CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of Nepal - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"21e6858b-7944-448d-8d32-e4d544f6b1b3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_Nepal","wgTitle":"History of Nepal","wgCurRevisionId":1279719362,"wgRevisionId":1279719362,"wgArticleId":21323,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from June 2018","All articles needing additional references","Articles needing cleanup from June 2018","All pages needing cleanup","Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018","Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from January 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024","Articles to be expanded from September 2024","All articles to be expanded","Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","History of Nepal","Unification of Nepal","Ancient Nepal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_Nepal","wgRelevantArticleId":21323,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1648546","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="694"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="463"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="370"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of Nepal - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_Nepal rootpage-History_of_Nepal skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Nepal" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Nepal" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Nepal" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Nepal" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toponymy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toponymy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toponymy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toponymy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends_and_ancient_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends_and_ancient_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Legends and ancient times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends_and_ancient_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kirat_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirat_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Kirat dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirat_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Guptas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Guptas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Under the Guptas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Guptas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licchavi_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licchavi_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Licchavi dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licchavi_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Medieval history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thakuri_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thakuri_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Thakuri dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thakuri_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malla_dynasty_(Not_to_be_confused_from_the_khas_mallas_to_the_mallas_from_the_kathmandu_valley)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malla_dynasty_(Not_to_be_confused_from_the_khas_mallas_to_the_mallas_from_the_kathmandu_valley)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Malla dynast<i>y (Not to be confused from the khas mallas to the mallas from the kathmandu valley)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malla_dynasty_(Not_to_be_confused_from_the_khas_mallas_to_the_mallas_from_the_kathmandu_valley)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Karnats_of_Mithila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Karnats_of_Mithila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Karnats of Mithila</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Karnats_of_Mithila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khasa_Kingdom_(Khas_malla_kindgom)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khasa_Kingdom_(Khas_malla_kindgom)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Khasa Kingdom (Khas malla kindgom)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khasa_Kingdom_(Khas_malla_kindgom)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th-Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th-Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>16th-Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th-Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shah_dynasty,_Unification_of_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shah_dynasty,_Unification_of_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shah dynasty, Unification of Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shah_dynasty,_Unification_of_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senas_of_Makwanpur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senas_of_Makwanpur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Senas of Makwanpur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senas_of_Makwanpur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Kingdom of Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rana_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rana_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Rana rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rana_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_1951" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_1951"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Revolution of 1951</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_1951-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panchayat_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panchayat_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Panchayat system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panchayat_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiparty_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiparty_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Multiparty democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiparty_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepalese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepalese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Nepalese Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepalese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2017_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>2017 to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Nepal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاريخ نيبال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ نيبال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Nepal" title="Historia de Nepal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="নেপালের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপালের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Непал тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Непал тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Гісторыя Нэпалу – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гісторыя Нэпалу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नेपाल के इतिहास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेपाल के इतिहास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_del_Nepal" title="Història del Nepal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història del Nepal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Nep%C3%A1lu" title="Dějiny Nepálu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Nepálu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Nepals" title="Geschichte Nepals – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Nepals" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Nepal" title="Historia de Nepal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalgo_historia" title="Nepalgo historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nepalgo historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تاریخ نپال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ نپال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_du_N%C3%A9pal" title="Histoire du Népal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire du Népal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="네팔의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네팔의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नेपाल का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपाल का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Nepala" title="Povijest Nepala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Nepala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_di_Nepal" title="Historio di Nepal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Historio di Nepal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Nepal" title="Sejarah Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_del_Nepal" title="Storia del Nepal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia del Nepal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C" title="היסטוריה של נפאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של נפאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნეპალის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეპალის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ya_Nepal" title="Historia ya Nepal – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Historia ya Nepal" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalo_istorija" title="Nepalo istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepalo istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नेपालक इतिहास – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नेपालक इतिहास" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നേപ്പാളിന്റെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നേപ്പാളിന്റെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Nepal" title="Sejarah Nepal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Nepal" title="Geschiedenis van Nepal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Nepal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="नेपालको इतिहास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपालको इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_de_Nepal" title="Istòria de Nepal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Istòria de Nepal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਨੇਪਾਲ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਪਾਲ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="نیپال دی تریخ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیپال دی تریخ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="د نیپال تاریخ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نیپال تاریخ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_Nepal" title="História do Nepal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do Nepal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="История Непала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Непала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Историја Непала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Непала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalin_historia" title="Nepalin historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nepalin historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepals_historia" title="Nepals historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nepals historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="நேபாளத்தின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேபாளத்தின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Історія Непалу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Непалу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="نیپال کی تاریخ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیپال کی تاریخ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="尼泊尔历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼泊尔历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1648546#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Nepal" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Nepal" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Nepal" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&oldid=1279719362" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Nepal&id=1279719362&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Nepal"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Nepal"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Nepal&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Nepal" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/History_of_Nepal" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1648546" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological timeline, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nepalese_history" title="Timeline of Nepalese history">Timeline of Nepalese history</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/History of Nepal">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Nepal" title="Talk:History of Nepal">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/History of Nepal">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+Nepal%22">"History of Nepal"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+Nepal%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+Nepal%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+Nepal%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+Nepal%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+Nepal%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>dubious statements and citations; copywriting help needed; probable inaccurate information.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/History of Nepal">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nepal" title="Category:History of Nepal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of <span class="fn org label">Nepal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Nepal"><img alt="Map of Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/200px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/300px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg/400px-Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="269" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal#Etymology" title="Nepal">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Nepalese_history" title="Timeline of Nepalese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_migration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan migration theory">Urheimat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 3300 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age India">Iron Age</a>, c. 1200 – c. 200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Kingdom</a>, c. 1st millennium BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Nepal in Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parvata_kingdom" title="Parvata kingdom">Parvata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepa_kingdom" title="Nepa kingdom">Nepa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalaya_kingdom" title="Himalaya kingdom">Himalaya kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasas_(Mahabharata)" title="Khasas (Mahabharata)">Khasas in Mahabharata</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan tribal states</a> c. 580 BCE – 1774 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Videhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the Videhas">Videha kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopala_dynasty" title="Gopala dynasty">Gopala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisapala_dynasty" title="Mahisapala dynasty">Mahisapala dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soma_dynasty" title="Soma dynasty">Soma dynasty</a>, c. 205 – c. 305</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Classical</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi Kingdom</a>, c. 400 – c. 750 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakuri_dynasty" title="Thakuri dynasty">Thakuri dynasty</a>, c. 600 – c. 1200</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyuri_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyuri kings">Katyuri kings</a>, c. 700 CE – 1065 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khas_Malla_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas Malla Kingdom">Khas Malla Kingdom</a>, c. 954 CE – 14th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnat_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnat dynasty">Karnat dynasty</a>, c. 1097 CE – c. 1324 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla_(Kathmandu_Valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malla (Kathmandu Valley)">Malla Dynasty</a>, c. 1201 – 1482</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Chand kings">Chand kings</a> c. 12th century CE – 1790 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lo">Kingdom of Lo</a> c. 1380 CE – 1795 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallala_dynasty" title="Kallala dynasty">Kallala dynasty</a> c. 1404 CE – 1789 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Golden Age</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Three Kingdoms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kantipur" title="Kingdom of Kantipur">Kingdom of Kantipur</a>, c. 1484 – 1826</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Patan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Patan">Kingdom of Patan</a>, c. 1482 – 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhaktapur" title="Kingdom of Bhaktapur">Kingdom of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1482 – 1769</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Twenty-four kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Argha" title="Kingdom of Argha">Kingdom of Argha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bajhang" title="Kingdom of Bajhang">Kingdom of Bajhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bhirkot" title="Kingdom of Bhirkot">Kingdom of Bhirkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Butwal" title="Kingdom of Butwal">Kingdom of Butwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhor" title="Kingdom of Dhor">Kingdom of Dhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dhurkot" title="Kingdom of Dhurkot">Kingdom of Dhurkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galkot" title="Kingdom of Galkot">Kingdom of Galkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ghiring" title="Kingdom of Ghiring">Kingdom of Ghiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Garahun" title="Kingdom of Garahun">Kingdom of Garahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gorkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Gorkha">Kingdom of Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gulmi" title="Kingdom of Gulmi">Kingdom of Gulmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Isma" title="Kingdom of Isma">Kingdom of Isma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaski" title="Kingdom of Kaski">Kingdom of Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khanchi" title="Kingdom of Khanchi">Kingdom of Khanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lamjung" title="Kingdom of Lamjung">Kingdom of Lamjung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Musikot" title="Kingdom of Musikot">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nuwakot" title="Kingdom of Nuwakot">Kingdom of Nuwakot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Paiyun" title="Kingdom of Paiyun">Kingdom of Paiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Palpa" title="Kingdom of Palpa">Kingdom of Palpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Parbat" title="Kingdom of Parbat">Kingdom of Parbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pyuthan" title="Kingdom of Pyuthan">Kingdom of Pyuthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rishing" title="Kingdom of Rishing">Kingdom of Rishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Satahun" title="Kingdom of Satahun">Kingdom of Satahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanahun" title="Kingdom of Tanahun">Kingdom of Tanahun</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Twenty-two kingdoms</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 106%;"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jumla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Jumla">Kingdom of Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Doti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Doti (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Doti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jajarkot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jajarkot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jajarkot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Bajura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Bajura (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Bajura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Musikot_(Baise)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Musikot (Baise) (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Musikot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gajur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gajur (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gajur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Biskot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Biskot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Biskot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Malneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Malneta (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Malneta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Thalahara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Thalahara (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Thalahara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dailekh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dailekh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dailekh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dullu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dullu (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dullu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Duryal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Duryal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Duryal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Dang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Dang (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Sallyana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Sallyana (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Sallyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Chilli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Chilli (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Chilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Phalawagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Phalawagh (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Phalawagh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Jehari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Jehari (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Jehari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Darnar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Darnar (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Darnar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Atbis_Gotam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Atbis Gotam (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Atbis Gotam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Majal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Majal (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Majal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Gurnakot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Gurnakot (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Gurnakot</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Rukum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Rukum (page does not exist)">Kingdom of Rukum</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuwakot" title="Battle of Nuwakot">Battle of Nuwakot</a>, c. 1744</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1762)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1762)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1762</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Battle of Kirtipur</a>, c. 1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sindhuli" title="Battle of Sindhuli">Battle of Sindhuli</a>, c.1767</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kathmandu" title="Battle of Kathmandu">Battle of Kathmandu</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lalitpur" title="Battle of Lalitpur">Battle of Lalitpur</a>, c. 1768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhaktapur" title="Battle of Bhaktapur">Battle of Bhaktapur</a>, c. 1769</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Declaration of Kingdom of Nepal</a>, c. 1768</li> <li>Sino-Nepalese War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">First Campaign Against Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Second Campaign Against Gurkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Nepal-Tibet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Nepal-Tibet War">Third Nepal-Tibet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pande_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pande dynasty">Pande dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapa dynasty</a> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khurbura" title="Battle of Khurbura">Battle of Khurbura</a>, c. 1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1806 Bhandarkhal massacre">1806 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkha–Sikh War">Gurkha–Sikh War</a>, c. 1809</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> c. 1814 – 1816 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nalapani" title="Battle of Nalapani">Battle of Nalapani</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jaithak" title="Battle of Jaithak">Battle of Jaithak</a>, c. 1814</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makwanpur_(1816)" title="Battle of Makwanpur (1816)">Battle of Makwanpur</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>, c. 1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Gurkhas" title="Brigade of Gurkhas">Brigade of Gurkhas</a>, c. 1816</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>, c.1846 – 1951 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846_Bhandarkhal_massacre" title="1846 Bhandarkhal massacre">1846 Bhandarkhal massacre</a>, c. 1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alau" title="Battle of Alau">Battle of Alau</a>, c. 1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar_Jute_Mill_Strike" title="Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike">Biratnagar Jute Mill Strike</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatu_Sanskritam" title="Jayatu Sanskritam">Jayatu Sanskritam</a>, c. 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Accord" title="Delhi Accord">Delhi Accord</a>, c. 1951</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.2em;background:#e3e3ff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a>, c. 1960 – 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village National Campaign</a>, c. 1967 – 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">1990 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>, c. 1996 – 2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal massacre</a>, c. 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhalubang" title="Battle of Bhalubang">Battle of Bhalubang</a>, c. 2003</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Beni_attack" title="2004 Beni attack">2004 Beni attack</a>, c. 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Khara" title="Second Battle of Khara">Second Battle of Khara</a>, c. 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">2006 Nepalese revolution</a>, c. 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Peace_Accord" title="Comprehensive Peace Accord">Comprehensive Peace Accord</a>, c. 2006</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a>, c. 2008</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_humanitarian_crisis_(2015-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)">Nepal humanitarian crisis</a>, c. 2015 – 2017</li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May 2015 Nepal earthquake</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">2015 Nepal blockade</a>, c. 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches" title="2015 Mount Everest avalanches">2015 Mount Everest avalanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a>, c. 2015</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Nepal" title="Template talk:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Nepal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Nepal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – 489 AD)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Balochistan" title="History of Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">Bengal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bihar" title="History of Bihar">Bihar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="History of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kabul" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kabul">Kabul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Karnataka" title="History of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kashmir" title="History of Kashmir">Kashmir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rajasthan" title="History of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maharashtra" title="History of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="History of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Punjab" title="History of Punjab">Punjab</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Odisha" title="History of Odisha">Odisha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sindh" title="History of Sindh">Sindh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_India" title="History of South India">South India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="History of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet" title="History of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Specialised histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_physical_culture" title="Indian physical culture">Physical culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Timeline of South Asian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_South_Asia" title="Template talk:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_South_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of South Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greater_Nepal_(with_part_of_ceded_territory).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_Greater_Nepal_%28with_part_of_ceded_territory%29.jpg/680px-Map_of_Greater_Nepal_%28with_part_of_ceded_territory%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="680" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_Greater_Nepal_%28with_part_of_ceded_territory%29.jpg/1020px-Map_of_Greater_Nepal_%28with_part_of_ceded_territory%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Map_of_Greater_Nepal_%28with_part_of_ceded_territory%29.jpg/1360px-Map_of_Greater_Nepal_%28with_part_of_ceded_territory%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8841" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Himalayan region forcefully annexed by Gorkha Kings around 1768 as per the book published in 1819 by Francis Hamilton M. D. named "An Account of the Kingdom of Nepal and the Territories annexed to this Dominion by the House of Gorkha".</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> is a multi-ethnic, multiracial, multicultural, multi-religious, and multilingual country. The most spoken language is <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> followed by several other ethnic languages. </p><p>The modern day <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> was established in 1768 and started a campaign of unifying what would form the modern territories of Nepal. Some former territories had been lost due to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a>. In the Sino-Nepalese war,the conflict ended with both victories and losses with the kingdom ultimately accepting <a href="/wiki/Tribute_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribute state">tributary</a> status with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China from 1792 to 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> ended in British victory and resulted in the ceding some Nepalese territory in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a>. In a historical vote for the election of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">constituent assembly</a>, the Nepalese parliament voted to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in June 2006. Nepal became a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> on 28 May 2008 and was formally renamed the 'Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal' ending the 200-year-old reign of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah monarchs</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toponymy">Toponymy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toponymy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nepal's origin remains a mystery despite written records dating back to the fifth century A.D. Classical Indian sources mention Nepal, and Nepali stories delve into mythology, religion, and culture rather than providing a clear historical account.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The derivation of the word Nepal is a subject of various theories: </p> <ul><li>Most inhabitants of northern Nepal came from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, where they herded sheep and produced wool. In Tibetan, ne means "wool" and pal means "house". Thus, Nepal is "house of wool".<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu valley</a> named their homeland Nepal, derived from "Nepa," meaning "country of the middle zone," highlighting its central location in the Himalayas.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A popular theory is that <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha people</a> associated Nepal with a "sacred or holy cave."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Hindu mythology, Nepal derives its name from an ancient Hindu sage called Ne, referred to variously as Ne Muni or Nemi.</li> <li>According to Buddhist legend, the deity <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a> drained the water from Nagadaha (a mythical lake believed to have filled the Kathmandu Valley). The valley became habitable, ruled by Bhuktaman a cow-herder, who took advice from the sage named "Ne". Pāla means "protector" or "taking care", so Nepal reflected the name of the sage who took care of the place.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Nepal" title="Ancient history of Nepal">Ancient history of Nepal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prehistoric sites of <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">palaeolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">mesolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">neolithic</a> origins have been discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Siwalik hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dang_District,_Nepal" title="Dang District, Nepal">Dang district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_peoples" title="Dravidian peoples">Dravidian</a> people whose history predates the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in the Indian subcontinent (around 3300 BC) inhabited the area before the arrival of other ethnic groups like the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burmans</a> and long before <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a> from across the border.The Tibeto-Burman peoples were likely the earliest significant settlers in Nepal, especially in the highlands and hilly regions.The Indo-Aryans arrived later, contributing significantly to the cultural and linguistic framework of Nepal, especially in the Kathmandu Valley and lowlands.The Dravidian presence in Nepal is minimal, as they primarily settled in the southern parts of India after Indo-Aryan expansion pushed them southward.