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<span>Plasma proteins</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plasma_proteins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plasma proteins subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plasma_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albumins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albumins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Albumins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albumins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globulins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globulins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Globulins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globulins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fibrinogen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fibrinogen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fibrinogen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fibrinogen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma_vs._serum_in_medical_diagnostics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma_vs._serum_in_medical_diagnostics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plasma vs. serum in medical diagnostics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasma_vs._serum_in_medical_diagnostics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_origin_of_plasmapheresis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_origin_of_plasmapheresis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The origin of plasmapheresis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_origin_of_plasmapheresis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_for_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_for_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Blood for Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_for_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasma_donation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasma_donation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Plasma donation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plasma_donation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plasma donation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plasma_donation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic_blood_plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic_blood_plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Synthetic blood plasma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic_blood_plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blood plasma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedplasma" title="Bloedplasma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bloedplasma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%85" title="بلازما الدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلازما الدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qan_plazmas%C4%B1" title="Qan plazması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qan plazması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8" title="রক্তরস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রক্তরস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Плазма крыві – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плазма крыві" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кръвна плазма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кръвна плазма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvna_plazma" title="Krvna plazma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Krvna plazma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_sanguini" title="Plasma sanguini – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plasma sanguini" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krevn%C3%AD_plazma" title="Krevní plazma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krevní plazma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_gwaed" title="Plasma gwaed – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plasma gwaed" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodplasma" title="Blodplasma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Blodplasma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7_(%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="لپلازما (فيزيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لپلازما (فيزيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutplasma" title="Blutplasma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Blutplasma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereplasma" title="Vereplasma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vereplasma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πλάσμα αίματος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλάσμα αίματος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(sangre)" title="Plasma (sangre) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plasma (sangre)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangoplasmo" title="Sangoplasmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sangoplasmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odol-plasma" title="Odol-plasma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Odol-plasma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86" title="پلاسمای خون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلاسمای خون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_sanguin" title="Plasma sanguin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plasma sanguin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuilphlasma" title="Fuilphlasma – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fuilphlasma" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_sangu%C3%ADneo" title="Plasma sanguíneo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plasma sanguíneo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiet-chi%C3%B4ng" title="Hiet-chiông – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hiet-chiông" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%88%EC%9E%A5" title="혈장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혈장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Արյան պլազմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արյան պլազմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="प्लाविका – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लाविका" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvna_plazma" title="Krvna plazma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krvna plazma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmo" title="Plasmo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plasmo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plasma darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_del_sanguine" title="Plasma del sanguine – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plasma del sanguine" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0v%C3%B6kvi" title="Blóðvökvi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blóðvökvi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(biologia)" title="Plasma (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plasma (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%94_(%D7%93%D7%9D)" title="פלזמה (דם) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלזמה (דם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_getih" title="Plasma getih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plasma getih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სისხლის პლაზმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სისხლის პლაზმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қан плазмасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қан плазмасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(biyoloji)" title="Plasma (biyoloji) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plasma (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazmaya_xw%C3%AEn%C3%AA" title="Plazmaya xwînê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plazmaya xwînê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_sanguineum" title="Plasma sanguineum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plasma sanguineum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asins_plazma" title="Asins plazma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Asins plazma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraujo_plazma" title="Kraujo plazma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kraujo plazma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rplazma" title="Vérplazma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vérplazma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Крвна плазма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крвна плазма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE" title="രക്ത പ്ലാസ്മ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രക്ത പ്ലാസ്മ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="रक्तातील प्लाझ्मा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रक्तातील प्लाझ्मा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بلازما – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلازما" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_darah" title="Plasma darah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plasma darah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Веронь плазмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Веронь плазмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Цусны сийвэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цусны сийвэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloedplasma" title="Bloedplasma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bloedplasma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%BF" title="血漿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="血漿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodplasma" title="Blodplasma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blodplasma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodplasma" title="Blodplasma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blodplasma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(biologia)" title="Plasma (biologia) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plasma (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaasmaa_Dhiigaa" title="Pilaasmaa Dhiigaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Pilaasmaa Dhiigaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_(qon)" title="Plazma (qon) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plazma (qon)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodplasma" title="Bloodplasma – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bloodplasma" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osocze_krwi" title="Osocze krwi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osocze krwi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_sangu%C3%ADneo" title="Plasma sanguíneo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plasma sanguíneo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasm%C4%83_(biologie)" title="Plasmă (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plasmă (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кровна плазма – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Кровна плазма" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Плазма крови – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плазма крови" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plazma_e_gjakut" title="Plazma e gjakut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plazma e gjakut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blood plasma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvn%C3%A1_plazma" title="Krvná plazma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krvná plazma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvna_plazma" title="Krvna plazma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krvna plazma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86" title="پلازمای خوێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلازمای خوێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Крвна плазма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крвна плазма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krvna_plazma" title="Krvna plazma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Krvna plazma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_getih" title="Plasma getih – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Plasma getih" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veriplasma" title="Veriplasma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Veriplasma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodplasma" title="Blodplasma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blodplasma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="குருதி நீர்மம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குருதி நீர்மம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE" title="బ్లడ్ ప్లాస్మా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్లడ్ ప్లాస్మా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94" title="น้ำเลือด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำเลือด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan_plazmas%C4%B1" title="Kan plazması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kan plazması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Плазма крові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плазма крові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="خوناب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خوناب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huy%E1%BA%BFt_t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Huyết tương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Huyết tương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%86" title="血浆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="血浆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%BC%BF" title="血漿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="血漿" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B5%86" title="血浆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="血浆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q79749#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Liquid component of blood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Plasma (disambiguation)">Plasma</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG/220px-FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG/330px-FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG/440px-FreshFrozenPlasma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption>A unit of donated <a href="/wiki/Fresh_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Fresh plasma">fresh plasma</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Blood plasma</b> is a light <a href="/wiki/Amber_(color)" title="Amber (color)">amber</a>-colored liquid component of <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a> are absent, but which contains <a href="/wiki/Blood_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood protein">proteins</a> and other constituents of <a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">whole blood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a>. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Intravascular_compartment" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravascular compartment">intravascular part</a> of <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> (all body fluid outside cells). It is mostly water (up to 95% by volume), and contains important dissolved proteins (6–8%; e.g., <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">serum albumins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotting_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Clotting factors">clotting factors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">Mg<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2+</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">HCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub><sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>, <span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></span>, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It plays a vital role in an intravascular <a href="/wiki/Osmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic">osmotic</a> effect that keeps electrolyte concentration balanced and protects the body from <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> and other blood-related disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloodplasma_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloodplasma-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood plasma can be separated from whole blood through <a href="/wiki/Blood_fractionation" title="Blood fractionation">blood fractionation</a>, by adding an <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> to a tube filled with blood, which is spun in a <a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">centrifuge</a> until the blood cells fall to the bottom of the tube. The blood plasma is then poured or drawn off.<sup id="cite_ref-Maton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Point-of-care_testing" title="Point-of-care testing">point-of-care testing</a> applications, plasma can be extracted from whole blood via filtration<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or via <a href="/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)" title="Agglutination (biology)">agglutination</a><sup id="cite_ref-GuoHansson2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuoHansson2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to allow for rapid testing of specific biomarkers. Blood plasma has a density of approximately 1,025 kg/m<sup>3</sup> (1.025 g/ml).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Serum_(blood)" title="Serum (blood)">Blood serum</a> is blood plasma without clotting factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Maton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">Plasmapheresis</a> is a medical therapy that involves blood plasma extraction, treatment, and reintegration. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">Fresh frozen plasma</a> is on the <a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO Model List of Essential Medicines</a>, the most important medications needed in a basic <a href="/wiki/Health_system" title="Health system">health system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2015E_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2015E-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is of critical importance in the treatment of many types of trauma which result in blood loss, and is therefore kept stocked universally in all medical facilities capable of treating trauma (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Trauma_center" title="Trauma center">trauma centers</a>, hospitals, and ambulances) or that pose a risk of patient blood loss such as surgical suite facilities. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Volume">Volume</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:554px;max-width:554px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:552px;max-width:552px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg/550px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg/825px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg/1100px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_mass.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4436" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests" title="Reference ranges for blood tests">Reference ranges for blood tests</a>, showing normal mass concentration of blood plasma constituents</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:552px;max-width:552px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png/550px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png/825px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png/1100px-Reference_ranges_for_blood_tests_-_by_molarity.png 2x" data-file-width="6576" data-file-height="382" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The same information, shown in molarity rather than mass</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Blood plasma volume may be expanded by or drained to <a href="/wiki/Extravascular_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Extravascular fluid">extravascular fluid</a> when there are changes in <a href="/wiki/Starling_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Starling forces">Starling forces</a> across capillary walls. For example, when <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> drops in <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">circulatory shock</a>, Starling forces drive fluid into the <a href="/wiki/Interstitium" title="Interstitium">interstitium</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Fluid_compartments#Third_spacing" title="Fluid compartments">third spacing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standing still for a prolonged period will cause an increase in <a href="/wiki/Transcapillary_hydrostatic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcapillary hydrostatic pressure">transcapillary hydrostatic pressure</a>. As a result, approximately 12% of blood plasma volume will cross into the <a href="/wiki/Extravascular_compartment" class="mw-redirect" title="Extravascular compartment">extravascular compartment</a>. This <b>plasma shift</b> causes an increase in <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serum_total_protein" title="Serum total protein">serum total protein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood viscosity">blood viscosity</a> and, as a result of increased concentration of <a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factors">coagulation factors</a>, it causes <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypercoagulability" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostatic hypercoagulability">orthostatic hypercoagulability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plasma_proteins">Plasma proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plasma proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albumins">Albumins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Albumins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">Serum albumin</a></div> <p>Serum albumins are the most common plasma proteins, and they are responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of the blood. Without <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumins</a>, the consistency of blood would be closer to that of water. The increased viscosity of blood prevents fluid from entering the bloodstream from outside the capillaries. Albumins are produced in