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<li id="toc-Examples_of_Italian_city-states_during_the_Middle_Ages_and_the_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_of_Italian_city-states_during_the_Middle_Ages_and_the_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Examples of Italian city-states during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_of_Italian_city-states_during_the_Middle_Ages_and_the_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_cities_under_international_supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_cities_under_international_supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>20th-century cities under international supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_cities_under_international_supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Danzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Danzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Fiume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.4</span> <span>Memel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.5</span> <span>Ottoman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.6</span> <span>Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tangier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tangier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.7</span> <span>Tangier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tangier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trieste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trieste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.8</span> <span>Trieste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trieste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Berlin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Berlin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.9</span> <span>West Berlin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Berlin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_city-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_city-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern city-states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_city-states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern city-states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_city-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vatican_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vatican_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vatican City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vatican_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monaco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monaco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Monaco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monaco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-States_with_similar_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#States_with_similar_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>States with similar characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-States_with_similar_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-sovereign_city-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-sovereign_city-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-sovereign city-states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-sovereign_city-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_city-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_city-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Proposed city-states</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_city-states-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed city-states subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_city-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-London" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#London"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>London</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-London-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">City-state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="دولة مدينة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دولة مدينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciud%C3%A1-Est%C3%A1u" title="Ciudá-Estáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciudá-Estáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99h%C9%99r-d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Şəhər-dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəhər-dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="دؤلت شهر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤلت شهر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="নগররাষ্ট্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নগররাষ্ট্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Горад-дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горад-дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Град държава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Град държава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_estat" title="Ciutat estat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat estat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakbayang_estado" title="Dakbayang estado – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dakbayang estado" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bstsk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t" title="Městský stát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Městský stát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas-wladwriaeth" title="Dinas-wladwriaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dinas-wladwriaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bystat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtstaat" title="Stadtstaat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stadtstaat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnriik" title="Linnriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linnriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7-%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πόλη-κράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλη-κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad-Estado" title="Ciudad-Estado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad-Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbo%C5%9Dtato" title="Urboŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urboŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri-estatu" title="Hiri-estatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiri-estatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="دولت‌شهر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت‌شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9-%C3%89tat" title="Cité-État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cité-État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stedsteat" title="Stedsteat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stedsteat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathairst%C3%A1t" title="Cathairstát – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathairstát" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade_estado" title="Cidade estado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80" title="도시국가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도시국가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84-%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաք-պետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաք-պետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="नगर-राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नगर-राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad_dr%C5%BEava" title="Grad država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grad država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbostato" title="Urbostato – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urbostato" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citate-stato" title="Citate-stato – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citate-stato" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgr%C3%ADki" title="Borgríki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borgríki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0-Stato" title="Città-Stato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città-Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="עיר-מדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר-מדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Қала-мемлекеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қала-мемлекеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dola-mji" title="Dola-mji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Dola-mji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajar-welat" title="Bajar-welat – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bajar-welat" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbs-civitas" title="Urbs-civitas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urbs-civitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pils%C4%93tvalsts" title="Pilsētvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsētvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miestas-valstyb%C4%97" title="Miestas-valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miestas-valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ros%C3%A1llam_(politika)" title="Városállam (politika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Városállam (politika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Град-држава – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Град-држава" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%A0na-fanjakana" title="Tanàna-fanjakana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tanàna-fanjakana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="നഗര രാഷ്ട്രങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഗര രാഷ്ട്രങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ნოღა-სახენწჷფო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნოღა-სახენწჷფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="دولت-شهر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دولت-شهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_kota" title="Negara kota – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negara kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A0ng-b%C4%83ng" title="Siàng-băng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siàng-băng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Хот улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хот улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မြို့ပြနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြို့ပြနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadstaat" title="Stadstaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stadstaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadstoat" title="Stadstoat – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stadstoat" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="都市国家 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市国家" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bystat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bystat" title="Bystat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bystat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat-Estat" title="Ciutat-Estat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ciutat-Estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahar_davlat" title="Shahar davlat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shahar davlat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="شہر ریاست – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہر ریاست" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_(%D8%AE%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9_%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="ښاري دولت (خپلواک ښار) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښاري دولت (خپلواک ښار)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84-%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B" title="ទីក្រុង-រដ្ឋ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីក្រុង-រដ្ឋ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasto-pa%C5%84stwo" title="Miasto-państwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miasto-państwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade-estado" title="Cidade-estado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade-estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99-stat" title="Oraș-stat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oraș-stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Город-государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Город-государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-state" title="City-state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="City-state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestsk%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t" title="Mestský štát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mestský štát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestna_dr%C5%BEava" title="Mestna država – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mestna država" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دەوڵەت شار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەت شار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4-%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Град-држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Град-држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad-dr%C5%BEava" title="Grad-država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grad-država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupunkivaltio" title="Kaupunkivaltio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupunkivaltio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadsstat" title="Stadsstat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stadsstat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நகர அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நகர அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80-%D0%B4%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82" title="Шәһәр-дәүләт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәһәр-дәүләт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0-%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="నగర-రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నగర-రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="นครรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นครรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehir_devleti" title="Şehir devleti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şehir devleti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Місто-держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місто-держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="شہر ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہر ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%C3%A0-stato" title="Sità-stato – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sità-stato" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_bang" title="Thành bang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành bang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="城邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A1_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%98" title="שטאטס שטאַט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאטס שטאַט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="城邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For administrative divisions that cover only cities, see <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a>.</div> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>city-state</b> is an independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> city which serves as the center of political, economic, and cultural life over its contiguous territory.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have existed in many parts of the world throughout history, including cities such as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>. </p><p>With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a> worldwide, there remains some disagreement on the number of modern city-states that still exist; <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> are the candidates most commonly discussed. Out of these, Singapore is the largest and most populous, and is generally considered to be the last real city-state left in the world, with full sovereignty, international borders, its own <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">currency</a>, a robust <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">military</a>, and substantial international influence in its own right.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> refers to it as the "world's only fully functioning city-state".<sup id="cite_ref-econ-CS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-CS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several non-sovereign cities enjoy a high degree of autonomy and are often considered as city-states. <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, cities of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>—most notably <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> are often cited as such as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kotkin,_Joel_2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotkin,_Joel_2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some non sovereign overseas territories of countries such as <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> are also sometimes called city states.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_and_medieval_world">Ancient and medieval world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient and medieval world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">List of Phoenician cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya city">Maya city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">Polis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl">Altepetl</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubrovnik_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dubrovnik_crop.jpg/220px-Dubrovnik_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dubrovnik_crop.jpg/330px-Dubrovnik_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dubrovnik_crop.jpg/440px-Dubrovnik_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a>, a maritime city-state, was based in the <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Dubrovnik" title="Walls of Dubrovnik">walled city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historical city-states included <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> cities such as <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> city-states, such as <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> cities (such as <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>); the five <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistine</a> city-states; the <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> city-states of the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>; the city-states of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (which grew from a city-state into a vast empire); the <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, such as <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a> (which as they grew in power began to dominate neighboring cities) and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, which became powerful <a href="/wiki/Thalassocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassocracies">thalassocracies</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> and other cultures of pre-Columbian <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> (including cities such as <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Alb%C3%A1n" title="Monte Albán">Monte Albán</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asian</a> cities along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>; the city-states of the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_coast" title="Swahili coast">Swahili coast</a>; <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tbilisi" title="Emirate of Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>; states of the medieval Russian lands such as <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial cities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers#Europe" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">German-speaking Europe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Indochina</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a>; and many others. Danish historian Poul Holm has classed the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Viking</a> colonial cities in medieval <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, most importantly the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a>, as city-states.