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharus</a> who were Tibeto-Burmans mixed heavily with Indigenous tibes in the southern regions, are natives of the central <a href="/wiki/Madhesh_Province" title="Madhesh Province">Madhesh Province</a> and Terai region of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first documented tribes in Nepal are the <a href="/wiki/Kirat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirat people">Kirat people</a> is the record of Kirat Kings from <a href="/wiki/Kirata_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirata Kingdom">Kirata Kingdom</a> from 800 BC, which shows Kirats were recorded in Nepal last 2000 to 2500 years, with an extensive dominion, possibly reaching at one time to the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other ethnic groups of Indo-Aryan origin later migrated to southern part of Nepal from Indo-Gangetic Plain of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">northern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Ashoka">Emperor Ashoka</a> was responsible for the construction of several significant structures in Nepal. These include the <a href="/wiki/Ramagrama_stupa" title="Ramagrama stupa">Ramagrama Stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotihawa" title="Gotihawa">Gotihawa Pillar of Ashoka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigali_Sagar" title="Nigali Sagar">Nigali-Sagar Ashoka Pillar inscription</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Lumbini_pillar_inscription" title="Lumbini pillar inscription">Lumbini pillar inscription</a> of Ashoka.The Chinese pilgrims <a href="/wiki/Fa-Hien" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa-Hien">Fa-Hien</a> (337 CE – c. 422 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> (602–664 CE) describe the Kanakamuni Stupa and the Asoka Pillar of currently Nepal region in their travel accounts. Xuanzang speaks of a lion capital atop the pillar, now lost. A base of a <a href="/wiki/Pillar_of_Ashoka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillar of Ashoka">Pillar of Ashoka</a> has been discovered at <a href="/wiki/Gotihawa" title="Gotihawa">Gotihawa</a>, a few miles from Nigali Sagar, and it has been suggested that it is the original base of the Nigalar Sagar pillar fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 249 BCE, Emperor Asoka founded Lalitapatan city of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends_and_ancient_times">Legends and ancient times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legends and ancient times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although very little is known about the early history of Nepal, legends and documented references reach far back to the 30th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the presence of historical sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Ashram" title="Valmiki Ashram">Valmiki ashram</a>, indicates the presence of <i>Sanatana</i> (ancient) Hindu culture in parts of Nepal at that period. </p><p>According to legendary accounts, the early rulers of Nepal were the <i>Gopālavaṃśi (</i><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Bansa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopal Bansa">Gopal Vansha</a>) or "cowherd dynasty", who presumably ruled for about five centuries. They are said to have been followed by the <i>Mahiṣapālavaṃśa</i> or "buffalo-herder dynasty", established by a <a href="/wiki/Yadav" title="Yadav">Yadav</a> named Bhul Singh.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> clan formed an independent oligarchic republican state known as the <i>Śākya Gaṇarājya</i> during the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (c. 1000 – c. 500 BCE) and the later so-called <a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Second_urbanisation_(c._600_–_200_BCE)" title="History of India">second urbanisation</a> period (c. 600 – c. 200 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a>, which may have been located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Tilaurakot" title="Tilaurakot">Tilaurakot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> (c. 6th to 4th centuries BCE), whose teachings became the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, was the best-known Shakya. He was known in his lifetime as "Siddhartha Gautama" and "Shakyamuni" (Sage of the Shakyas). He was the son of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Śuddhodana</a>, the elected leader of the Śākya Gaṇarājya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kirat_dynasty">Kirat dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kirat dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kirata_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirata Kingdom">Kirata Kingdom</a></div> <p>The context of <a href="/wiki/Kirata_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirata Kingdom">Kirat Dynasty</a> ruling in Nepal before Licchavi dynasty and after Mahispal (Ahir) dynasty are depicted in different manuscripts. Kirat dynasty was the longest ruling dynasty in Nepalese history, ruling from the 800 BC–300 AD for about 1,225 years. They ruled kathmandu valley before delineating the area between the <a href="/wiki/Sunkoshi_River" title="Sunkoshi River">Sun Koshi</a> (Pronounced exactly as written) and <a href="/wiki/Tamakoshi_River" title="Tamakoshi River">Tama Koshi</a> (Tāmā Koshi) rivers as their native land, the list of Kirati kings is also given in the Gopal genealogy. The <a href="/wiki/Mahisapala_dynasty" title="Mahisapala dynasty">Mahisapala dynasty</a> was a dynasty established by <a href="/wiki/Abhira_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhira tribe">Abhira</a> that ruled the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They took control of Nepal after replacing the <a href="/wiki/Gopala_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala Dynasty">Gopala dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three kings of Mahisapala dynasty ruled the valley before they were overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Kirata_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirata Kingdom">Kirats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also known as Mahispalbanshi.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By defeating the last king of the Avir dynasty Bhuwansingh in a battle, Kirati King Yalung or <a href="/wiki/Yalambar" title="Yalambar">Yalambar</a> had taken the regime of the valley under his control. In Hindu mythological perspective, this event is believed to have taken place in the final phase of <a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara Yuga</a> or initial phase of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali Yuga</a> or around the 6th century BC. Descriptions of 32, 28 and 29 Kirati kings are found according to the Gopal genealogy, language-genealogy and Wright genealogy respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By means of the notices contained in the classics of the East and West, the <a href="/wiki/Kirati_people" title="Kirati people">Kiranti people</a> were living in their present whereabouts for the last 2000 to 2500 years, with an extensive dominion, possibly reaching at one time to the delta of the <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Guptas">Under the Guptas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under the Guptas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg/220px-N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg/330px-N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg/440px-N%C4%93p%C4%81la_in_the_Allahabad_Pillar_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption>"Nēpāla" in the late <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Pillar_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad Pillar inscription">Allahabad Pillar inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> (350-375 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a>, the Indian emperor <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> recorded Nepal as a "frontier kingdom" which paid an annual tribute. This was recorded by Samudragupta's <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Pillar_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad Pillar inscription">Allahabad Pillar inscription</a>, which states the following in lines 22–23. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Samudragupta, whose formidable rule was propitiated with the payment of all tributes, execution of orders and visits (to his court) for obeisance by such frontier rulers as those of Samataṭa, <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%8Cav%C4%81ka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḍavāka">Ḍavāka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kāmarūpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepala">Nēpāla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kart%E1%B9%9Bipura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartṛipura">Kartṛipura</a>, and, by the <a href="/wiki/Malavas" title="Malavas">Mālavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arjunayanas" title="Arjunayanas">Ārjunāyanas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaudheyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaudheyas">Yaudhēyas</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81drakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mādrakas">Mādrakas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhiras" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiras">Ābhīras</a>, Prārjunas, Sanakānīkas, Kākas, Kharaparikas and other nations"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lines 22–23 of the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Pillar" title="Allahabad Pillar">Allahabad pillar inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samudragupta" title="Samudragupta">Samudragupta</a> (r.c.350-375 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licchavi_dynasty">Licchavi dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Licchavi dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Licchavi (kingdom)</a></div> <p>The kings of the <a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichhavi dynasty</a> (originally from <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a> in modern-day India) ruled what is the Kathmandu valley in modern-day Nepal after the Kirats. It is mentioned in some genealogies and Puranas that the "Suryavansi Kshetriyas had established a new regime by defeating the Kirats". The <i>Pashupati Purana</i> mentions that "the masters of Vaishali established their own regime by confiding Kiratis with sweet words and defeating them in war". Similar contexts can be found in <i>Himbatkhanda</i>, which also mentions that "the masters of Vaishali had started ruling in Nepal by defeating Kirats". Different genealogies state different names of the last Kirati king. According to the Gopal genealogy, the Lichhavis established their rule in Nepal by defeating the last Kirati King 'Khigu', 'Galiz' according to the language-genealogy and 'Gasti' according to Wright genealogy.<sup id="cite_ref-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medieval history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thakuri_dynasty">Thakuri dynasty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thakuri dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thakuri_dynasty" title="Thakuri dynasty">Thakuri dynasty</a></div> <p>After Aramudi, who is mentioned in the Kashmirian chronicle, the Rajatarangini of Kalhana (1150 CE), many Thakuri kings ruled over parts of the country up to the middle of the 12th century CE. Raghava Deva is said to have founded a ruling dynasty in 879 CE, when the Lichhavi rule came to an end. To commemorate this important event, Raghava Deva started the 'Nepal Era' which began on 20 October, 879 CE. After <a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuvarma</a>, who ruled from 605 CE onward; the Thakuris had lost power and they could regain it only in 869 CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Gunakama Deva, who ruled from 949 to 994 CE, commissioned the construction of a big wooden shelter, built from the wood of a single tree, called <i><a href="/wiki/Kasthamandap" title="Kasthamandap">Kasthamandapa</a>.</i> The name of the capital, 'Kathmandu', is derived from this. Gunakama Deva founded the town Kantipur (modern-day Kathmandu). The tradition of <a href="/wiki/Yenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenya">Indra Jatra</a> started during his reign. Bhola Deva succeeded Gunakama Deva. The next ruler was Laxmikama Deva who ruled from 1024 to 1040 CE. He built the Laksmi Vihara and introduced the tradition of worshiping the <a href="/wiki/Kumari_(goddess)" title="Kumari (goddess)">Kumari</a>; young prepubescent girls believed to be manifestations of the divine female energy or <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">devi</a>. He was succeeded by his son, Vijayakama Deva, who introduced the worship of the <i>Naga</i> and <i>Vasuki</i>. Vijaykama Deva was the last ruler of this dynasty. After his death, the Thakuri clan of Nuwakot occupied the throne of Nepal. </p><p>Bhaskara Deva, a Thakuri from Nuwakot, succeeded Vijayakama. He is said to have built Navabahal and Hemavarna Vihara. After Bhaskara Deva, four kings of this line ruled over the country. They were Bala Deva, Padma Deva, Nagarjuna Deva and Shankara Deva. Shankara Deva (1067–1080 CE) was the most illustrious ruler of this dynasty. He established the image of 'Shantesvara Mahadeva' and 'Manohara Bhagavati'. The custom of pasting the pictures of Nagas and Vasuki on the doors of houses on the day of <a href="/wiki/Naga_Panchami" title="Naga Panchami">Nagapanchami</a> was introduced by him. During his rule, the Buddhists wreaked vengeance on the Hindu Brahmins (especially the followers of Shaivism) for the harm they had received earlier from the <a href="/wiki/Shankaracharya" title="Shankaracharya">Shankaracharya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Shankara Deva tried to pacify the Brahmins harassed by the Buddhists. </p><p>Bama Deva, a descendant of Amshuvarma, defeated Shankar Deva in 1080 CE. He suppressed the Nuwakot-Thankuris with the help of nobles and restored the old Solar Dynasty rule in Nepal for the second time. Harsha Deva, the successor of Bama Deva was a weak ruler. There was no unity among the nobles and they asserted themselves in their respective spheres of influence. Taking that opportunity Nanya Deva, a Karnat dynasty king, attacked Nuwakot from Simraungarh. The army successfully defended and won the battle. After Harsha Deva, Shivadeva the third ruled from 1099 to 1126 CE. He founded the town of Kirtipur and roofed the temple of Pashupatinath with gold. He introduced twenty-five paisa coins. After Sivadeva III, Mahendra Deva, Mana Deva, Narendra Deva II, Ananda Deva, Rudra Deva, Amrita Deva, Ratna Deva II, Somesvara Deva, Gunakama Deva II, Lakmikama Deva III and Vijayakama Deva II ruled Nepal in quick succession. Historians differ about the rule of several kings and their respective times. After the fall of the Thakuri dynasty, a new dynasty was founded by Arideva or Ari Malla, known as the 'Malla dynasty'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malla_dynasty_(Not_to_be_confused_from_the_khas_mallas_to_the_mallas_from_the_kathmandu_valley)"><span id="Malla_dynasty_.28Not_to_be_confused_from_the_khas_mallas_to_the_mallas_from_the_kathmandu_valley.29"></span>Malla dynast<i>y <small>(Not to be confused from the khas mallas to the mallas from the kathmandu valley)</small></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Malla dynasty (Not to be confused from the khas mallas to the mallas from the kathmandu valley)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla dynasty (Nepal)</a></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/Malla_dynasty_(Nepal)" title="Malla dynasty (Nepal)">Malla</a> rule started with <a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Ari Malla</a> in the 12th century. Over the next two centuries, his kingdom expanded widely, into much of the Indian subcontinent and western Tibet, before disintegrating into small principalities, which later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jayasthiti_Malla" title="Jayasthiti Malla">Jayasthiti Malla</a>, with whom commences the later Malla dynasty of the Kathmandu valley, began to reign at the end of the 14th century.This era in the valley is eminent for the various social and economic reforms such as the <a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">'Sanskritization'</a> of the valley people, new methods of land measurement and allocation, etc. In this era, new forms of art and architecture was introduced. The monuments in Kathmandu valley which are listed in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> were built during Malla rule. In the 14th century, before Kathmandu was divided into 3 princely states, <a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a> was sent to China upon the request of <a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Malla" title="Abhaya Malla">Abhaya Malla</a> for representing the skill of art and architecture, and he introduced the Pagoda style of architecture to China and subsequently, whole of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Jayayakshya_Malla" title="Jayayakshya Malla">Yaksha Malla</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Jayasthitimalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayasthitimalla">Jayasthiti Malla</a>, ruled the Kathmandu valley until almost the end of the 15th century. After his demise, the valley was divided into four independent kingdoms—Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Patan, and Banepa—in about 1484 CE. Banepa, however, soon came under the control of Bhaktapur. This division led the Malla rulers into internecine clashes and wars for territorial and commercial gains. Mutually debilitating wars gradually weakened them, which facilitated the conquest of the valley by <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a>. The last Malla rulers were <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prakash_Malla" title="Jaya Prakash Malla">Jaya Prakash Malla</a>, Teja Narasingha Malla and <a href="/wiki/Ranajit_Malla" title="Ranajit Malla">Ranjit Malla</a> of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Karnats_of_Mithila">Karnats of Mithila</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Karnats of Mithila"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karnat_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnat dynasty">Karnat dynasty</a></div> <p>The Simroun, Simroon, Karnat or Dev dynasty originated with an establishment of a kingdom in 1097 CE headquartered at the medieval citadel of <a href="/wiki/Simraungadh_(medieval_city)" title="Simraungadh (medieval city)">Simraungadh</a> on the India-Nepal border:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nanya