the liver, assuming the absence of a hepatocellular deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globulins">Globulins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Globulins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Globulins" class="mw-redirect" title="Globulins">Globulins</a></div> <p>The second most common type of protein in the blood plasma are globulins. Important globulins include immunoglobins which are important for the immune system and transport hormones and other compounds around the body. There are three main types of globulins. Alpha-1 and Alpha-2 globulins are formed in the liver and play an important role in mineral transport and the inhibition of blood coagulation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of beta globulin found in blood plasma includes low-density lipoproteins (LDL) which are responsible for transporting fat to the cells for steroid and membrane synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gamma globulin, better known as immunoglobulins, are produced by plasma B cells, and provides the human body with a defense system against invading pathogens and other immune diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fibrinogen">Fibrinogen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fibrinogen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">Fibrinogen</a></div> <p>Fibrinogen proteins make up most of the remaining proteins in the blood. Fibrinogens are responsible for clotting blood to help prevent blood loss.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color">Color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sulfhemoglobinemia" title="Sulfhemoglobinemia">Sulfhemoglobinemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">Methemoglobinemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">Hyperlipidemia</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipemic_plasma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lipemic_plasma.jpg/350px-Lipemic_plasma.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lipemic_plasma.jpg/525px-Lipemic_plasma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lipemic_plasma.jpg/700px-Lipemic_plasma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Bags of frozen plasma, from a person with <a href="/wiki/Hypercholesterolemia" title="Hypercholesterolemia">hypercholesterolemia</a> (left) and typical plasma (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Plasma is normally yellow due to <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">transferrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In abnormal cases, plasma can have varying shades of orange, green, or brown. The green color can be due to <a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">ceruloplasmin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sulfhemoglobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfhemoglobin">sulfhemoglobin</a>. The latter may form due to medicines that are able to form <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide" title="Sulfonamide">sulfonamides</a> once ingested.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dark brown or reddish color can appear due to <a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">hemolysis</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobin" title="Methemoglobin">methemoglobin</a> is released from broken blood cells.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plasma is normally relatively transparent, but sometimes it can be opaque. Opaqueness is typically due to elevated content of lipids like <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triglyceride" title="Triglyceride">triglycerides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plasma_vs._serum_in_medical_diagnostics">Plasma vs. serum in medical diagnostics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Plasma vs. serum in medical diagnostics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plasma and serum are both derived from full blood, but serum is obtained by removing blood cells, fibrin clots, and other coagulation factors while plasma is obtained by only removing blood cells<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Blood plasma and <a href="/wiki/Blood_serum" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood serum">blood serum</a> are often used in <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood tests</a>. Tests can be done on plasma, serum or both.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some tests have to be done with <a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">whole blood</a>, such as the determination of the amount of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a> in blood via <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Some of the benefits of plasma over serum </th> <th>Some of the benefits of serum over plasma </th></tr> <tr> <td>Plasma preparation is quick, as it is not <a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulated</a>. Serum sample preparation requires about 30 minutes of waiting time before it can be <a href="/wiki/Centrifuged" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrifuged">centrifuged</a> and then analyzed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, coagulation can be hastened down to a few minutes by adding <a href="/wiki/Thrombin" title="Thrombin">thrombin</a> or similar agents to the serum sample.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Plasma preparation requires the addition of <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulants</a>, which can cause expected and unexpected measurement errors. For example, anticoagulant salts can add extra cations like <a href="/wiki/NH4%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="NH4+">NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li<sup>+</sup></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na<sup>+</sup></a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K<sup>+</sup></a> to the sample,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or impurities like <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelator">Chelator</a> anticoagulants like <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a> salts work by binding <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Carboxyglutamic_acid" title="Carboxyglutamic acid">carboxyglutamic acid</a>), but they may also bind other ions. Even if such ions are not the analytes, chelators can interfere with <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme activity">enzyme activity</a> measurements. For example, EDTA binds <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> ions, which <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_phosphatase" title="Alkaline phosphatase">alkaline phosphatases</a> need as <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactors</a>. Thus, phosphatase activity cannot be measured if EDTA is used.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Compared to serum, 15–20% larger volume of plasma can be obtained from a blood sample of certain size. Serum lacks some <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> that partake in coagulation and increase the sample volume.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>An unknown volume of anticoagulants can be added to a plasma sample by accident, which may ruin the sample as the analyte concentration is changed by an unknown amount.