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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Globalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_tool_for_social_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_tool_for_social_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As tool for social change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_tool_for_social_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_music_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_music_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In the music industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_music_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>National security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Interactivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Youth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_campaigns_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_campaigns_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Political campaigns in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_campaigns_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_issues_in_new_media_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_issues_in_new_media_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ethical issues in new media research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethical_issues_in_new_media_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ethical issues in new media research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ethical_issues_in_new_media_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Observational_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observational_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Observational research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observational_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Interactive research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survey_and_interview_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survey_and_interview_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Survey and interview research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survey_and_interview_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">New media</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="إعلام جديد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعلام جديد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_media_jurnalistikas%C4%B1" title="Yeni media jurnalistikası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yeni media jurnalistikası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AE" title="নব্য যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নব্য যোগাযোগ মাধ্যম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Нови медии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нови медии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nous_mitjans" title="Nous mitjans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nous mitjans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Çĕнĕ медиа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕнĕ медиа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_m%C3%A9dia" title="Nová média – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nová média" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Medien" title="Neue Medien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Neue Medien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uus_meedia" title="Uus meedia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Uus meedia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevos_medios" title="Nuevos medios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nuevos medios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="رسانه‌های جدید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه‌های جدید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nije_media" title="Nije media – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nije media" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%89%B4_%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4" title="뉴 미디어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="뉴 미디어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="न्‍यू मीडिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="न्‍यू मीडिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_baru" title="Media baru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Media baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BDmi%C3%B0ill" title="Nýmiðill – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nýmiðill" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuovi_media" title="Nuovi media – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nuovi media" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="ניו מדיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניו מדיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naujoji_%C5%BEiniasklaida" title="Naujoji žiniasklaida – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naujoji žiniasklaida" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noeuv_media" title="Noeuv media – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Noeuv media" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajm%C3%A9dia" title="Újmédia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újmédia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Нови медиуми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нови медиуми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_baru" title="Media baru – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Media baru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuwe_media" title="Nieuwe media – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nieuwe media" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2" title="ニューメディア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニューメディア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nye_medier" title="Nye medier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nye medier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe_media" title="Nowe media – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nowe media" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_m%C3%ADdias" title="Novas mídias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Novas mídias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Новые медиа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новые медиа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media" title="New media – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="New media" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nov%C3%A9_m%C3%A9dium" title="Nové médium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nové médium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_mediji" title="Novi mediji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Novi mediji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Нови медији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нови медији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_mediji" title="Novi mediji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novi mediji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uusmedia" title="Uusmedia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uusmedia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagong_midya" title="Bagong midya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bagong midya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புதிய ஊடகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புதிய ஊடகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88" title="สื่อใหม่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สื่อใหม่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeni_medya" title="Yeni medya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeni medya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0" title="Нові медіа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нові медіа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ti%E1%BB%87n_truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng_m%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Phương tiện truyền thông mới – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương tiện truyền thông mới" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="新媒體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="新媒體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="新媒體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新媒體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q683794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/New_media" title="Special:EditPage/New media">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:New_media" title="Talk:New media">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" 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Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>New media</b> are communication technologies that enable or enhance interaction between users as well as interaction between users and content.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the middle of the 1990s, the phrase "new media" became widely used as part of a sales pitch for the influx of interactive <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> for entertainment and education.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new media technologies, sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>, include a wide range of web-related communication tools such as <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, wikis, online social networking, virtual worlds, and other social media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "new media" refers to computational media that share material online and through computers.<sup id="cite_ref-Manovich_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manovich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New media inspire new ways of thinking about older media. Media do not replace one another in a clear, linear succession, instead evolving in a more complicated network of interconnected feedback loops .