Dev, ruled 1097-1147 CE</li> <li>Ganga Dev, ruled 1147-1187 CE</li> <li>Narsingh Dev, ruled 1187-1227 CE</li> <li>Ramsingh Dev, ruled 1227-1285 CE</li> <li>Shaktisingh Dev, ruled 1285-1295 CE</li> <li>Harisingh Dev, ruled 1295-1324 CE</li></ul> <p>In 1324 CE, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq</a> attacked Simroungarh and demolished the fort. The remains are still scattered across the Simroungarh region. The king, Harisingh Dev, fled northwards where his son, Jagatsingh Dev, was married to the widowed princess of Bhaktapur, Nayak Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khasa_Kingdom_(Khas_malla_kindgom)"><span id="Khasa_Kingdom_.28Khas_malla_kindgom.29"></span>Khasa Kingdom (Khas malla kindgom)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Khasa Kingdom (Khas malla kindgom)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a></div> <p>The Khasa Malla kings ruled western parts of Nepal during 11th–14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Krishna_2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krishna_2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of the Khas Kingdom was <a href="/wiki/Khas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas language">Khas language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1303)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)">siege of Chittorgarh</a> in 1303, large immigration of <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajputs</a> into Nepal occurred. Before it, few small groups of <a href="/wiki/Rajputs" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajputs">Rajputs</a> had been entering into the region from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_invasion_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim invasion of India">Muslim invasion of India</a>. These immigrants were quickly absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Khas_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Khas community">Khas community</a> due to larger similarities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th-Century">16th-Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 16th-Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1512_in_Nepal" title="1512 in Nepal">1512 in Nepal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shah_dynasty,_Unification_of_Nepal"><span id="Shah_dynasty.2C_Unification_of_Nepal"></span>Shah dynasty, Unification of Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shah dynasty, Unification of Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal30005a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nepal30005a.JPG/220px-Nepal30005a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nepal30005a.JPG/330px-Nepal30005a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nepal30005a.JPG/440px-Nepal30005a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Mohar of king Prithvi Narayan Shah dated <a href="/wiki/Shalivahana_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalivahana era">Saka Era</a> 1685 (CE 1763)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> (c. 1768–1775) was the ninth generation descendant of <a href="/wiki/Dravya_Shah" title="Dravya Shah">Dravya Shah</a> (1559–1570), the founder of the ruling house of Gorkha. Prithvi Narayan Shah succeeded his father <a href="/wiki/Nara_Bhupal_Shah" title="Nara Bhupal Shah">Nara Bhupal Shah</a> to the throne of Gorkha in 1743 CE. King Prithvi Narayan Shah was quite aware of the political situation of the valley kingdoms as well as of the <a href="/wiki/Baise_rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Baise rajya">Baise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubisi rajya">Chaubise</a> principalities. He foresaw the need for unifying the small principalities as an urgent condition for survival in the future and set himself to the task accordingly. </p><p>His assessment of the situation among the hill principalities was correct, and the principalities were subjugated fairly easily. King Prithvi Narayan Shah's victory march began with the conquest of Nuwakot, which lies between Kathmandu and Gorkha, in 1744. After Nuwakot, he occupied strategic points in the hills surrounding the Kathmandu valley. The valley's communications with the outside world were thus cut off. The occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Nyalam_Tong_La" title="Nyalam Tong La">Kuti Pass</a> in about 1756 stopped the valley's trade with Tibet. Finally, Prithvi Narayan Shah entered the valley. After the victory in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirtipur" title="Battle of Kirtipur">Kirtipur</a>, King Jaya Prakash Malla of Kathmandu sought help from the British and the then <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> sent a contingent of soldiers under Captain Kinloch in 1767. The British force was defeated in Sindhuli by the Gorkhali army. This defeat of the British completely shattered the hopes of King Jaya Prakash Malla. On 25 September 1768, as the people of Kathmandu were celebrating the festival of Indra Jatra, the Gorkhali army marched into the city. Prithvi Narayan Shah sat on a throne put on the palace courtyard for the king of Kathmandu, proclaiming himself the king. Jaya Prakash Malla somehow managed to escape and took asylum in Patan. When Patan was captured a few weeks later, both Jaya Prakash Malla and Tej Narsingh Malla, the king of Patan took refuge in Bhaktapur, which was captured on the night of 25 November 1769. The Kathmandu valley was thus conquered by King Prithvi Narayan Shah, who proclaimed himself King with Kathmandu as the royal capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Prithvi Narayan Shah was successful in bringing together diverse religious-ethnic groups under one rule. He was a true nationalist in his outlook and was in favour of adopting a closed-door policy against the British. Not only did his social and economic views guide the country's socio-economic course for a long time, but his use of the imagery of "a yam between two boulders" in Nepal's geopolitical context formed the principal guideline of the country's foreign policy for future centuries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senas_of_Makwanpur">Senas of Makwanpur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Senas of Makwanpur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senas_of_Makwanpur" title="Senas of Makwanpur">Senas of Makwanpur</a></div> <p>In the 16th century, a dynasty emerged in the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> near the border with <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> which used the Sena surname and claimed descent from the Senas of Bengal. One of their branches formed the <a href="/wiki/Senas_of_Makwanpur" title="Senas of Makwanpur">Sena dynasty of Makwanpur</a> which ruled from the fort of <a href="/wiki/Makwanpur_Gadhi" title="Makwanpur Gadhi">Makwanpur Gadhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Das2014_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das2014-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This branch of the Sena dynasty adopted the local language of the region, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> which became their state language.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg/250px-Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg/375px-Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg/500px-Kings_Palace_Gorkha_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>The old king's palace on a hill in <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkha district">Gorkha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After decades of rivalry between the medieval kingdoms, modern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> was unified in the latter half of the 18th century, when <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, the ruler of the small principality of Gorkha, formed a unified country from a number of independent hill high states. After the death of Prithvi Narayan Shah, the Shah dynasty began to expand their kingdom into much of the Indian subcontinent. Between 1788 and 1791, during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a>, Nepal invaded <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and robbed <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>. Alarmed, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Fuk%27anggan" title="Fuk'anggan">Fuk'anggan</a> commander-in-chief of the Tibetan campaign; Fuk'anggan signed a treaty to protect his troops thus attaining a draw.<sup id="cite_ref-nepalarmythree_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nepalarmythree-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglo-Nepal_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Anglo-Nepal_war.jpg/220px-Anglo-Nepal_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Anglo-Nepal_war.jpg/330px-Anglo-Nepal_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Anglo-Nepal_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_Thapa" title="Bhakti Thapa">Bhakti Thapa</a> leading Gorkha men at <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After 1800, the heirs of Prithvi Narayan Shah proved unable to maintain firm political control over Nepal. A period of internal turmoil followed. The rivalry between Nepal and the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> over the princely states bordering Nepal and British-India eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a> (1814–16), in which Nepal suffered substantial losses due to lack of guns and ammunitions against the British-Indian forces with advanced weapons. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a> was signed in 1816, ceding large parts of the Nepalese controlled territories to the British. In 1860 some parts of western Terai, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Naya_Muluk" title="Naya Muluk">Naya Muluk</a></i> (new country) was restored to Nepal. The four noble families involved largely in the active politics of the kingdom were the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah rulers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thapa_dynasty" title="Thapa dynasty">Thapas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Basnyat_family" title="Basnyat family">Basnyats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pande_family" title="Pande family">Pandes</a> before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From beginning to the mid of 18th century, the Thapas and Pandes had extreme dominance over Nepalese Darbar politics alternatively contesting for central power amongst each other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rana_rule">Rana rule</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rana rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a> was the first ruler from this dynasty. Rana rulers were titled "<i>Shree Teen</i>" and "<i>Maharaja</i>", whereas Shah kings were "<i>Shree Panch</i>" and "<i>Maharajadhiraja</i>". Jung Bahadur codified laws and modernized the state's bureaucracy. In the coup d'état of 1846, the nephews of Jung Bahadur and <a href="/wiki/Ranodip_Singh_Kunwar" title="Ranodip Singh Kunwar">Ranodip Singh</a> murdered Ranodip Singh and the sons of Jung Bahadur, adopted the name of Jung Bahadur and took control of Nepal. Nine Rana rulers took the hereditary office of Prime Minister. All were styled (self proclaimed) Maharaja of <a href="/wiki/Lamjung_District" title="Lamjung District">Lamjung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaski_District" title="Kaski District">Kaski</a>. </p><p>The Rana regime, a tightly centralized <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, pursued a policy of isolating Nepal from external influences. This policy helped Nepal maintain its independence during the British colonial era, but it also impeded the country's economic development and modernisation. The Ranas were staunchly pro-British and assisted the British during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> and later in both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World Wars</a>. At the same time, despite Chinese claims, the British supported Nepalese independence at the beginning of the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1923, Britain and Nepal formally signed a "<a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">treaty of perpetual peace and friendship</a>" superseding the Sugauli Treaty of 1816 and upgrading the British resident in Kathmandu to an envoy. </p><p>Slavery was abolished in Nepal in 1924 under premiership of <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shumsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandra Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana">Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="German invasion of Poland">German invasion of Poland</a>, the Kingdom of Nepal <a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">declared war on Germany</a> on 4 September 1939. Once Japan entered the conflict, sixteen battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Army" title="Nepali Army">Nepali Army</a> fought on the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burmese front</a>. In addition to military support, Nepal contributed guns, equipment as well as hundreds of thousand of pounds of tea, sugar and raw materials such as timber to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied war effort</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution_of_1951">Revolution of 1951</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Revolution of 1951"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_democracy_movement" title="Nepalese democracy movement">Nepalese democracy movement</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1951" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1951">revolution of 1951</a> started when dissatisfaction against the family rule of the Ranas started emerging from among the few educated people, who had studied in various South Asian schools and colleges, and also from within the Ranas, many of whom were marginalized within the ruling Rana hierarchy. Many of these Nepalese in exile had actively taken part in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian Independence struggle</a> and wanted to liberate Nepal as well from the autocratic Rana occupation. The political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Praja_Parishad" title="Nepal Praja Parishad">Praja Parishad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> were already formed in exile by leaders such as <a href="/wiki/B._P._Koirala" class="mw-redirect" title="B. P. Koirala">B. P. Koirala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Man_Singh" title="Ganesh Man Singh">Ganesh Man Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subarna_Shamsher_Rana" title="Subarna Shamsher Rana">Subarna Sumsher Rana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prasad_Bhattarai" title="Krishna Prasad Bhattarai">Krishna Prasad Bhattarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girija_Prasad_Koirala" title="Girija Prasad Koirala">Girija Prasad Koirala</a>, and many other patriotic-minded Nepalis who urged the military and popular political movement in Nepal to overthrow the autocratic Rana regime. The Nepali Congress also formed a military wing <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Nepali Congress's Liberation Army">Nepali Congress's Liberation Army</a>. Among the prominent martyrs to die for the cause, executed at the hands of the Ranas, were <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Bhakta_Mathema" title="Dharma Bhakta Mathema">Dharma Bhakta Mathema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shukraraj_Shastri" title="Shukraraj Shastri">Shukraraj Shastri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangalal_Shrestha" title="Gangalal Shrestha">Gangalal Shrestha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dashrath_Chand" title="Dashrath Chand">Dasharath Chand</a> who were the members of the Praja Parisad. This turmoil culminated in <a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">King Tribhuvan</a>, a direct descendant of Prithvi Narayan Shah, fleeing from his "palace prison" in 1950, to India, touching off <a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">an armed revolt</a> against the Rana administration. This eventually ended in the return of the Shah family to power and the appointment of a non-Rana as prime minister following a tri-partite agreement signed called '<a href="/wiki/Delhi_Accord" title="Delhi Accord">Delhi Compromise</a>'. A period of quasi-constitutional rule followed, during which the monarch, assisted by the leaders of fledgling political parties, governed the country. During the 1950s, efforts were made to frame a constitution for Nepal that would establish a representative form of government, based on a British model. A 10-member cabinet under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohan_Shumsher_Jang_Bahadur_Rana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohan Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana">Mohan Shumsher</a> with 5 members of the Rana family and 5 of the Nepali Congress was formed. This government drafted a constitution called the 'Interim Government Act' which was the first constitution of Nepal. But this government failed to work in consensus as the Ranas and Congressmen were never on good terms. So, on 16 November 1951, the king formed a new government of 14 ministers under <a href="/wiki/Matrika_Prasad_Koirala" title="Matrika Prasad Koirala">Matrika Prasad Koirala</a>, which was later dissolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panchayat_system">Panchayat system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Panchayat system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1960_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Nepal coup d'état">1960 Nepal coup d'état</a></div> <p>The first democratic elections were held <a href="/wiki/1959_Nepalese_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1959 Nepalese legislative election">in 1959</a>, and B. P. Koirala was elected prime minister. But declaring parliamentary democracy a failure, <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_of_Nepal" title="Mahendra of Nepal">King Mahendra</a> carried out a royal coup 18 months later, in 1960. He dismissed the elected Koirala government, declared that a "partyless" system would govern Nepal, and promulgated a new constitution on 16 December 