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<span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genes_of_lactoferrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genes_of_lactoferrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Genes of lactoferrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genes_of_lactoferrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Molecular structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polymeric_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polymeric_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Polymeric forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polymeric_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enzymatic_activity_of_lactoferrin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enzymatic_activity_of_lactoferrin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Enzymatic activity of lactoferrin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enzymatic_activity_of_lactoferrin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lactoferrin_receptor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lactoferrin_receptor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lactoferrin receptor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lactoferrin_receptor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bone activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_nucleic_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_nucleic_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Interaction with nucleic acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_nucleic_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Clinical significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clinical significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clinical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibacterial_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibacterial_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Antibacterial activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibacterial_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiviral_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiviral_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antiviral activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiviral_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antifungal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antifungal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Antifungal activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antifungal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anticarcinogenic_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anticarcinogenic_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Anticarcinogenic activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anticarcinogenic_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cystic_fibrosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cystic_fibrosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cystic fibrosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cystic_fibrosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Necrotizing_enterocolitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Necrotizing_enterocolitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Necrotizing enterocolitis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Necrotizing_enterocolitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>In diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Extraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nanotechnology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لاكتوفيرين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاكتوفيرين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrina" title="Lactoferrina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lactoferrina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lactoferrin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrina" title="Lactoferrina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lactoferrina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لاکتوفرین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاکتوفرین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrine" title="Lactoferrine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lactoferrine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrina" title="Lactoferrina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lactoferrina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BD%ED%86%A0%ED%8E%98%EB%A6%B0" title="락토페린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="락토페린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktoferin" title="Laktoferin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laktoferin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattoferrina" title="Lattoferrina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lattoferrina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9F" title="לקטופרין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לקטופרין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лактоферрин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лактоферрин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrine" title="Lactoferrine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lactoferrine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="ラクトフェリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラクトフェリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktoferyna" title="Laktoferyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laktoferyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrina" title="Lactoferrina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lactoferrina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лактоферрин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лактоферрин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktoferin" title="Laktoferin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Laktoferin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лактоферин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лактоферин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laktoferrin" title="Laktoferrin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Laktoferrin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лактотрансферин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лактотрансферин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lactoferrin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%93%81%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="乳铁蛋白 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乳铁蛋白" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q410246#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactoferrin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lactoferrin.png/250px-Lactoferrin.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lactoferrin.png/375px-Lactoferrin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lactoferrin.png/500px-Lactoferrin.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=P08071%20or%20P02788%20or%20E7EQB2">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:P08071,P02788,E7EQB2">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2PMS">2PMS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1B0L">1B0L</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1BKA">1BKA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1CB6">1CB6</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1DSN">1DSN</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1EH3">1EH3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1FCK">1FCK</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1H43">1H43</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1H44">1H44</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1H45">1H45</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1HSE">1HSE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1L5T">1L5T</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LCF">1LCF</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LCT">1LCT</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LFG">1LFG</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LFH">1LFH</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LFI">1LFI</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1LGB">1LGB</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1N76">1N76</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1SQY">1SQY</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1U62">1U62</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1VFD">1VFD</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1VFE">1VFE</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1XV4">1XV4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1XV7">1XV7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1Z6V">1Z6V</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1Z6W">1Z6W</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2BJJ">2BJJ</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2DP4">2DP4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2GMC">2GMC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2GMD">2GMD</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2HD4">2HD4</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/6720">LTF</a></span>, GIG12, HEL110, HLF2, LF, lactotransferrin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/150210">150210</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:96837">96837</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=1754">1754</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=LTF">LTF</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000012223">LTF - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 3 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 3 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_3_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 3 (human)">Chromosome 3 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 3 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 3 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_3_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 63.515097304531px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for LTF"><img alt="Genomic location for LTF" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69.5px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for LTF"><img alt="Genomic location for LTF" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">3p21.31</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">46,435,645 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">46,485,234 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 9 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 9 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 9 