<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is different about new media is how they specifically refashion traditional media and how older media refashion themselves to meet the challenges of new media.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unless they contain technologies that enable digital generative or interactive processes, broadcast <a href="/wiki/Television_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programs">television programs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">books</a> are not considered to be new media.<sup id="cite_ref-Manovich_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manovich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, connections between computing and radical art began to grow stronger. It was not until the 1980s that <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> and his co-workers at <a href="/wiki/Xerox_PARC" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerox PARC">Xerox PARC</a> began to give the <a href="/wiki/Computability" title="Computability">computability</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> to the individual, rather than have a big organization be in charge of this. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, however, we seem to witness a different kind of parallel relationship between social changes and <a href="/wiki/Computer_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer design">computer design</a>. Although causally unrelated, conceptually, it makes sense that the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and the design of the Web took place at exactly the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Manovich_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manovich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writers and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a> were instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Media_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Media theory">media theory</a> during this period which is now famous declaration in <i><a href="/wiki/Understanding_Media:_The_Extensions_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man">Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man</a>,</i> that "<a href="/wiki/The_medium_is_the_message" title="The medium is the message">the medium is the message</a>" drew attention to the too often ignored influence media and technology themselves, rather than their "content," have on humans' experience of the world and on society broadly. </p><p>Until the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a> relied primarily upon print and <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast">broadcast</a> models such as <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. The last twenty-five years have seen the rapid transformation into media which are predicated upon the use of digital technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. However, these examples are only a small representation of new media. The use of <a href="/wiki/Digital_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computer">digital computers</a> has transformed the remaining 'old' media, as suggested by the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Online_publication" class="mw-redirect" title="Online publication">online publications</a>. Even traditional media forms such as the printing press have been transformed through the application of technologies by using of <a href="/wiki/Image_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Image manipulation">image manipulation</a> software like <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Photoshop" title="Adobe Photoshop">Adobe Photoshop</a> and desktop publishing tools. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_L._Shapiro" title="Andrew L. Shapiro">Andrew L. Shapiro</a> argues that the "emergence of new, digital technologies signals a potentially radical shift of who is in control of information, experience and resources".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._Russell_Neuman" title="W. Russell Neuman">W. Russell Neuman</a> suggests that whilst the "new media" have technical capabilities to pull in one direction, economic and social forces pull back in the opposite direction. According to Neuman, "We are witnessing the evolution of a universal interconnected network of audio, video, and electronic text communications that will blur the distinction between interpersonal and mass communication; and between public and private communication".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuman argues that new media will: </p> <ul><li>Alter the meaning of geographic distance.</li> <li>Allow for a huge increase in the volume of <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>.</li> <li>Provide the possibility of increasing the speed of communication.</li> <li>Provide opportunities for interactive communication.</li> <li>Allow forms of communication that were previously separate to overlap and interconnect.</li></ul> <p>Consequently, it has been the contention of scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Kellner" title="Douglas Kellner">Douglas Kellner</a> and James Bohman that new media and particularly the Internet will provide the potential for a democratic <a href="/wiki/Postmodern" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodern">postmodern</a> public sphere, in which citizens can participate in well informed, non-hierarchical debate pertaining to their social structures. Contradicting these positive appraisals of the potential social impacts of new media are scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Herman" title="Edward S. Herman">Edward S. Herman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_D._McChesney" title="Robert D. McChesney">Robert McChesney</a> who have suggested that the transition to new media has seen a handful of powerful <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">transnational</a> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> corporations who achieve a level of global influence which was hitherto unimaginable. </p><p>Scholars have highlighted both the positive and negative potential and actual implications of new media technologies, suggesting that some of the early work into new media studies was guilty of technological <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinism</a> – whereby the effects of media were determined by the technology themselves, rather than through tracing the complex social networks which governed the development, funding, implementation and future development of any technology. </p><p>Based on the argument that people have a limited amount of time to spend on the consumption of different media, displacement theory argue that the viewership or readership of one particular outlet leads to the reduction in the amount of time spent by the individual on another. The introduction of new media, such as the internet, therefore reduces the amount of time individuals would spend on existing "old" media, which could ultimately lead to the end of such traditional media.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although, there are several ways that new media may be described, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Manovich" title="Lev Manovich">Lev Manovich</a>, in an introduction to <i>The New Media Reader</i>, defines new media by using eight propositions:<sup id="cite_ref-Manovich_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manovich-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>New media versus <a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">cyberculture</a> – Cyberculture is the various social phenomena that are associated with the Internet and network communications (blogs, online multi-player gaming), whereas new media is concerned more with cultural objects and paradigms (digital to analog television, <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>).</li> <li>New media as computer technology used as a distribution platform – New media are the cultural objects which use digital computer technology for distribution and exhibition. e.g. (at least for now) Internet, Web sites, computer multimedia, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> disks etc. The problem with this is that the definition must be revised every few years. The term "new media" will not be "new" anymore, as most forms of culture will be distributed through computers.</li> <li>New media as digital data controlled by software – The language of new media is based on the assumption that, in fact, all cultural objects that rely on digital representation and computer-based delivery do share a number of common qualities. New media is reduced to digital data that can be manipulated by software as any other data. Now media operations can create several versions of the same object. An example is an image stored as matrix data which can be manipulated and altered according to the additional algorithms implemented, such as color inversion, gray-scaling, sharpening, rasterizing, etc.</li> <li>New media as the mix between existing cultural conventions and the conventions of software – New media today can be understood as the mix between older cultural conventions for data representation, access, and manipulation and newer conventions of data representation, access, and manipulation. The "old" data are representations of visual reality and human experience, and the "new" data is numerical data. The computer is kept out of the key "creative" decisions, and is delegated to the position of a technician. e.g. In film, software is used in some areas of production, in others are created using computer animation.