1960. Subsequently, the elected prime minister, members of parliament and hundreds of democratic activists were arrested. </p><p>The new constitution established a "partyless" <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a> which King Mahendra considered to be a democratic form of government, closer to Nepalese traditions. As a pyramidal structure, progressing from village assemblies to the <a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Panchayat" title="Rastriya Panchayat">Rastriya Panchayat</a>, the Panchayat system constitutionalized the absolute power of the monarch and kept the King as head of state with sole authority over all governmental institutions, including the cabinet (council of ministers) and the parliament. One-state-one-language became the national policy in an effort to carry out state unification, uniting various ethnic and regional groups into a singular Nepali nationalist bond. The <a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to Village Campaign</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <span lang="ne">गाउँ फर्क अभियान</span>) launched in 1967, was one of the main rural development programs of the Panchayat system. </p><p>King Mahendra was succeeded by his 27-year-old son, King <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">Birendra</a>, in 1972. Amid student demonstrations and anti-regime activities in 1979, King Birendra called for a national referendum to decide on the nature of Nepal's government; either the continuation of the Panchayat system along with democratic reforms or the establishment of a multiparty system. The referendum was held <a href="/wiki/1980_Nepalese_governmental_system_referendum" title="1980 Nepalese governmental system referendum">in May 1980</a>, and the Panchayat system gained a narrow victory. The king carried out the promised reforms, including selection of the prime minister by the Rastriya Panchayat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiparty_democracy">Multiparty democracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Multiparty democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People in rural areas had expected that their interests would be better represented after the adoption of parliamentary democracy in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/United_Left_Front_(Nepal,_1990)" title="United Left Front (Nepal, 1990)">United Left Front</a> decided to launch a decisive agitational movement, the <a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan</a>, which forced the monarchy to accept constitutional reforms and to establish a multiparty parliament. In May 1991, Nepal held its <a href="/wiki/1991_Nepalese_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Nepalese legislative election">first parliamentary elections in nearly 50 years</a>. The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 seats and formed the first elected government in 32 years. </p><p>In 1992, in a situation of economic crisis and chaos, with spiraling prices as a result of the implementation of changes in policy of the new Congress government, the radical left stepped up their political agitation. A Joint People's Agitation Committee was set up by the various groups.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">general strike</a> was called for 6 April. Violent incidents began to occur on the eve of the strike. The Joint People's Agitation Committee had called for a 30-minute 'lights out' in the capital, and violence erupted outside <a href="/wiki/Bir_Hospital" title="Bir Hospital">Bir Hospital</a> when activists tried to enforce the 'lights out'. At dawn on 6 April, clashes between strike activists and police, outside a police station in Pulchowk, <a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a>, which left two activists dead. Later in the day, a mass rally of the Agitation Committee at <a href="/wiki/Tundikhel" title="Tundikhel">Tundikhel</a> in the capital <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> was attacked by police forces. As a result, riots broke out and the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Telecom" title="Nepal Telecom">Nepal Telecommunications</a> building was set on fire; police opened fire at the crowd, killing several persons. The Human Rights Organisation of Nepal estimated that 14 persons, including several onlookers, had been killed in police firing.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When promised land reforms failed to appear, people in some districts started to organize to enact their own land reform and to gain some power over their lives in the face of usurious landlords. However, this movement was repressed by the Nepali government, in "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Romeo_(Nepal)" title="Operation Romeo (Nepal)">Operation Romeo</a>" and "Operation Kilo Sera II", which took the lives of many of the leading activists of the struggle. As a result, many witnesses to this repression became radicalized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepalese_Civil_War">Nepalese Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nepalese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></div> <p>In March 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a> started a bid to replace the parliamentary monarchy with a new people's democratic republic, through a Maoist revolutionary strategy known as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a>. Led by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Baburam_Bhattarai" title="Baburam Bhattarai">Baburam Bhattarai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> (also known as "Prachanda"), the insurgency began in five districts in Nepal: <a href="/wiki/Rolpa_District" title="Rolpa District">Rolpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukum">Rukum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jajarkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Jajarkot">Jajarkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sindhuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhuli">Sindhuli</a>. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) established a provisional "people's government" at the district level in several locations. </p><p>On 1 June 2001, The Massacre known as 'The royal massacre' occurred in the royal palace killing the <a href="/wiki/Birendra_of_Nepal" title="Birendra of Nepal">King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Aishwarya_of_Nepal" title="Queen Aishwarya of Nepal">Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipendra_of_Nepal" title="Dipendra of Nepal">Prince</a> and other people of the family. It is *claimed* that the Prince massacred the family for some claimed reasons. Since the prince was the one surviving, He was declared king but died 2–3 days later and Prince <a href="/wiki/Gyanendra_of_Nepal" title="Gyanendra of Nepal">Gyanendra</a> was crowned. Meanwhile, the rebellion escalated, and in October 2002 the king temporarily deposed the government and took complete control of it. A week later he reappointed another government, but the country was still very unstable. </p><p>Large parts of Nepal were taken over by the rebellion. The Maoists are driving out representatives of parties close to the government, expropriating local "capitalists" and implementing their own development projects. They also run their own prisons and courts. In addition to coercive measures, the guerrillas are gaining a foothold because of their popularity with large sectors of Nepalese society, particularly women, untouchables and ethnic minorities. Caste discrimination was abolished, women received equal inheritance rights and forced marriages were prohibited. In addition, the Maoists provided free health care and literacy classes.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg/220px-Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg/330px-Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg/440px-Nepal_maoist_valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A family in a <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a>-controlled valley, 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In the face of unstable governments and a siege on the Kathmandu Valley in August 2004, popular support for the monarchy began to wane. On 1 February 2005, King Gyanendra dismissed the entire government and assumed full executive powers, declaring a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> to quash the revolution. Politicians were placed under house arrest, phone and internet lines were cut, and freedom of the press was severely curtailed. </p><p>The king's new regime made little progress in his stated aim to suppress the insurgents. Municipal elections in February 2006 were described by the European Union as "a backward step for democracy", as the major parties <a href="/wiki/Election_boycott" title="Election boycott">boycotted the election</a> and some candidates were forced to run for office by the army.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">strikes and street protests in Kathmandu</a> forced the king to reinstate the parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Seven_Party_Alliance" title="Seven Party Alliance">seven-party coalition</a> resumed control of the government and stripped the king of most of his powers. On 24 December 2007, seven parties, including the former Maoist rebels and the ruling party, agreed to abolish the monarchy and declare Nepal a federal republic.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">elections held on 10 April 2008</a>, the Maoists secured a simple majority, with the prospect of forming a government to rule the proposed 'Republic of Nepal'. </p><p>From 1996 to 2006, the war resulted in approximately 13,000 deaths. According to the NGO Informal Sector Service Centre, 85 per cent of civilian killings are attributable to government actions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic">Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 28 May 2008, the newly elected <a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> declared Nepal a Federal Democratic Republic, abolishing the 240-year-old monarchy. The motion for the abolition of the monarchy was carried by a huge majority: out of 564 members present in the assembly, 560 voted for the motion while 4 members voted against it.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 June 2008, the deposed King Gyanendra left the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ram_Baran_Yadav" title="Ram Baran Yadav">Ram Baran Yadav</a> of the Nepali Congress became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal</a> on <a href="/wiki/2008_Nepalese_presidential_election" title="2008 Nepalese presidential election">July 23, 2008</a>. Similarly, the Constituent Assembly elected Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda) of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)">Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist)</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> of the republic on 15 August 2008, favoring him over <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> of the Nepali Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After failing to draft a constitution before the deadline, the existing Constituent Assembly was dissolved by the government on 28 May 2012 and a new interim government was formed under the premiership of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice of Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khil_Raj_Regmi" title="Khil Raj Regmi">Khil Raj Regmi</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2013_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="2013 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly election</a> of November 2013, the Nepali Congress won the largest share of the votes but failed to get a majority. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">CPN (UML)</a> and the Nepali Congress negotiated to form a consensus government, and <a href="/wiki/Sushil_Koirala" title="Sushil Koirala">Sushil Koirala</a> of the Nepali Congress was elected as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution of Nepal</a> was finally adopted on 20 September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 April 2015, <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">a devastating earthquake</a> of <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> of 7.8<a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">M<sub>w</sub></a> killed nearly 9,000 people and injured nearly 22,000. It was the worst natural disaster to strike the country since the <a href="/wiki/1934_Nepal%E2%80%93Bihar_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake">1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake</a>. The earthquake also triggered <a href="/wiki/2015_Mount_Everest_avalanches" title="2015 Mount Everest avalanches">an avalanche on Mount Everest</a>, killing 21. Centuries-old buildings including the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">A major aftershock</a> occurred on 12 May 2015 at <abbr>12:50 NST</abbr> with a moment magnitude (M<sub>w</sub>) of 7.3, killing more than 200 people and over 2,500 were injured by this aftershock, and many were left homeless. These events led to a <a href="/wiki/Nepal_humanitarian_crisis_(2015-2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal humanitarian crisis (2015-2017)">major humanitarian crisis</a> which affected the reconstruction after the earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minority ethnic groups like <a href="/wiki/Madhesi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhesi people">Madhesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tharu_people" title="Tharu people">Tharu</a> protested vigorously against the constitution which came into effect on 20 September 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They pointed out that their concerns had not been addressed and there were few explicit protections for their ethnic groups in the document. At least 56 civilians and 11 police died in clashes over the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the Madhesi protests, <a href="/wiki/2015_Nepal_blockade" title="2015 Nepal blockade">India suspended vital supplies to landlocked Nepal</a>, citing insecurity and violence in border areas.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The then prime minister of Nepal, <a href="/wiki/KP_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="KP Sharma Oli">KP Sharma Oli</a>, publicly accused India for the blockade calling the act more inhumane than war.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India has denied enacting the blockade.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blockade choked imports of not only petroleum, but also medicines and earthquake relief material.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The then <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">United Nations Secretary-General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a>, alleged that the denial of petroleum and medicine to Nepal constituted a violation of human rights, adding to the humanitarian crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017_to_present">2017 to present</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2017 to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 2017, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> was elected the 40th Prime Minister of Nepal, succeeding Prime Minister and Chairman of <a href="/wiki/CPN_(Maoist_Centre)" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN (Maoist Centre)">CPN (Maoist Centre)</a> <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a>. Deuba had been previously Prime Minister from 1995 to 1997, from 2001 to 2002, and from 2004 to 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2017, Nepal had its <a href="/wiki/2017_Nepalese_general_election" title="2017 Nepalese general election">first general election</a> since the civil war ended and the monarchy was abolished. The main alternatives were centrist Nepali Congress Party and the alliance of former Maoist rebels and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unified_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)">Communist UML</a> party.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alliance of communists won the election, and UML leader <a href="/wiki/Khadga_Prasad_Sharma_Oli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli">Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli</a> was sworn in February 2018 as the new Prime Minister. He had previously been Prime Minister since 2015 until 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Bidya_Devi_Bhandari" title="Bidya Devi Bhandari">Bidya Devi Bhandari</a>, the candidate of the then-ruling Left alliance of the CPN-UML and CPN (Maoist Centre), was re-elected for a second term. The presidential post is mainly ceremonial.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2021, Prime Minister Oli was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Sher_Bahadur_Deuba" title="Sher Bahadur Deuba">Sher Bahadur Deuba</a> after a constitutional crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2022, former Maoist guerilla chief, <a href="/wiki/Pushpa_Kamal_Dahal" title="Pushpa Kamal Dahal">Pushpa Kamal Dahal</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Prachanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda">Prachanda</a>, became Nepal's new prime minister after the <a href="/wiki/2022_Nepalese_general_election" title="2022 Nepalese general election">general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2023, <a href="/wiki/Ram_Chandra_Poudel" title="Ram Chandra Poudel">Ram Chandra Paudel</a> of Nepali Congress was <a href="/wiki/2023_Nepalese_presidential_election" title="2023 Nepalese presidential election">elected</a> as Nepal's third president to succeed Bidya Devi Bhandari.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 July 2024, K. P. Sharma Oli was sworn in as Nepali Prime minister for fourth time. New coalition was formed between Nepali Congress, led by Sher Bahadur Deuba, and UML, led by Oli. The party leaders will take turns as prime ministers for 18 months each until the next general elections in 2027.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Munchi Shew Shunker Singh and Pandit Shri Gunanand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnepl00sing/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>History of Nepal</i></a>, translated from the <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Parbatiya</a>. With an introductory sketch of the <i>Country and people of Nepal</i> by the editor, Daniel Wright. Cambridge, at the University Press, 1877. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kathmandu" title="History of Kathmandu">History of Kathmandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikkim" title="History of Sikkim">History of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of Nepal">Monarchy of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics of Nepal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDUFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA609">"Nepal," pp. 609-610.</a></i>, p. 609, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFShaha1992" class="citation book cs1">Shaha, Rishikesk (1992). <i>Ancient and medieval nepal</i>. Kathmandu: <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Pustak_Bhandar" title="Ratna Pustak Bhandar">Ratna Pustak Bhandar</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185425696" title="Special:BookSources/9788185425696"><bdi>9788185425696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+medieval+nepal&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Ratna+Pustak+Bhandar&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185425696&rft.aulast=Shaha&rft.aufirst=Rishikesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhattarai2008" class="citation book cs1">Bhattarai, Krishna P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/nepal0000bhat"><i>Nepal</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Chelsea House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9672-7"><bdi>978-0-7910-9672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Chelsea+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9672-7&rft.aulast=Bhattarai&rft.aufirst=Krishna+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnepal0000bhat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaha1992" class="citation book cs1">Shaha, Rishikesk (1992). <i>Ancient and medieval nepal</i>. Kathmandu: <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Pustak_Bhandar" title="Ratna Pustak Bhandar">Ratna Pustak Bhandar</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788185425696" title="Special:BookSources/9788185425696"><bdi>9788185425696</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+and+medieval+nepal&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.pub=Ratna+Pustak+Bhandar&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788185425696&rft.aulast=Shaha&rft.aufirst=Rishikesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220603155105/https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_154_02.pdf">"The Prehistory of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_154_02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prehistory+of+Nepal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fancientnepal%2Fpdf%2Fancient_nepal_154_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_P._Bhattarai2009" class="citation book cs1">Krishna P. Bhattarai (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aArqOqBGBQC&pg=PA32"><i>Nepal</i></a>. Infobase publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438105239" title="Special:BookSources/9781438105239"><bdi>9781438105239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal&rft.pub=Infobase+publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781438105239&rft.au=Krishna+P.+Bhattarai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aArqOqBGBQC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBregaGardellaSeminoMorpurgo1986" class="citation journal cs1">Brega, A; Gardella, R; Semino, O; Morpurgo, G; Astaldi Ricotti, G B; Wallace, D C; Santachiara Benerecetti, A S (October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683983">"Genetic studies on the Tharu population of Nepal: restriction endonuclease polymorphisms of mitochondrial DNA"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">502–</span>512. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9297">0002-9297</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683983">1683983</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2876631">2876631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+studies+on+the+Tharu+population+of+Nepal%3A+restriction+endonuclease+polymorphisms+of+mitochondrial+DNA.&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1683983%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0002-9297&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2876631&rft.aulast=Brega&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Gardella%2C+R&rft.au=Semino%2C+O&rft.au=Morpurgo%2C+G&rft.au=Astaldi+Ricotti%2C+G+B&rft.au=Wallace%2C+D+C&rft.au=Santachiara+Benerecetti%2C+A+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1683983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodgson1880" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, B. H. (Brian Houghton) (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/miscellaneousess01hodguoft"><i>Miscellaneous essays relating to Indian subjects</i></a>. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Trübner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miscellaneous+essays+relating+to+Indian+subjects&rft.pub=London%2C+Tr%C3%BCbner&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=B.+H.+%28Brian+Houghton%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmiscellaneousess01hodguoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f0y6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT199"><i>Social Inclusion of Ethnic Communities in Contemporary Nepal</i></a>. KW Publishers Pvt Ltd. 15 August 2013. pp. 199–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85714-70-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85714-70-2"><bdi>978-93-85714-70-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Inclusion+of+Ethnic+Communities+in+Contemporary+Nepal&rft.pages=199-&rft.pub=KW+Publishers+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.isbn=978-93-85714-70-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df0y6DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkarGhosh2003" class="citation book cs1">Sarkar, Jayanta; Ghosh, G. C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywY_dN6ad8gC&q=Nepalese+proto-australoid&pg=PA41"><i>Populations of the SAARC Countries: Bio-cultural Perspectives</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120725621" title="Special:BookSources/9788120725621"><bdi>9788120725621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populations+of+the+SAARC+Countries%3A+Bio-cultural+Perspectives&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788120725621&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jayanta&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+G.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DywY_dN6ad8gC%26q%3DNepalese%2Bproto-australoid%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1967" class="citation journal cs1">Ghosh, A. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755169">"The Pillars of Aśoka - Their Purpose"</a>. <i>East and West</i>. <b>17</b> (3/4): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8376">0012-8376</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755169">29755169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+and+West&rft.atitle=The+Pillars+of+A%C5%9Boka+-+Their+Purpose&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29755169%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8376&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29755169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVincent_A._Smith1958" class="citation book cs1">Vincent A. Smith (1 December 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofin0000vinc"><i>Early History of India</i></a>. Internet Archive. Oxford University Press. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821513-4"><bdi>978-0-19-821513-4</bdi></a>. <q>249 BCE, Pilgrimage of Asoka to Buddhist holy places; erection of pillars at Lumbini Garden and near a stupa of Konakamana; his visit to Nepal, and foundation of Lalita Patan his daughter Charumati becomes a nun.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+India&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821513-4&rft.au=Vincent+A.+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofin0000vinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSen1948" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Gercrude Emerson (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529188"><i>Pageant Of India's History Vol.1</i></a>. Longmans, Green And Co. New York. p. 131. <q>Asoka is also credited with having founded two important cities, Srinagar in Kashmir and Lalita Patan in Nepal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pageant+Of+India%27s+History+Vol.1&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+And+Co.+New+York&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Gercrude+Emerson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.529188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=9616436150&searchurl=tn=kirates+ancient+india&sortby=17&cm_sp=snippet-_-srp1-_-title1">"Kirates in Ancient India by G.P. Singh/ G.P. Singh: South Asia Books 9788121202817 Hardcover - Revaluation Books"</a>. <i>abebooks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abebooks.com&rft.atitle=Kirates+in+Ancient+India+by+G.P.+Singh%2F+G.P.+Singh%3A+South+Asia+Books+9788121202817+Hardcover+-+Revaluation+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fservlet%2FBookDetailsPL%3Fbi%3D9616436150%26searchurl%3Dtn%3Dkirates%2Bancient%2Bindia%26sortby%3D17%26cm_sp%3Dsnippet-_-srp1-_-title1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shaha,_Rishikesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaha, Rishikesh">Shaha, Rishikesh</a>. <i>Ancient and Medieval Nepal</i> (1992), p. 7. Manohar Publications, New Delhi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85425-69-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-85425-69-8">81-85425-69-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroegerTrenkler2005" class="citation journal cs1">Groeger, Herbert; Trenkler, Luigi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jugendberatung.at/download/kunden/00009162.pdf">"Zen and systemic therapy: Similarities, distinctions, possible contributions of Zen theory and Zen practice to systemic therapy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brief Strategic and Systematic Therapy European Review</i>. <b>2</b>: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brief+Strategic+and+Systematic+Therapy+European+Review.&rft.atitle=Zen+and+systemic+therapy%3A+Similarities%2C+distinctions%2C+possible+contributions+of+Zen+theory+and+Zen+practice+to+systemic+therapy&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Groeger&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Trenkler%2C+Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jugendberatung.at%2Fdownload%2Fkunden%2F00009162.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1980" class="citation cs2">Srivastava, K.M. (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/jiabs/article/viewFile/8511/2418">"Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu"</a>, <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>, <b>3</b> (1): 108</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Excavations+at+Priprahwa+and+Ganwaria+and+the+Identification+of+Kapilavastu&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Findex.php%2Fjiabs%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F8511%2F2418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuladhar2002" class="citation cs2">Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_151_01.pdf">"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu - Revisited"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Ancient Nepal</i> (151): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Nepal&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+City+of+Kapilvastu+-+Revisited&rft.issue=151&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Tuladhar&rft.aufirst=Swoyambhu+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fancientnepal%2Fpdf%2Fancient_nepal_151_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntington1986" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Huntington, John C (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141128233735/http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%205.pdf">"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Orientations</i>, September 1986: <span class="nowrap">54–</span>56, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://huntingtonarchive.osu.edu/resources/downloads/jchArticles/Part%205.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 November 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientations&rft.atitle=Sowing+the+Seeds+of+the+Lotus&rft.volume=September+1986&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=John+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuntingtonarchive.osu.edu%2Fresources%2Fdownloads%2FjchArticles%2FPart%25205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaidya1985" class="citation book cs1">Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofU6AAAAMAAJ&q=mahispal"><i>Crime and Punishment in Nepal: A Historical Perspective</i></a>. Bini Vaidya and Purna Devi Manandhar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+and+Punishment+in+Nepal%3A+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Bini+Vaidya+and+Purna+Devi+Manandhar&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Vaidya&rft.aufirst=Tulas%C4%AB+R%C4%81ma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofU6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmahispal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRegmiStudies1969" class="citation book cs1">Regmi, D. R.; Studies, Nepal Institute of Asian (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cEBAAAAMAAJ&q=mahisapala"><i>Ancient Nepal</i></a>. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Nepal&rft.pub=Firma+K.+L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Regmi&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Studies%2C+Nepal+Institute+of+Asian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cEBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmahisapala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaha2001" class="citation book cs1">Shaha, Rishikesh (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kmwwAQAAIAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Nepal</i></a>. Ratna Pustak Bhandar. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Nepal&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Ratna+Pustak+Bhandar&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shaha&rft.aufirst=Rishikesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkmwwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh2008" class="citation book cs1">Singh, G. P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ff2gk27p9oC&dq=abhira&pg=PA391"><i>Researches Into the History and Civilization of the Kirātas</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0281-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-212-0281-7"><bdi>978-81-212-0281-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Researches+Into+the+History+and+Civilization+of+the+Kir%C4%81tas&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-212-0281-7&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=G.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ff2gk27p9oC%26dq%3Dabhira%26pg%3DPA391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhatri1973" class="citation book cs1">Khatri, Tek Bahadur (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1K3Hzk2HNkC&q=mahispal+dynasty"><i>The Postage Stamps of Nepal</i></a>. Sharada Kumari K.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Postage+Stamps+of+Nepal&rft.pub=Sharada+Kumari+K.C.&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Khatri&rft.aufirst=Tek+Bahadur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1K3Hzk2HNkC%26q%3Dmahispal%2Bdynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhatri1999" class="citation book cs1">Khatri, Shiva Ram (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YIPeAAAAMAAJ&q=mahispal"><i>Nepal Army Chiefs: Short Biographical Sketches</i></a>. Sira Khatri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+Army+Chiefs%3A+Short+Biographical+Sketches&rft.pub=Sira+Khatri&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Khatri&rft.aufirst=Shiva+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYIPeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmahispal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFḌhakāla2005" class="citation book cs1">Ḍhakāla, Bāburāma (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YoENAQAAMAAJ&q=mahispal"><i>Empire of Corruption</i></a>. Babu Ram Dhakal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99946-33-91-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99946-33-91-3"><bdi>978-99946-33-91-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Corruption&rft.pub=Babu+Ram+Dhakal&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-99946-33-91-3&rft.aulast=%E1%B8%8Chak%C4%81la&rft.aufirst=B%C4%81bur%C4%81ma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYoENAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmahispal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-renamed_from_0_on_20220321144102_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210020933/http://telegraphnepal.com/national/2014-02-19/the-lichhavi-and-kirat-kings-of-nepal">"The Lichhavi and Kirat kings of Nepal"</a>. <i>telegraphnepal.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://telegraphnepal.com/national/2014-02-19/the-lichhavi-and-kirat-kings-of-nepal">the original</a> on 10 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=telegraphnepal.com&rft.atitle=The+Lichhavi+and+Kirat+kings+of+Nepal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftelegraphnepal.com%2Fnational%2F2014-02-19%2Fthe-lichhavi-and-kirat-kings-of-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFleet1888" class="citation book cs1">Fleet, John Faithfull (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.49403/page/n213/mode/2up"><i>Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. 3</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Inscriptionum+Indicarum+Vol.