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id="toc-Single-winner_and_winner-take-all_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-winner_and_winner-take-all_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Single-winner and winner-take-all systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-winner_and_winner-take-all_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plurality_voting_and_first-past-the-post" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plurality_voting_and_first-past-the-post"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Plurality voting and first-past-the-post</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plurality_voting_and_first-past-the-post-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Runoff_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Runoff_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Runoff systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Runoff_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positional_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positional_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Positional systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positional_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-winner_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-winner_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Multi-winner systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-winner_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proportional_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportional_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Proportional systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportional_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixed_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixed_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Mixed systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Primary elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indirect_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indirect_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Indirect elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indirect_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_and_Lesser_Used_Systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_and_Lesser_Used_Systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Proposed and Lesser Used Systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_and_Lesser_Used_Systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Winner-take-all_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winner-take-all_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Winner-take-all systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winner-take-all_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proportional_systems_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proportional_systems_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Proportional systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proportional_systems_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rules and regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-democratic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-democratic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Pre-democratic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-democratic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_new_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_new_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Development of new systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_new_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single-winner_innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single-winner_innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Single-winner innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single-winner_innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_reform_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_reform_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Recent reform efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_reform_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Repeals_and_backlash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeals_and_backlash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Repeals and backlash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repeals_and_backlash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Systems_by_elected_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systems_by_elected_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Systems by elected body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systems_by_elected_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electoral system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="نظام انتخابي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام انتخابي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_eleutoral" title="Sistema eleutoral – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema eleutoral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7ki_sistemi" title="Seçki sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Seçki sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="নির্বাচনী ব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নির্বাচনী ব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Избирателна система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Избирателна система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoral" title="Sistema electoral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema electoral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volebn%C3%AD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Volební systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volební systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgsystem" title="Valgsystem – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valgsystem" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahlsystem" title="Wahlsystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wahlsystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valimiss%C3%BCsteem" title="Valimissüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valimissüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Εκλογικό σύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκλογικό σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoral" title="Sistema electoral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema electoral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balotsistemo" title="Balotsistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balotsistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauteskunde_sistema" title="Hauteskunde sistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hauteskunde sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="نظام انتخاباتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نظام انتخاباتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9lectoral" title="Système électoral – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système électoral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_electoral" title="Sistema electoral – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sistema electoral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="선거 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="선거 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81" title="निर्वाचन प्रणालियाँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निर्वाचन प्रणालियाँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izborni_sustav" title="Izborni sustav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izborni sustav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pemilihan" title="Sistem pemilihan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem pemilihan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosningakerfi" title="Kosningakerfi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kosningakerfi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_elettorale" title="Sistema elettorale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema elettorale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שיטת בחירות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיטת בחירות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="საარჩევნო სისტემა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საარჩევნო სისტემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Сайлау жүйесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сайлау жүйесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Шайлоо тутуму – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шайлоо тутуму" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balso%C5%A1anas_sist%C4%93ma" title="Balsošanas sistēma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balsošanas sistēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkim%C5%B3_sistema" title="Rinkimų sistema – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rinkimų sistema" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1si_rendszer" title="Választási rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Választási rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Гласачки системи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гласачки системи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="मतदान प्रणाली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मतदान प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B2%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ရုဲမာဲ၊ သၞောတ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရုဲမာဲ၊ သၞောတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_pilihan_raya" title="Sistem pilihan raya – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sistem pilihan raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiessysteem" title="Kiessysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kiessysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="निर्वाचन प्रणाली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निर्वाचन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="選挙方法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="選挙方法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgordning" title="Valgordning – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valgordning" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordynacja_wyborcza" title="Ordynacja wyborcza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ordynacja wyborcza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_vota%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema de votação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de votação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_vot" title="Sistem de vot – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de vot" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Избирательная система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Избирательная система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemi_zgjedhor" title="Sistemi zgjedhor – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sistemi zgjedhor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_vutazzioni" title="Sistema di vutazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sistema di vutazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_system" title="Voting system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voting system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volebn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Volebný systém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volebný systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Изборни систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изборни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izborni_sistem" title="Izborni sistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izborni sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaalitapa" title="Vaalitapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaalitapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsystem" title="Valsystem – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valsystem" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வாக்களிப்பு முறைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாக்களிப்பு முறைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99" title="ระบบการลงคะแนน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบการลงคะแนน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founga_fili_fakafofonga_fakanu%CA%BBusila" title="Founga fili fakafofonga fakanuʻusila – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Founga fili fakafofonga fakanuʻusila" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%A7im_sistemi" title="Seçim sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seçim sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Виборча система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виборча система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_votasion" title="Sistema de votasion – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sistema de votasion" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A7u_phi%E1%BA%BFu" title="Hệ thống đầu phiếu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống đầu phiếu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem%C3%AA_we%C3%A7in%C4%B1t%C4%B1%C5%9Fi" title="Sistemê weçinıtışi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sistemê weçinıtışi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E7%A5%A8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="投票制度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Method by which voters make a choice between options</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a mathematical representation and treatment of electoral systems, see <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice function">Social choice function</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">A joint <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">electoral systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral-systems-gears.