700px-Banqiao_Dam_Failure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>1975年8月<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E2%80%9C75%C2%B78%E2%80%9D%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93%E6%BA%83%E5%9D%9D" title="河南“75·8”水库溃坝">河南“75·8”水库溃坝</a>洪水淹没范围</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1975年8月，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8%E5%A6%AE%E5%A8%9C_(1975%E5%B9%B4)" title="颱風妮娜 (1975年)">台风尼娜</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="河南省">河南</a>等地带来<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8" title="暴雨">暴雨</a>，最终引致<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E2%80%9C75%C2%B78%E2%80%9D%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93%E6%BA%83%E5%9D%9D" title="河南“75·8”水库溃坝">河南“75·8”水库溃坝</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%BB%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%97" class="mw-redirect" title="驻马店">驻马店</a>地区板桥、石漫滩两座大型水库，以及数十座中小型水库同时垮坝溃决，造成29个县市被淹，1100万亩农田受到毁灭性的灾害，1100万人受灾，24万人死亡，倒塌房屋596万间，冲走耕畜30.23万头，猪72万头，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%B9%BF%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="京广铁路">京广线</a>被冲毁102公里。2005年该事件被美国《<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="探索频道">探索频道</a>》评为世界历史上最重大的人为技术灾难第一名<sup id="cite_ref-:02_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>2005年<a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E9%A2%B6%E9%A2%A8%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%A8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="2005年颶風卡特里娜">飓风卡特里娜</a>袭击<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%89%AF" title="新奥尔良">新奥尔良</a>。</li> <li>2011年<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%83%88%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B%E9%9B%85%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="强烈热带气旋雅思">强烈热带气旋雅思</a>袭击<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="湖底喷发"><span id=".E6.B9.96.E5.BA.95.E5.96.B7.E5.8F.91"></span>湖底喷发</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：湖底喷发"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BA%95%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC" title="湖底噴發">湖底喷发</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg/150px-Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg/225px-Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Cow_killed_by_Lake_Nyos_gasses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼欧斯湖（页面不存在）">尼欧斯湖</a>发生湖底喷发后，由于窒息而死的牛。</figcaption></figure> <p>湖底喷发会导致湖底积蓄的大量气体（通常为二氧化碳）瞬间被释放出来，并造成周围的动物与人类<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%92%E6%81%AF" title="窒息">窒息</a>死亡。湖底喷发还会在气体喷发过程中造成湖中发生海啸（湖啸）。科学家认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%A9" title="山崩">山崩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>活动或者<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="爆炸">爆炸</a>都有可能导致湖底的喷发。目前被记录在册的湖底喷发一共有两次： </p> <ul><li>1984年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E9%BA%A6%E9%9A%86" title="喀麦隆">喀麦隆</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E7%91%99%E6%81%A9%E6%B9%96" title="莫瑙恩湖">莫瑙恩湖</a>发生了湖底喷发，造成周围37名居民死亡。</li> <li>1986年在莫瑙恩湖附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E6%B9%96" title="尼奧斯湖">尼奥斯湖</a>发生了一次更大的湖底爆发，大约1700到1800名居民因窒息丧生。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海啸"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E5.95.B8"></span>海啸</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：海啸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a></div> <p>海啸是由海底地震引发并引起海水剧烈的起伏，形成强大的波浪。以下列出一些较为出名的海啸： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004%E5%B9%B4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="2004年印度洋大地震">2004年印度洋大地震</a>使300,000人罹难，超过51万人受伤。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E5%B9%B4%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E8%BF%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" class="mw-redirect" title="2011年日本东北地方太平洋近海地震">2011年日本东北地方太平洋近海地震</a>造成15,893人死亡。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="气象灾害"><span id=".E6.B0.94.E8.B1.A1.E7.81.BE.E5.AE.B3"></span>气象灾害</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：气象灾害"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="气象灾害">气象灾害</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雪暴"><span id=".E9.9B.AA.E6.9A.B4"></span>雪暴</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：雪暴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雪暴是非常强烈的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B4%E9%A3%8E%E9%9B%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="暴风雪">暴风雪</a>，当雪暴发生时会有非常大的雪以及很强的风。如果大风将已经落在地面的雪再次卷起，这种现象也被称作“强吹雪（Ground blizzard）”，雪暴会对当地经济产生严重影响，特别是对那些不经常降雪的地区。 </p><p>比较出名的雪暴包括： </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1888%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1888年大雪暴（页面不存在）">1888年大雪暴</a>袭击美国，使得大量谷物作物被摧毁。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008%E5%B9%B4%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008年阿富汗雪暴（页面不存在）">2008年阿富汗雪暴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947年北美雪暴（页面不存在）">1947年北美雪暴</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972年伊朗雪暴（页面不存在）">1972年伊朗雪暴</a>持续了5到7天，并导致约4000人丧生。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="颱風"><span id=".E9.A2.B1.E9.A2.A8"></span>颱風</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：颱風"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="热带气旋">热带气旋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" title="气旋">气旋</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热带气旋列表（页面不存在）">热带气旋列表</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg/150px-Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg/225px-Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg/300px-Hurricane_Katrina_August_28_2005_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6200" data-file-height="8000" /></a><figcaption>颱風</figcaption></figure> <p>由于气旋风暴发生的海域不同，其在不同海域也有不同的名字，如“热带气旋”、“飓风”和“气旋”。<a href="/w/index.php?title=1970%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E7%83%AD%E5%B8%A6%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970年波拉热带气旋（页面不存在）">1970年波拉热带气旋</a>是从有文字记录至今最致命的飓风。