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serum preparation can cause measurement errors by increasing or decreasing the concentration of the <a href="/wiki/Analyte" title="Analyte">analyte</a> that is meant to be measured. For example, during coagulation, blood cells consume <a href="/wiki/Blood_glucose" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood glucose">blood glucose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">platelets</a> increase the sample content of compounds like <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">aspartate transaminase</a> by secreting them. Glucose or these other compounds may be the analytes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>No anticoagulants are added to serum samples, which decreases the preparation cost of the samples relative to plasma samples.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Plasma samples can form tiny clots if the added anticoagulant is not properly mixed with the sample. Non-uniform samples can cause measurement errors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo,_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/220px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/330px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg/440px-Private_Roy_W._Humphrey_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_is_being_given_blood_plasma_after_he_was_wounded_by_shrapnel_in_Sicily_on_8-9-43_-_NARA_-_197268.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2421" /></a><figcaption>Private Roy W. Humphrey is being given blood plasma after he was wounded by shrapnel in Sicily in August 1943.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg/220px-Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg/330px-Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/95/Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg/440px-Britain_and_us_plasma_packages_wwii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Dried plasma packages used by the British and US militaries during WWII</figcaption></figure> <p>Plasma was already well known when described by William Harvey in <i>de Motu Cordis</i> in 1628, but knowledge of it probably dates as far back as Vesalius (1514–1564). The discovery of fibrinogen by William Henson, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1770</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made it easier to study plasma, as ordinarily, upon coming in contact with a foreign surface – something other than the vascular endothelium – clotting factors become activated and clotting proceeds rapidly, trapping RBCs etc. in the plasma and preventing separation of plasma from the blood. Adding citrate and other anticoagulants is a relatively recent advance. Upon the formation of a clot, the remaining clear fluid (if any) is blood serum, which is essentially plasma without the clotting factors<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of blood plasma as a substitute for whole blood and for transfusion purposes was proposed in March 1918, in the correspondence columns of the British Medical Journal, by Gordon R. Ward. "Dried plasmas" in powder or strips of material format were developed and first used in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Prior to the United States' involvement in the war, liquid plasma and <a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">whole blood</a> were used.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_origin_of_plasmapheresis">The origin of plasmapheresis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The origin of plasmapheresis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. José Antonio Grifols Lucas, a scientist from Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain,<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded Laboratorios Grifols in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Grifols pioneered a first-of-its-kind technique called <i>plasmapheresis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:12_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a donor's red blood cells would be returned to the donor's body almost immediately after the separation of the blood plasma. This technique is still in practice today, almost 80 years later. In 1945, Dr. Grifols opened the world's first plasma donation center.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_for_Britain">Blood for Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blood for Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Blood for Britain" program during the early 1940s was quite successful (and popular in the United States) based on <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles Drew</a>'s contribution. A large project began in August 1940 to collect blood in New York City hospitals for the export of plasma to Britain. Drew was appointed medical supervisor of the "<a href="/wiki/Plasma_for_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma for Britain">Plasma for Britain</a>" project. His notable contribution at this time was to transform the <a href="/wiki/Test_tube" title="Test tube">test tube</a> methods of many blood researchers into the first successful mass production techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, the decision was made to develop a dried plasma package for the armed forces as it would reduce breakage and make the transportation, packaging, and storage much simpler.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting dried plasma package came in two tin cans containing 400 cc bottles. One bottle contained enough <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water" title="Distilled water">distilled water</a> to reconstitute the dried plasma contained within the other bottle. In about three minutes, the plasma would be ready to use and could stay fresh for around four hours. The Blood for Britain program operated successfully for five months, with total collections of almost 15,000 people donating blood, and with over 5,500 vials of blood plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-plasma_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plasma-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Supplying Blood Plasma to England project, Drew was named director of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">blood bank</a> and assistant director of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">National Research Council</a>, in charge of blood collection for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a>. Drew argued against the armed forces directive that blood/plasma was to be separated by the <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_classification)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (human classification)">race</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">donor</a>. Drew insisted that there was no racial difference in human blood and that the policy would lead to needless deaths as soldiers and sailors were required to wait for "same race" blood.