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/128px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/192px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Electoral-systems-gears.svg/256px-Electoral-systems-gears.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">Mechanism design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_voting_rules" title="Comparison of voting rules">Comparison</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">By country</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-winner methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Single vote - <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> methods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First preference plurality (FPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisan_blanket_primary" title="Nonpartisan blanket primary">Jungle primary</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Partisan primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> Alternative vote (AV)</li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>:</abbr> Ranked-choice (RCV)</li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tideman_alternative_method" title="Tideman alternative method">Condorcet-IRV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_voting" title="Round-robin voting">Round-robin voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">Plurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">IRV</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Baldwin%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin's method">Baldwin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-plurality_voting" title="Anti-plurality voting">Antiplurality</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/Sequential_elimination_method" title="Sequential elimination method">el.</a></abbr> <a href="/wiki/Coombs_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Coombs method">Coombs</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Rated_voting" title="Rated voting">Cardinal voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">Majority judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">Apportionment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">Largest remainders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_remnant" title="National remnant">National remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">List type</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">Closed list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justified_representation" title="Justified representation">List-free PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localized_list" title="Localized list">Localized list</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">Quota-remainder methods</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Hare STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Borda_system" title="Quota Borda system">Quota Borda</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Approval-based_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Approval-based committee">Approval-based committees</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Thiele's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding approvals rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of equal shares</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Fractional_social_choice" title="Fractional social choice">Fractional social choice</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_representation" title="Direct representation">Direct representation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_representation" title="Interactive representation">Interactive representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_approval_voting" title="Fractional approval voting">Fractional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximal_lottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximal lottery">Maximal lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_ballot" title="Random ballot">Random ballot</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional representation</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">SNTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>By results of combination</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_majoritarian_representation" title="Mixed-member majoritarian representation">Mixed-member majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional</a></li></ul> <hr /><b>By mechanism of combination</b> <ul><li><b>Non-<a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel (superposition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coexistence_(electoral_systems)" title="Coexistence (electoral systems)">Coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conditional_electoral_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conditional electoral system (page does not exist)">Conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Fusion (majority bonus)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Compensation_(electoral_systems)" title="Compensation (electoral systems)">Compensatory</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage system</a> <ul><li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">'AMS'</a></li> <li><abbr style="font-size:85%" title=""><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">NZ</a>:</abbr> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-member proportional">'MMP'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Negative vote transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Supermixed systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban proportional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>By ballot type</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Single vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_simultaneous_vote" title="Double simultaneous vote">Double simultaneous vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed electoral systems">Dual-vote</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pathological_(mathematics)#Voting" title="Pathological (mathematics)">Paradoxes and pathologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Spoiler effects</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of clones">Cloning paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Frustrated majorities paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_squeeze" title="Center squeeze">Center squeeze</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Pathological response</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perverse_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Perverse response">Perverse response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best-is-worst_paradox" title="Best-is-worst paradox">Best-is-worst paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-show_paradox" title="No-show paradox">No-show paradox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_districts_paradox" title="Multiple districts paradox">Multiple districts paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">Strategic voting</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sincere_favorite_criterion" title="Sincere favorite criterion">Lesser evil voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting#Exaggeration" title="Strategic voting">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truncation_(voting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Truncation (voting)">Truncation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey-raising" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkey-raising">Turkey-raising</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Paradoxes of <a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">majority rule</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discursive_dilemma" title="Discursive dilemma">Discursive dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Conflicting majorities paradox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social and collective choice</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Proof_of_impossibility" title="Proof of impossibility">Impossibility theorems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Majority impossibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin%27s_impossibility_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulin's impossibility theorem">Moulin's impossibility theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKelvey%E2%80%93Schofield_chaos_theorem" title="McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem">McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Positive results</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Median_voter_theorem" title="Median voter theorem">Median voter theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet%27s_jury_theorem" title="Condorcet's jury theorem">Condorcet's jury theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May%27s_theorem" title="May's theorem">May's theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_theorem#Minimizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow's theorem">Condorcet dominance theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harsanyi%27s_utilitarian_theorem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem (page does not exist)">Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: inherit; padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li></ul></div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mathematics" title="Portal:Mathematics">Mathematics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>electoral</b> or <b>voting system</b> is a set of rules used to determine the results of an election. Electoral systems are used in politics to elect governments, while non-political elections may take place in business, <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit organisations</a> and informal organisations. These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">who is allowed to vote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">who can stand</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voting_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting method">how ballots are marked and cast</a>, how the ballots are counted, how votes translate into the election outcome, limits on <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign spending</a>, and other factors that can affect the result. Political electoral systems are defined by constitutions and electoral laws, are typically conducted by <a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">election commissions</a>, and can use multiple types of elections for different offices. </p><p>Some electoral systems elect a single winner to a unique position, such as prime minister, president or governor, while others elect multiple winners, such as members of parliament or boards of directors. When electing a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, areas may be divided into constituencies with one or more representatives or the electorate may elect representatives as a single unit. Voters may vote directly for an individual candidate or for a list of candidates put forward by a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electoral_alliance" title="Electoral alliance">alliance</a>. There are many variations in electoral systems. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normative_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Normative economics">normative</a> study of voting rules falls under the branches of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> called <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">social choice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_design" title="Mechanism design">mechanism design</a>, but the question has also engendered substantial contributions from <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">analytic philosophers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer scientists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematicians</a>. The field has produced several major results, including <a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's impossibility theorem</a> (showing that <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> cannot eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">spoiler effect</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a> (showing it is impossible to design a <a href="/wiki/Strategyproofness" title="Strategyproofness">straightforward</a> voting system, i.e. one where it is always obvious to a <a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">strategic voter</a> which ballot they should cast). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems" title="List of electoral systems">List of electoral systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">List of electoral systems by country</a></div><p>The most common categorizations of electoral systems are: single-winner vs. multi-winner systems and <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Winner-take-all_system" title="Winner-take-all system">winner-take-all systems</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed systems</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg/400px-Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg/600px-Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg/800px-Electoral_systems_map_simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the main types electoral systems used to elect candidates to the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower</a> or sole (<a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a>) house of national legislatures in 2022: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd0000; color:white;"> </span> Majoritarian representation (winner-take-all)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0044d9; color:white;"> </span> Proportional representation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd00dd; color:black;"> </span> Mixed-member majoritarian representation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9100b5; color:white;"> </span> Mixed-member proportional representation</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD42A; color:black;"> </span> Semi-proportional representation (non-mixed)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#72411f; color:white;"> </span> Indirect elections</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> In transition</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> No election (e.g. monarchy)</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-winner_and_winner-take-all_systems">Single-winner and winner-take-all systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Single-winner and winner-take-all systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all cases, where only a single winner is to be elected, the electoral system is winner-take all. The same can be said for elections where only one person is elected per district, since the district elections are also winner-take-all, therefore the electoral system as a whole is also usually non-proportional. Some systems where multiple winners are elected at once (in the same district) are also winner-take-all. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">party block voting</a>, voters can only vote for the list of candidates of a single party, with the party receiving the most votes winning all seats. This is used in five countries as part of mixed systems.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plurality_voting_and_first-past-the-post">Plurality voting and first-past-the-post</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Plurality voting and first-past-the-post"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_House_FPTP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lower_House_FPTP.svg/220px-Lower_House_FPTP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lower_House_FPTP.svg/330px-Lower_House_FPTP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lower_House_FPTP.svg/440px-Lower_House_FPTP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries using first-past-the-post for legislatures</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting method">Plurality voting</a> is a system in which the candidate(s) with the highest number of votes wins, with no requirement to get a majority of votes. In cases where there is a single position to be filled, it is known as <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a>; this is the second most common electoral system for national legislatures, with 58 countries using it for this purpose,<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the vast majority of which are current or former British or American colonies or territories. It is also the second most common system used for presidential elections, being used in 19 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cases where there are multiple positions to be filled, most commonly in cases of multi-member constituencies, there are several types of plurality electoral systems. Under <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">block voting</a> (also known as multiple non-transferable vote or plurality-at-large), voters have as many votes as there are seats and can vote for any candidate, regardless of party, a system used in eight countries.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> is a choose-all-you-like voting system which aims to increase the number of candidates that win with majority support.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voters are free to pick as many candidates as they like and each choice has equal weight, independent of the number of candidates a voter supports. The candidate with the most votes wins.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Runoff_systems">Runoff systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Runoff systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg/250px-Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg/375px-Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg/500px-Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map_direct.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries by electoral system used to (directly) elect their Head of State (President):<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a02c5a; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">First-past-the-post</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff80e5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>A runoff system in which candidates must receive a majority of votes to be elected, either in a runoff election or final round of voting. This is sometimes referred to as a type of majority voting, although usually only a plurality is required in the last round, and sometimes even in the first round winners can avoid a second round without achieving a majority. In social choice theory, runoff systems are not called majority voting, as this term refers to <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet-methods</a>. </p><p>There are two main forms of runoff systems, one conducted in a single round of voting using <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting system">ranked voting</a> and the other using multiple elections, to successively narrow the field of candidates. Both are primarily used for single-member constituencies. </p><p>Runoff can be achieved in a single election using <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV), whereby voters rank candidates in order of preference; this system is used for parliamentary elections in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>. If no candidate receives a majority of the vote in the first round, the second preferences of the lowest-ranked candidate are then added to the totals. This is repeated until a candidate achieves over 50% of the number of valid votes. If not all voters use all their preference votes, then the count may continue until two candidates remain, at which point the winner is the one with the most votes. A modified form of IRV is the <a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">contingent vote</a> where voters do not rank all candidates, but have a limited number of preference votes. If no candidate has a majority in the first round, all candidates are excluded except the top two, with the highest remaining preference votes from the votes for the excluded candidates then added to the totals to determine the winner. This system is used in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lankan</a> presidential elections, with voters allowed to give three preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other main form of runoff system is the <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">two-round system</a>, which is the most common system used for presidential elections around the world, being used in 88 countries. It is also used in 20 countries for electing the legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If no candidate achieves a majority of votes in the first round of voting, a second round is held to determine the winner. In most cases the second round is limited to the top two candidates from the first round, although in some elections more than two candidates may choose to contest the second round; in these cases the second round is decided by plurality voting. Some countries use a modified form of the two-round system, such as <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> where a candidate in the presidential election is declared the winner if they receive 40% of the vote and are 10% ahead of their nearest rival,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Argentina (45% plus 10% ahead), where the system is known as <a href="/wiki/Ballotage_in_Argentina" title="Ballotage in Argentina">ballotage</a>. In some cases, a runoff may be held using a different system, as in <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent elections</a> when no candidate wins a majority of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">United States Electoral College</a>. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">exhaustive ballot</a> is not limited to two rounds, but sees the last-placed candidate eliminated in each round of voting. Due to the potentially large number of rounds, this system is not used in any major popular elections, but is used to elect the Speakers of parliament in several countries and members of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a>. In some formats there may be multiple rounds held without any candidates being eliminated until a candidate achieves a majority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positional_systems">Positional systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positional systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting" title="Positional voting">Positional systems</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Borda_Count" class="mw-redirect" title="Borda Count">Borda Count</a> are ranked voting systems that assign a certain number of points to each candidate, weighted by position. The most popular such system is <a href="/wiki/First-preference_plurality" class="mw-redirect" title="First-preference plurality">first-preference plurality</a>. Another well-known variant, the <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a>, each candidate is given a number of points equal to their rank, and the candidate with the least points wins. This system is intended to elect broadly acceptable options or candidates, rather than those preferred by a majority.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system is used to elect the ethnic minority representatives seats in the Slovenian parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dowdall system is used in <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> for parliamentary elections and sees voters rank the candidates. First preference votes are counted as whole numbers, the second preferences by two, third preferences by three, and so on; this continues to the lowest possible ranking.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The totals for each candidate determine the winners.<sup id="cite_ref-IDG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-winner_systems">Multi-winner systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Multi-winner systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proportional_systems">Proportional systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proportional systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportional_voting_systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Proportional_voting_systems.svg/250px-Proportional_voting_systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Proportional_voting_systems.svg/375px-Proportional_voting_systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Proportional_voting_systems.svg/500px-Proportional_voting_systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries by proportional electoral system (lower house or unicameral legislature): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b3; color:white;"> </span> Party list (closed list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a693; color:black;"> </span> Party list (open list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0066FF; color:white;"> </span> Party list (partly-open list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#126180; color:white;"> </span> Panachage party list (open list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5a2ca0; color:white;"> </span> Mixed-member proportional (seat linkage) type compensatory, some additional compensation for overhang seats (New Zealand)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9100b5; color:white;"> </span> Mixed-member proportional (seat linkage) type compensatory, no additional compensation for overhang seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3737C8; color:white;"> </span> Personalized proportional (Germany)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#37C871; color:black;"> </span> Single transferable vote</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a> is the most widely used electoral system for national legislatures, with the parliaments of over eighty countries elected by various forms of the system. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> is the single most common electoral system and is used by 80 countries, and involves voters voting for a list of candidates proposed by a party. In <a href="/wiki/Closed_list" title="Closed list">closed list</a> systems voters do not have any influence over the candidates put forward by the party, but in <a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">open list</a> systems voters are able to both vote for the party list and influence the order in which candidates will be assigned seats. In some countries, notably <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, elections are carried out using 'pure' proportional representation, with the votes tallied on a national level before assigning seats to parties. However, in most cases several multi-member constituencies are used rather than a single nationwide constituency, giving an element of geographical representation; but this can result in the distribution of seats not reflecting the national vote totals. As a result, some countries have <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a> to award to parties whose seat totals are lower than their proportion of the national vote. </p><p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a> (the minimum percentage of the vote that a party must obtain to win seats), there are several different ways to allocate seats in proportional systems. There are two main types of systems: <a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">highest average</a> and <a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">largest remainder</a>. Highest average systems involve dividing the votes received by each party by a <i>divisor</i> or <i>vote average</i> that represents an idealized <a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">seats-to-votes ratio</a>, then rounding normally. In the largest remainder system, parties' vote shares are divided by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_quota" title="Electoral quota">electoral quota</a>. This usually leaves some seats unallocated, which are awarded to parties based on which parties have the largest number of "leftover" votes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> (STV) is another form of proportional representation. In STV, multi-member districts are used and each voter casts one vote, being a <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranked voting system">ranked</a> ballot marked for individual candidates, rather than voting for a party list. STV is used in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>. To be certain of being elected, candidates must pass a quota (the <a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a> being the most common). Candidates that pass the quota are elected. If necessary to fill seats, votes are transferred from the least successful candidates. Surplus votes held by successful candidates may also be transferred. Eventually all seats are filled by candidates who have passed the quota or there are only as many remaining candidates as the number of remaining seats.<sup id="cite_ref-IDG_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">single non-transferable vote</a> (SNTV) voters can vote for only one candidate, with the candidates receiving the most votes declared the winners; this system is used in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixed_systems">Mixed systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mixed systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg/250px-Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg/375px-Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg/500px-Electoral_systems_map_mixed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Countries using a mixed electoral system (lower house or unicameral legislature):<br /><b>Compensatory</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5a2ca0; color:white;"> </span> Mixed-member proportional (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage (page does not exist)">seat linkage</a>) type compensatory</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8D5FD3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage" title="Vote linkage">Vote linkage</a> type partially compensatory (supermixed)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaee; color:black;"> </span> Majority jackpot</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#dd85ad; color:black;"> </span> Two round majority jackpot</div> <b>Non-compensatory</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00CC; color:black;"> </span> Parallel voting (Party list + FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8B008B; color:white;"> </span> Parallel voting (Party list + TRS)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DA0077; color:white;"> </span> Parallel voting (Party list + BV/PBV)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#550088; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority bonus">Majority bonus</a> (fusion)</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>In several countries, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">mixed systems</a> are used to elect the legislature. These include <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">parallel voting</a> (also known as mixed-member majoritarian) and <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a>. </p><p>In non-compensatory, parallel voting systems, which are used in 20 countries,<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> members of a legislature are elected by two different methods; part of the membership is elected by a plurality or majority vote in single-member constituencies and the other part by proportional representation. The results of the constituency vote have no effect on the outcome of the proportional vote.<sup id="cite_ref-IDG_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In compensatory <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member systems</a> the results of the proportional vote are adjusted to balance the seats won in the constituency vote. The <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional systems</a>, in use in eight countries, provide enough compensatory seats to ensure that parties have a number of seats approximately proportional to their vote share.<sup id="cite_ref-IDEA_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other systems may be insufficiently compensatory, and this may result in <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a>, where parties win more seats in the constituency system than they would be entitled to based on their vote share. Variations of this include the <a href="/wiki/Additional_Member_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional Member System">Additional Member System</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_Vote_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative Vote Plus">Alternative Vote Plus</a>, in which voters cast votes for both single-member constituencies and multi-member constituencies; the allocation of seats in the multi-member constituencies is adjusted to achieve an overall seat allocation proportional to parties' vote share by taking into account the number of seats won by parties in the single-member constituencies. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed systems</a> are also compensatory, however they usually use different mechanism than seat linkage (top-up) method of MMP and usually aren't able to achieve proportional representation. </p><p>Some electoral systems feature a <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">majority bonus system</a> to either ensure one party or coalition gains a majority in the legislature, or to give the party receiving the most votes a clear advantage in terms of the number of seats. <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> has a modified two-round system, which sees a second round of voting featuring the top two parties or coalitions if there is no majority in the first round. The winner of the second round is guaranteed 35 seats in the 60-seat <a href="/wiki/Grand_and_General_Council" title="Grand and General Council">Grand and General Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> the party receiving the most votes was given an additional 50 seats,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a system which was abolished following the <a href="/wiki/2019_Greek_legislative_election" title="2019 Greek legislative election">2019 elections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_elections">Primary elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary elections</a> are a feature of some electoral systems, either as a formal part of the electoral system or informally by choice of individual political parties as a method of selecting candidates, as is the case in <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections_in_Italy" title="Primary elections in Italy">Italy</a>. Primary elections limit the risk of <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">vote splitting</a> by ensuring a single party candidate. In <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary elections in Argentina">Argentina</a> they are a formal part of the electoral system and take place two months before the main elections; any party receiving less than 1.5% of the vote is not permitted to contest the main elections. In the United States, there are both partisan and non-partisan <a href="/wiki/Primary_elections_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary elections in the United States">primary elections</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indirect_elections">Indirect elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indirect elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a>. In several countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral college</a> that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_and_Lesser_Used_Systems">Proposed and Lesser Used Systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Proposed and Lesser Used Systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the various electoral systems currently in use for political elections, there are numerous others which have been used in the past, are only used in private organizations (such as electing the board members for a corporation or a student organization), or have only ever been made as proposals but not implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winner-take-all_systems">Winner-take-all systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Winner-take-all systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">Ranked systems</a> these include <a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a>, the various <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny-Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximal_lotteries" title="Maximal lotteries">Maximal lotteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet" class="mw-redirect" title="Minimax Condorcet">Minimax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">positional voting</a>. </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_voting_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal voting methods">Cardinal electoral systems</a>, the most well known of these is <a href="/wiki/Range_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Range voting">range voting</a>, where any number of candidates are scored from a set range of numbers. A very common example of range voting are the 5-star ratings used for many customer satisfaction surveys and reviews. Other cardinal systems include <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">satisfaction approval voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highest_median_voting_rules" title="Highest median voting rules">highest median rules</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Majority_judgment" title="Majority judgment">majority judgment</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/D21_%E2%80%93_Jane%C4%8Dek_method" title="D21 – Janeček method">D21 – Janeček method</a> where voters