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 9 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 9 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 256.30876322183px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for LTF"><img alt="Genomic location for LTF" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 262.3px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for LTF"><img alt="Genomic location for LTF" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">9 F2|9 60.79 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">110,848,339 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">110,871,835 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000012223">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">trachea</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">trabecular bone</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">olfactory zone of nasal mucosa</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">parotid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">bone marrow cells</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">pylorus</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">seminal vesicula</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">corpus epididymis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">epithelium of lactiferous gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lactiferous duct</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000032496">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">granulocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tibiofemoral joint</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lacrimal gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cervix</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lactiferous gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">olfactory epithelium</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">parotid gland</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">superior surface of tongue</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">femur</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">body of femur</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000012223">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee">n/a</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005506">iron ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0003677">DNA binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008201">heparin binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043539">protein serine/threonine kinase activator activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046872">metal ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008233">peptidase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008236">serine-type peptidase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004252">serine-type endopeptidase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016787">hydrolase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001530">lipopolysaccharide binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0004869">cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0030141">secretory granule</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005576">extracellular region</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009986">cell surface</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042581">specific granule</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0097013">phagocytic vesicle lumen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062">extracellular exosome</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005634">nucleus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005615">extracellular space</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0035580">specific granule lumen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1904724">tertiary granule lumen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032991">protein-containing complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033690">positive regulation of osteoblast proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006355">regulation of transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1902732">positive regulation of chondrocyte proliferation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2001205">negative regulation of osteoclast development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001503">ossification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032680">regulation of tumor necrosis factor production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048525">negative regulation of viral process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002376">immune system process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032780">negative regulation of ATP-dependent activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019731">antibacterial humoral response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0060349">bone morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0055072">iron ion homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1900159">positive regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043066">negative regulation of apoptotic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006811">ion transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006351">transcription, DNA-templated</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006508">proteolysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071902">positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:1900229">negative regulation of single-species biofilm formation in or on host organism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044793">negative regulation by host of viral process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031665">negative regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001817">regulation of cytokine production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000308">negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor (ligand) superfamily member 11 production</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0001895">retina homeostasis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045071">negative regulation of viral genome replication</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0002227">innate immune response in mucosa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045669">positive regulation of osteoblast differentiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006959">humoral immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042742">defense response to bacterium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0051092">positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043123">positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0034145">positive regulation of toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0033214">siderophore-dependent iron import into cell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019730">antimicrobial humoral response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0043312">neutrophil degranulation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045087">innate immune response</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0045837">negative regulation of membrane potential</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0061844">antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:2000117">negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0006810">transport</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0019732">antifungal humoral response</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=4057&rn=1">4057</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=17002&rn=1">17002</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000012223;db=core">ENSG00000012223</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000032496;db=core">ENSMUSG00000032496</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02788">P02788</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P08071">P08071</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_002343">NM_002343</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001199149">NM_001199149</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001321121">NM_001321121</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001321122">NM_001321122</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_008522">NM_008522</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001186078">NP_001186078</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001308050">NP_001308050</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001308051">NP_001308051</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_002334">NP_002334</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_032548">NP_032548</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr3:46435645-46485234">Chr 3: 46.44 – 46.49 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr9:110848339-110871835">Chr 9: 110.85 – 110.87 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14864016" class="extiw" title="d:Q14864016">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14864017" class="extiw" title="d:Q14864017">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lactoferrin</b> (<b>LF</b>), also known as <b>lactotransferrin</b> (<b>LTF</b>), is a multifunctional <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a> family. Lactoferrin is a <a href="/wiki/Globular_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Globular proteins">globular</a> <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a> with a molecular mass of about 80 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">kDa</a> that is widely represented in various secretory fluids, such as <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">nasal secretions</a>. Lactoferrin is also present in secondary granules of <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">PMNs</a> and is secreted by some <a href="/wiki/Centroacinar_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Centroacinar cells">acinar cells</a>. Lactoferrin can be purified from milk or produced <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_DNA" title="Recombinant DNA">recombinantly</a>. Human <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a> (<i>"first milk"</i>) has the highest concentration, followed by human milk, then cow milk (150 mg/L).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1599309_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1599309-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactoferrin is one of the components of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> of the body; it has antimicrobial activity (<a href="/wiki/Bacteriocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteriocide">bacteriocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">fungicide</a>) and is part of the innate defense, mainly at mucoses.