<a href="/wiki/1780%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A3%93%E9%A3%8E" title="1780年大飓风">1780年大飓风</a>是有史以来最大杀伤力的大西洋热带气旋，这场热带气旋摧毁了<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="马提尼克">马提尼克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%B0%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%AD%87%E6%96%AF" title="圣尤斯特歇斯">圣尤斯特歇斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF" title="巴巴多斯">巴巴多斯</a>。此外还值得一提的有2005年发生的<a href="/wiki/2005%E5%B9%B4%E9%A2%B6%E9%A2%A8%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%A8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="2005年颶風卡特里娜">飓风卡特里娜</a>，这场飓风摧毁了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%B9%BE" title="墨西哥湾">墨西哥湾</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="干旱"><span id=".E5.B9.B2.E6.97.B1"></span>干旱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：干旱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1" title="干旱">干旱</a></div> <p>干旱是由于某一地区长期无雨或者是降雨量很低而导致的土地干旱，并导致农作物颗粒无收以及水源短缺。干旱风、高温以及持续不断地水分蒸发都会恶化干旱的情况。 </p><p>以下列出部分较为出名的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="旱灾">旱灾</a>： </p> <ul><li>1875-1878年发生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a>的特大旱灾<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="饥荒">饥荒</a>，主要在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85)" class="mw-redirect" title="河南省 (清)">河南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85)" class="mw-redirect" title="山西省 (清)">山西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85)" class="mw-redirect" title="陝西省 (清)">陕西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9A%B6%E7%9C%81" title="直隶省">直隶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81_(%E6%B8%85)" class="mw-redirect" title="山東省 (清)">山东</a>，尤以山西最严重，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8E%9F%E5%BA%9C" title="太原府">太原府</a>100万人死95万。总死亡数计950万-2000万不等，也就是清朝人口的约2-4%，史称<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E6%88%8A%E5%A5%87%E8%8D%92" title="丁戊奇荒">丁戊奇荒</a>。</li> <li>1900年发生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的旱灾导致250,000至3,250,000人死亡。</li> <li>1921-1922年发生在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>的旱灾使得5百万人遭受饥荒。</li> <li>1928-1930年发生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>西北地区的旱灾中有数百万人因为饥荒而死，史称<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B9%B4%E5%B9%B4%E9%A6%91" title="民国十八年年馑">民国十八年年馑</a>。</li> <li>至2006年<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a>的南部、西部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%97%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="新南威尔士州">新南威尔士州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A0%98%E5%9C%B0" title="北領地">北领地</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%86%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="昆士兰">昆士兰</a>都已连续5-10年受到干旱的影响，并且首先是城市居住人口首先受到影响。</li> <li>2006年中国<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="四川">四川</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86" class="mw-redirect" title="重庆">重庆</a>等地遭遇大旱，部分地区遭遇100年一遇的特大<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="旱灾">旱灾</a>。一些地区气温多次超过40<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摄氏度">摄氏度</a>，最高更达到44度。将近有8百万人和7百万头牛面临水资源短缺。（<a href="/wiki/2006%E5%B9%B4%E5%B7%9D%E6%B8%9D%E6%97%B1%E7%81%BE" title="2006年川渝旱灾">2006年川渝旱灾</a>）</li> <li>2011年德克萨斯州由于干旱使得该州全年都处于紧急状态，这场旱灾还导致在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E6%99%AE%E7%B8%A3" title="巴斯特羅普縣">巴斯特罗普县</a>发生火灾。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雹暴"><span id=".E9.9B.B9.E6.9A.B4"></span>雹暴</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：雹暴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%B9" title="冰雹">冰雹</a></div> <p>雹暴是指大量没有融化的冰块坠落地面，并会许多灾难后果。1984年5月12日发生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E9%BB%91" title="慕尼黑">慕尼黑</a>的雹暴导致了20亿美元的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="保险">保险</a>索赔。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="热浪"><span id=".E7.83.AD.E6.B5.AA"></span>热浪</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：热浪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>热浪是指在某一段时间内持续的高温天气，在近期历史中最严重的一波热浪是<a href="/wiki/2003%E5%B9%B4%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%83%AD%E6%B5%AA" title="2003年欧洲热浪">2003年欧洲热浪</a>。 </p><p>2009年热浪袭击澳大利亚，并导致了<a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB" title="2009年维多利亚森林大火">2009年维多利亚森林大火</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC" title="墨尔本">墨尔本</a>有三天的温度均在40 °C以上，有些地区的温度甚至更高。这场森林大火也被称为“黑色星期六大火”，且部分是由于人为纵火导致的。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010%E5%B9%B4%E5%8C%97%E5%8D%8A%E7%90%83%E7%83%AD%E6%B5%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010年北半球热浪（页面不存在）">2010年北半球热浪</a>造成了北半球部分地区的高温天气，并由2000余人因此丧生，同时还有大片森林因火灾被烧毁，空气质量也因森林大火而下降。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="龙卷风"><span id=".E9.BE.99.E5.8D.B7.E9.A3.8E"></span>龙卷风</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：龙卷风"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%B7%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="龙卷风">龙卷风</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%99%E5%8D%B7%E9%A3%8E%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龙卷风列表（页面不存在）">龙卷风列表</a></div> <p>龙卷风是在极不稳定天气下由空气强烈对流运动而产生的一种伴随着高速旋转的漏斗状云柱的强风涡旋。其中心附近风速可达100m/s～200m/s，最大300m/s，比台风（产生于海上）近中心最大风速大好几倍。龙卷风的破坏性极强，其经过的地方，常会发生拔起大树、掀翻车辆、摧毁建筑物等现象，甚至把人吸走。2011年5月初，美国南部地区遭遇龙卷风袭击，大量市镇被毁，数百人丧生。5月3日，夏威夷州檀香山海港甚至出现“双龙吸水”的罕见景观。2012年8月26日17∶30，江苏洪泽湖出现巨大“龙吸水”壮观景观。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="山火"><span id=".E5.B1.B1.E7.81.AB"></span>山火</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：山火"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="山火">山火</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山火列表（页面不存在）">山火列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg/250px-Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg/375px-Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg/500px-Daxing%27anling_May_6_Fire_Memorial_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A0%E6%B2%B3%E5%B8%82" title="漠河市">漠河市</a>建有大兴安岭五·六火灾纪念馆，介紹<a href="/wiki/1987%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%89%E5%B2%AD%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BE" title="1987年大兴安岭火灾">1987年大兴安岭火灾</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>山火是指经常发生在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%8E" title="原野">原野</a>地区的大火，通常造成山火的原因有<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E7%94%B5" title="闪电">闪电</a>和干旱，但是人为意外或者是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B5%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="纵火">纵火</a>亦可能导致山火。