can cast positive and negative votes. </p><p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Weighted_voting" title="Weighted voting">weighted voting</a> systems were used in some countries. These allocated a greater weight to the votes of some voters than others, either indirectly by allocating more seats to certain groups (such as the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a>), or by weighting the results of the vote. The latter system was used in colonial <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1962_Southern_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1962 Southern Rhodesian general election">1962</a> and <a href="/wiki/1965_Rhodesian_general_election" title="1965 Rhodesian general election">1965 elections</a>. The elections featured two voter rolls (the 'A' roll being largely European and the 'B' roll largely African); the seats of the House Assembly were divided into 50 constituency seats and 15 district seats. Although all voters could vote for both types of seats, 'A' roll votes were given greater weight for the constituency seats and 'B' roll votes greater weight for the district seats. Weighted systems are still used in corporate elections, with votes weighted to reflect stock ownership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proportional_systems_2">Proportional systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Proportional systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dual-member_proportional_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-member proportional representation">Dual-member proportional representation</a> is a proposed system with two candidates elected in each constituency, one with the most votes and one to ensure proportionality of the combined results. <a href="/wiki/Biproportional_apportionment" title="Biproportional apportionment">Biproportional apportionment</a> is a system where the total number of votes is used to calculate the number of seats each party is due, followed by a calculation of the constituencies in which the seats should be awarded in order to achieve the total due to them. </p><p>For proportional systems that use <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked choice voting</a>, there are several proposals, including <a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wright_system" title="Wright system">Wright system</a>, which are each considered to be variants of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. Among the proportional voting systems that use rating are <a href="/wiki/Thiele%27s_voting_rules" title="Thiele's voting rules">Thiele's voting rules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phragmen%27s_voting_rules" title="Phragmen's voting rules">Phragmen's voting rule</a>. A special case of <a href="/wiki/Thiele%27s_voting_rules" title="Thiele's voting rules">Thiele's voting rules</a> is <a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional Approval Voting</a>. Some proportional systems that may be used with either ranking or rating include the <a href="/wiki/Method_of_equal_shares" title="Method of equal shares">Method of Equal Shares</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Expanding_approvals_rule" title="Expanding approvals rule">Expanding Approvals Rule</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules_and_regulations">Rules and regulations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rules and regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the specific method of electing candidates, electoral systems are also characterised by their wider rules and regulations, which are usually set out in a country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">electoral law</a>. Participatory rules determine <a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">candidate nomination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voter_registration" title="Voter registration">voter registration</a>, in addition to the location of <a href="/wiki/Polling_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Polling places">polling places</a> and the availability of <a href="/wiki/Online_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Online voting">online voting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postal_voting" title="Postal voting">postal voting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Absentee_ballot" title="Absentee ballot">absentee voting</a>. Other regulations include the selection of voting devices such as paper <a href="/wiki/Ballots" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballots">ballots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine voting">machine voting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open_ballot_system" title="Open ballot system">open ballot systems</a>, and consequently the type of <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote counting systems">vote counting systems</a>, verification and <a href="/wiki/Election_audits" class="mw-redirect" title="Election audits">auditing</a> used. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compulsory_voting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Compulsory_voting.svg/300px-Compulsory_voting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Compulsory_voting.svg/450px-Compulsory_voting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Compulsory_voting.svg/600px-Compulsory_voting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ff5555"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#ff5555;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Compulsory voting, enforced<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffaaaa"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#ffaaaa;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Compulsory voting, not enforced<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#5599ff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#5599ff;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Compulsory voting, enforced (only men)<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#aaccff"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#aaccff;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Compulsory voting, not enforced (only men)<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="#ffff66"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:#ffff66;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Historical: the country had compulsory voting in the past.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electoral rules place limits on suffrage and candidacy. Most countries's electorates are characterised by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, but there are differences on the <a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">age at which people are allowed to vote</a>, with the youngest being 16 and the oldest 21. People may be disenfranchised for a range of reasons, such as being a serving prisoner, being declared bankrupt, having committed certain crimes or being a serving member of the armed forces. Similar limits are placed on candidacy (also known as passive suffrage), and in many cases the age limit for candidates is higher than the voting age. A total of 21 countries have <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory voting</a>, although in some there is an upper age limit on enforcement of the law.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many countries also have the <a href="/wiki/None_of_the_above" title="None of the above">none of the above</a> option on their ballot papers. </p><p>In systems that use <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment</a> or districting defines the area covered by each constituency. Where constituency boundaries are drawn has a strong influence on the likely outcome of elections in the constituency due to the geographic distribution of voters. Political parties may seek to gain an advantage during <a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">redistricting</a> by ensuring their voter base has a majority in as many constituencies as possible, a process known as <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>. Historically <a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">rotten and pocket boroughs</a>, constituencies with unusually small populations, were used by wealthy families to gain parliamentary representation. </p><p>Some countries have minimum turnout requirements for elections to be valid. In Serbia this rule caused multiple re-runs of presidential elections, with the 1997 election re-run once and the 2002 elections re-run three times due insufficient turnout in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_presidential_election,_September%E2%80%93October_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian presidential election, September–October 2002">first</a>, <a href="/wiki/December_2002_Serbian_presidential_election" title="December 2002 Serbian presidential election">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/2003_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2003 Serbian presidential election">third</a> attempts to run the election. The turnout requirement was scrapped prior to the <a href="/wiki/2004_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2004 Serbian presidential election">fourth vote</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar problems in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/1995_Belarusian_parliamentary_election" title="1995 Belarusian parliamentary election">1995 parliamentary elections</a> going to a fourth round of voting before enough parliamentarians were elected to make a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">Reserved seats</a> are used in many countries to ensure representation for ethnic minorities, women, young people or the disabled. These seats are separate from general seats, and may be elected separately (such as in Morocco where a separate ballot is used to elect the 60 seats reserved for women and 30 seats reserved for young people in the House of Representatives), or be allocated to parties based on the results of the election; in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> the reserved seats for women are given to the female candidates who failed to win constituency seats but with the highest number of votes, whilst in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> the Senate seats reserved for women, young people and the disabled are allocated to parties based on how many seats they won in the general vote. Some countries achieve minority representation by other means, including requirements for a certain proportion of candidates to be women, or by exempting minority parties from the electoral threshold, as is done in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-democratic">Pre-democratic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pre-democratic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a>, the institution of suffrage already existed in a rudimentary form at the outset of the historical period. In the early <a href="/wiki/Monarchy#History" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a> it was customary for the king to invite pronouncements of his people on matters in which it was prudent to secure its assent beforehand. In these assemblies the people recorded their opinion by clamouring (a method which survived in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> as late as the 4th century BCE), or by the clashing of <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shield" title="Shield">shields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_democracy">Early democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voting has been used as a feature of democracy since the 6th century BCE, when democracy was introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>. However, in Athenian democracy, voting was seen as the least democratic among methods used for selecting public officials, and was little used, because elections were believed to inherently favor the wealthy and well-known over average citizens. Viewed as more democratic were assemblies open to all citizens, and <a href="/wiki/Selection_by_lot" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection by lot">selection by lot</a>, as well as rotation of office. </p><p>Generally, the taking of votes was effected in the form of a poll. The practice of the Athenians, which is shown by inscriptions to have been widely followed in the other states of Greece, was to hold a show of hands, except on questions affecting the status of individuals: these latter, which included all <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> and proposals of <a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">ostracism</a>, in which voters chose the citizen they most wanted to exile for ten years, were determined by secret ballot (one of the earliest recorded elections in Athens was a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality vote</a> that it was undesirable to win, namely an ostracism vote). At <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> the method which prevailed up to the 2nd century BCE was that of division (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">discessio</i></span>). But the system became subject to intimidation and corruption. Hence a series of laws enacted between 139 and 107 BCE prescribed the use of the ballot (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tabella</i></span>), a slip of wood coated with wax, for all business done in the assemblies of the people. For the purpose of carrying resolutions a simple majority of votes was deemed sufficient. As a general rule equal value was made to attach to each vote; but in the popular assemblies at Rome a system of voting by groups was in force until the middle of the 3rd century BCE by which the richer classes secured a decisive preponderance.