+3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Fleet&rft.aufirst=John+Faithfull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.49403%2Fpage%2Fn213%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaudhary" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhary, Radhakrishna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC"><i>Mithilak Itihas</i></a>. Ram Vilas Sahu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380538280" title="Special:BookSources/9789380538280"><bdi>9789380538280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mithilak+Itihas&rft.pub=Ram+Vilas+Sahu&rft.isbn=9789380538280&rft.aulast=Chaudhary&rft.aufirst=Radhakrishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJO4toCiJ2ecC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrinsep1835" class="citation journal cs1">Prinsep, James (March 1835). Prinsep, James (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zStRYVgAKIAC&q=simroun+mithila&pg=PA121">"The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Ed. By James Prinsep"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>4</b> (39).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=The+Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal.+Ed.+By+James+Prinsep&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=39&rft.date=1835-03&rft.aulast=Prinsep&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzStRYVgAKIAC%26q%3Dsimroun%2Bmithila%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krishna_2009-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krishna_2009_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_P._Bhattarai2009" class="citation book cs1">Krishna P. Bhattarai (1 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aArqOqBGBQC&pg=PA113"><i>Nepal</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0523-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0523-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0523-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0523-9&rft.au=Krishna+P.+Bhattarai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aArqOqBGBQC%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/History">"Nepal - History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+-+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FNepal%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das2014-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Das2014_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBasudevlal_Dad2014" class="citation journal cs1">Basudevlal Dad (2014). "The Sena Dynasty: From Bengal to Nepal". <i>Academic Voices</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Voices&rft.atitle=The+Sena+Dynasty%3A+From+Bengal+to+Nepal&rft.volume=4&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Basudevlal+Dad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Das, Basudevlal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fav.v3i1.9704">"Maithili in Medieval Nepal: A Historical Apprisal"</a>. <i>Academic Voices</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Fav.v3i1.9704">10.3126/av.v3i1.9704</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academic+Voices&rft.atitle=Maithili+in+Medieval+Nepal%3A+A+Historical+Apprisal&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Fav.v3i1.9704&rft.aulast=Das&rft.aufirst=Basudevlal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3126%252Fav.v3i1.9704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nepalarmythree-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nepalarmythree_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220102904/http://nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three">"Nepalese Army | नेपाली सेना"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/history.php?page=three">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepalese+Army+%26%23124%3B+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepalarmy.mil.np%2Fhistory.php%3Fpage%3Dthree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshiRose196623_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoshiRose1966">Joshi & Rose 1966</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPradhan20129_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPradhan2012">Pradhan 2012</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatteo_Miele2017" class="citation web cs1">Matteo Miele (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.ff.cuni.cz/praguepapers/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2017/09/Matteo_Miele_90-101.pdf">"British Diplomatic Views on Nepal and the Final Stage of the Ch'ing Empire (1910–1911)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Prague Papers on the History of International Relations. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>101<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Diplomatic+Views+on+Nepal+and+the+Final+Stage+of+the+Ch%27ing+Empire+%281910%E2%80%931911%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Prague+Papers+on+the+History+of+International+Relations&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Matteo+Miele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.ff.cuni.cz%2Fpraguepapers%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2017%2F09%2FMatteo_Miele_90-101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucci, Giuseppe. (1952). <i>Journey to Mustang, 1952</i>. Trans. by Diana Fussell. 1st Italian edition, 1953; 1st English edition, 1977. 2nd edition revised, 2003, p. 22. Bibliotheca Himalayica. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-0-378-X" title="Special:BookSources/99933-0-378-X">99933-0-378-X</a> (South Asia); 974-524-024-9 (Outside of South Asia).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The organisers of the Committee were the <a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Janamorcha_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal">Samyukta Janamorcha Nepal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Unity_Centre)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)">Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Masal)_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Masal) (historical)">Communist Party of Nepal (Masal)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_League" title="Nepal Communist League">Nepal Communist League</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)">Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoftun, Martin, William Raeper and John Whelpton. People, politics and ideology: Democracy and Social Change in Nepal. Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 1999. p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCédric_Gouverneur2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Cédric Gouverneur (21 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu:81/cgnepal.html">"Social Inequality, Grinding Poverty, State Negligence"</a>. <i>The Blanket</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Blanket&rft.atitle=Social+Inequality%2C+Grinding+Poverty%2C+State+Negligence&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.au=C%C3%A9dric+Gouverneur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiamond6.ulib.iupui.edu%3A81%2Fcgnepal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1699935,00.html">When a king's looking-glass world is paid for in blood</a>. Guardian. 2 February 2006. Retrieved 8 April 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/nepal/history">"Nepal travel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nepal+travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fnepal%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519060621/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/asiapcf/12/28/nepal.monarchy.ap/">Nepal votes to abolish monarchy</a>. CNN. 28 December 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insec.org.np/victim/">"Conflict Victim's Profile"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conflict+Victim%27s+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insec.org.np%2Fvictim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may28/news18.php">Nepalnews.com, news from Nepal as it happens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117050801/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/may/may28/news18.php">Archived</a> 2016-01-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Nepalnews.com. 28 May 2008. Retrieved on 2012-04-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081007111955/http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2008/jun/jun11/news16.php">Ex-King Gyanendra leaves Narayanhiti</a>. nepalnews.com. 11 June 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-35052320080818">"Nepal's former guerrilla chief Prachanda sworn in as PM"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 18 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+former+guerrilla+chief+Prachanda+sworn+in+as+PM&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FidINIndia-35052320080818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26116387">"Sushil Koirala wins vote to be Nepal's prime minister"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sushil+Koirala+wins+vote+to+be+Nepal%27s+prime+minister&rft.date=2014-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-26116387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34280015">"Why is Nepal's new constitution controversial?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+is+Nepal%27s+new+constitution+controversial%3F&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34280015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adrc.asia/acdr/2016/documents/01_Nepal_Nepal%20Earthquake%20ACDR2016.pdf">"Asian Disaster Reduction Center（ADRC）"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.adrc.asia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adrc.asia&rft.atitle=Asian+Disaster+Reduction+Center%EF%BC%88ADRC%EF%BC%89&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adrc.asia%2Facdr%2F2016%2Fdocuments%2F01_Nepal_Nepal%2520Earthquake%2520ACDR2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPokharel2015" class="citation news cs1">Pokharel, Krishna (23 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/briefly/2015/09/23/nepals-new-constitution-at-a-glance/">"Nepal's New Constitution – at a Glance"</a>. <i>Wall Street Journal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+New+Constitution+%E2%80%93+at+a+Glance&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft.aulast=Pokharel&rft.aufirst=Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fbriefly%2F2015%2F09%2F23%2Fnepals-new-constitution-at-a-glance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34280015">"Why is Nepal's new constitution controversial?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Why+is+Nepal%27s+new+constitution+controversial%3F&rft.date=2015-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-34280015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/4158284/nepal-constitution-amendment-madhesi-blockade-india/">"Nepal Will Amend Constitution to End Border Blockade"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nepal+Will+Amend+Constitution+to+End+Border+Blockade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4158284%2Fnepal-constitution-amendment-madhesi-blockade-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-blockade-more-inhuman-than-war-says-Nepal-PM-KP-Sharma-Oli/articleshow/49690974.cms">"Indian blockade more inhuman than war, says Nepal PM KP Sharma Oli | India News - Times of India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 6 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Indian+blockade+more+inhuman+than+war%2C+says+Nepal+PM+KP+Sharma+Oli+%26%23124%3B+India+News+-+Times+of+India&rft.date=2015-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FIndian-blockade-more-inhuman-than-war-says-Nepal-PM-KP-Sharma-Oli%2Farticleshow%2F49690974.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/505354/india-denies-imposing-economic-blockade.html">"India denies imposing economic blockade on Nepal"</a>. 9 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=India+denies+imposing+economic+blockade+on+Nepal&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F505354%2Findia-denies-imposing-economic-blockade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArora" class="citation web cs1">Arora, Vishal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/r-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal/">"R.I.P., India's Influence in Nepal"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=R.I.P.%2C+India%27s+Influence+in+Nepal&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Vishal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2015%2F11%2Fr-i-p-indias-influence-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news/2015/11/151111_free_transit_unsg">"Right to Nepal's Right Path"</a>. <i>BBC News</i> (in Nepali). 11 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Right+to+Nepal%27s+Right+Path&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnepali%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F151111_free_transit_unsg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=auto&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnepali%2Fnews%2F2015%2F11%2F151111_free_transit_unsg">Google Translation</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2017/06/06/sher-bahadur-deuba-elected-new-pm-of-nepal">"Sher Bahadur Deuba elected 40th PM of Nepal"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sher+Bahadur+Deuba+elected+40th+PM+of+Nepal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fnational%2F2017%2F06%2F06%2Fsher-bahadur-deuba-elected-new-pm-of-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42126210">"Nepal election: First poll since civil war ended"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+election%3A+First+poll+since+civil+war+ended&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-42126210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12511455">"Nepal country profile"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Nepal+country+profile&rft.date=2018-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-12511455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bidya-devi-bhandari-re-elected-as-nepal-president/article23228780.ece">"Bidya Devi Bhandari re-elected as Nepal President"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 13 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bidya+Devi+Bhandari+re-elected+as+Nepal+President&rft.date=2018-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fbidya-devi-bhandari-re-elected-as-nepal-president%2Farticle23228780.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSharma2021" class="citation news cs1">Sharma, Gopal (18 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/nepals-new-pm-wins-confidence-vote-amid-coronavirus-crisis-2021-07-18/">"Nepal's new PM wins confidence vote amid coronavirus crisis"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+new+PM+wins+confidence+vote+amid+coronavirus+crisis&rft.date=2021-07-18&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fchina%2Fnepals-new-pm-wins-confidence-vote-amid-coronavirus-crisis-2021-07-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/former-rebel-leader-becomes-nepal-s-new-pm-/6890926.html">"Former Rebel Leader Becomes Nepal's New PM"</a>. <i>VOA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Former+Rebel+Leader+Becomes+Nepal%27s+New+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fformer-rebel-leader-becomes-nepal-s-new-pm-%2F6890926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/9/nepal-elects-its-new-president-ram-chandra-paudel">"Nepal elects new president amid split in the governing coalition"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Nepal+elects+new+president+amid+split+in+the+governing+coalition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F3%2F9%2Fnepal-elects-its-new-president-ram-chandra-paudel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/14/president-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister">"Oli becomes prime minister for fourth time, swearing-in today"</a>. <i>kathmandupost.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=kathmandupost.com&rft.atitle=Oli+becomes+prime+minister+for+fourth+time%2C+swearing-in+today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkathmandupost.com%2Fnational%2F2024%2F07%2F14%2Fpresident-appoints-kp-sharma-oli-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Michaels, Axel, et al. "Nepalese History in a European Experience: A Case Study in Transcultural Historiography." <i>History and Theory</i> 55.2 (2016): 210–232.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "A Sanskrit Letter Written by Sylvain Lévi in 1923 to Hemarāja Śarmā Along With Some Hitherto Unknown Biographical Notes (Cultural Nationalism and Internationalism in the First Half of the 21st Cent.: Famous Indologists Write to the Raj Guru of Nepal – no. 1), in <i>Commemorative Volume for about 30 Years of the Nepal-German Manuscript Preservation Project. Journal of the Nepal Research Centre</i>, XII (2001), Kathmandu, ed. by A. Wezler in collaboration with H. Haffner, A. Michaels, B. Kölver, M. R. Pant and D. Jackson, pp. 115–149.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Strage a palazzo, movimento dei Maoisti e crisi di governabilità in Nepal", in <i>Asia Major 2002</i>, pp. 143–160.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Il nuovo Stato del Nepal: il difficile cammino dalla monarchia assoluta alla democrazia", in <i>Asia Major 2005-2006</i>, pp. 229–251.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Il Nepal da monarchia a stato federale", in <i>Asia Major 2008</i>, pp. 163–181.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "La fine dell'isolamento del Nepal, la costruzione della sua identità politica e delle sue alleanze regionali" in <i>ISPI: Istituto per gli Studi di Politica Internazionali</i>, CVII (Nov. 2008), pp. 1–7;</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Le elezioni dell'Assemblea Costituente e i primi mesi di governo della Repubblica Democratica Federale del Nepal", in <i>Asia Maior 2010</i>, pp. 115–126.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Nepal, la difficile costruzione della nazione: un paese senza Costituzione e un parlamento senza primo ministro", in <i>Asia Maior 2011</i>, pp. 161–171.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "The Interplay between Gender, Religion and Politics, and the New Violence against Women in Nepal", in J. Dragsbæk Schmidt and T. Roedel Berg (eds.), <i>Gender, Social Change and the Media: Perspective from Nepal</i>, University of Aalborg and Rawat Publications, Aalborg-Jaipur: 2012, pp. 27–91.