山火通常可以扩张到有人类聚集的地区，因此对于人类、财产以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="野生动物">野生动物</a>都是很大的威胁。 </p><p>比较出名的山火有发生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="中华人民共和国">中国</a>的<a href="/wiki/1987%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B4%E5%AE%89%E5%B2%AD%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BE" title="1987年大兴安岭火灾">1987年大兴安岭火灾</a><sup id="cite_ref-中国人大网_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国人大网-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，这场大火中至少有193人死亡。另一场则是<a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E7%81%AB" title="2009年维多利亚森林大火">2009年维多利亚森林大火</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="卫生灾难"><span id=".E5.8D.AB.E7.94.9F.E7.81.BE.E9.9A.BE"></span>卫生灾难</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：卫生灾难"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="流行病"><span id=".E6.B5.81.E8.A1.8C.E7.97.85"></span>流行病</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：流行病"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="流行病列表">流行病列表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg/220px-Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg/330px-Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg/440px-Picture_of_Manchurian_Plague_victims_in_1910_-1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1910%EF%BC%8D1911%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="1910－1911年東北鼠疫">1910－1911年東北鼠疫</a>的死者</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg/220px-Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg/330px-Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg/440px-Last_train_of_Wuhan_metro_before_authorities_lock_down_the_city_for_the_Wuhan_coronavirus_outbreak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1091" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>2020年<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85" title="2019冠状病毒病">冠狀病毒病</a>疫情：1月23日<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%B8%82" title="武汉市">武汉市</a>宣布“封城”后，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%93%816%E5%8F%B7%E7%BA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="武汉地铁6号线">武汉地铁6号线</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E8%B7%AF%E7%AB%99" title="大智路站">大智路站</a>于当日10时发出末班车</figcaption></figure> <p>流行病是指在人群中爆发的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="传染病">传染病</a>，全球传播的流行病则被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a>。历史上有许多诸如<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病">黑死病</a>之类的流行病。以下列出20世纪和21世纪内部分较为出名的瘟疫： </p> <ul><li>1910-1911年由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">中国东北</a>扩散到全<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a>的<a href="/wiki/1910%EF%BC%8D1911%E5%B9%B4%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="1910－1911年東北鼠疫">东北鼠疫</a>使大约6万人死亡<sup id="cite_ref-shang_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shang-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guan_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guan-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C" title="1918年流感大流行">1918年流感大流行</a>导致全球大约5000万到1亿人丧生<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>1957-1958年由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%81" title="贵州省">贵州省</a>扩散到全球的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F" title="亚洲流感">亚洲流感</a>使大约100万人死亡。</li> <li>1968-1969年由<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%AC%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="英屬香港">香港</a>扩散到全球的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="香港流感">香港流感</a>使大约750000人死亡。</li> <li>2002-2003年由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="廣東省">广东省</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%BE%B7%E5%8C%BA" title="顺德区">顺德市</a>扩散到全球的<a href="/wiki/SARS%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS事件">SARS</a>造成774个病人死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-:2a_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2a-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009年由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="韦拉克鲁斯市">韦拉克鲁斯市</a>扩散到全球的<a href="/wiki/2009%E5%B9%B4H1N1%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C" title="2009年H1N1流感大流行">H1N1流感</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，约150,000到575,000人死亡。其中有明确统计的死亡病例约1.85万人。</li> <li>2019年的<a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85" title="2019冠状病毒病">冠狀病毒病</a></li></ul> <p>还有一些疾病虽然传播得较为缓慢，但还是被<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>列入全球卫生突发事件中： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E6%B3%9B%E8%80%90%E8%8D%AF%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8" title="广泛耐药结核">广泛耐药结核</a>，一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85" title="结核病">结核病</a>，具有非常强的耐药性。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE" title="疟疾">疟疾</a>，每年大约有160万人因此丧生。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8D%9A%E6%8B%89%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="埃博拉病毒">埃博拉病毒</a>，在非洲已经爆发过多次，并有数百人感染此病毒。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="太空灾难"><span id=".E5.A4.AA.E7.A9.BA.E7.81.BE.E9.9A.BE"></span>太空灾难</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：太空灾难"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="撞击事件"><span id=".E6.92.9E.E5.87.BB.E4.BA.8B.E4.BB.B6"></span>撞击事件</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：撞击事件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞击事件</a></div> <p>撞击事件是指地球或其他行星和小行星、彗星等其他天体互相碰撞的事件。