</li> <li>New media as the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> that accompanies the early stage of every new modern media and communication technology – While ideological tropes indeed seem to be reappearing rather regularly, many aesthetic strategies may reappear two or three times ... In order for this approach to be truly useful it would be insufficient to simply name the strategies and tropes and to record the moments of their appearance; instead, we would have to develop a much more comprehensive analysis which would correlate the history of technology with social, political, and economical histories or the modern period.</li> <li>New media as faster execution of <a href="/wiki/Algorithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithms">algorithms</a> previously executed manually or through other technologies – Computers are a huge speed-up of what were previously manual techniques. e.g. calculators. Dramatically speeding up the execution makes possible previously non-existent representational technique. This also makes possible of many new forms of media art such as interactive multimedia and video games. On one level, a modern digital computer is just a faster calculator, we should not ignore its other identity: that of a cybernetic control device.</li> <li>New media as the encoding of modernist <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a>; new media as metamedia – Manovich declares that the 1920s are more relevant to new media than any other time period. <a href="/wiki/Metamedia" title="Metamedia">Metamedia</a> coincides with <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a> in that they both rework old work rather than create new work. New media avant-garde is about new ways of accessing and manipulating information (e.g. hypermedia, databases, search engines, etc.). Meta-media is an example of how quantity can change into quality as in new media technology and manipulation techniques can recode modernist aesthetics into a very different postmodern aesthetics.</li> <li>New media as parallel articulation of similar ideas in post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> art and modern computing – Post-WWII art or "combinatorics" involves creating images by systematically changing a single parameter. This leads to the creation of remarkably similar images and spatial structures. This illustrates that algorithms, this essential part of new media, do not depend on technology, but can be executed by humans.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalization">Globalization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Globalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rise of new media has increased communication between people all over the world and the Internet. It has allowed people to express themselves through blogs, websites, videos, pictures, and other user-generated media. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terry_Flew" title="Terry Flew">Terry Flew</a> stated that as new technologies develop, the world becomes more globalized. Globalization is more than the development of activities throughout the world, globalization allows the world to be connected no matter the distance from user to user<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Cairncross" title="Frances Cairncross">Frances Cairncross</a> expresses this great development as the "death of distance".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New media has established the importance of making friendships through digital social places more prominent than in physical places.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Globalization is generally stated as "more than expansion of activities beyond the boundaries of particular nation states".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New media "radically break the connection between physical place and social place, making physical location much less significant for our social relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the changes in the new media environment create a series of tensions in the concept of "public sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ingrid Volkmer, "public sphere" is defined as a process through which public communication becomes restructured and partly disembedded from national political and cultural institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trend of the globalized public sphere is not only as a geographical expansion form a nation to worldwide, but also changes the relationship between the public, the media and state.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Virtual_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual communities">Virtual communities</a>" are being established online and transcend geographical boundaries, eliminating social restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-DeFleur_2010_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeFleur_2010-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a> describes these globalized societies as self-defined networks, which resemble what we do in real life. "People in virtual communities use words on screens to exchange pleasantries and argue, engage in intellectual discourse, conduct commerce, make plans, brainstorm, gossip, feud, fall in love, create a little high art and a lot of idle talk".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Sherry_Turkle" title="Sherry Turkle">Sherry Turkle</a> "making the computer into a second self, finding a soul in the machine, can substitute for human relationships".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New media has the ability to connect like-minded others worldwide. </p><p>While this perspective suggests that the technology drives – and therefore is a determining factor – in the process of globalization, arguments involving <a href="/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">technological determinism</a> are generally frowned upon by <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> studies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lister_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lister-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead academics focus on the multiplicity of processes by which technology is funded, researched and produced, forming a feedback loop when the technologies are used and often transformed by their users, which then feeds into the process of guiding their future development. </p><p>While commentators such as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a><sup id="cite_ref-Castells,_Manuel_1996_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castells,_Manuel_1996-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> espouse a "soft determinism"<sup id="cite_ref-Lister_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lister-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereby they contend that "Technology does not determine society. Nor does society script the course of technological change, since many factors, including individual inventiveness and entrepreneurialism, intervene in the process of scientific discovery, technical innovation and social applications, so the final outcome depends on a complex pattern of interaction. Indeed the dilemma of technological determinism is probably a false problem, since technology is society and society cannot be understood without its technological tools".<sup id="cite_ref-Castells,_Manuel_1996_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castells,_Manuel_1996-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, however, is still distinct from stating that societal changes are instigated by technological development, which recalls the theses of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manovich<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Castells<sup id="cite_ref-Castells,_Manuel_1996_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castells,_Manuel_1996-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have argued that whereas mass media "corresponded to the logic of industrial mass society, which values conformity over individuality,"<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new media follows the logic of the postindustrial or globalized society whereby "every citizen can construct her own custom lifestyle and select her ideology from a large number of choices. Rather than pushing the same objects to a mass audience, marketing now tries to target each individual separately".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The evolution of virtual communities highlighted many aspects of the real world. Tom Boellstorff's studies of <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> discuss a term known as "griefing." In Second Life griefing means to consciously upset another user during their experience of the game.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other users also posed situations of their avatar being raped and sexually harassed. In the real world, these same types of actions are carried out. Virtual communities are a clear demonstration of new media through means of new technological developments. </p><p>Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Miller_(anthropologist)" title="Daniel Miller (anthropologist)">Daniel Miller</a> and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Don_Slater" title="Don Slater">Don Slater</a> discussed online Trinidad culture on online networks through the use of <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> studies. The study argues that internet culture does exist and this version of new media cannot eliminate people's relations to their geographic area or national identity. The focus on Trini culture specifically demonstrated the importance of what Trini values and beliefs existed within the page while also representing their identities on the web.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_tool_for_social_change">As tool for social change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As tool for social change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">Social movement</a> media has a rich and storied history (see <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">Agitprop</a>) that has changed at a rapid rate since new media became widely used.