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1599309_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1599309-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is constantly produced and released into saliva, tears, as well as seminal and vaginal fluid.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid36874560_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid36874560-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin provides <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antibacterial</a> activity to human infants.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn_0-8247-5329-1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn_0-8247-5329-1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn_90-5702-292-3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn_90-5702-292-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin interacts with <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharides" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysaccharides">polysaccharides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">heparin</a>, and shows some of its biological functions in complexes with these <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligands</a>. </p><p>Lactoferrin supplements reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections, based on a recent meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with any supplements sold online, quality may be an issue because nutritional supplement production quality controls are not subject to the same strict regulatory process as medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occurrence of iron-containing red protein in bovine milk was reported as early as in 1939;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the protein could not be properly characterized because it could not be extracted with sufficient purity. Its first detailed studies were reported around 1960. They documented the molecular weight, <a href="/wiki/Isoelectric_point" title="Isoelectric point">isoelectric point</a>, optical absorption spectra and presence of two iron atoms per protein molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-j60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protein was extracted from milk, contained iron and was structurally and chemically similar to <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">serum</a> <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>. Therefore, it was named lactoferrin in 1961, though the name lactotransferrin was used in some earlier publications, and later studies demonstrated that the protein is not restricted to milk. The antibacterial action of lactoferrin was also documented in 1961, and was associated with its ability to bind iron.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn_0-8493-0909-3_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn_0-8493-0909-3-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genes_of_lactoferrin">Genes of lactoferrin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genes of lactoferrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least 60 gene sequences of lactoferrin have been characterized in 11 species of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-Jing_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most species, <a href="/wiki/Stop_codon" title="Stop codon">stop codon</a> is TAA, and TGA in <i><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>. Deletions, insertions and mutations of stop codons affect the coding part and its length varies between 2,055 and 2,190 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> pairs. Gene polymorphism between species is much more diverse than the intraspecific polymorphism of lactoferrin. There are differences in amino acid sequences: 8 in <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a></i>, 6 in <i><a href="/wiki/Mus_musculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mus musculus">Mus musculus</a></i>, 6 in <i><a href="/wiki/Capra_hircus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capra hircus">Capra hircus</a></i>, 10 in <i><a href="/wiki/Bos_taurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos taurus">Bos taurus</a></i> and 20 in <i><a href="/wiki/Sus_scrofa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sus scrofa">Sus scrofa</a></i>. This variation may indicate functional differences between different types of lactoferrin.<sup id="cite_ref-Jing_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jing-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In humans, lactoferrin gene <i>LTF</i> is located on the third <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">locus</a> 3q21-q23. In <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>, the coding sequence consists of 17 <a href="/wiki/Exon" title="Exon">exons</a> and has a length of about 34,500 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotide</a> pairs. Exons of the lactoferrin gene in oxen have a similar size to the exons of other genes of the <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a> family, whereas the sizes of introns differ within the family. Similarity in the size of exons and their distribution in the domains of the protein molecule indicates that the evolutionary development of lactoferrin gene occurred by duplication.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Study of polymorphism of genes that encode lactoferrin helps selecting livestock breeds that are resistant to <a href="/wiki/Mastitis" title="Mastitis">mastitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Biochimie_2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biochimie_2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_structure">Molecular structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Molecular structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin is one of the transferrin proteins that transfer <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> to the cells and control the level of free iron in the blood and external secretions. It is present in the milk of humans and other mammals,<sup id="cite_ref-j60_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">blood plasma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> and is one of the major proteins of virtually all exocrine secretions of mammals, such as <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tears" title="Tears">tears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3858982_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3858982-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concentration of lactoferrin in the milk varies from 7 g/L in the <a href="/wiki/Colostrum" title="Colostrum">colostrum</a> to 1 g/L in mature milk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Which species (January 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction</a> reveals that lactoferrin is based on one <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> chain that contains about 700 amino acids and forms two homologous globular <a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">domains</a> named N-and C-lobes. N-lobe corresponds to amino acid residues 1-333 and C-lobe to 345-692, and the ends of those domains are connected by a short α-helix.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn_0-444-50317-X_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn_0-444-50317-X-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16261257_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16261257-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each lobe consists of two subdomains, N1, N2 and C1, C2, and contains one iron binding site and one <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a> site. The degree of glycosylation of the protein may be different and therefore the molecular weight of lactoferrin varies between 76 and 80 kDa. The stability of lactoferrin has been associated with the high glycosylation degree.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7644538_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7644538-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactoferrin belongs to the basic proteins, its <a href="/wiki/Isoelectric_point" title="Isoelectric point">isoelectric point</a> is 8.7. It exists in two forms: iron-rich hololactoferrin and iron-free apolactoferrin. Their tertiary structures are different; apolactoferrin is characterized by "open" conformation of the N-lobe and the "closed" conformation of the C-lobe, and both lobes are closed in the hololactoferrin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10089508_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10089508-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each lactoferrin molecule can reversibly bind two ions of iron, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or other metals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7672721_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7672721-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The binding sites are localized in each of the two protein globules. There, each ion is bonded with six ligands: four from the polypeptide chain (two <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> residues, one <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> residue and one <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a> residue) and two from <a href="/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> ions. </p><p>Lactoferrin forms a reddish complex with iron; its affinity for iron is 300 times higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6770907_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6770907-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affinity increases in weakly acidic medium. This facilitates the transfer of iron from transferrin to lactoferrin during <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammations</a>, when the pH of tissues decreases due to accumulation of <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic</a> and other acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saturated iron concentration in lactoferrin in <a href="/wiki/Human_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Human milk">human milk</a> is estimated as 10 to 30% (100% corresponds to all lactoferrin molecules containing 2 iron atoms). It is demonstrated that lactoferrin is involved not only in the transport of iron, zinc and copper, but also in the regulation of their intake.