1490年发生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中国</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/1490%E5%B9%B4%E6%85%B6%E9%99%BD%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="1490年慶陽事件">庆阳流星雨事件</a>是死亡人数最多的撞击事件，总计10000人死亡<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1908年6月发生在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="俄罗斯帝国">俄罗斯帝国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="通古斯大爆炸">通古斯大爆炸</a>是规模最大的撞击事件之一<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="耀斑爆发"><span id=".E8.80.80.E6.96.91.E7.88.86.E5.8F.91"></span>耀斑爆发</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：耀斑爆发"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%80%E6%96%91" title="耀斑">耀斑</a></div> <p>耀斑是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3" title="太阳">太阳</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%90%83-%E6%97%A5%E5%86%95%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E5%B1%82" title="色球-日冕过渡层">色球-日冕过渡层</a>中发生的一种局部辐射突然增加的太阳活动，这种辐射风暴若达到地球则有可能对地球上的生物以及通讯等均带来严重影响。以下列出一些出名的太阳耀斑爆发： </p> <ul><li>1989年8月16日的X20级超级耀斑<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_flare1989/2001_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_flare1989/2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001年4月2日的类似X20级超级耀斑<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_flare1989/2001_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_flare1989/2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>21世纪目前记载在册的最强耀斑发生于2003年11月4日，级别约为X40到X45级之间<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_flare2003_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_flare2003-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%A2%A8%E6%9A%B4" title="1859年太陽風暴">1859年太阳风暴</a>，历史上最强的太阳风暴<sup id="cite_ref-Solar_flare1859_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solar_flare1859-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伽玛射线暴"><span id=".E4.BC.BD.E7.8E.9B.E5.B0.84.E7.BA.BF.E6.9A.B4"></span>伽玛射线暴</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：伽玛射线暴"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9A%B4" title="伽玛射线暴">伽玛射线暴</a></div> <p>伽玛射线暴，又称伽玛暴，是来自天空中某一方向的伽玛射线强度在短时间内突然增强，随后又迅速减弱的现象。伽玛射线暴是目前已知的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>中最明亮的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁">电磁</a>现象<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。伽玛暴可以持续0.01秒至数分钟。伽玛暴发生后通常还会出现由较长波的电磁波（<a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a>射线、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="紫外线">紫外线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%85%89" title="可见光">可见光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="红外线">红外线</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%B3%A2" title="微波">微波</a>或者<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E9%A2%91%E8%B0%B1" title="无线电频谱">无线电频谱</a>）产生的长时间的“余辉”。 </p><p>通常情况下伽玛暴产生的地点离地球较为遥远，因此对地球无害。但是如果有伽玛暴在面对地球的地方爆发，那么就会产生灾难性后果。目前太空中有卫星每天在监测伽玛暴的爆发，离2012年最近的异常伽玛暴为<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="GRB 031203" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="GRB 031203"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GRB_031203&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRB 031203（页面不存在）">GRB 031203</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_031203" class="extiw" title="en:GRB 031203"><span lang="en" dir="auto">GRB 031203</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="預測"><span id=".E9.A0.90.E6.B8.AC"></span>預測</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：預測"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="尋找適當的科學教育"><span id=".E5.B0.8B.E6.89.BE.E9.81.A9.E7.95.B6.E7.9A.84.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>尋找適當的科學教育</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：尋找適當的科學教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社會上已顯現出巨大的認知差異與衝突：直至2012年仍有義大利法庭判例<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>的預設立場堅持科學必須「確認事實」，這使某些科學家必須背負「測得準」的責任。這個判決在歐美科學界引發一片驚慌和撻伐之聲，學者警告包括火山學甚至氣象學在內，研究領域涉及難以預測的天災，此判決恐造成寒蟬效應。其它包括先前<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%85%AB%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD" title="八八水災">八八水災</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9E%97%E6%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="小林村">小林村</a>天災責任追究等事件，也一度眾說紛紜，因此除了有關地震學家遭判刑的相關應用科學（如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地震學">地震學</a>）外，其科學基礎原理「測不準」的原因（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="不确定性原理">不确定性原理</a>等）推廣科普亦有待加強，以期使諸如法官及社會大眾對「科學」、「技術」能有正確認知。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認識自然灾害所需基礎原理"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E8.AD.98.E8.87.AA.E7.84.B6.E7.81.BE.E5.AE.B3.E6.89.80.E9.9C.80.E5.9F.BA.E7.A4.8E.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>認識自然灾害所需基礎原理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：認識自然灾害所需基礎原理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學">物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地質學">地質學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地球物理學">地球物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣科學">大氣科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋學">海洋學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">施莱茵. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voanews.com/chinese/w2009-03-24-voa63.cfm">世界气象日关注污染与健康关系</a>. VOA. 2009-03-24 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-03-24</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E6%97%A5%E5%85%B3%E6%B3%A8%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E4%B8%8E%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB&rft.au=%E6%96%BD%E8%8E%B1%E8%8C%B5&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fchinese%2Fw2009-03-24-voa63.cfm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">G. Bankoff, G. Frerks, D. Hilhorst（<i>eds.</i>）. Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-85383-964-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-85383-964-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-85383-964-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.au=G.+Bankoff%2C+G.+Frerks%2C+D.+Hilhorst%EF%BC%88%27%27eds.%27%27%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=Mapping+Vulnerability%3A+Disasters%2C+Development+and+People&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-85383-964-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">D. Alexander. Principles of Emergency planning and Management. Harpended: Terra publishing. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-903544-10-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-903544-10-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-903544-10-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.au=D.+Alexander&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Emergency+planning+and+Management&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-903544-10-5&rft.pub=Harpended%3A+Terra+publishing&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">B. Wisner, P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis. At Risk - Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Wiltshire: Routledge. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-25216-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-25216-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-25216-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.au=B.+Wisner%2C+P.+Blaikie%2C+T.+Cannon%2C+and+I.+Davis&rft.btitle=At+Risk+-+Natural+hazards%2C+people%27s+vulnerability+and+disasters&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25216-4&rft.pub=Wiltshire%3A+Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee Davis (2008). "<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">Natural Disasters</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170329024224/http://books.google.com/books?id=CRzMOYIuLJEC&pg=&dq&hl=en#v=onepage&q=&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>". Infobase Publishing. p.7. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780816070008" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8160-7000-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150504235457/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1462744/Aleppo-earthquake-of-1138">Aleppo earthquake of 1138 | Syria</a>. 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=%E6%9F%94%E5%B7%9E%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BD%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E6%98%A8%E7%84%A1%E9%A1%AF%E8%91%97%E6%94%B9%E5%96%84%E7%81%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%B7%B2%E8%B6%85%E9%81%8E%E4%B8%80%E8%90%AC%E6%96%B0%E5%B1%B1%E5%B1%85%E9%91%BE%E7%81%BD%E9%BB%8E%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E6%95%91%E6%BF%9F%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E7%A9%8D%E6%A5%B5%E5%B1%95%E9%96%8B%E7%B6%93%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E5%85%B7%E5%B1%8D%E9%AB%94%C2%B7%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8%E4%BA%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A2%9E%E5%8A%A0%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%8B%E7%81%AB%E8%BB%8A%E5%81%9C%E9%87%91%E9%A6%AC%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E9%9A%86%E8%88%87%E9%97%9C%E4%B8%B9%E4%BA%A6%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%9A%E8%BB%8A&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eresources.nlb.gov.sg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fnysp19691213-1.2.21.1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%80%E7%81%BD%C2%B7%E6%98%8E%E7%B5%90%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%B3%E5%86%8D%E8%82%86%E8%99%90%E5%B1%85%E9%91%BE%E5%88%A7%E5%BE%8C%E7%98%A1%E7%97%8D%E6%BB%BF%E7%9B%AE&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eresources.nlb.gov.sg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2FDigitised%2FArticle%2Fnysp19691213-1.2.21.6.1%3FST%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203203238/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19691213-1.2.21.7">流離失所歸無路沿河覓屍哭聲哀</a>. eresources.nlb.gov.sg. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span 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style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_42-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201217114409/http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/0731/c346862-21832581.html">7月31日 再忆1983年安康特大洪灾 一座城市的灭顶之灾（组图）</a>. 《华商报》、《三秦都市报》. 人民网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-11-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sn.people.com.cn/n/2014/0731/c346862-21832581.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=7%E6%9C%8831%E6%97%A5+%E5%86%8D%E5%BF%861983%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%B7%E7%89%B9%E5%A4%A7%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BE+%E4%B8%80%E5%BA%A7%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E7%9A%84%E7%81%AD%E9%A1%B6%E4%B9%8B%E7%81%BE%EF%BC%88%E7%BB%84%E5%9B%BE%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E5%8D%8E%E5%95%86%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B%E3%80%81%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%89%E7%A7%A6%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E6%8A%A5%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsn.people.com.cn%2Fn%2F2014%2F0731%2Fc346862-21832581.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=75%E5%B9%B4%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%B4%E7%81%BE%EF%BC%9A%E6%BB%94%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA%E7%A5%B8%E4%BB%A4%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA%E8%91%AC%E8%BA%AB%E9%B1%BC%E8%85%B9&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2F1%2Fmidang%2F200808%2F0810_2664_710030.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131195103/http://tuku.news.china.com/history/html/2014-07-08/224877_2514132.htm">河南75·8溃坝:世界最惨垮坝惨剧</a>. 中国网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2016-10]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=%E9%A2%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%91%BE%EF%BC%9A%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%AB%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%BA%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB%EF%BC%8C%E8%AE%A9%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E4%BB%98%E5%87%BA%E6%B2%89%E9%87%8D%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%B7&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E8%80%85%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guancha.cn%2FEErJin%2F2019_11_16_525349_s.