<sup id="cite_ref-Atton_2003_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atton_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, Mexico were the first major movement to make widely recognized and effective use of new media for communiques and organizing in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Atton_2003_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atton_2003-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, new media has been used extensively by social movements to educate, organize, share cultural products of movements, communicate, coalition build, and more. The <a href="/wiki/WTO_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity">WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999 protest activity</a> was another landmark in the use of new media as a tool for social change. The WTO protests used media to organize the original action, communicate with and educate participants, and was used as an alternative media source.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Indymedia" title="Indymedia">Indymedia</a> movement also developed out of this action, and has been a great tool in the democratization of information, which is another widely discussed aspect of new media movement.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars even view this democratization as an indication of the creation of a "radical, socio-technical paradigm to challenge the dominant, neoliberal and technologically determinist model of information and communication technologies."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A less radical view along these same lines is that people are taking advantage of the Internet to produce a grassroots globalization, one that is anti-neoliberal and centered on people rather than the flow of capital.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chanelle Adams, a feminist blogger for the Bi-Weekly webpaper The Media says that in her "commitment to anti-oppressive feminist work, it seems obligatory for her to stay in the know just to remain relevant to the struggle." In order for Adams and other feminists who work towards spreading their messages to the public, new media becomes crucial towards completing this task, allowing people to access a movement's information instantaneously. </p><p>Some are also skeptical of the role of new media in social movements. Many scholars point out unequal access to new media as a hindrance to broad-based movements, sometimes even oppressing some within a movement.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are skeptical about how democratic or useful it really is for social movements, even for those with access.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New media has also found a use with less radical social movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Hugs_Campaign" title="Free Hugs Campaign">Free Hugs Campaign</a>. Using websites, blogs, and online videos to demonstrate the effectiveness of the movement itself. Along with this example the use of high volume blogs has allowed numerous views and practices to be more widespread and gain more public attention. Another example is the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Free_Tibet_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Tibet Campaign">Free Tibet Campaign</a>, which has been seen on numerous websites as well as having a slight tie-in with the band <a href="/wiki/Gorillaz" title="Gorillaz">Gorillaz</a> in their Gorillaz Bitez clip featuring the lead singer <a href="/wiki/2D_(Gorillaz)" class="mw-redirect" title="2D (Gorillaz)">2D</a> sitting with protesters at a Free Tibet protest. Another social change seen coming from New Media is trends in fashion and the emergence of subcultures such as <a href="/wiki/Textspeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Textspeak">textspeak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a>, and various others. </p><p>Following trends in fashion and textspeak, New Media also makes way for "trendy" social change. The <a href="/wiki/Ice_Bucket_Challenge" title="Ice Bucket Challenge">Ice Bucket Challenge</a> is a recent example of this. All in the name of raising money for <a href="/wiki/ALS" title="ALS">ALS</a> (the lethal neurodegenerative disorder also known as <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lou Gehrig's disease">Lou Gehrig's disease</a>), participants are nominated by friends via social media such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> to dump a bucket of ice water on themselves, or donate to the ALS Foundation. This became a huge trend through Facebook's tagging tool, allowing nominees to be tagged in the post. The videos appeared on more people's feeds, and the trend spread fast. This trend raised over 100 million dollars for the cause and increased donations by 3,500 percent. </p><p>A meme, often seen on the internet, is an idea that has been replicated and passed along. Ryan Milner compared this concept to a possible tool for social change. The combination of pictures and texts represent pop polyvocality ("the people's version"). A meme can make more serious conversations less tense while still displaying the situation at sake.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_music_industry">In the music industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the music industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_the_music_industry" title="2000s in the music industry">2000s in the music industry</a></div> <p>The music industry was affected by the advancement of new media. Throughout years of technology growth, the music industry faced major changes such as the distribution of music from shellac to vinyl, vinyl to 8-tracks, and many more changes over the decades. Beginning in the early 1900s, audio was released on a brittle material called "<a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">shellac</a>." The quality of the sound was very distorted and the delicacy of the physical format resulted in the change to LPs (Long Playing). The first LP was made by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a> in 1948 and later on, <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> developed the EP (Extended Play) which was only seven inches around and had a longer playing time in comparison to the original LP.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire for portable music still persisted in this era which projected the launch of the compact cassette. The <a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette</a> was released in 1963 and flourished after post-war where Cassette tapes were being converted into cars for entertainment when traveling. Not long after the development of the cassette did the music industry begin to see forms of piracy. Cassette tapes allowed people to make their own tapes without paying for rights to the music.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect caused a major loss in the music industry but it also led to the evolution of mixtapes. As music technologies continued to develop from <a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-tracks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy discs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD's</a>, and now, <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, so did new media platforms as well. The discovery of MP3's in the 1990s has since changed the world we live in today. At first, MP3 tracks threatened the industry with massive piracy file-to-file sharing networks such as <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, until laws were established to prevent this.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, consumption of music is higher than ever before due to streaming platforms like Apple Music, <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandora_(service)" title="Pandora (service)">Pandora</a>, and many more!<sup id="cite_ref-:1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_security">National security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_social_media" title="Terrorism and social media">Terrorism and social media</a></div> <p>New media has become of interest to the global <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> community as it is easily accessible electronically in <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">database</a> format and can therefore be quickly retrieved and reverse engineered by national <a href="/wiki/Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments">governments</a>. Particularly of interest to the <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> community are <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, two sites where individuals freely divulge personal information that can then be sifted through and archived for the automatic creation of dossiers on both people of interest and the average citizen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>New media also serves as an important tool for both institutions and nations to promote their interests and values (The contents of such promotion may vary according to different purposes). Some communities consider it an approach of "peaceful evolution" that may erode their own nation's system of values and eventually compromise national security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactivity">Interactivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interactivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Interactivity" title="Interactivity">Interactivity</a> has become a term for a number of new media use options evolving from the rapid dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access points, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">digitalization</a> of media, and <a href="/wiki/Media_convergence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media convergence">media convergence</a>. In 1984, Ronald E. Rice defined new media as communication technologies that enable or facilitate user-to-user interactivity and interactivity between user and information.