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1581301_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1581301-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presence of loose ions of zinc and copper does not affect the iron binding ability of lactoferrin, and might even increase it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polymeric_forms">Polymeric forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polymeric forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both in blood plasma and in secretory fluids lactoferrin can exist in different polymeric forms ranging from <a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">monomers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tetramer" title="Tetramer">tetramers</a>. Lactoferrin tends to polymerize both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>, especially at high concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Sousa_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sousa-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several authors found that the dominant form of lactoferrin in physiological conditions is a tetramer, with the monomer:tetramer ratio of 1:4 at the protein concentrations of 10<sup>−5</sup> M.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid6979357_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6979357-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7762423_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7762423-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">oligomer</a> state of lactoferrin is determined by its concentration and that <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of lactoferrin is strongly affected by the presence of Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions. In particular, monomers were dominant at concentrations below 10<sup>−10</sup>−10<sup>−11</sup> M in the presence of Ca<sup>2+</sup>, but they converted into tetramers at lactoferrin concentrations above 10<sup>−9</sup>−10<sup>−10</sup> M.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furmanski_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furmanski-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Titer" title="Titer">Titer</a> of lactoferrin in the blood corresponds to this particular "transition concentration" and thus lactoferrin in the blood should be presented both as a monomer and tetramer. Many functional properties of lactoferrin depend on its oligomeric state. In particular, monomeric, but not tetrameric lactoferrin can strongly bind to DNA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a>. Apart from its main biological function, namely binding and transport of iron ions, lactoferrin also has antibacterial, antiviral, <a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">antiparasitic</a>, catalytic, anti-cancer, and anti-allergic functions and properties.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enzymatic_activity_of_lactoferrin">Enzymatic activity of lactoferrin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Enzymatic activity of lactoferrin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin hydrolyzes <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> and exhibits the properties of <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidine</a>-specific secretory <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonucleases</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The claim of RNase activity needs a reference to research supporting it. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In particular, by destroying the RNA genome, milk RNase inhibits reverse transcription of <a href="/wiki/Retrovirus" title="Retrovirus">retroviruses</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> in mice.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4139659_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4139659-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> women in West <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> have the milk RNase level markedly lower than in other groups, and their <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> rate is three times higher than average.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid60710_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid60710-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, <a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease" title="Ribonuclease">ribonucleases</a> of milk, and lactoferrin in particular, might play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lactoferrin_receptor">Lactoferrin receptor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lactoferrin receptor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/ITLN1" class="mw-redirect" title="ITLN1">lactoferrin receptor</a> plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Internalization_(sociology)" title="Internalization (sociology)">internalization</a> of lactoferrin; it also facilitates absorption of iron ions by lactoferrin. It was shown that <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a> increases with age in the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> and decreases in the <a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">jejunum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moonlighting glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (<a href="/wiki/GAPDH" class="mw-redirect" title="GAPDH">GAPDH</a>) has been demonstrated to function as a receptor for lactoferrin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22292499_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22292499-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_activity">Bone activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bone activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ribonuclease-enriched lactoferrin has been used to examine how lactoferrin affects bone. Lactoferrin has shown to have positive effects on bone turnover. It has aided in decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone formation. This was indicated by a decrease in the levels of two bone resorption markers (<a href="/wiki/Deoxypyridinoline" title="Deoxypyridinoline">deoxypyridinoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/N-terminal_telopeptide" title="N-terminal telopeptide">N-telopeptide</a>) and an increase in the levels two bone formation markers (<a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">osteocalcin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatase</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-bone_turnover_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bone_turnover-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has reduced <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclast</a> formation, which signifies a decrease in pro-inflammatory responses and an increase in anti-inflammatory responses <sup id="cite_ref-Inflammatory_responses_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Inflammatory_responses-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which indicates a reduction in bone resorption as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_nucleic_acids">Interaction with nucleic acids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interaction with nucleic acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the important properties of lactoferrin is its ability to bind with nucleic acids. The fraction of protein extracted from milk, contains 3.3% RNA,<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, the protein preferably binds to double-stranded DNA rather than single-stranded DNA. The ability of lactoferrin to bind DNA is used for its isolation and purification using <a href="/wiki/Affinity_chromatography" title="Affinity chromatography">affinity chromatography</a> with columns containing immobilized DNA-containing <a href="/wiki/Sorbent" title="Sorbent">sorbents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Agarose" title="Agarose">agarose</a> with the immobilized single-stranded DNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3827843_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3827843-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lactoferrin is a protein found in the immune system, and is a common defense against bacterial infections, which it is able to do by binding to iron with a higher affinity than most proteins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg/284px-Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="284" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg/426px-Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg/568px-Lactoferrin_and_an_E._Coli_siderophore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Lactoferrin (larger protein) and a <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophore</a> of <i>E. coli</i> (smaller protein) are shown. Lactoferrin is a protein found in the immune system, and is a common defense against bacterial infections. Lactoferrin restricts access to host iron by binding to iron with a higher affinity than bacterial proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Levay_1995_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levay_1995-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibacterial_activity">Antibacterial activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Antibacterial activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin's primary role is to sequester free iron, and in doing so remove essential substrate required for bacterial growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Farnaud_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farnaud-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibacterial action of lactoferrin is also explained by the presence of specific <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a> on the cell surface of microorganisms. Lactoferrin binds to lipopolysaccharide of bacterial walls, and the oxidized iron part of the lactoferrin oxidizes bacteria via formation of <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a>. This affects the membrane permeability and results in the cell breakdown (<a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">lysis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Farnaud_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farnaud-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although lactoferrin also has other antibacterial mechanisms not related to iron, such as stimulation of phagocytosis,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9691154_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9691154-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the interaction with the outer bacterial membrane described above is the most dominant and most studied.