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Anderson, Susan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php">Analysis of Spanish flu cases in 1918–1920 suggests transfusions might help in bird flu pandemic</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="American College of Physicians" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American College of Physicians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_College_of_Physicians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American College of Physicians（页面不存在）">American College of Physicians</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" class="extiw" title="en:American College of Physicians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American College of Physicians</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>. 2006-08-29 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125222223/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-08/acop-aos082806.php">存档</a>于2011-11-25）.</cite><span 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class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2a-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2a_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804063355/http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-05-04/15411029686.shtml">2002年11月--2003年5月：广东抗击非典大事记</a>. 金羊网-羊城晚报. 2003年5月4日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-06-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2003-05-04/15411029686.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2016-08-04） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span>.</cite><span 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Business Insider. 2020年2月21日. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/deadly-sars-virus-history-2003-in-photos-2020-2">原始内容</a>存档于2020年3月2日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=How+SARS+terrified+the+world+in+2003%2C+infecting+more+than+8%2C000+people+and+killing+774&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Pasley&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fdeadly-sars-virus-history-2003-in-photos-2020-2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">陈冯富珍博士. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614091847/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/zh/index.html">世界现在处在2009年流感大流行的开端</a>. 世界卫生组织. 2009-06-11 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-06-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/zh/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2009-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%86%AF%E5%AF%8C%E7%8F%8D%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E5%A4%84%E5%9C%A82009%E5%B9%B4%E6%B5%81%E6%84%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%80%E7%AB%AF&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Fnews%2Fstatements%2F2009%2Fh1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611%2Fzh%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200407062736/https://www.mail-archive.com/meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com/msg80757.html">[meteorite-list] Meteorite deaths in Qingyang (Ch'ing-yang) in 1490</a>. www.mail-archive.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-04-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mail-archive.com/meteorite-list@meteoritecentral.com/msg80757.html">原始内容</a>存档于2020-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=%5Bmeteorite-list%5D+Meteorite+deaths+in+Qingyang+%28Ch%27ing-yang%29+in+1490&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mail-archive.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mail-archive.com%2Fmeteorite-list%40meteoritecentral.com%2Fmsg80757.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508091855/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU-GxHtCGgA">二十世紀最大謎團，通古斯大爆炸 | 老高與小茉 Mr & Mrs Gao</a>, <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-06-14</span>]</span>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wU-GxHtCGgA">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-08） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（中国大陆）网页">（中文（中国大陆））</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E8%AC%8E%E5%9C%98%EF%BC%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8+%7C+%E8%80%81%E9%AB%98%E8%88%87%E5%B0%8F%E8%8C%89+Mr+%26+Mrs+Gao&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwU-GxHtCGgA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solar_flare1989/2001-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solar_flare1989/2001_59-0"><sup><b>59.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solar_flare1989/2001_59-1"><sup><b>59.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508091617/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010404081121.htm">Sun Unleashes Record Superflare, Earth Dodges Solar Bullet</a>. ScienceDaily. April 4, 2011 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-08-27</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/04/010404081121.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=Sun+Unleashes+Record+Superflare%2C+Earth+Dodges+Solar+Bullet&rft.date=2011-04-04&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2001%2F04%2F010404081121.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solar_flare2003-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solar_flare2003_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804064530/http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_Maps/solar/Solar_Flare/solar_flare.html">Biggest Solar Flare ever recorded</a>. National Association for Scientific and Cultural Appreciation. 2004 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-08-27</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasca.org.uk/Strange_Maps/solar/Solar_Flare/solar_flare.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=Biggest+Solar+Flare+ever+recorded&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Association+for+Scientific+and+Cultural+Appreciation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasca.org.uk%2FStrange_Maps%2Fsolar%2FSolar_Flare%2Fsolar_flare.