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> settlement of <a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (in present-day Larnaca) was a city-state that existed from around 800 BC until the end of the 4th century BC. </p><p>Some of the most well-known examples of city-state culture in human history are the ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greek city-states</a> and the merchant city-states of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance Italy</a>, which organised themselves as independent centers. The success of regional units coexisting as <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> actors in loose geographical and cultural unity, as in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, often prevented their <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamation</a> into larger national units.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, such small political entities often survived only for short periods because they lacked the resources to defend themselves against incursions by larger states (such as Roman conquest of Greece). Thus they inevitably gave way to larger organisations of society, including the <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2015)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/290px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/435px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png/580px-Free_Imperial_Cities_1792.png 2x" data-file-width="1545" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial cities</a> as of 1792.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (962–1806) over 80 <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> came to enjoy considerable autonomy in the Middle Ages and in early modern times, buttressed legally by <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> of 1648. Some, like three of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanseatic cities">Hanseatic cities</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamburg" title="History of Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a> – pooled their economic relations with foreign powers and were able to wield considerable diplomatic clout. Individual cities often made protective alliances with other cities or with neighbouring regions, including the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> (1358 – 17th century), the <a href="/wiki/Swabian_League_of_Cities" title="Swabian League of Cities">Swabian League of Cities</a> (1331–1389), the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9capole" title="Décapole">Décapole</a> (1354–1679) in the Alsace, or the <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300 – 1798). The <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Fribourg" title="Canton of Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a> originated as city-states. </p><p>After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, some cities – then members of different <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederacies</a> – officially became sovereign city-states, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Free Hanseatic City of Bremen</a> (1806–11 and again 1813–71), the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Free City of Frankfurt upon Main</a> (1815–66), the <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg</a> (1806–11 and again 1814–71), the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck</a> (1806–11 and again 1813–71), and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Kraków">Free City of Kraków</a> (1815–1846). Under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule the city of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> had the status of a <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)"><i>corpus separatum</i></a> (1779–1919), which – while falling short of an independent sovereignty – had many attributes of a city-state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">Medieval commune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_1494.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/220px-Italy_1494.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/330px-Italy_1494.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Italy_1494.svg/440px-Italy_1494.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3481" data-file-height="4167" /></a><figcaption>Italy in 1494, after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Lodi">Peace of Lodi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a> during the medieval and Renaissance periods, city-states — with various amounts of associated land — became the standard form of polity. Some of them, despite being <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent states, were formally part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. The era of the Italian states, in particular from the 11th to the 15th centuries, featured remarkable economic development, trade, manufacture, and mercantile capitalism, together with increasing urbanization, with remarkable influence throughout much of the Mediterranean world and Europe as a whole. During this time, most of the Italian city-states were ruled by one person, such as the <a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a> or by a dynasty, such as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">House of Gonzaga</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Sforza" title="House of Sforza">House of Sforza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples_of_Italian_city-states_during_the_Middle_Ages_and_the_Renaissance">Examples of Italian city-states during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples of Italian city-states during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ferrara" title="Duchy of Ferrara">Duchy of Ferrara</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Urbino" title="Duchy of Urbino">Duchy of Urbino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mantua" title="Duchy of Mantua">Duchy of Mantua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lucca" title="Republic of Lucca">Republic of Lucca</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>The powerful <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a>: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Amalfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Amalfi">Republic of Amalfi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ancona" title="Republic of Ancona">Republic of Ancona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta" title="Duchy of Gaeta">Duchy of Gaeta</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the history of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, aristocratic groups, Buddhist leaders, and others organized settlements into autonomous or semi-autonomous city-states. These were referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Mueang" title="Mueang">mueang</a></i>, and were usually related in a tributary relationship now described as <a href="/wiki/Mandala_(political_model)" title="Mandala (political model)">mandala</a> or as <i>over-lapping sovereignty</i>, in which smaller city-states paid tribute to larger ones that paid tribute to still larger ones—until reaching the apex in cities like <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayutthaya (city)">Ayutthaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> and others that served as centers of Southeast Asian royalty. The system existed until the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> by European powers occurred. <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom">Siam</a>, a regional power at the time, needed to define their territories for negotiation with the European powers so the Siamese government established a <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a> system, incorporated their tributary cities (<a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark Ages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and some Malay cities) into their territory and abolished the mueang and the tributary system.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2017)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early Philippine history, the <a href="/wiki/Barangay_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Barangay state">barangay</a> was a complex sociopolitical unit which scholars have historically<sup id="cite_ref-ManoloQuezon20171002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManoloQuezon20171002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered the dominant organizational pattern among the various <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Philippine archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Junker2000_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junker2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sociopolitical units were sometimes also referred to as barangay states, but are more properly referred to using the technical term <i><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Junker2000_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junker2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Junker1990_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junker1990-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as city states ruled by <a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Rajahs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early chroniclers<sup id="cite_ref-Plasencia1589_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plasencia1589-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> record that the name evolved from the term <i><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangay</a></i>, which refers to a plank boat widely used by various cultures of the Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival of European colonizers.