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a definition replaces the "<a href="/wiki/Point-to-multipoint_communication" title="Point-to-multipoint communication">one-to-many</a>" model of traditional mass communication with the possibility of a "<a href="/wiki/Many-to-many" title="Many-to-many">many-to-many</a>" web of communication. Any individual with the appropriate technology can now produce his or her online media and include images, text, and sound about whatever he or she chooses.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the convergence of new methods of communication with new technologies shifts the model of mass communication, and radically reshapes the ways we interact and communicate with one another. In "What is new media?", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vin_Crosbie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vin Crosbie (page does not exist)">Vin Crosbie</a> described three different kinds of communication media. He saw interpersonal media as "one to one", mass media as "one to many", and finally new media as <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">individuation</a> media or "many to many".<sup id="cite_ref-Crosbie,_2002_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crosbie,_2002-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactivity is present in some programming work, such as video games. It's also viable in the operation of traditional media. In the mid-1990s, filmmakers started using inexpensive digital cameras to create films. It was also the time when moving image technology had developed, which was able to be viewed on computer desktops in full motion. This development of new media technology was a new method for artists to share their work and interact with the big world. Other settings of interactivity include radio and television talk shows, letters to the editor, listener participation in such programs, and computer and technological programming.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactive new media has become a true benefit to every one because people can express their artwork in more than one way with the technology that we have today and there is no longer a limit to what we can do with our creativity. </p><p>Interactivity can be considered a central concept in understanding new media, but different media forms possess, or enable<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> different degrees of interactivity,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some forms of digitized and converged media are not in fact interactive at all. Tony Feldman<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers digital <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> as an example of a new media technology that uses digital compression to dramatically increase the number of television channels that can be delivered, and which changes the nature of what can be offered through the service, but does not transform the experience of television from the user's point of view, and thus lacks a more fully interactive dimension. It remains the case that interactivity is not an inherent characteristic of all new media technologies, unlike digitization and convergence. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terry_Flew" title="Terry Flew">Terry Flew</a> argues that "the global interactive games industry is large and growing, and is at the forefront of many of the most significant innovations in new media".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactivity is prominent in these online video games such as <i><a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sims_Online" title="The Sims Online">The Sims Online</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a></i>. These games, which are developments of "new media," allow for users to establish relationships and experience a sense of belonging that transcends traditional temporal and spatial boundaries (such as when gamers logging in from different parts of the world interact). These games can be used as an escape or to act out a desired life. New media have created virtual realities that are becoming virtual extensions of the world we live in. With the creation of <a href="/wiki/Second_Life" title="Second Life">Second Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Active_Worlds" title="Active Worlds">Active Worlds</a> before it, people have even more control over this virtual world, a world where anything that a participant can think of can become a reality.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactive games and platforms such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> have led to many viral apps that devise a new way to be interacting with media. The development of <a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIFs</a>, which dates back to the early stages of webpage development has evolved into a social media phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miltner and Highfield refer to GIFs as being "polysemic." These small looping images represent a specific meaning in cultures and often can be used to display more than one meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miltner and Highfield argue that GIFs are particularly useful in creating affective or emotional connections of meaning between people. Affect creates an emotional connection of meaning to the person and their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry">Industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new media industry shares an open association with many market segments in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>/<a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">video game design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile</a> and particularly movies, <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, through which industry seeks to gain from the advantages of two-way dialogue with consumers primarily through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. As a device to source the ideas, concepts, and intellectual properties of the general public, the <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> industry has used new media and the Internet to expand its resources for new programming and content. The advertising industry has also capitalized on the proliferation of new media with large agencies running multimillion-dollar <a href="/wiki/Interactive_advertising" title="Interactive advertising">interactive advertising</a> subsidiaries. Interactive websites and kiosks have become popular. In a number of cases <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">advertising agencies</a> have also set up new divisions to study new media. <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a> firms are also taking advantage of the opportunities in new media through <a href="/wiki/Interactive_PR" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive PR">interactive PR</a> practices. Interactive PR practices include the use of social media<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to reach a mass audience of online social network users. </p><p>With the development of the Internet, many new career paths have emerged. Before the rise, many tech jobs were considered boring. The Internet led to creative work that was seen as casual and diverse across gender, race, and sexual orientation. Web design, gaming design, webcasting, blogging, and animation are all creative career paths that came with this rise. At first glance, the field of new media may seem hip, cool, creative, and relaxed. What many don't realize is that working in this field is tiresome. Many of the people that work in this field don't have steady jobs. Work in this field has become project-based. Individuals work project to project for different companies. Most people are not working on one project or contract, but on multiple ones at the same time. Despite working on numerous projects, people in this industry receive low payments, which is highly contrasted with the techy millionaire stereotype. It may seem like a carefree life from the outside, but it is not. New media workers work long hours for little pay and spend up to 20 hours a week looking for new projects to work on.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Youth">Youth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Youth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_the_effects_on_American_adolescents" title="Social media and the effects on American adolescents">Social media and the effects on American adolescents</a></div> <p>Based on nationally representative data, a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Family_Foundation" title="Kaiser Family Foundation">Kaiser Family Foundation</a> in five-year intervals in 1998–99, 2003–04, and 2008–09 found that with technology allowing nearly 24-hour media access, the amount of time young people spend with entertainment media has risen dramatically, especially among Black and Hispanic youth.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, 8 to 18-year-olds devote an average of 7 hours and 38 minutes (7:38) to using entertainment media in a typical day (more than 53 hours a week) – about the same amount most adults spend at work per day. Since much of that time is spent 'media multitasking' (using more than one medium at a time), they actually manage to spend a total of 10 hours and 45 minutes worth of media content in those 7½ hours per day. According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Internet_%26_American_Life_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Internet & American Life Project">Pew Internet & American Life Project</a>, 96% of 18 to 29-year-olds and three-quarters (75%) of teens now own a cell phone, 88% of whom text, with 73% of wired American teens using social networking websites, a significant increase from previous years.