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most elections in the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">history of democracy</a> were held using plurality voting or some variant, but as an exception, the state of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> in the 13th century adopted approval voting to elect their Great Council.<sup id="cite_ref-JJ1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJ1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Venetians' method for <a href="/wiki/Doge_of_Venice#Selection_of_the_Doge" title="Doge of Venice">electing the Doge</a> was a particularly convoluted process, consisting of five rounds of drawing lots (<a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">sortition</a>) and five rounds of approval voting. By drawing lots, a body of 30 electors was chosen, which was further reduced to nine electors by drawing lots again. An <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> of nine members elected 40 people by approval voting; those 40 were reduced to form a second electoral college of 12 members by drawing lots again. The second electoral college elected 25 people by approval voting, which were reduced to form a third electoral college of nine members by drawing lots. The third electoral college elected 45 people, which were reduced to form a fourth electoral college of 11 by drawing lots. They in turn elected a final electoral body of 41 members, who ultimately elected the Doge. Despite its complexity, the method had certain desirable properties such as being hard to game and ensuring that the winner reflected the opinions of both majority and minority factions.<sup id="cite_ref-dogeelection_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dogeelection-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process, with slight modifications, was central to the politics of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> throughout its remarkable lifespan of over 500 years, from 1268 to 1797. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_new_systems">Development of new systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Development of new systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_de_Borda" title="Jean-Charles de Borda">Jean-Charles de Borda</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a> in 1770 as a method for electing members to the <a href="/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences" title="French Academy of Sciences">French Academy of Sciences</a>. His method was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a>, who proposed instead the method of pairwise comparison that he had devised. Implementations of this method are known as <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet methods</a>. He also wrote about the <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_paradox" title="Condorcet paradox">Condorcet paradox</a>, which he called the <i>intransitivity of majority preferences</i>. However, recent research has shown that the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> devised both the Borda count and a pairwise method that satisfied the Condorcet criterion in the 13th century. The manuscripts in which he described these methods had been lost to history until they were rediscovered in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportionment methods</a> came to prominence due to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, which mandated that seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> had to be allocated among the states proportionally to their population, but did not specify how to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-JM_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of methods were proposed by statesmen such as <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>. Some of the apportionment methods devised in the United States were in a sense rediscovered in Europe in the 19th century, as seat allocation methods for the newly proposed method of party-list proportional representation. The result is that many apportionment methods have two names; <i>Jefferson's method</i> is equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a>, as is <i>Webster's method</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Sainte-Laguë method</a>, while <i>Hamilton's method</i> is identical to the Hare largest remainder method.<sup id="cite_ref-JM_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JM-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> (STV) method was devised by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Andr%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Andræ">Carl Andræ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1855 and in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hare_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Hare (political scientist)">Thomas Hare</a> in 1857. STV elections were first held in Denmark in 1856, and in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> in 1896 after its use was promoted by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Inglis_Clark" title="Andrew Inglis Clark">Andrew Inglis Clark</a>. Over the course of the 20th century, STV was subsequently adopted by Ireland and Malta for their national elections, in Australia for their <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> elections, as well as by many municipal elections around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Party-list proportional representation began to be used to elect European legislatures in the early 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> the first to implement it for its <a href="/wiki/1900_Belgian_general_election" title="1900 Belgian general election">1900 general elections</a>. Since then, proportional and semi-proportional methods have come to be used in almost all democratic countries, with most exceptions being former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single-winner_innovations">Single-winner innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Single-winner innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps influenced by the rapid development of multiple-winner electoral systems, theorists began to publish new findings about single-winner methods in the late 19th century. This began around 1870, when <a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ware" title="William Robert Ware">William Robert Ware</a> proposed applying STV to single-winner elections, yielding <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, mathematicians began to revisit Condorcet's ideas and invent new methods for Condorcet completion; <a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Nanson" title="Edward J. Nanson">Edward J. Nanson</a> combined the newly described instant runoff voting with the Borda count to yield a new Condorcet method called <a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a>. Charles Dodgson, better known as <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, proposed the straightforward Condorcet method known as <a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a>. He also proposed a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through <a href="/wiki/Proxy_voting" title="Proxy voting">proxy voting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ranked voting electoral systems eventually gathered enough support to be adopted for use in government elections. In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, IRV was first adopted in 1893 and STV in 1896 (Tasmania). IRV continues to be used along with STV today. </p><p>In the United States, during the early 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Progressive_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive era">progressive era</a> some municipalities began to use <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary voting system">supplementary voting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a>. However, a series of court decisions ruled Bucklin to be unconstitutional, while supplementary voting was soon repealed in every city that had implemented it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> to analyze electoral systems led to discoveries about the effects of certain methods. Earlier developments such as <a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's impossibility theorem</a> had already shown the issues with <a href="/wiki/Ranked_voting" title="Ranked voting">ranked voting</a> systems. Research led <a href="/wiki/Steven_Brams" title="Steven Brams">Steven Brams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Fishburn" title="Peter C. Fishburn">Peter Fishburn</a> to formally define and promote the use of <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval voting</a> in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political scientists of the 20th century published many studies on the effects that the electoral systems have on voters' choices and political parties,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few scholars also studied which effects caused a nation to switch to a particular electoral system.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_reform_efforts">Recent reform efforts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Recent reform efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">Electoral reform</a></div><p>The study of electoral systems influenced a new push for <a href="/wiki/Electoral_reform" title="Electoral reform">electoral reform</a> beginning around the 1990s, when proposals were made to replace plurality voting in governmental elections with other methods. <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> adopted mixed-member proportional representation for the <a href="/wiki/1996_New_Zealand_general_election" title="1996 New Zealand general election">1996 general elections</a>, having been approved in a <a href="/wiki/1993_New_Zealand_electoral_reform_referendum" title="1993 New Zealand electoral reform referendum">1993 referendum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After plurality voting was a factor in the contested results of the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential elections</a> in the United States, various municipalities in the United States have begun to adopt <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a>. In 2020 a referendum adopting <a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">approval voting</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> passed with 70% support.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Canada, three separate referenda on the <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">single transferable vote</a> have failed (in <a href="/wiki/2005_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2005 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2009 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2009</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_British_Columbia_electoral_reform_referendum" title="2018 British Columbia electoral reform referendum">2018</a>). The <a href="/wiki/2020_Massachusetts_Question_2" title="2020 Massachusetts Question 2">2020 Massachusetts Question 2</a>, which attempted to expand instant-runoff voting into <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, was defeated by a 10-point margin. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, a <a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011 referendum</a> on IRV saw the proposal rejected by a two-to-one margin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Repeals_and_backlash">Repeals and backlash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Repeals and backlash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some cities which adopted instant-runoff voting have subsequently returned to <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a>. Studies have found voter satisfaction with IRV tends to fall dramatically the first time a race produces a result different from first-past-the-post.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Kingdom used <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">instant-runoff voting</a> for most local elections up until 2022, before returning to <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first-past-the-post</a> over concerns regarding the system's complexity.