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the war the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> had provided enough blood for over six million plasma packages. Most of the surplus plasma was returned to the United States for civilian use. <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">Serum albumin</a> replaced dried plasma for combat use during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plasma_donation">Plasma donation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plasma donation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg/220px-Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg/330px-Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg/440px-Fenwal_Erythropheresis_machine_for_plasmapheresis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>A machine being used for plasma donation</figcaption></figure> <p>Plasma as a <a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">blood product</a> prepared from <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donations</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Blood_transfusion" title="Blood transfusion">blood transfusions</a>, typically as <a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">fresh frozen plasma</a> (FFP) or Plasma Frozen within 24 hours after phlebotomy (PF24). When donating whole blood or <a href="/wiki/Packed_red_blood_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Packed red blood cell">packed red blood cell</a> (PRBC) transfusions, <a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_type" class="mw-redirect" title="ABO blood type">O-</a> is the most desirable and is considered a "universal donor," since it has neither A nor B <a href="/wiki/Antigens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigens">antigens</a> and can be safely transfused to most recipients. Type AB+ is the "universal recipient" type for PRBC donations. However, for plasma the situation is somewhat reversed. Blood donation centers will sometimes collect only plasma from AB donors through <a href="/wiki/Apheresis" title="Apheresis">apheresis</a>, as their plasma does not contain the antibodies that may cross react with recipient antigens. As such, AB is often considered the "universal donor" for plasma. Special programs exist just to cater to the male AB plasma donor, because of concerns about <a href="/wiki/Transfusion_related_acute_lung_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion related acute lung injury">transfusion related acute lung injury</a> (TRALI) and female donors who may have higher leukocyte antibodies.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some studies show an increased risk of TRALI despite increased leukocyte antibodies in women who have been pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following fears of <a href="/wiki/Variant_Creutzfeldt-Jakob_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease">variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease</a> (<a href="/wiki/VCJD" class="mw-redirect" title="VCJD">vCJD</a>) being spread through the blood supply, the British government began to phase out blood plasma from U.K. donors and by the end of 1999 had imported all blood products made with plasma from the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, the British government purchased Life Resources Incorporated, an American blood supply company, to import plasma.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company became Plasma Resources UK (PRUK) which owned <a href="/wiki/Bio_Products_Laboratory" title="Bio Products Laboratory">Bio Products Laboratory</a>. In 2013, the British government sold an 80% stake in PRUK to American hedge fund <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a>, in a deal estimated to be worth £200 million. The sale was met with criticism in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the U.K. stopped importing plasma from the United States, as it was no longer a viable option due to regulatory and jurisdictional challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At present (2024), blood donated in the United Kingdom is used by UK Blood Services for the manufacture of plasma blood components (Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) and cryoprecipitate). However, plasma from UK donors is still not used for the commercial manufacture of fractionated plasma medicines.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthetic_blood_plasma">Synthetic blood plasma</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Synthetic blood plasma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simulated_body_fluid" title="Simulated body fluid">Simulated body fluid</a> (SBF) is a solution having a similar ion concentration to that of human blood plasma. SBF is normally used for the surface modification of metallic implants, and more recently in <a href="/wiki/Gene_delivery" title="Gene delivery">gene delivery</a> application.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma_fractionation" title="Blood plasma fractionation">Blood plasma fractionation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography_in_blood_processing" title="Chromatography in blood processing">Chromatography in blood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diag_Human" title="Diag Human">Diag Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_preconditioned_plasma" title="Hypoxia preconditioned plasma">Hypoxia preconditioned plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravascular_volume_status" title="Intravascular volume status">Intravascular volume status</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_plasma&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210725084726/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/829906/SaBTO_PC_report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Advisory+Committee+on+the+Safety+of+Blood%2C+Tissues+and+Organs+%28SaBTO%29&rft.atitle=Importation+of+plasma+and+use+of+apheresis+platelets+as+risk+reduction+measures+for+variant+Creutzfeldt-Jakob+Disease&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F829906%2FSaBTO_PC_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+plasma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/the-donor/focus-on-plasma/">"Focus on plasma"</a>. blood.co.uk. January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107011115/https://www.blood.co.uk/news-and-campaigns/the-donor/focus-on-plasma/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focus+on+plasma&rft.pub=blood.co.uk&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blood.co.uk%2Fnews-and-campaigns%2Fthe-donor%2Ffocus-on-plasma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+plasma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainoYamaguchi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Baino, F.; Yamaguchi, S. (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7709622">"The Use of Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for Assessing Materials Bioactivity in the Context of Tissue Engineering: Review and Challenges"</a>. <i>Biomimetics</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 57. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiomimetics5040057">10.3390/biomimetics5040057</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7709622">7709622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33138246">33138246</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomimetics&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Simulated+Body+Fluid+%28SBF%29+for+Assessing+Materials+Bioactivity+in+the+Context+of+Tissue+Engineering%3A+Review+and+Challenges&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7709622%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33138246&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiomimetics5040057&rft.aulast=Baino&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7709622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlood+plasma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whole_blood" title="Whole blood">Whole blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet_transfusion" title="Platelet transfusion">Platelet transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_red_blood_cells" title="Packed red blood cells">Red blood cells</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plasma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma" title="Fresh frozen plasma">Fresh frozen plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_frozen_within_24_hours" title="Plasma frozen within 24 hours">PF24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoprecipitate" title="Cryoprecipitate">Cryoprecipitate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosupernatant" title="Cryosupernatant">Cryosupernatant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">White blood cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte_transfusion" title="Granulocyte transfusion">Granulocyte transfusion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_substitute" title="Blood substitute">Blood substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_bank" title="Blood bank">Blood bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">Blood donation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood management">Blood management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Blood_Transfusion" title="International Society of Blood Transfusion">International Society of Blood Transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBT_128" title="ISBT 128">ISBT 128</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apheresis" title="Apheresis">Apheresis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plasmapheresis" title="Plasmapheresis">plasmapheresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plateletpheresis" title="Plateletpheresis">plateletpheresis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukapheresis" title="Leukapheresis">leukapheresis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_transfusion" title="Exchange transfusion">Exchange transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_blood_salvage" title="Intraoperative blood salvage">Intraoperative blood salvage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_compatibility_testing" title="Blood compatibility testing">Blood compatibility testing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-matching" title="Cross-matching">Cross-matching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coombs_test" title="Coombs test">Coombs test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleihauer%E2%80%93Betke_test" title="Kleihauer–Betke test">Kleihauer–Betke test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibody_elution" title="Antibody elution">Antibody elution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocyte_monolayer_assay" title="Monocyte monolayer assay">Monocyte monolayer assay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion reaction">Transfusion reactions</a><br />and adverse effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_hemosiderosis" title="Transfusion hemosiderosis">Transfusion hemosiderosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_related_acute_lung_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion related acute lung injury">Transfusion related acute lung injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_associated_circulatory_overload" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion associated circulatory overload">Transfusion associated circulatory overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft_versus_host_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease">Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febrile_non-hemolytic_transfusion_reaction" title="Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction">Febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic">Hemolytic</a> reaction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction" title="Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction">acute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction" title="Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction">delayed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_transmitted_infection" title="Transfusion transmitted infection">Transfusion transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems" title="Human blood group systems">Blood group systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">Blood types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABO_blood_group_system" title="ABO blood group system">ABO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretor_status" title="Secretor status">Secretor status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_blood_group_system" title="Augustine blood group system">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD59" title="CD59">CD59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_component_4" title="Complement component 4">Chido-Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colton_antigen_system" title="Colton antigen system">Colton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decay-accelerating_factor" title="Decay-accelerating factor">Cromer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_antigen_system" title="Diego antigen system">Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ART4" title="ART4">Dombrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_antigen_system" title="Duffy antigen system">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Er_blood_group_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Er blood group collection">Er</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forssman_antigen_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forssman antigen system (page does not exist)">FORS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycophorin_C" title="Glycophorin C">Gerbich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 3">GIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globoside" title="Globoside">GLOB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hh_blood_group" title="Hh blood group">Hh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ii_antigen_system" title="Ii antigen system">Ii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_blood_group_system" title="Indian blood group system">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_blood_group_system" title="Junior blood group system">JR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEMA7A" title="SEMA7A">JMH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KANNO_antigen_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KANNO antigen system (page does not exist)">KANNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kell_antigen_system" title="Kell antigen system">Kell</a> (<a href="/wiki/XK_(protein)" title="XK (protein)">Xk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidd_antigen_system" title="Kidd antigen system">Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_receptor_1" title="Complement receptor 1">Knops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_blood_group_system" title="Lan blood group system">Lan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_antigen_system" title="Lewis antigen system">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_antigen_system" title="Lutheran antigen system">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAM4" title="ICAM4">LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MNS_antigen_system" title="MNS antigen system">MNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basigin" title="Basigin">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P1PK_blood_group_system" title="P1PK blood group system">P1PK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD151" title="CD151">Raph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rh_blood_group_system" title="Rh blood group system">Rh</a> and <a href="/wiki/RHAG" title="RHAG">RHAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERMAP" title="ERMAP">Scianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sid_blood_group_system" title="Sid