<sup id="cite_ref-pew_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey of over 25000 9- to 16-year-olds from 25 European countries found that many underage children use social media sites despite the site's stated age requirements, and many youth lack the digital skills to use social networking sites safely.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of the new digital media demands a new educational model by parents and educators. <i>Parental mediation</i> has become a way to manage the children's experiences with Internet, chat, videogames and social network.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A recent trend in internet is YouTubers Generation. YouTubers are young people who offer free video in their personal channel on YouTube. There are videos on games, fashion, food, cinema and music, where they offers tutorial or comments.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of cellular phones, such as the <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>, has created the inability to be in <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>, and the potential of ruining relationships. The iPhone activates the insular cortex of the brain, which is associated with feelings of love. People show similar feelings to their phones as they would to their friends, family and loved ones. Countless people spend more time on their phones, while in the presence of other people than spending time with the people in the same room or class.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (June 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:New_media#Dubious" title="Talk:New media">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_campaigns_in_the_United_States">Political campaigns in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political campaigns in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">Social media and political communication in the United States</a></div> <p>In trying to determine the impact of new media on <a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">political campaigning</a> and electioneering, the existing research has tried to examine whether new media supplants conventional media. <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a> is still the dominant news source, but new media's reach is growing. What is known is that new media has had a significant impact on elections and what began in the 2008 presidential campaign established new standards for how campaigns would be run. Since then, campaigns also have their outreach methods by developing targeted messages for specific audiences that can be reached via different <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> platforms. Both parties have specific digital media strategies designed for voter outreach. Additionally, their websites are socially connected, engaging voters before, during, and after elections. Email and <a href="/wiki/Text_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Text message">text messages</a> are also regularly sent to supporters encouraging them to donate and get involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen,_D._2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen,_D._2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some existing research focuses on the ways that political campaigns, parties, and candidates have incorporated new media into their political strategizing. This is often a multi-faceted approach that combines new and old media forms to create highly specialized strategies. This allows them to reach wider audiences, but also to target very specific subsets of the electorate. They are able to tap into polling data and in some cases harness the <a href="/wiki/Web_analytics" title="Web analytics">analytics</a> of the traffic and profiles on various social media outlets to get real-time data about the kinds of engagement that is needed and the kinds of messages that are successful or unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen,_D._2011_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen,_D._2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One body of existing research into the impact of new media on elections investigates the relationship between voters' use of new media and their level of political activity. They focus on areas such as "attentiveness, knowledge, attitudes, orientations, and engagement".<sup id="cite_ref-Owen,_D._2011_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen,_D._2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In references a vast body of research, Diana Owen points out that older studies were mixed, while "newer research reveals more consistent evidence of information gain".<sup id="cite_ref-Owen,_D._2011_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen,_D._2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of that research has shown that there is a connection between the amount and degree of voter engagement and turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-Owen,_D._2011_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owen,_D._2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, new media may not have overwhelming effects on either of those. Other research is tending toward the idea that new media has reinforcing effect, that rather than completely altering, by increasing involvement, it "imitates the established pattern of <a href="/wiki/Political_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political participation">political participation</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After analyzing the Citizenship Involvement Democracy survey, Taewoo Nam found that "the internet plays a dual role in mobilizing political participation by people not normally politically involved, as well as reinforcing existing offline participation." These findings chart a middle ground between some research that optimistically holds new media up to be an extremely effective or extremely ineffective at fostering political participation.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Terri Towner found, in his survey of college students, that attention to new media increases offline and online political participation particularly for young people. His research shows that the prevalence of online media boosts participation and engagement. His work suggests that "it seems that online sources that facilitate political involvement, communication, and mobilization, particularly campaign websites, social media, and blogs, are the most important for offline political participation among young people".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When gauging effects and implications of new media on the political process, one means of doing so is to look at the deliberations that take place in these digital spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Halpern,_D._2013_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpern,_D._2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In citing the work of several researchers, Halpern and Gibbs define deliberation to be "the performance of a set of communicative behaviors that promote thorough discussion. and the notion that in this process of communication the individuals involved weigh carefully the reasons for and against some of the propositions presented by others".<sup id="cite_ref-Halpern,_D._2013_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpern,_D._2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of Daniel Halpern and Jennifer Gibbs "suggest that although social media may not provide a forum for intensive or in-depth policy debate, it nevertheless provides a deliberative space to discuss and encourage political participation, both directly and indirectly". Their work goes a step beyond that as well though because it shows that some social media sites foster a more robust <a href="/wiki/Political_debate" class="mw-redirect" title="Political debate">political debate</a> than do others such as Facebook which includes highly personal and identifiable access to information about users alongside any comments they may post on political topics. This is in contrast to sites like YouTube whose comments are often posted anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-Halpern,_D._2013_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halpern,_D._2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethical_issues_in_new_media_research">Ethical issues in new media research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethical issues in new media research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the popularity of new media, social media websites (SMWs) like Facebook and Twitter are becoming increasingly popular among researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although SMWs present new opportunities, they also represent challenges for researchers interested in studying social phenomena online, since it can be difficult to determine what are acceptable <a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">risks to privacy</a> unique to social media. Some scholars argue that standard Institutional Review Board (IRB) procedures provide little guidance on research protocols relating to social media in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence, three major approaches to research on social media and relevant concerns scholars should consider before engaging in social media research have been identified. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observational_research">Observational research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Observational research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major issues for observational research is whether a particular project is considered to involve human subjects. A human subject is one that “is defined by federal regulations as a living individual about whom an investigator obtains data through interaction with the individual or identifiable private information”.