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ranked-choice voting has been implemented in two states and banned in 10 others<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in addition to other states with constitutional prohibitions on the rule).A ballot initiative that would prohibit both approval voting and ranked-choice has been placed on the Missouri ballot. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison">Comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of electoral systems</a></div> <p>Electoral systems can be compared by different means: </p> <ol><li>Define criteria mathematically, such that any electoral system either passes or fails. This gives perfectly objective results, but their practical relevance is still arguable.</li> <li>Define ideal criteria and use simulated elections to see how often or how close various methods fail to meet the selected criteria. This gives results which are practically relevant, but the method of generating the sample of simulated elections can still be arguably biased.</li> <li>Consider criteria that can be more easily measured using real-world elections, such as <a href="/wiki/Gallagher_index" title="Gallagher index">the Gallagher index</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_fragmentation" title="Political fragmentation">political fragmentation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout" title="Voter turnout">voter turnout</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wasted_vote" title="Wasted vote">wasted votes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_apathy" title="Political apathy">political apathy</a>, complexity of <a href="/wiki/Vote_counting" title="Vote counting">vote counting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">barriers to entry</a> for new political movements<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and evaluate each method based on how they perform in real-world elections or evaluate the performance of countries with these electoral systems.</li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Gibbard%27s_theorem" title="Gibbard's theorem">Gibbard's theorem</a>, built upon the earlier <a href="/wiki/Arrow%27s_impossibility_theorem" title="Arrow's impossibility theorem">Arrow's theorem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gibbard%E2%80%93Satterthwaite_theorem" title="Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem">Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem</a>, to prove that for any single-winner deterministic voting methods, at least one of the following three properties must hold: </p> <ol><li>The process is <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_mechanism" title="Dictatorship mechanism">dictatorial</a>, i.e. there is a single voter whose vote chooses the outcome.</li> <li>The process limits the possible outcomes to two options only.</li> <li>The process is not straightforward; the optimal ballot for a voter "requires <a href="/wiki/Strategic_voting" title="Strategic voting">strategic voting</a>", i.e. it depends on their beliefs about other voters' ballots.</li></ol> <p>According to a 2006 survey of electoral system experts, their preferred electoral systems were in order of preference:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Mixed member proportional</li> <li>Single transferable vote</li> <li>Open list proportional</li> <li>Alternative vote</li> <li>Closed list proportional</li> <li>Single member plurality</li> <li>Runoffs</li> <li>Mixed member majoritarian</li> <li>Single non-transferable vote</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Systems_by_elected_body">Systems by elected body</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Systems by elected body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <tbody><tr> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg/420px-Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg/630px-Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg/840px-Electoral_systems_for_heads_of_state_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Electoral_systems_map.svg/420px-Electoral_systems_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Electoral_systems_map.svg/630px-Electoral_systems_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Electoral_systems_map.svg/840px-Electoral_systems_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral legislature">unicameral legislature</a> </th> <th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg/420px-Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="420" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg/630px-Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg/840px-Electoral_systems_map_for_upper_houses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:420px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> (FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A02C5A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a> (TRS)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D35F8D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Contingent_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingent voting">contingent voting</a> (IRV)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#631c39; color:white;"> </span> Election by <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#72411f; color:white;"> </span> Election by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Not elected (mostly monarchies)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> In transition</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E6E6E6; color:black;"> </span> No information</div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:420px"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-member constituencies</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First past the post</a> (FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A02C5A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a> (TRS)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D35F8D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV)</div> <p>Multi-member constituencies, <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian representation">majoritarian</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Block voting</a> (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C87137; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">Party block voting</a> (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C8AB37; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD42A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a> (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ABC837; color:black;"> </span> Modified <a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></div> <p>Multi-member constituencies, <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b3; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, closed list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0066FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, open list for some parties)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a693; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, open list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#126180; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Panachage" title="Panachage">Panachage</a> (party-list PR, free list) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3737c8; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Personalised proportional representation</a> (party-list PR and FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#37C871; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></div> <p>Mixed majoritarian and proportional: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5a2ca0; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member proportional representation</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage mixed system</a>) (party-list PR and FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9100b5; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a> (party-list PR and FPTP <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">seat linkage mixed system</a>) (less proportional implementation of of <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> / mixed member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8B008B; color:white;"> </span> Parallel voting (party-list PR and TRS)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DA0077; color:white;"> </span> Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8d5fd3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a> or limited <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seat_linkage_mixed_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seat linkage mixed system (page does not exist)">Seat linkage mixed system</a> (party-list PR and FPTP) ((partially compensatory semi-proportional implementation of of MMP) (party-list PR and FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#550088; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Majority_bonus_system" title="Majority bonus system">Majority bonus system</a> (non-compensatory)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffaaee; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">Majority jackpot system</a> (compensatory)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a885ad; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round</a> <a href="/wiki/Majority_jackpot_system" title="Majority jackpot system">majority jackpot system</a> (compensatory)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#72411f; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Indirect_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect elections">Indirect elections</a></div> <p>No relevant electoral system information: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> No elections</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Varies by state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">In transition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E6E6E6; color:black;"> </span> No information</div></div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; width:420px"><a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">Single-member constituencies</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> (FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A02C5A; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a> (TRS)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D35F8D; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> (IRV)</div> <p>Multi-member constituencies, <a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Majoritarian representation">majoritarian</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF6600; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Plurality-at-large_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality-at-large voting">Block voting</a> (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C87137; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">Party block voting</a> (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFD42A; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a> (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDAB9; color:black;"> </span> Mixed BV and SNTV</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C8AB37; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">cumulative voting</a></div> <p>Multi-member constituencies, <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000b3; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, closed list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a693; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, open list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0066FF; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, partially-open list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808000; color:black;"> </span> Partially <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> (party-list PR, closed list)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#37C871; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a></div> <p>Mixed majoritarian and proportional: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00CC; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a> / Mixed-member majoritarian (party-list PR and FPTP)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D400AA; color:white;"> </span> Parallel voting (party-list PR and BV or PBV)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#779E86; color:black;"> </span> Parallel voting (party-list PR and SNTV)</div> <p>Other: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#808080; color:black;"> </span> Varies by federal states, or constituency</div> <p>Indirect election: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#216778; color:white;"> </span> Election by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> or local/regional legislatures</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#220055; color:white;"> </span> Partly elected by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> or local/regional legislatures and appointed by head of state</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4169E1; color:white;"> </span> Partly elected by <a href="/wiki/Electoral_college" title="Electoral