<sup id="cite_ref-Junker2000_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Junker2000-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-century_cities_under_international_supervision">20th-century cities under international supervision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 20th-century cities under international supervision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Danzig">Danzig</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Danzig"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a></div> <p>The Free City of Danzig was a semi-<a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> port of Danzig (now <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>) and nearly 200 towns in the surrounding areas. It was created on 15 November 1920<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> after the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiume">Fiume</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fiume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Fiume" title="Free State of Fiume">Free State of Fiume</a></div> <p>After a prolonged period where the city of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> enjoyed considerable autonomy under <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> rule (see <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Fiume)" title="Corpus separatum (Fiume)">Corpus separatum (Fiume)</a>), The Free State of Fiume was proclaimed as a fully independent free state which existed between 1920 and 1924. Its territory of 28 km<sup>2</sup> (11 sq mi) comprised the city of Fiume (now in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and, since the end of World War II, known as <a href="/wiki/Rijeka" title="Rijeka">Rijeka</a>, both names meaning "river" in the respective languages) and rural areas to its north, with a corridor to its west connecting it to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)</a></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a> of 1947, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> was to be partitioned into three states: a Jewish state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, an Arab state of <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a>, and a <i>corpus separatum</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus separatum (disambiguation)">separated body</a>") consisting of a Jerusalem city-state under the control of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">United Nations Trusteeship Council</a>. Although the plan had some international support and the UN accepted this proposal (and still officially holds the stance that Jerusalem should be held under this regime), implementation of the plan failed as the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a> broke out with the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a>, ultimately resulting in Jerusalem being split into <a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>. Israel would eventually gain control of East Jerusalem in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memel">Memel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Memel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a></div> <p>The Klaipėda Region or Memel Territory was defined by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> in 1920 when it was put under the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ambassadors" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ambassadors">Council of Ambassadors</a>. The Memel Territory was to remain under the control of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> until a future day when the people of the region would be allowed to vote on whether the land would return to Germany or not. The then predominantly <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic German">ethnic German</a> Memel Territory (<a href="/wiki/Prussian_Lithuanians" title="Prussian Lithuanians">Prussian Lithuanians</a> and Memellanders constituted the other ethnic groups), situated between the river and the town of that name, was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Revolt" title="Klaipėda Revolt">Klaipėda Revolt</a> of 1923.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman">Ottoman</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ottoman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some proposals for the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Partition of the Ottoman Empire">partition of the Ottoman Empire</a> envisaged international zones at <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>/Constantinople or the wider <a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Turkish straits</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly also at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>/Smyrna.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">allies of World War I</a> occupied both after the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>, the British-led <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Istanbul" title="Occupation of Istanbul">occupation of Istanbul</a> recognised Turkey as de jure sovereign, while the Greek <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Smyrna" title="Occupation of Smyrna">occupation of Smyrna</a> was <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">an attempted annexation</a>. The 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> re-established Turkish control of both areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shanghai">Shanghai</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a></div> <p>The Shanghai International Settlement (1845–1943) was an international zone with its own legal system, postal service, and currency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tangier">Tangier</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tangier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangier_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tangier_12.JPG/220px-Tangier_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tangier_12.JPG/330px-Tangier_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tangier_12.JPG/440px-Tangier_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tangier</figcaption></figure> <p>The international zone within the city of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, in North Africa was approximately 373 km<sup>2</sup> (144 sq mi). It was at first under the joint administration of France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, plus later Portugal, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. The international zone was initially attached to Morocco. It then became a French-Spanish protectorate from 1923 until 29 October 1956, when it was reintegrated into the state of Morocco.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trieste">Trieste</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Trieste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a></div> <p>The Free Territory of Trieste was an independent territory situated in Central Europe between northern Italy and Yugoslavia, facing the north part of the Adriatic Sea, under direct responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in the aftermath of World War II, from 1947 to 1954. The UN attempted to make the Free Territory of Trieste into a city state, but it never gained real independence and in 1954 its territory was divided between <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Berlin">West Berlin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: West Berlin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, though lacking sovereignty, functioned from 1948 until 1990 as a state legally not belonging to any other state, but ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Allies</a>. They allowed – notwithstanding their overlordship as occupant powers – its internal organisation as one state simultaneously being a city, officially called Berlin (West). Though West Berlin maintained close ties to the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> Federal Republic, it never legally formed a part of it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_city-states">Modern city-states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern city-states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vatican_City">Vatican City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vatican City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatican_City_map_EN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/220px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/330px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Vatican_City_map_EN.svg/440px-Vatican_City_map_EN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>, a city-state well known for being the smallest country in the world</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></div> <p>Until September 1870, the city of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> had been controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> as part of his <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>. When King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> seized the city in 1870, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> refused to recognize the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Kingdom of Italy</a>. </p><p>Because he could not travel without effectively acknowledging the authority of the king, Pius IX and his successors each claimed to be a "<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">Prisoner in the Vatican</a>", unable to leave the 0.44 km<sup>2</sup> (0.17 sq mi) papal <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> once they had ascended the <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">papal throne</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Question">impasse</a> was resolved in 1929 by the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Treaties">Lateran Treaties</a> negotiated by the Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> between King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>. Under this treaty, Vatican City was recognized as an independent state, with the Pope as its head. The <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City State</a> has its own <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_corps" title="Diplomatic corps">diplomatic corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">flag</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">postage stamps</a>. With a population of less than 1,000 (mostly clergymen), it is by far the smallest sovereign country in the world. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monaco_Monte_Carlo_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Monaco_Monte_Carlo_1.jpg/250px-Monaco_Monte_Carlo_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Monaco_Monte_Carlo_1.jpg/500px-Monaco_Monte_Carlo_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="2684" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>, known for its <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Casino" title="Monte Carlo Casino">casino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">royalty</a> and scenic <a href="/wiki/Port_Hercules" title="Port Hercules">harbour</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg/240px-1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg/360px-1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg/480px-1_Singapore_city_skyline_2010_day_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="1703" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, modern city-state and <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monaco">Monaco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Monaco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Principality of Monaco</a> is a very small independent city-state bordering France. <a href="/wiki/Monaco-Ville" class="mw-redirect" title="Monaco-Ville">Monaco-Ville</a> (the ancient fortified city) and Monaco's well-known area <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a> are districts of a continuous urban zone, not distinct cities, though they were three separate municipalities (<i>communes</i>) until 1917. The Principality of Monaco and the city of Monaco (each having specific powers) govern the same territory. Though they maintain a small <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Monaco">military</a>, largely for ceremonial purposes, they would still have to rely on France for defence in the face of an aggressive power.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></div> <p>Singapore is an island city-state in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> bordering Malaysia to the north and Indonesia to the south. 6 million people live and work within 728.3 square kilometres (281.2 sq mi),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Singapore the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">2nd-most-densely populated country in the world</a> after Monaco. Singapore was part of the Federation of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> for two years before it was <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia#Expulsion" title="Singapore in Malaysia">expelled from the federation</a> in 1965, becoming an independent <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, a city and a <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> country. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> refers to the nation as the "world's only fully functioning city-state".<sup id="cite_ref-econ-CS_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-CS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, it has its own <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">currency</a>, a large commercial <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">airport</a>, one of the busiest trans-shipment <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Singapore" title="Port of Singapore">maritime ports in the world</a>, and fully fledged <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">armed forces</a> to safeguard the nation's sovereignty against potential regional aggressors.<sup id="cite_ref-econ-CS_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-econ-CS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore is also referred to as the only island city-state in the world by WorldAtlas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="States_with_similar_characteristics">States with similar characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: States with similar characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of other small states share many of these characteristics, and are sometimes cited as modern city-states. <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are each politically and economically centered on a single city; in the cases of Luxembourg, Djibouti and Kuwait, this <a href="/wiki/Primate_city" title="Primate city">primate city</a> is so dominant as to give its name to the country. These countries are distinct from true city-states such as Singapore in that they comprise both their primate city (such as <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a>) and a number of peripheral cities and towns (such as <a href="/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette" title="Esch-sur-Alzette">Esch-sur-Alzette</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Luxembourg" title="List of towns in Luxembourg">ten other towns</a> in Luxembourg) with autonomous <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipal authorities</a>, and may also include substantial rural areas (such as the sparsely-populated <a href="/wiki/%C3%89islek" title="Éislek">Éislek</a> forest of northern Luxembourg).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">microstates</a> with high population densities such as <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> are cited as city-states, despite lacking a large urban centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mogens,_Hansen_2002._Pg._91_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mogens,_Hansen_2002._Pg._91-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-sovereign_city-states">Non-sovereign city-states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-sovereign city-states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg/220px-Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg/330px-Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg/440px-Hong_Kong_Harbour_Night_2019-06-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10439" data-file-height="4936" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> enjoys a high degree of autonomy, and is sometimes considered a city-state.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some cities or urban areas, while not sovereign states, may nevertheless be constituent states of a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, or enjoy a high degree of autonomy. As such, they function as "city-states" within the context of the sovereign state to which they belong. Historian <a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> describes this aspect of self-government as: "The city-state is a self-governing, but not necessarily independent, political unit."<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A city with more limited self-government may be referred to as an <a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">independent city</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some non-sovereign cities which have a high degree of autonomy, and have been described as city-states, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_cities_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous cities of Spain">autonomous cities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative regions</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a> (as <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">a self governing city</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as a <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Bridge,_Basel,_Switzerland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG/250px-Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG/330px-Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG/500px-Middle_Bridge%2C_Basel%2C_Switzerland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, is a historic city-state and a <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss canton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some cities that are constituent states in a federation, and as such can be accurately described as non-sovereign city-states with a high degree of autonomy, include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886046785" /><div class="toclimit-3"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_city-states">Proposed city-states</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Proposed city-states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urban_secession" title="Urban secession">Urban secession</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order">Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_State_of_the_Bektashi_Order" title="Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order">Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order</a></div> <p>The Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order is a proposed city-state in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> capital of <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> which will be established if approved by the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Parliament">Albanian Parliament</a> and a national referendum.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_article_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_article-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state, which would be led by the <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a>, is planned to be similar in structure to the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The idea has been proposed by Albanian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> and leader of the Bektashi Order <a href="/wiki/Baba_Mondi" title="Baba Mondi">Baba Mondi</a> in the hope that sovereignty would help promote moderate Muslim values instead of radical ideologies. The Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order would be surrounded by the suburbs of eastern Tirana and would be the <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">smallest nation in the world</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="London">London</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: London"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/London_independence" title="London independence">London independence</a></div> <p>The London independence movement seeks a city-state separate from the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong independence</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hong_Kong_independence&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong independence</a> is the notion of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a>, independent from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC). Hong Kong is a <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region</a> (SAR) of China and is thus granted a high degree of <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> autonomy, as stipulated by Article 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> ratified under the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">handover of Hong Kong</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> to the PRC in 1997, a growing number of Hongkongers have become concerned about what they see as Beijing's encroachment on the territory's freedoms and the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Hong Kong government</a> to deliver "genuine democracy".