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solar_flare1859-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Solar_flare1859_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140501125829/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/06may_carringtonflare/">A Super Solar Flare</a>. NASA. May 6, 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-08-27</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2008/06may_carringtonflare/">原始内容</a>存档于2014-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=A+Super+Solar+Flare&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fscience-news%2Fscience-at-nasa%2F2008%2F06may_carringtonflare%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502232209/http://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/12_gammarays.html">Gamma Rays</a>. NASA. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missionscience.nasa.gov/ems/12_gammarays.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.atitle=Gamma+Rays&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmissionscience.nasa.gov%2Fems%2F12_gammarays.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/04_releases/press_080404.html">Chandra Contributes to ESA's Integral Detection of Closest Gamma-Ray Burst</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100515112930/http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/04_releases/press_080404.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2010-05-15.. chandra.harvard.edu (2004-08-04)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503213939/https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%91-%E6%81%90%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%92%E8%9F%AC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89-013222411.html">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-07-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E9%81%AD%E5%88%A4%E5%88%91-%E6%81%90%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%92%E8%9F%AC%E6%95%88%E6%87%89-013222411.html">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2F%25E5%259C%25B0%25E9%259C%2587%25E5%25AD%25B8%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E9%2581%25AD%25E5%2588%25A4%25E5%2588%2591-%25E6%2581%2590%25E8%2587%25B4%25E5%25AF%2592%25E8%259F%25AC%25E6%2595%2588%25E6%2587%2589-013222411.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:自然灾害"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="自然灾害" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">自然灾害</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="現象">現<br />象</a><br />分<br />類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="氣象">氣象</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">風災</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" title="气旋">气旋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8" title="颱風">颱風</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="亞熱帶氣旋">副熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副溫帶氣旋（页面不存在）">副溫帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="溫帶氣旋">溫帶氣旋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="龍捲風">龍捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%B5%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="塵捲風">塵捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4" title="沙尘暴">沙尘暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">寒災</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%BD%AE" title="寒潮">寒潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4" title="雪暴">雪暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD" title="火災">火災</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="山火">山火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%97%B1" title="干旱">旱災</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%BE%E6%9E%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乾枯（页面不存在）">乾枯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7" title="雷">雷</a>、雷暴</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%B5%AA" title="热浪">热浪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%BA%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="厄尔尼诺现象">厄尔尼诺现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%A8%9C%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="拉尼娜现象">拉尼娜现象</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">全球暖化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%B9" title="冰雹">冰雹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雾">雾</a>害</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%BE%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="霾害">霾害</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="地理">地理</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地震學">地震學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="地震灾害">地震灾害</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="火山噴發類型">火山噴發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BA%95%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC" title="湖底噴發">湖底噴發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="板块运动">板塊運動</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93" title="传染">傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85" title="流行病">流行病</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E8%9A%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="病媒蚊">病媒蚊</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9A%8A%E7%96%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蚊疫（页面不存在）">蚊疫</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%97%E7%81%BD" title="蝗災">蝗災</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%91%E8%8D%92" title="饑荒">饑荒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B2%E5%AE%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="蟲害">虫害</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%A0%E5%AE%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼠害（页面不存在）">鼠害</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪災</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%A8" title="酸雨">酸雨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%B0" title="海冰">海冰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E6%B1%9B" title="凌汛">凌汛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