college">electoral college</a> or local/regional legislatures, partly elected in single-member districts by FPTP, and partly appointed by head of state</div> <p>No relevant electoral system information: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> No elections</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#453748; color:white;"> </span> Appointed by <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3b3b3; color:black;"> </span> No information / <a href="/wiki/Transitional_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitional government">In transition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e0e0e0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">List of electoral systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_vote" title="Matrix vote">Matrix vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_effect" title="Spoiler effect">Spoiler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Psephology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IDEA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDEA_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/world.cfm">Table of Electoral Systems Worldwide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523184045/http://www.oldsite.idea.int/esd/world.cfm">Archived</a> 2017-05-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IDEA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Elections%2C+Public+Opinion+and+Parties&rft.atitle=Expert+opinion+on+electoral+systems%3A+So+which+electoral+system+is+%22best%22%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2005-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144919388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1745-7289&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13689880500064544&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Shaun&rft.au=Farrell%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Pettit%2C+Robin+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13689880500064544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectoral+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aceproject.org">ACE Electoral Knowledge Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/esd_english_0.pdf">The International IDEA Handbook of Electoral System Design</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124234215/https://www.ifes.org/sites/default/files/esd_english_0.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-11-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IDEA</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Template talk:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_systems_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral systems footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electoral systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">politics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics</a> series</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-winner_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-winner voting system">Single-winner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Approval_voting" title="Approval voting">Approval voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_approval_voting" title="Combined approval voting">Combined approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_primary" title="Unified primary">Unified primary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borda_count" title="Borda count">Borda count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucklin_voting" title="Bucklin voting">Bucklin voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Condorcet methods">Condorcet methods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copeland%27s_method" title="Copeland's method">Copeland's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemeny%E2%80%93Young_method" title="Kemeny–Young method">Kemeny–Young method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimax_Condorcet_method" title="Minimax Condorcet method">Minimax Condorcet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanson%27s_method" title="Nanson's method">Nanson's method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranked_pairs" title="Ranked pairs">Ranked pairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_method" title="Schulze method">Schulze method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhaustive_ballot" title="Exhaustive ballot">Exhaustive ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">First-past-the-post voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant-runoff_voting" title="Instant-runoff voting">Instant-runoff voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coombs%27_method" title="Coombs' method">Coombs' method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_vote" title="Contingent vote">Contingent vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary vote">Supplementary vote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Simple majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">Plurality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional voting system">Positional voting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_voting" title="Score voting">Score voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STAR_voting" title="STAR voting">STAR voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-round_system" title="Two-round system">Two-round system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduated_majority_judgment" title="Graduated majority judgment">Graduated majority judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">Mixed-member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote#Proportional_systems" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">Party-list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_approval_voting" title="Proportional approval voting">Proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural%E2%80%93urban_proportional_representation" title="Rural–urban proportional representation">Rural–urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_proportional_approval_voting" title="Sequential proportional approval voting">Sequential proportional approval voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_transferable_vote" title="Single transferable vote">Single transferable vote</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CPO-STV" title="CPO-STV">CPO-STV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare%E2%80%93Clark_electoral_system" title="Hare–Clark electoral system">Hare-Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schulze_STV" title="Schulze STV">Schulze STV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spare_vote" title="Spare vote">Spare vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_single_transferable_voting" title="Indirect single transferable voting">Indirect single transferable voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Allocation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highest_averages_method" title="Highest averages method">Highest averages method</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster/Sainte-Laguë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_remainders_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainders method">Largest remainders method</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Droop_quota" title="Droop quota">Droop quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagenbach-Bischoff_quota" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagenbach-Bischoff quota">Hagenbach-Bischoff quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_quota" title="Hare quota">Hare quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperiali_quota" title="Imperiali quota">Imperiali quota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_electoral_system" title="Mixed electoral system">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_voting" title="Parallel voting">Parallel voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">MMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additional_member_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Additional member system">Additional member system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_vote_plus" title="Alternative vote plus">Alternative vote plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_single_vote" title="Mixed single vote">Mixed single vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_ballot_transferable_vote" title="Mixed ballot transferable vote">Mixed ballot transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorporo" title="Scorporo">Scorporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_linkage_mixed_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote linkage mixed system">Vote linkage mixed system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-proportional_representation" title="Semi-proportional representation">Semi-proportional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_non-transferable_vote" title="Single non-transferable vote">Single non-transferable vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_voting" title="Limited voting">Limited voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumulative_voting" title="Cumulative voting">Cumulative voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_approval_voting" title="Satisfaction approval voting">Satisfaction approval voting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_winner_criterion" title="Condorcet winner criterion">Condorcet winner criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condorcet_loser_criterion" title="Condorcet loser criterion">Condorcet loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistency_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Consistency criterion">Consistency criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_clones_criterion" title="Independence of clones criterion">Independence of clones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_irrelevant_alternatives" title="Independence of irrelevant alternatives">Independence of irrelevant alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Smith-dominated_alternatives" title="Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives">Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later-no-harm_criterion" title="Later-no-harm criterion">Later-no-harm criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_favorite_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority favorite criterion">Majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_loser_criterion" title="Majority loser criterion">Majority loser criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotonicity_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotonicity criterion">Monotonicity criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_majority_criterion" title="Mutual majority criterion">Mutual majority criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Participation criterion">Participation criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurality_criterion" title="Plurality criterion">Plurality criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolvability_criterion" title="Resolvability criterion">Resolvability criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversal_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Reversal symmetry">Reversal symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_criterion" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith criterion">Smith criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seats-to-votes_ratio" title="Seats-to-votes ratio">Seats-to-votes ratio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_threshold" class="mw-redirect" title="Election threshold">Election threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-preference_votes" title="First-preference votes">First-preference votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoilt_vote" title="Spoilt vote">Spoilt vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">Sortition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseating" title="Unseating">Unseating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of electoral systems">Comparison of voting systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_systems_by_country" title="List of electoral systems by country">Voting systems by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Portal</a></b> — <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Politics" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Politics">Project</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182985#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182985#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33916">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&oldid=1257871603">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electoral_system&oldid=1257871603</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electoral_systems" title="Category:Electoral systems">Electoral systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" 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