blood group system">Sid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C1GALT1" title="C1GALT1">T-Tn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel_blood_group" title="Vel blood group">Vel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xg_antigen_system" title="Xg antigen system">Xg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yt_antigen_system" title="Yt antigen system">Yt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_red_cell_antigens" title="Human red cell antigens">Other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" title="Template:Myeloid blood cells and plasma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" title="Template talk:Myeloid blood cells and plasma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Myeloid blood cells and plasma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Myeloid_blood_cells_and_plasma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Myeloid blood cells and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">plasma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoiesis" title="Haematopoiesis">Hematopoiesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Myelopoiesis(CFU-GEMM)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myelopoiesis" title="Myelopoiesis">Myelopoiesis</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granulopoiesis" title="Granulopoiesis">Granulopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promyelocyte" title="Promyelocyte">Promyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelocyte" title="Myelocyte">Myelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamyelocyte" title="Metamyelocyte">Metamyelocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monocytopoiesis" title="Monocytopoiesis">Monocytopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promonocyte" title="Promonocyte">Promonocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">MEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thrombopoiesis" title="Thrombopoiesis">Thrombopoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoiesis" title="Erythropoiesis">Erythropoiesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proerythroblast" title="Proerythroblast">Proerythroblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normoblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Normoblast">Normoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extramedullary_hematopoiesis" title="Extramedullary hematopoiesis">Extramedullary hematopoiesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myeloid_tissue" title="Myeloid tissue">Myeloid tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Granulocyte" title="Granulocyte">Granulocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloblast" title="Myeloblast">Myeloblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_cell" title="Band cell">Band cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">Neutrophil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">Basophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Baso" title="CFU-Baso">CFU-Baso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">Eosinophil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Eos" title="CFU-Eos">CFU-Eos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">Mast cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Mast" title="CFU-Mast">CFU-Mast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">Monocytes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">Macrophages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histiocyte" title="Histiocyte">Histiocytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupffer_cell" title="Kupffer cell">Kupffer cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_macrophage" title="Alveolar macrophage">Alveolar macrophage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microglia" title="Microglia">Microglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">Osteoclasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelioid_cell" title="Epithelioid cell">Epithelioid cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell" title="Giant cell">giant cells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langhans_giant_cell" title="Langhans giant cell">Langhans giant cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign-body_giant_cell" title="Foreign-body giant cell">Foreign-body giant cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touton_giant_cell" title="Touton giant cell">Touton giant cells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Antigen-presenting cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dendritic_cell" title="Dendritic cell">Dendritic cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langerhans_cell" title="Langerhans cell">Langerhans cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-DL" title="CFU-DL">CFU-DL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoblast" title="Monoblast">Monoblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte_system" title="Mononuclear phagocyte system">MPS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-Meg" title="CFU-Meg">CFU-Meg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryoblast" title="Megakaryoblast">Megakaryoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegakaryocyte" title="Promegakaryocyte">Promegakaryocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte" title="Megakaryocyte">Megakaryocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">Reticulocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleated_red_blood_cell" title="Nucleated red blood cell">Nucleated red blood cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-E" title="CFU-E">CFU-E</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immune response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukocyte_extravasation" title="Leukocyte extravasation">Leukocyte extravasation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">Phagocytosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_immunity" title="Intrinsic immunity">Intrinsic immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Precursor cells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GM" title="CFU-GM">CFU-GM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyte%E2%80%93erythroid_progenitor_cell" title="Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell">Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CFU-GEMM" title="CFU-GEMM">CFU-GEMM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelomonocyte" title="Myelomonocyte">Myelomonocyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phagocyte" title="Phagocyte">Phagocyte</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoietic system">Hematopoietic system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">Hematopoietic stem cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79749#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4146082-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Blood plasma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015001">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plasma sanguin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119775231">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Plasma sanguin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119775231">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="krevní plazma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph182388&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282675905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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