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If access to a social media site is public, information is considered identifiable but not private, and information gathering procedures do not require researchers to interact with the original poster of the information, then this does not meet the requirements for human subjects research. Research may also be exempt if the disclosure of participant responses outside the realm of the published research does not subject the participant to civic or criminal liability, damage the participant's reputation, employability or financial standing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given these criteria, however, researchers still have considerable leeway when conducting observational research on social media. Many profiles on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Twitter are public and researchers are free to use that data for observational research. </p><p>Users have the ability to change their privacy settings on most social media websites. Facebook, for example, provides users with the ability to restrict who sees their posts through specific privacy settings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also debate about whether requiring users to create a username and password is sufficient to establish whether the data is considered public or private. Historically, Institutional Review Boards considered such websites to be private,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although newer websites like YouTube call this practice into question. For example, YouTube only requires the creation of a username and password to post videos and/or view adult content, but anyone is free to view general YouTube videos and these general videos would not be subject to consent requirements for researchers looking to conduct observational studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactive_research">Interactive research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interactive research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Moreno and colleagues, interactive research occurs when "a researcher wishes to access the [social media website] content that is not publicly available".<sup id="cite_ref-:7_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because researchers have limited ways of accessing this data, this could mean that a researcher sends a Facebook user a friend request, or follows a user on Twitter in order to gain access to potentially protected tweets.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it could be argued that such actions would violate a social media user's expectation of privacy, other scholars argued that actions like "friending" or "following" an individual on social media constitutes a "loose tie" relationship and therefore not sufficient to establish a reasonable expectation of privacy since individuals often have friends or followers they have never even met.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survey_and_interview_research">Survey and interview research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Survey and interview research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because research on social media occurs online, it is difficult for researchers to observe participant reactions to the informed consent process. For example, when collecting information about activities that are potentially illegal, or recruiting participants from stigmatized populations, this lack of physical proximity could potentially negatively impact the informed consent process.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important consideration regards the confidentiality of information provided by participants. While information provided over the internet might be perceived as lower risk, studies that publish direct quotes from study participants might expose them to the risk of being identified via a Google search.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_intelligence" title="Collective intelligence">Collective intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybertext" title="Cybertext">Cybertext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rhetoric" title="Digital rhetoric">Digital rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Editors_Network" title="Global Editors Network">Global Editors Network</a> (GEN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_media" title="Interactive media">Interactive media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Live media">Live media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_collaboration" title="Mass collaboration">Mass collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_intelligence" title="Media intelligence">Media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="New media artist">New media artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Media_Film_Festival" title="New Media Film Festival">New Media Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_studies" title="New media studies">New media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-linear_media" title="Non-linear media">Non-linear media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_media" title="Residual media">Residual media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_journalism" title="Social journalism">Social journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_education" title="Social media in education">Social media in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_marketing" title="Social media marketing">Social media marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">User-generated content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRice1984" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Ronald E. (1984). <i>The New Media: Communication, Research, and Technology</i> (1st ed.). CA: SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803922716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803922716"><bdi>978-0803922716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Media%3A+Communication%2C+Research%2C+and+Technology&rft.place=CA&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0803922716&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Ronald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MCM520ContemporaryMassMediaCompleteHandoutsfromLectureno.1toLectureno.45bywww.virtualians.pk/page/n13/mode/2up">"Archive.org"</a>. <i>Archive.org</i>. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archive.org&rft.atitle=Archive.org&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMCM520ContemporaryMassMediaCompleteHandoutsfromLectureno.1toLectureno.45bywww.virtualians.pk%2Fpage%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser_FriedmanFriedman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Weiser Friedman, Linda; Friedman, Hershey H. (2008). "The New Media Technologies: Overview and Research Framework". <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>: 1 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+New+Media+Technologies%3A+Overview+and+Research+Framework&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Weiser+Friedman&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Hershey+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manovich-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manovich_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manovich_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manovich_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manovich_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manovich, Lev. "New Media From Borges to HTML". <i>The New Media Reader</i>. Ed. Noah Wardrip-Fruin & Nick Montfort. Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2003. 13–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-23227-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-23227-8">0-262-23227-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPressman2014" class="citation book cs1">Pressman, Jessica (2014). "Old Media/New Media". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/875894435"><i>The Johns Hopkins guide to digital media</i></a>. Marie-Laure Ryan, Lori Emerson, Benjamin J. Robertson. Baltimore. pp. 365–367. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1225-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-1225-2"><bdi>978-1-4214-1225-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/875894435">875894435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Old+Media%2FNew+Media&rft.btitle=The+Johns+Hopkins+guide+to+digital+media&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=365-367&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F875894435&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-1225-2&rft.aulast=Pressman&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F875894435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolterGrusin2000" class="citation book cs1">Bolter, Jay David; Grusin, Richard (2000). <i>Remediation: Understanding New Media</i>. MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262522793" title="Special:BookSources/9780262522793"><bdi>9780262522793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remediation%3A+Understanding+New+Media&rft.place=MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262522793&rft.aulast=Bolter&rft.aufirst=Jay+David&rft.au=Grusin%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1999" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Andrew L. (1999). <i>The Control Revolution: How The Internet Is Putting Individuals In Charge And Changing The World We Know</i>. 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Pine Forge Press. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761987734" title="Special:BookSources/9780761987734"><bdi>9780761987734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media%2FSociety%3A+Industries%2C+Images%2C+and+Audiences&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780761987734&rft.aulast=Croteau&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hoynes%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUkHMl0uhhZYC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1995" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John B. 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A Study of <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> and its impact on <a href="/wiki/Global_Communication" title="Global Communication">Global Communication</a>, Luton: University of Luton Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeFleur_2010-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeFleur_2010_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeFleur2010" class="citation book cs1">DeFleur, Everette E. Dennis, Melvin L. (2010). <i>Understanding media in the digital age : connections for communication, society, and culture</i>. 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MA: MIT Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262681216" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262681216"><bdi>978-0262681216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Community&rft.place=MA&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0262681216&rft.aulast=Rheingold&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2005" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, David (2005). <i>Communication Theory</i>. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942703">"Ethics of Social Media Research: Common Concerns and Practical Considerations"</a>. <i>Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking</i>. <b>16</b> (9): 708–713. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fcyber.2012.0334">10.1089/cyber.2012.0334</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3942703">3942703</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23679571">23679571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%2C+Behavior%2C+and+Social+Networking&rft.atitle=Ethics+of+Social+Media+Research%3A+Common+Concerns+and+Practical+Considerations&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=708-713&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942703%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23679571&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fcyber.2012.0334&rft.aulast=Moreno&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=Goniu%2C+N.&rft.au=Moreno%2C+P.S&rft.au=Diekema%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3942703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2011" class="citation journal cs1">Boyd, M.A (2011). "Social privacy in networked publics: teens' attitudes, practices and strategies. A decade in internet time". <i>Symposium on the Dynamics of the Internet and Society</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Symposium+on+the+Dynamics+of+the+Internet+and+Society&rft.atitle=Social+privacy+in+networked+publics%3A+teens%27+attitudes%2C+practices+and+strategies.+A+decade+in+internet+time.&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=M.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisonSteinfieldLampe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ellison, Nicole B.; Steinfield, Charles; Lampe, Cliff (July 2007). "The Benefits of Facebook "Friends:" Social Capital and College Students' Use of Online Social Network Sites". <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 1143–1168. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.582.4640">10.1.1.582.4640</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2007.00367.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1083-6101">1083-6101</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11940919">11940919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=The+Benefits+of+Facebook+%22Friends%3A%22+Social+Capital+and+College+Students%27+Use+of+Online+Social+Network+Sites&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1143-1168&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.582.4640%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11940919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1083-6101&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.2007.00367.x&rft.aulast=Ellison&rft.aufirst=Nicole+B.&rft.au=Steinfield%2C+Charles&rft.au=Lampe%2C+Cliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_media&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100724000922/http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=75953">Poynter Institute: New Media Timeline (1969-2010)</a> created by David B. Shedden, Library Director at Poynter Institute</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardrip-Fruin,_Noah_and_Nick_Montfort2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wardrip-Fruin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardrip-Fruin">Wardrip-Fruin</a>, Noah and <a href="/wiki/Nick_Montfort" title="Nick Montfort">Nick Montfort</a>, ed. (2003). <i>The New Media Reader</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23227-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-23227-2"><bdi>978-0-262-23227-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Media+Reader&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-23227-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+media" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leah A. Lievrouw, Sonia Livingstone (ed.), <i>The Handbook of New Media</i>, SAGE, 2002</li> <li>Logan, Robert K. (2010) Understanding New Media: Extending Marshall McLuhan, New York: Peter Lang Publishing.</li> <li>Croteau and Hoynes (2003) <i>Media Society: Industries, Images and Audiences</i> (third edition) Pine Forge Press: Thousand Oakes.</li> <li>Timothy Murray, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_de_Kerckhove" title="Derrick de Kerckhove">Derrick de Kerckhove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Grau" title="Oliver Grau">Oliver Grau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristine_Stiles" title="Kristine Stiles">Kristine Stiles</a>, Jean-Baptiste Barrière, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Moulon" title="Dominique Moulon">Dominique Moulon</a>, Jean-Pierre Balpe, <i>Maurice Benayoun Open Art</i>, Nouvelles éditions Scala, 2011, French version, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35988-046-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35988-046-5">978-2-35988-046-5</a></li> <li>Flew and Humphreys (2005) "Games: Technology, Industry, Culture" in Terry Flew, <i>New Media: an Introduction</i> (second edition), Oxford University Press: South Melbourne.</li> <li>Holmes (2005) "Telecommunity" in <i>Communication Theory: Media, Technology and Society</i>, Cambridge: Polity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarzombek,_Mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarzombek, Mark">Jarzombek, Mark</a> (2016). <i>Digital Stockholm Syndrome in the Post-Ontological Age</i>, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li>Scharl, A. and Tochtermann, K., Eds. (2007). The Geospatial Web – How Geobrowsers, Social Software and the Web 2.0 are Shaping the Network Society. London: Springer.</li> <li>Turkle, Sherry (1996) "Who am We?" <i>Wired</i> magazine, 4.01, published January 1996,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.01/turkle_pr.html">Who Am We?</a></li> <li>Andrade, Kara, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513140301/http://journalist.org/2005conference/archives/000367.php"><i>Online media can foster community</i></a>, Online News Association Convention, October 29, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Tribe" title="Mark Tribe">Mark Tribe</a> and Reena Jana, <i>New Media Art</i>, Taschen, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8228-3041-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-8228-3041-0">3-8228-3041-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Morgan" title="Robert C. Morgan">Robert C. Morgan</a>, Commentaries on the New Media Arts Pasadena, CA: Umbrella Associates,1992</li> <li>Foreword. <a href="/wiki/Lev_Manovich" title="Lev Manovich">Lev Manovich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leonardo.info/isast/leobooks/books/manovich.html"><i>The Language of New Media</i></a>, Cambridge: MIT Press/Leonardo Books, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-63255-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-63255-1">0-262-63255-1</a>.</li> <li>Kennedy, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/28/arts/design/28mall.html?ex=1343361600&en=ae3bc6d9644cfbc9&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink">"Giving New Life to Protests of Yore"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, July 28, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewithwings.net/nechvatal/ideals.htm">Immersive Ideals / Critical Distances : A Study of the Affinity Between Artistic Ideologies Based in Virtual Reality and Previous Immersive Idioms</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nechvatal" title="Joseph Nechvatal">Joseph Nechvatal</a> 1999 <a href="/wiki/Planetary_Collegium" title="Planetary Collegium">Planetary Collegium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726014606/http://www.poynter.org/column.asp?id=101&aid=125651">Why New Media Isn't: A Personal Journey by David Shedden (2007)</a></li> <li>Norberto González Gaitano (2016): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyandmedia.eu/en/books/family-and-media-family-relationship-their-rappresentation-on-the-mass-media-and-virtual-relationship/">Family and media. Family relationship, their rappresentation on the mass media and virtual relationship</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. 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Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. 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