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8612745_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8612745-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin not only disrupts the membrane, but even penetrates into the cell. Its binding to the bacteria wall is associated with the specific <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactoferricin" title="Lactoferricin">lactoferricin</a>, which is located at the N-lobe of lactoferrin and is produced by <i>in vitro</i> cleavage of lactoferrin with another protein, <a href="/wiki/Trypsin" title="Trypsin">trypsin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9588189_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9588189-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sojar_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sojar-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mechanism of the antimicrobial action of lactoferrin has been reported as lactoferrin targets H<sup>+</sup>-ATPase and interferes with proton translocation in the cell membrane, resulting in a lethal effect <i>in vitro</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lactoferrin prevents the attachment of <i><a href="/wiki/H._pylori" class="mw-redirect" title="H. pylori">H. pylori</a></i> in the stomach, which in turn, aids in reducing digestive system disorders. Bovine lactoferrin has more activity against <i><a href="/wiki/H._pylori" class="mw-redirect" title="H. pylori">H. pylori</a></i> than human lactoferrin.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiviral_activity">Antiviral activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Antiviral activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin in sufficient strength acts on a wide range of human and animal viruses based on DNA and RNA <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vander_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vander-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes simplex virus</a> 1 and 2,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7661698_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7661698-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giansanti_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giansanti-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">cytomegalovirus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7622881_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7622881-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Giansanti_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giansanti-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puddu_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puddu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_C_virus" title="Hepatitis C virus">hepatitis C virus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17241377_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17241377-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nozaki_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nozaki-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">hantaviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotavirus" title="Rotavirus">rotaviruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliovirus" title="Poliovirus">poliovirus</a> type 1,<sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_respiratory_syncytial_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human respiratory syncytial virus">human respiratory syncytial virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murine_leukemia_virus" title="Murine leukemia virus">murine leukemia viruses</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sojar_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sojar-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mayaro_virus_disease" title="Mayaro virus disease">Mayaro virus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Activity against <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> has been speculated but not proven.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32738305_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32738305-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33199997_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33199997-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34413211_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34413211-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34575388_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34575388-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most studied mechanism of antiviral activity of lactoferrin is its diversion of virus particles from the target cells. Many viruses tend to bind to the <a href="/wiki/Lipoprotein" title="Lipoprotein">lipoproteins</a> of the cell membranes and then penetrate into the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Nozaki_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nozaki-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin binds to the same lipoproteins thereby repelling the virus particles. Iron-free apolactoferrin is more efficient in this function than hololactoferrin; and lactoferricin, which is responsible for antimicrobial properties of lactoferrin, shows almost no antiviral activity.<sup id="cite_ref-vander_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vander-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside interacting with the cell membrane, lactoferrin also directly binds to viral particles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> viruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Nozaki_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nozaki-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mechanism is also confirmed by the antiviral activity of lactoferrin against rotaviruses,<sup id="cite_ref-Sojar_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sojar-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which act on different cell types. </p><p>Lactoferrin also suppresses virus replication after the virus penetrated into the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-Sojar_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sojar-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puddu_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puddu-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an indirect antiviral effect is achieved by affecting <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> – cells, which play a crucial role in the early stages of viral infections, such as <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (SARS).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15655079_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15655079-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antifungal_activity">Antifungal activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antifungal activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin and lactoferricin inhibit <i>in vitro</i> growth of <i>Trichophyton mentagrophytes</i>, which are responsible for several skin diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Ringworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringworm">ringworm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11020258_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11020258-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin also acts against the <i><a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i> – a <a href="/wiki/Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> (a form of <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeast</a>) that causes <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_infection" title="Opportunistic infection">opportunistic</a> oral and <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genital</a> infections in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Lupetti_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupetti-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Viejo_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viejo-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fluconazole" title="Fluconazole">Fluconazole</a> has long been used against <i>Candida albicans</i>, which resulted in emergence of <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> resistant to this drug. However, a combination of lactoferrin with fluconazole can act against fluconazole-resistant strains of <i>Candida albicans</i> as well as other types of <a href="/wiki/Candida_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Candida (genus)">Candida</a>: <i>C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis</i> and <i>C. tropicalis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lupetti_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupetti-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antifungal activity is observed for sequential incubation of <i>Candida</i> with lactoferrin and then with fluconazole, but not vice versa. The antifungal activity of lactoferricin exceeds that of lactoferrin. In particular, synthetic peptide 1–11 lactoferricin shows much greater activity against <i>Candida albicans</i> than native lactoferricin.<sup id="cite_ref-Lupetti_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lupetti-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administration of lactoferrin through drinking water to mice with weakened immune systems and symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Aphthous_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphthous ulcer">aphthous ulcer</a> reduced the number of <i>Candida albicans</i> strains in the mouth and the size of the damaged areas in the tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12878528_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12878528-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral administration of lactoferrin to animals also reduced the number of pathogenic organisms in the tissues close to the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. <i>Candida albicans</i> could also be completely eradicated with a mixture containing lactoferrin, <a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">lysozyme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Itraconazole" title="Itraconazole">itraconazole</a> in HIV-positive patients who were resistant to other antifungal drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11089630_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11089630-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such antifungal action when other drugs deem inefficient is characteristic of lactoferrin and is especially valuable for HIV-infected patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10543740_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10543740-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to the antiviral and antibacterial actions of lactoferrin, very little is known about the mechanism of its antifungal action. Lactoferrin seems to bind the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a> of <i>C. albicans</i> inducing an apoptotic-like process.