E6%BD%AE" title="赤潮">赤潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%9A%B4%E6%BD%AE" title="风暴潮">风暴潮</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="海洋灾害">海洋災害</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8B%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%A8" title="锋面雨">鋒面雨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%A8" title="梅雨">梅雨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%A8" title="对流雨">對流雨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="天文">天文</a>災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞擊事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%9B%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%9A%B4" title="伽玛射线暴">伽玛射线暴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%80%E6%96%91" title="耀斑">耀斑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="極超新星">極超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%9A%B4" title="磁暴">磁暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">複合型災害</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" title="气旋">气旋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="副熱帶氣旋">副熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="溫帶氣旋">溫帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副溫帶氣旋（页面不存在）">副溫帶氣旋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8B%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%A8" title="锋面雨">鋒面雨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E9%9B%A8" title="梅雨">梅雨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%A8" title="对流雨">對流雨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>噴發</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物<br />質</a><br />分<br />類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">地</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E5%A1%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="灰塵">塵</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87" title="地震">地震</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B4%A9" title="山崩">山崩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%9F%B3%E6%B5%81" title="泥石流">泥石流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E6%B3%A5%E6%B5%81" title="火山泥流">火山泥流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91" title="火山噴發碎屑">火山噴發碎屑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%98%E6%9A%B4" title="沙尘暴">沙尘暴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%B5%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="塵捲風">塵捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%9E%E6%93%8A%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="撞擊事件">撞擊事件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">液體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%95%B8" title="海啸">海啸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8%E9%9B%A8" title="酸雨">酸雨</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">固體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B4%A9" title="雪崩">雪崩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4" title="雪暴">雪暴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%B0" title="海冰">海冰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E9%9B%B9" title="冰雹">冰雹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">氣體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E6%97%8B" title="气旋">气旋</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="副熱帶氣旋">副熱帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="溫帶氣旋">溫帶氣旋</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%AF%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="副溫帶氣旋（页面不存在）">副溫帶氣旋</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%8D%B2%E9%A2%A8" title="龍捲風">龍捲風</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="雾">雾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%BA%95%E5%99%B4%E7%99%BC" title="湖底噴發">湖底噴發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E6%9A%B4" title="雪暴">雪暴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="山火">山火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E6%95%B8%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="自然災害死亡人數排序列表">自然災害死亡人數列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪災列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of floods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E7%81%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪災列表（页面不存在）">洪災列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_floods" class="extiw" title="en:List of floods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of floods</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E6%80%A7%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="历史性火灾列表">历史性火灾列表</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="山火列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of wildfires"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%81%AB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="山火列表（页面不存在）">山火列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildfires" class="extiw" title="en:List of wildfires"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of wildfires</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱帶氣旋列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of tropical cyclones"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱帶氣旋列表（页面不存在）">熱帶氣旋列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tropical_cyclones" class="extiw" title="en:List of tropical cyclones"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of tropical cyclones</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AB%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溫帶氣旋列表（页面不存在）">溫帶氣旋列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%9C%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地震列表">地震列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%81%BD%E5%AE%B3" title="Portal:災害">災害</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:地球科學">地球科學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="模板"><img alt="模板" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Symbol_template_class.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%81%BE%E5%AE%B3" title="Template:灾害">災害</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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