<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_Kong_independence_rally_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong_Kong_independence_rally-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocating for Hong Kong independence became illegal after the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-Hong_Kong_independence_bbc-52765838_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hong_Kong_independence_bbc-52765838-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_network" title="City network">City network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_city-states_in_literature" title="List of fictional city-states in literature">List of fictional city-states in literature</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brit_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/city-state">"city-state | Definition, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181123070132/https://www.britannica.com/topic/city-state">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=city-state+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcity-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrimelow" class="citation web cs1">Brimelow, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-military-best-air-force-navy-southeast-asia-2018-4">"How a tiny city-state became a military powerhouse with the best air force and navy in Southeast Asia"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180408205732/https://www.businessinsider.com/singapore-military-best-air-force-navy-southeast-asia-2018-4">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=How+a+tiny+city-state+became+a+military+powerhouse+with+the+best+air+force+and+navy+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.aulast=Brimelow&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fsingapore-military-best-air-force-navy-southeast-asia-2018-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-econ-CS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-econ-CS_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ-CS_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-econ-CS_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong2015" class="citation news cs1">Long, Simon (18 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20150718_singapore.pdf">"The Singapore exception"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Economist</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125020203/https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/20150718_singapore.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Singapore+exception&rft.date=2015-07-18&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F20150718_singapore.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcitylab.com/blog/governance-finance/city-states-never-disappeared-hamburg-hong-kong-singapore/">"City-states never disappeared: Hamburg, Hong Kong, Singapore"</a>. <i>Tomorrow.Mag</i>. 6 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924031355/https://www.smartcitylab.com/blog/governance-finance/city-states-never-disappeared-hamburg-hong-kong-singapore/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tomorrow.Mag&rft.atitle=City-states+never+disappeared%3A+Hamburg%2C+Hong+Kong%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2019-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcitylab.com%2Fblog%2Fgovernance-finance%2Fcity-states-never-disappeared-hamburg-hong-kong-singapore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldscapitalcities.com/capital-facts-for-hong-kong/">"Capital Facts for Hong Kong"</a>. <i>World's Capital Cities</i>. 16 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423155133/https://www.worldscapitalcities.com/capital-facts-for-hong-kong/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World%27s+Capital+Cities&rft.atitle=Capital+Facts+for+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2020-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscapitalcities.com%2Fcapital-facts-for-hong-kong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen,_Mogens_2000._Pg._19_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, Mogens. 2000. "Introduction: The Concepts of City-States and City-State Culture." In <i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures,</i> Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre. Pg. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo3534946.html">Sovereign City: The City-state Through History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215223655/https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo3534946.html">Archived</a> 15 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892195" title="Special:BookSources/9781861892195">9781861892195</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861892195" title="Special:BookSources/1861892195">1861892195</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2747%2F0272-3638.28.4.398">10.2747/0272-3638.28.4.398</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotkin,_Joel_2010-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kotkin,_Joel_2010_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kotkin, Joel. 2010. "A New Era for the City-State?" In <i>Forbes.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18219307.amp">"Gibraltar profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Gibraltar+profile&rft.date=2012-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-18219307.amp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlcock1998" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, Antony Evelyn (1998). <i>A short history of Europe: from the Greeks and Romans to the present day</i>. Houndmills: MacMillan. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64830-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-64830-8"><bdi>978-0-333-64830-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Europe%3A+from+the+Greeks+and+Romans+to+the+present+day&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-64830-8&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=Antony+Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Poul, "Viking Dublin and the City-State Concept: Parameters and Significance of the Hiberno-Norse Settlement" (Respondent: Donnchadh Ó Corráin), in <a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> (ed.), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC">A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130621023251/http://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC">Archived</a> 21 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Denmark: Special-Trykkeriet Viborg. (University of Copenhagen, Polis Center). 2000. pp. 251–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sri Aurobindo, "Ideal of Human Unity" included in <i>Social and Political Thought</i>, 1970.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy">"Italy - Italy in the 14th and 15th centuries"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225042403/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27717/Italy">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Italy+-+Italy+in+the+14th+and+15th+centuries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaney1987" class="citation book cs1">Haney, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1MbAQAAMAAJ"><i>Cesare Borgia</i></a>. World leaders past & present. New York: Chelsea House. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780877545958" title="Special:BookSources/9780877545958"><bdi>9780877545958</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] the duchy of Ferrara — a small but strategically important city-state situated between Venice and the Romagna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cesare+Borgia&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=World+leaders+past+%26+present&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Chelsea+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780877545958&rft.aulast=Haney&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1MbAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Scott" title="James C. Scott">Scott, James C.</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofnotbeinggov0000scot"><i>The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia</i></a></span>. Yale agrarian studies. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300156522" title="Special:BookSources/9780300156522"><bdi>9780300156522</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Not+Being+Governed%3A+An+Anarchist+History+of+Upland+Southeast+Asia&rft.series=Yale+agrarian+studies&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300156522&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fartofnotbeinggov0000scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Winichakul, Thongchai. 1997. Siam Mapped: A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Chris and Pasuk Phongpaichit. 2009. <i>A History of Thailand: 2nd ed.</i> Sydney: Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManoloQuezon20171002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ManoloQuezon20171002_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuezon2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manolo_Quezon" title="Manolo Quezon">Quezon, Manolo</a> (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/02/17/opinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay">"The Explainer: Bamboozled by the barangay"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171002143838/http://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/10/02/17/opinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=The+Explainer%3A+Bamboozled+by+the+barangay&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Quezon&rft.aufirst=Manolo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fblogs%2Fopinions%2F10%2F02%2F17%2Fopinion-bamboozled-by-the-barangay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker2000-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Junker2000_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker2000_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Junker2000_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJunker2000" class="citation book cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC"><i>Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms</i></a>. Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC&pg=PA74">74</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbsfi30OXgMC&pg=PA130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789715503471" title="Special:BookSources/9789715503471"><bdi>9789715503471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raiding%2C+Trading%2C+and+Feasting%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Philippine+Chiefdoms&rft.pages=74%2C+130&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9789715503471&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Laura+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLbsfi30OXgMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-550-347-0" title="Special:BookSources/971-550-347-0">971-550-347-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-347-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-347-1">978-971-550-347-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Junker1990-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Junker1990_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJunker,_Laura_Lee1990" class="citation journal cs1">Junker, Laura Lee (1990). "The Organization of Intra-Regional and Long-Distance Trade in Pre-Hispanic Philippine Complex Societies". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">167–</span>209.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Organization+of+Intra-Regional+and+Long-Distance+Trade+in+Pre-Hispanic+Philippine+Complex+Societies&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E209&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Junker%2C+Laura+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarleySmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Carley, Michael; Smith, Harry (5 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&q=Barangay+city-states&pg=PA108"><i>Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134200504" title="Special:BookSources/9781134200504"><bdi>9781134200504</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180204182628/https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108&dq=Barangay+city-states&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnrM3VlIzZAhWFv7wKHWDWCaUQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=Barangay+city-states&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Development+and+Civil+Society%3A+The+Role+of+Communities+in+Sustainable+Cities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=9781134200504&rft.aulast=Carley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Smith%2C+Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DycT9AQAAQBAJ%26q%3DBarangay%2Bcity-states%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plasencia1589-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plasencia1589_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlasencia1589" class="citation web cs1">Plasencia, Fray Juan de (1589). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123052115/http://www.filipiniana.net/Search.do?searchString=%20Plasencia%2C%20Juan%20de">"Customs of the Tagalogs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nagcarlan,_Laguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagcarlan, Laguna">Nagcarlan, Laguna</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filipiniana.net/Search.do?searchString=%20Plasencia,%20Juan%20de">the original</a> on 23 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Customs+of+the+Tagalogs&rft.place=Nagcarlan%2C+Laguna&rft.date=1589&rft.aulast=Plasencia&rft.aufirst=Fray+Juan+de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filipiniana.net%2FSearch.do%3FsearchString%3D%2520Plasencia%2C%2520Juan%2520de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoew2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Oliver_Loew" title="Peter Oliver Loew">Loew, Peter Oliver</a> (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC"><i>Danzig – Biographie einer Stadt</i></a> (in German). C.H. Beck. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-60587-1"><bdi>978-3-406-60587-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105540/https://books.google.com/books?id=9ifeo6zdSMcC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Danzig+%E2%80%93+Biographie+einer+Stadt&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2011-02&rft.isbn=978-3-406-60587-1&rft.aulast=Loew&rft.aufirst=Peter+Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ifeo6zdSMcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamerski2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Samerski, Stefan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC"><i>Das Bistum Danzig in Lebensbildern</i></a> (in German). LIT Verlag. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-6284-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-6284-4"><bdi>3-8258-6284-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330105522/https://books.google.com/books?id=VMvgZQrdkxcC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Bistum+Danzig+in+Lebensbildern&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-8258-6284-4&rft.aulast=Samerski&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVMvgZQrdkxcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennett1995" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, G. (9 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6iSBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24</i></a>. Springer. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37735-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37735-6"><bdi>978-0-230-37735-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+during+the+Curzon+Period%2C+1919%E2%80%9324&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995-08-09&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37735-6&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6iSBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStevens2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, Harold Ray (2006). "Conrad, Geopolitics, and "The Future of Constantinople"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Conradian</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0951-2314">0951-2314</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20873573">20873573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conradian&rft.atitle=Conrad%2C+Geopolitics%2C+and+%22The+Future+of+Constantinople%22&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20873573%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0951-2314&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Harold+Ray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/literarydigest71newy/page/n616">"Constantinople as a Free City"</a>. <i>The Literary Digest</i>. <b>71</b> (1650). New York: Funk & Wagnalls: 19. 3 December 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Digest&rft.atitle=Constantinople+as+a+Free+City&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1650&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1921-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fliterarydigest71newy%2Fpage%2Fn616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelmreich1974" class="citation book cs1">Helmreich, Paul C. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromparistosevre0000helm"><i>From Paris to Sèvres: the partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920</i></a>. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23, 40, 44, <span class="nowrap">154–</span>155, <span class="nowrap">189–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0170-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0170-1"><bdi>978-0-8142-0170-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Paris+to+S%C3%A8vres%3A+the+partition+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+at+the+Peace+Conference+of+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Columbus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23%2C+40%2C+44%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E155%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0170-1&rft.aulast=Helmreich&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromparistosevre0000helm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTusan2023" class="citation book cs1">Tusan, Michelle (15 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjHEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA155"><i>The Last Treaty: Lausanne and the End of the First World War in the Middle East</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-37108-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-37108-7"><bdi>978-1-009-37108-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Treaty%3A+Lausanne+and+the+End+of+the+First+World+War+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-009-37108-7&rft.aulast=Tusan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjHEEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data">"Environment"</a>. <i>Base</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190719053602/https://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Base&rft.atitle=Environment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fsociety%2Fenvironment%2Flatest-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOliver1989" class="citation book cs1">Oliver, Robert T. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3BUEhOo8ycC&pg=PA200"><i>Leadership in Asia : persuasive communication in the making of nations</i></a>. Newark: University of Delaware Press. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/087413353X" title="Special:BookSources/087413353X"><bdi>087413353X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+in+Asia+%3A+persuasive+communication+in+the+making+of+nations&rft.place=Newark&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=087413353X&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ3BUEhOo8ycC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuah2015" class="citation book cs1">Quah, Euston (30 July 2015). <i>Singapore 2065 : leading insights on economy and environment from 50 Singapore icons and beyond</i>. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814663397" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814663397"><bdi>978-9814663397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singapore+2065+%3A+leading+insights+on+economy+and+environment+from+50+Singapore+icons+and+beyond&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Co.+Pte.+Ltd.&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.isbn=978-9814663397&rft.aulast=Quah&rft.aufirst=Euston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/cities-that-are-also-sovereign-states.html">"Cities That Are Also Sovereign States"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i>. 