<sup id="cite_ref-Viejo_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Viejo-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anticarcinogenic_activity">Anticarcinogenic activity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anticarcinogenic activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Anticancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticancer">anticancer</a> activity of <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovine</a> lactoferrin (bLF) has been demonstrated in experimental lung, bladder, tongue, colon, and liver carcinogeneses on rats, possibly by suppression of phase I enzymes, such as cytochrome P450 1A2 (<a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11908637_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11908637-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, in another experiment done on <a href="/wiki/Hamsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamsters">hamsters</a>, bovine lactoferrin decreased the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral cancer</a> by 50%.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16928475_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16928475-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, bLF is used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chewing_gums" class="mw-redirect" title="Chewing gums">chewing gums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infant_formulas" class="mw-redirect" title="Infant formulas">infant formulas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16928475_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16928475-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cystic_fibrosis">Cystic fibrosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cystic fibrosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The human lung and saliva contain a wide range of antimicrobial compound including lactoperoxidase system, producing <a href="/wiki/Hypothiocyanite" title="Hypothiocyanite">hypothiocyanite</a> and lactoferrin, with hypothiocyanite missing in <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> patients.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17082494_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17082494-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin, a component of innate immunity, prevents bacterial <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11048725_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11048725-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12037568_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12037568-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of microbicidal activity and increased formation of biofilm due to decreased lactoferrin activity is observed in patients with cystic fibrosis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15346334_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15346334-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cystic fibrosis, antibiotic susceptibility may be modified by lactoferrin.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings demonstrate the important role of lactoferrin in human host defense and especially in lung.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16503962_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16503962-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lactoferrin with hypothiocyanite has been granted <a href="/wiki/Orphan_drug" title="Orphan drug">orphan drug</a> status by the <a href="/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency" title="European Medicines Agency">EMEA</a><sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.ema.europa.eu_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.ema.europa.eu-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">FDA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.bioalaxia.eu_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.bioalaxia.eu-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Necrotizing_enterocolitis">Necrotizing enterocolitis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Necrotizing enterocolitis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low quality evidence suggests that oral lactoferrin supplementation with or without the addition of a probiotic may decrease late onset of sepsis and <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">necrotizing enterocolitis</a> (stage II or III) in preterm infants with no adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_diagnosis">In diagnosis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactoferrin levels in tear fluid have been shown to decrease in dry eye diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren%27s_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Sjögren's syndrome">Sjögren's syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rapid, portable test utilizing microfluidic technology has been developed to enable measurement of lactoferrin levels in human tear fluid at the point-of-care with the aim of improving diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome and other forms of dry eye disease.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraction">Extraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Extraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bovine lactoferrin can be isolated from raw milk, colostrum, or <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> using methods such as salt extraction, chromatography, and membrane filtration. Lactoferrin from a variety of species, including humans, can also be produced using transgenic organisms as a <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant protein">recombinant protein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nanotechnology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lactotransferrin has been used in the synthesis of fluorescent gold quantum clusters, which has potential applications in nanotechnology.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20882247_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20882247-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract_antimicrobial_defense_system" title="Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system">Respiratory tract antimicrobial defense system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lactoferrin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output 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Coli.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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REPLACEMENT SOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF APOLACTOFERRIN, A PROTEIN DISPLAYING LARGE-SCALE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PDB_1lfh_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1lfh_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PDB_1lfh_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1lfh_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/PDB_1lfh_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1lfh_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1lfh</b>: MOLECULAR REPLACEMENT SOLUTION OF THE STRUCTURE OF APOLACTOFERRIN, A PROTEIN DISPLAYING LARGE-SCALE CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1lfi: METAL SUBSTITUTION IN TRANSFERRINS: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN COPPER-LACTOFERRIN AT 2.1 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION"><img alt="1lfi: METAL SUBSTITUTION IN TRANSFERRINS: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN COPPER-LACTOFERRIN AT 2.1 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1lfi_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1lfi</b>: METAL SUBSTITUTION IN TRANSFERRINS: THE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN COPPER-LACTOFERRIN AT 2.1 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1lgb: INTERACTION OF A LEGUME LECTIN WITH THE N2 FRAGMENT OF HUMAN LACTOTRANSFERRIN OR WITH THE ISOLATED BIANTENNARY GLYCOPEPTIDE: ROLE OF THE FUCOSE MOIETY"><img alt="1lgb: INTERACTION OF A LEGUME LECTIN WITH THE N2 FRAGMENT OF HUMAN LACTOTRANSFERRIN OR WITH THE ISOLATED BIANTENNARY GLYCOPEPTIDE: ROLE OF THE FUCOSE MOIETY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1lgb_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1lgb</b>: INTERACTION OF A LEGUME LECTIN WITH THE N2 FRAGMENT OF HUMAN LACTOTRANSFERRIN OR WITH THE ISOLATED BIANTENNARY GLYCOPEPTIDE: ROLE OF THE FUCOSE MOIETY</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1n76: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SEMINAL LACTOFERRIN AT 3.4 A RESOLUTION"><img alt="1n76: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SEMINAL LACTOFERRIN AT 3.4 A RESOLUTION" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1n76_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1n76</b>: CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SEMINAL LACTOFERRIN AT 3.4 A RESOLUTION</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1sqy: Structure of human diferric lactoferrin at 2.5A resolution using crystals grown at pH 6.5"><img alt="1sqy: Structure of human diferric lactoferrin at 2.5A resolution using crystals grown at pH 6.5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1sqy_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1sqy</b>: Structure of human diferric lactoferrin at 2.5A resolution using crystals grown at pH 6.5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1vfd: HUMAN LACTOFERRIN, N-TERMINAL LOBE MUTANT WITH ARG 121 REPLACED BY GLU (R121E)"><img alt="1vfd: HUMAN LACTOFERRIN, N-TERMINAL LOBE MUTANT WITH ARG 121 REPLACED BY GLU (R121E)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1vfd_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1vfd</b>: HUMAN LACTOFERRIN, N-TERMINAL LOBE MUTANT WITH ARG 121 REPLACED BY GLU (R121E)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1vfe: HUMAN LACTOFERRIN, N-TERMINAL LOBE MUTANT WITH ARG 121 REPLACED BY SER (R121S)"><img alt="1vfe: HUMAN LACTOFERRIN, N-TERMINAL LOBE MUTANT WITH ARG 121 REPLACED BY SER (R121S)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_1vfe_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1vfe</b>: HUMAN LACTOFERRIN, N-TERMINAL LOBE MUTANT WITH ARG 121 REPLACED BY SER (R121S)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1z6v_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1z6v: Human lactoferricin"><img alt="1z6v: Human lactoferricin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PDB_1z6v_EBI.png/180px-PDB_1z6v_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PDB_1z6v_EBI.png/270px-PDB_1z6v_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PDB_1z6v_EBI.png/360px-PDB_1z6v_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1z6v</b>: Human lactoferricin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_1z6w_EBI.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1z6w: Human Lactoferricin"><img alt="1z6w: Human Lactoferricin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PDB_1z6w_EBI.png/180px-PDB_1z6w_EBI.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PDB_1z6w_EBI.png/270px-PDB_1z6w_EBI.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/PDB_1z6w_EBI.png/360px-PDB_1z6w_EBI.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>1z6w</b>: Human Lactoferricin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2bjj: STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN LACTOFERRIN PRODUCED IN THE MILK OF TRANSGENIC COWS"><img alt="2bjj: STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN LACTOFERRIN PRODUCED IN THE MILK OF TRANSGENIC COWS" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg/180px-PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg/270px-PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg/360px-PDB_2bjj_EBI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><b>2bjj</b>: STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN LACTOFERRIN PRODUCED IN THE MILK OF TRANSGENIC COWS</div> </li> </ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globular_proteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globular_proteins" title="Template:Globular proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globular_proteins" title="Template talk:Globular proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globular_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globular proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globular_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">Globular proteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Serum</a> <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_globulin" title="Alpha globulin">Alpha globulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Serpin" title="Serpin">serpins</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_globulin#Alpha_1_globulins" title="Alpha globulin">alpha-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antichymotrypsin" title="Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin">Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin">Alpha 1-antitrypsin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_globulin#Alpha_2_globulins" title="Alpha globulin">alpha-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_2-antiplasmin" title="Alpha 2-antiplasmin">Alpha 2-antiplasmin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">Antithrombin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heparin_cofactor_II" title="Heparin cofactor II">Heparin cofactor II</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier proteins</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>alpha-1 (<a href="/wiki/Transcortin" title="Transcortin">Transcortin</a>)</li> <li>alpha-2 (<a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinol_binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinol binding protein">Retinol binding protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold">other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>alpha-1 (<a href="/wiki/Orosomucoid" title="Orosomucoid">Orosomucoid</a>)</li> <li>alpha-2 (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2-Macroglobulin" title="Alpha-2-Macroglobulin">alpha-2-Macroglobulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">Haptoglobin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Beta_globulins" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta globulins">Beta globulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier proteins</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">Sex hormone-binding globulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold">other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostatin" title="Angiostatin">Angiostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopexin" title="Hemopexin">Hemopexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin" title="Beta-2 microglobulin">Beta-2 microglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_H" title="Factor H">Factor H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">Plasminogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properdin" title="Properdin">Properdin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_globulin" title="Gamma globulin">Gamma globulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Immunoglobulins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibronectin" title="Fibronectin">Fibronectin</a> (fFN: <a href="/wiki/Fetal_fibronectin" title="Fetal fibronectin">Fetal fibronectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroglobulin" title="Macroglobulin">Macroglobulin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Microglobulin" title="Microglobulin">Microglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcobalamin" title="Transcobalamin">Transcobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edestin" title="Edestin">Edestin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other globulins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-lactoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactoglobulin">Beta-lactoglobulin</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lactoferrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroglobulin" title="Thyroglobulin">Thyroglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-lactalbumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-lactalbumin">Alpha-lactalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11S_globulin_family" title="11S globulin family">11S globulin family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7S_seed_storage_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7S seed storage protein (page does not exist)">7S seed storage protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">Albumins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">Egg white</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conalbumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conalbumin">Conalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovalbumin" title="Ovalbumin">Ovalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidin" title="Avidin">Avidin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">Serum albumin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">Human serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_serum_albumin" title="Bovine serum albumin">Bovine serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">Prealbumin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactalbumin" title="Lactalbumin">Lactalbumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-lactalbumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-lactalbumin">Alpha-lactalbumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvalbumin" title="Parvalbumin">Parvalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D-binding_protein" title="Vitamin D-binding protein">Vitamin D-binding protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix_protein_1" title="Extracellular matrix protein 1">Extracellular matrix protein 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_globin_and_globulin_proteins" title="Template:Disorders of globin and globulin proteins">disorders of globin and globulin proteins</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carrier_proteins,_metalloproteins:_Non-heme_iron_protein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iron-binding_proteins" title="Template:Iron-binding proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iron-binding_proteins" title="Template talk:Iron-binding proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iron-binding_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iron-binding proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carrier_proteins,_metalloproteins:_Non-heme_iron_protein" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">Carrier proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalloprotein" title="Metalloprotein">metalloproteins</a>: <a href="/wiki/Non-heme_iron_protein" title="Non-heme iron protein">Non-heme iron protein</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">heme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferritin" title="Ferritin">Ferritin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterioferritin" title="Bacterioferritin">Bacterioferritin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lactoferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">nonheme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemerythrin" title="Hemerythrin">Hemerythrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_oxygenase" title="Inositol oxygenase">Inositol oxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_protein" title="Iron–sulfur protein">Iron–sulfur protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase" title="Lipoxygenase">Lipoxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_hydroxylase" title="Tyrosine hydroxylase">Tyrosine hydroxylase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protein,_glycoconjugate:_glycoproteins_and_glycopeptides" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycoproteins" title="Template:Glycoproteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glycoproteins" title="Template