15 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Singapore is the only island city-state in the world and is home to some of the richest people in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Cities+That+Are+Also+Sovereign+States&rft.date=2020-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fcities-that-are-also-sovereign-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xOkdAAAAMAAJ&dq=DJIBOUTI+DEVELOPMENT+PROBLEM+The+Republic+of+Djibouti+is+in+effect+a+city+-+state+%2C+with+few+natural+resources+%2C+few+trained+workers+%2C+no+permanent+streams+and+very+little+arable+land&pg=PA239">"Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs, Volume 2."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409030253/https://books.google.com/books?id=xOkdAAAAMAAJ&dq=DJIBOUTI+DEVELOPMENT+PROBLEM+The+Republic+of+Djibouti+is+in+effect+a+city+-+state+,+with+few+natural+resources+,+few+trained+workers+,+no+permanent+streams+and+very+little+arable+land&pg=PA239">Archived</a> 9 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs. April 15, 1992. Page 239: "The Republic of Djibouti is in effect a city - state, with few natural resources, few trained workers, no permanent streams and very little arable land. Some 75% of the population live in the capital city, the economy of which is focused on the port, airport, railway, the French garrison, and the re-export of consumer goods."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker,_Geoffrey_2005._Pg._219_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker, Geoffrey. 2005. <i>Sovereign City: The City-state Through History</i> Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, David. 2014. <i>Qatar: Securing the Global Ambitions of a City-state.</i> London: C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El-Katiri, Laura, Bassam Fattouh and Paul Segal. 2011 <i>Anatomy of an oil-based welfare state: rent distribution in Kuwait.</i> Kuwait City: Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022001053/http://president.gov.mt/emblem_malta?l=1">"The emblem of Malta, Department of Information, Official Website of President of Malta"</a>. Doi.gov.mt. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://president.gov.mt/emblem_malta?l=1">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+National+Strategy+for+the+Cultural+and+Creative+Industries+%E2%80%93+Creative+Malta&rft.pub=Creativemalta.gov.mt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativemalta.gov.mt%2Finternationalisation%2Fintroduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084112/https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/coins/html/mt.en.html">"Malta"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Central+Bank&rft.atitle=Malta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecb.europa.eu%2Feuro%2Fcoins%2Fhtml%2Fmt.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mogens,_Hansen_2002._Pg._91-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mogens,_Hansen_2002._Pg._91_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mogens, Hansen. 2002. <i>A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures: An Investigation</i> p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLulat2015" class="citation book cs1">Lulat, Y. G.-M. 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Greenwood Publishing. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313320613" title="Special:BookSources/9780313320613"><bdi>9780313320613</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171102052322/https://books.google.com/books?id=L2iQVUhGSoQC&pg=PA197&lpg=PA197&dq=Ceuta+city+state&source=bl&ots=4qLYHdtdK-&sig=D_UztLN-5p5wt_wTe8SS3HUF9Wo&hl=de&sa=X&ei=JgIlVYyfAoKPsgG0x4GYCg&ved=0CEwQ6AEwBzgU#v=onepage&q=Ceuta%20city%20state&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+African+Higher+Education+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780313320613&rft.aulast=Lulat&rft.aufirst=Y.+G.-M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2iQVUhGSoQC%26q%3DCeuta%2Bcity%2Bstate%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Bernard A. Cook p.506, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815313365" title="Special:BookSources/0815313365">0815313365</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&dq=gibraltar+city+state&pg=PT550">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409152850/https://books.google.com/books?id=P7-2AgAAQBAJ&dq=gibraltar+city+state&pg=PT550">Archived</a> 9 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328173455/http://www.infobae.com/contenidos/324047-100799-0-Qu%C3%A9-dice-la-Ley-Cafiero">"Qué dice la Ley Cafiero"</a> (in Spanish). Infobae.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/contenidos/324047-100799-0-Qu%C3%A9-dice-la-Ley-Cafiero">the original</a> on 28 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Gobierno de la Ciudad de México. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715022650/https://data.consejeria.cdmx.gob.mx/images/leyes/estatutos/Constitucion_Politica_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico_3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Mexico+City&rft.pub=Gobierno+de+la+Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.consejeria.cdmx.gob.mx%2Fimages%2Fleyes%2Festatutos%2FConstitucion_Politica_de_la_Ciudad_de_Mexico_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kremlin.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kremlin.ru/news/20605">Договор между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319083750/http://kremlin.ru/news/20605">Archived</a> 19 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<i>Treaty Between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on Ascension to the Russian Federation of the Republic of Crimea and on Establishment of New Subjects Within the Russian Federation</i>) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt_article-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_article_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiggens2024" class="citation news cs1">Higgens, Andrew (21 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html">"Albania Is Planning a New Muslim State Inside Its Capital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240921090757/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/21/world/europe/albania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Albania+Is+Planning+a+New+Muslim+State+Inside+Its+Capital&rft.date=2024-09-21&rft.aulast=Higgens&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F09%2F21%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Falbania-tirana-muslim-state-bektashi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/live/eu-referendum/londependence/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Londependence' May Be a Dream, but More Autonomy for the City Is Not"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 28 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084335/https://www.nytimes.com/live/eu-referendum/londependence/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Londependence%27+May+Be+a+Dream%2C+but+More+Autonomy+for+the+City+Is+Not&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flive%2Feu-referendum%2Flondependence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/chapter_1.html">"Basic Law Full Text – chapter (1)"</a>. <i>www.basiclaw.gov.hk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.basiclaw.gov.hk&rft.atitle=Basic+Law+Full+Text+%E2%80%93+chapter+%281%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.basiclaw.gov.hk%2Fen%2Fbasiclawtext%2Fchapter_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong_Kong_independence_rally-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hong_Kong_independence_rally_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2016" class="citation news cs1">Fitzpatrick, Liam (5 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4440708/hong-kong-independence-china-localist/">"Hong Kong Makes History with First Pro-Independence Rally"</a>. <i>TIME</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+Makes+History+with+First+Pro-Independence+Rally&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4440708%2Fhong-kong-independence-china-localist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong_Kong_independence_bbc-52765838-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hong_Kong_independence_bbc-52765838_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-52765838">"Hong Kong national security law: What is it and is it worrying?"</a>. BBC. 22 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+national+security+law%3A+What+is+it+and+is+it+worrying%3F&rft.date=2020-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-52765838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACity-state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Herman_Hansen" title="Mogens Herman Hansen">Mogens Herman Hansen</a> (ed.), <i>A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures : an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre</i>, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2000. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 21). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7876-177-8" title="Special:BookSources/87-7876-177-8">87-7876-177-8</a>.</li> <li>Mogens Herman Hansen (ed.), <i>A comparative study of six city-state cultures : an investigation</i>, Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 2002. (Historisk-filosofiske skrifter, 27). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7876-316-9" title="Special:BookSources/87-7876-316-9">87-7876-316-9</a>.</li> <li>Geoffrey Parker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/S/bo3534946.html"><i>Sovereign City: The City-State Ancient and Modern</i></a>, London: <a href="/wiki/Reaktion_Books" title="Reaktion Books">Reaktion Books</a>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-186189-219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-186189-219-5">978-186189-219-5</a>.</li> <li>Tom Scott, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/1536"><i>The City-State in Europe, 1000-1600: Hinterland, Territory, Region</i></a>, Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-019173-868-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-019173-868-5">978-019173-868-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=City-state&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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