talk:Glycoproteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glycoproteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glycoproteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein,_glycoconjugate:_glycoproteins_and_glycopeptides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycoconjugate" title="Glycoconjugate">glycoconjugate</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoproteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycopeptide" title="Glycopeptide">glycopeptides</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mucoprotein" title="Mucoprotein">Mucoproteins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">Mucin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD43" title="CD43">CD43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD164" title="CD164">CD164</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC1" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC1">MUC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC2" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC2">MUC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC3A" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC3A">MUC3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC3B" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC3B">MUC3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC4" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC4">MUC4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC5AC" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC5AC">MUC5AC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC5B" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC5B">MUC5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC6" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC6">MUC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC7" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC7">MUC7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC8" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC8">MUC8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">MUC12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC13" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC13">MUC13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC15" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC15">MUC15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CA-125" class="mw-redirect" title="CA-125">MUC16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC17" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC17">MUC17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC19" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC19">MUC19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUC20" class="mw-redirect" title="MUC20">MUC20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">Haptoglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_factor" title="Intrinsic factor">Intrinsic factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosomucoid" title="Orosomucoid">Orosomucoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">Peptidoglycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">Phytohaemagglutinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovomucin" title="Ovomucin">Ovomucin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">Proteoglycans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">CS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dermatan_sulfate" title="Dermatan sulfate">DS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decorin" title="Decorin">Decorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biglycan" title="Biglycan">Biglycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versican" title="Versican">Versican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">HS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">CS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testican" title="Testican">Testican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlecan" title="Perlecan">Perlecan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate" title="Chondroitin sulfate">CS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chondroitin_sulfate_proteoglycan" title="Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan">Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aggrecan" title="Aggrecan">Aggrecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocan" title="Neurocan">Neurocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevican" title="Brevican">Brevican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD44" title="CD44">CD44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSPG4" title="CSPG4">CSPG4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSPG5" title="CSPG5">CSPG5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_factor_4" title="Platelet factor 4">Platelet factor 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMC3_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SMC3 (gene)">Structural maintenance of chromosomes 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Keratan_sulfate" title="Keratan sulfate">KS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibromodulin" title="Fibromodulin">Fibromodulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumican" title="Lumican">Lumican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keratocan" title="Keratocan">Keratocan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Heparan_sulfate" title="Heparan sulfate">HS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syndecan_1" title="Syndecan 1">Syndecan 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin and inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_disintegrin_and_metalloproteinase" class="mw-redirect" title="A disintegrin and metalloproteinase">ADAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antichymotrypsin" title="Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin">Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein_H" title="Apolipoprotein H">Apolipoprotein H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD70" title="CD70">CD70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asialoglycoprotein" title="Asialoglycoprotein">Asialoglycoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidin" title="Avidin">Avidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-cell_activating_factor" title="B-cell activating factor">B-cell activating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-1BB_ligand" class="mw-redirect" title="4-1BB ligand">4-1BB ligand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterylester_transfer_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholesterylester transfer protein">Cholesterylester transfer protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusterin" title="Clusterin">Clusterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony-stimulating_factor" title="Colony-stimulating factor">Colony-stimulating factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopexin" title="Hemopexin">Hemopexin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lactoferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_glycoproteins" title="Membrane glycoproteins">Membrane glycoproteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin_protein_zero" title="Myelin protein zero">Myelin protein zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteonectin" title="Osteonectin">Osteonectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_C" title="Protein C">Protein C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_S" title="Protein S">Protein S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_amyloid_P_component" title="Serum amyloid P component">Serum amyloid P component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sialoglycoprotein" title="Sialoglycoprotein">Sialoglycoprotein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CD43" title="CD43">CD43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin" title="Glycophorin">Glycophorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">Glycophorin C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoietin" title="Thrombopoietin">Thrombopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroglobulin" title="Thyroglobulin">Thyroglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine-binding_proteins" title="Thyroxine-binding proteins">Thyroxine-binding proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcortin" title="Transcortin">Transcortin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">Tumor necrosis factor alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uteroglobin" title="Uteroglobin">Uteroglobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitronectin" title="Vitronectin">Vitronectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Contents_of_the_granules_of_granulocytes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Granule_contents" title="Template:Granule contents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Granule_contents" title="Template talk:Granule contents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Granule_contents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Granule contents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contents_of_the_granules_of_granulocytes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contents of the <a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">granules</a> of <a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">granulocytes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azurophilic_granule" title="Azurophilic granule">Azurophilic granules</a> (1°)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloperoxidase" title="Myeloperoxidase">Myeloperoxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensin" title="Defensin">Defensins</a></li> <li>neutral <a href="/wiki/Serine_protease" title="Serine protease">serine proteases</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proteinase_3" title="Proteinase 3">Proteinase 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">Lysozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactericidal_permeability-increasing_protein" title="Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein">Bactericidal permeability-increasing protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenase" title="Collagenase">Collagenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specific_granule" title="Specific granule">Specific granules</a> (2°)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophil granulocyte">Neutrophil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">Alkaline phosphatase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lactoferrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">Lysozyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NADPH_oxidase" title="NADPH oxidase">NADPH oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenase" title="Collagenase">Collagenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathelicidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathelicidin">Cathelicidin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophil granulocyte">Eosinophil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathepsin" title="Cathepsin">Cathepsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_basic_protein" title="Major basic protein">Major basic protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_cationic_protein" title="Eosinophil cationic protein">Eosinophil cationic protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil_peroxidase" title="Eosinophil peroxidase">Eosinophil peroxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil-derived_neurotoxin" title="Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin">Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Basophil granulocyte">Basophil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heparin" title="Heparin">Heparin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Platelet_alpha-granule" class="mw-redirect" title="Platelet alpha-granule">platelet alpha-granule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dense_granule" title="Dense granule">dense granule</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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