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Nepal, stallo politico e lentezze nella realizzazione del processo di pace e di riconciliazione", in <i>Asia Maior 2012</i>, pp. 213–222.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "A Sanskrit Letter Written by Sylvain Lévy in 1925 to Hemarāja Śarmā along with Some Hitherto Unknown Biographical Notes (Cultural Nationalism and Internationalism in the First Half of the 20th Century – Famous Indologists write to the Raj Guru of Nepal – No. 2)", in <i>History of Indological Studies. Papers of the 12th World Sanskrit Conference Vol. 11.2</i>, ed. by K. Karttunen, P. Koskikallio and A. Parpola, Motilal Banarsidass and University of Helsinki, Delhi 2015, pp. 17–53.</li> <li>Garzilli, Enrica, "Nepal 2013-2014: Breaking the Political Impasse", in <i>Asia Maior 2014</i>, pp. 87–98.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshiRose1966" class="citation cs2">Joshi, Bhuwan Lal; Rose, Leo E. (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MX22o4PJ3Q0C"><i>Democratic Innovations in Nepal: A Case Study of Political Acculturation</i></a>, University of California Press, p. 551</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Innovations+in+Nepal%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Political+Acculturation&rft.pages=551&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Bhuwan+Lal&rft.au=Rose%2C+Leo+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMX22o4PJ3Q0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2012" class="citation cs2">Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC"><i>Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839</i></a>, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180698132" title="Special:BookSources/9788180698132"><bdi>9788180698132</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thapa+Politics+in+Nepal%3A+With+Special+Reference+to+Bhim+Sen+Thapa%2C+1806%E2%80%931839&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9788180698132&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Kumar+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7PP1yElRzIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Nepal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tiwari, Sudarshan Raj (2002). <i>The Brick and the Bull: An account of Handigaun, the Ancient Capital of Nepal</i>. Himal Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-43-52-8" title="Special:BookSources/99933-43-52-8">99933-43-52-8</a>.</li> <li>Kayastha, Chhatra Bahadur (2003).<i>Nepal Sanskriti: Samanyajnan</i>. Nepal Sanskriti. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99933-34-84-7" title="Special:BookSources/99933-34-84-7">99933-34-84-7</a>.</li> <li>Stiller, Ludwig (1993): <i>Nepal: growth of a nation</i>, HRDRC, Kathmandu, 1993, 215pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2369">Nepal: An Historical Study of a Hindu Kingdom</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English and French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/nepal/history">History of Nepal</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nepal_articles628" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nepal_topics" title="Template talk:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nepal topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nepal_articles628" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrabahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrabahu">Bhadrabahu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_Buddha)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (mother of Buddha)">Maya (mother of Buddha)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kirata_kingdom" title="Kirata kingdom">Kirata kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Yalamber">Yalamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Licchavi_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Licchavi (kingdom)">Lichchhavi rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manadeva" title="Manadeva">Manadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshuverma" title="Amshuverma">Amshuverma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrikuti" title="Bhrikuti">Bhrikuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araniko" title="Araniko">Araniko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Medieval<br />and<br />modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arimalla" title="Arimalla">Arimalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaubisi_Rajya" title="Chaubisi Rajya">Chaubisi Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala"> Newa kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Early Shah rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Pande" title="Kalu Pande">Kalu Pande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Nepal" title="List of monarchs of Nepal">Monarchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhimsen_Thapa" title="Bhimsen Thapa">Bhimsen Thapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sugauli" title="Treaty of Sugauli">Treaty of Sugauli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana rule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kot_massacre" title="Kot massacre">Kot massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Jung Bahadur Rana">Jung Bahadur Rana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Tibetan War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Thapathali" title="Treaty of Thapathali">Treaty of Thapathali</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamjang_and_Kaski" title="Lamjang and Kaski">Lamjang and Kaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribhuvan_of_Nepal" title="Tribhuvan of Nepal">Tribhuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Britain_Treaty_of_1923" title="Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923">Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Post-Rana and <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_to_the_Village_National_Campaign" title="Back to the Village National Campaign">Back to the Village campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Multi-party democracy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nepalese_revolution" title="1990 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Royal massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nepal_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2005 Nepal coup d'état">2005 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nepalese_revolution" title="2006 Nepalese revolution">Jana Andolan II</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 earthquake - <a href="/wiki/April_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="April 2015 Nepal earthquake">April</a> - <a href="/wiki/May_2015_Nepal_earthquake" title="May 2015 Nepal earthquake">May</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal" title="Geography of Nepal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Nepal" title="List of mountains in Nepal">Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kanchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makalu" title="Makalu">Makalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaulagiri" title="Dhaulagiri">Dhaulagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Terai_Valleys_of_Nepal" title="Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal">Inner Terai Valleys of Nepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor <span style="font-size:85%;">(Chicken's Neck)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Nepal" title="List of rivers of Nepal">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arun_River,_China-Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arun River, China-Nepal">Arun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali <span style="font-size:85%;">(Ghaghara)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Koshi River">Koshi <span style="font-size:85%;">(Kosi)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Narayani <span style="font-size:85%;">(Gandaki)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Rapti_River" title="West Rapti River">West Rapti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Nepal" title="Environmental issues in Nepal">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Nepal" title="Climate change in Nepal">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nepal" title="Deforestation in Nepal">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Nepal" title="List of protected areas of Nepal">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Nepal" title="Wildlife of Nepal">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nepal" title="Politics of Nepal">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Nepal" title="Constitution of Nepal">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Nepal" title="Elections in Nepal">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nepal" title="Foreign relations of Nepal">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Armed_Forces" title="Nepalese Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Army_Staff_(Nepal)" title="Chief of the Army Staff (Nepal)">Chief of the Army Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Federal Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Assembly (Nepal)">Provincial assemblies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Nepal" title="List of political parties in Nepal">Political parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Nepal" title="List of heads of state of Nepal">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nepal" title="President of Nepal">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Nepal" title="Vice President of Nepal">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Nepal" title="Prime Minister of Nepal">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Nepal" title="List of prime ministers of Nepal"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Nepal" title="Council of Ministers of Nepal">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Nepal" title="Supreme Court of Nepal">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Nepal" title="Chief Justice of Nepal">Chief Justice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nepal" title="Administrative divisions of Nepal">Divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Nepal" title="List of districts of Nepal">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Nepal" title="Provinces of Nepal">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Nepal" title="Municipalities of Nepal">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaunpalika" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaunpalika">Rural Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Nepal" title="List of cities in Nepal">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatpur,_Nepal" title="Bharatpur, Nepal">Bharatpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biratnagar" title="Biratnagar">Biratnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birgunj" title="Birgunj">Birgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damak" class="mw-redirect" title="Damak">Damak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetauda" title="Hetauda">Hetauda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itahari" title="Itahari">Itahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janakpurdham" class="mw-redirect" title="Janakpurdham">Janakpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalitpur,_Nepal" title="Lalitpur, Nepal">Lalitpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalgunj" title="Nepalgunj">Nepalgunj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokhara" title="Pokhara">Pokhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Nepal" title="Agriculture in Nepal">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Nepal" title="Energy in Nepal">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Nepal" title="Child labour in Nepal">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Nepal" title="List of companies of Nepal">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Free_Trade_Area" title="South Asian Free Trade Area">South Asian Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rupee" title="Nepalese rupee">Rupee <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Nepal" title="Squatting in Nepal">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Nepal" title="Tourism in Nepal">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Nepal" title="Transport in Nepal">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Nepal" title="Labour in Nepal">Workforce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nepal_wine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nepal" title="Demographics of Nepal">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nepal" title="Education in Nepal">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas/Gorkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Nepal" title="International rankings of Nepal">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Nepal">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" title="Nepal Academy of Fine Arts">Nepal Academy of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis" title="Nepalis">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Nepal" title="Ethnic groups in Nepal">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Nepal" title="Public holidays in Nepal">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Nepal" title="Islam in Nepal">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Nepal" title="Christianity in Nepal">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Nepal" title="Sports in Nepal">Sport</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Nepal" title="List of festivals in Nepal">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihar_(festival)" title="Tihar (festival)">Tihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohani" title="Mohani">Mohani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanti_(festival)" title="Swanti (festival)"> Swonti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipankha_Yatra" title="Dipankha Yatra">Dipankha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomari_punhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yomari punhi">Yomari Punhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanti">Buddha Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhauli" title="Udhauli">Udhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubhauli" title="Ubhauli">Ubhauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_Lhosar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyalpo Lhosar">Gyalpo Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamu_Lhosar" title="Tamu Lhosar">Tamu Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Lhosar" title="Sonam Lhosar">Sonam Lhosar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhath" title="Chhath">Chhath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasok_Tangnam" title="Chasok Tangnam">Chasok Tangnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhechu" title="Chhechu">Chhechu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Nepal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Nepal)">Jatra</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Celebrations12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Celebrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nwaran" title="Nwaran">Nwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasni_(celebration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasni (celebration)">Pasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Bratabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihi" title="Ihi">Ihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahra_ceremony" title="Bahra ceremony"> Bahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" title="Śrāddha">Shraddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Nepal" title="Abortion in Nepal">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunts_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunts in Nepal">Witch-hunts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Nepal" title="Capital punishment in Nepal">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Nepal" title="Health in Nepal">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nepal" title="Human rights in Nepal">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Nepal" title="Intersex rights in Nepal">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Nepal">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Nepal" title="Women's rights in Nepal">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Nepal" title="Human trafficking in Nepal">Human trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Nepal" title="Outline of Nepal">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Nepal" title="Bibliography of Nepal">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nepal" title="Category:Nepal">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Darjeeling_related_topics216" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling" title="Template:Darjeeling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Darjeeling" title="Template talk:Darjeeling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Darjeeling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Darjeeling_related_topics216" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikkim" title="History of Sikkim">History of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History of Bengal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkha_National_Liberation_Front" title="Gorkha National Liberation Front">Gorkha National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Gorkha_Hill_Council" title="Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council">Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Municipality" title="Darjeeling Municipality">Darjeeling Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Kangchenjunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jore_Pokhri_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary">Jore Pokhri Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapahar" title="Katapahar">Katapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalapahar" title="Jalapahar">Jalapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Observatory Hill, Darjeeling">Observatory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahananda_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary">Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park" title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park">Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manebhanjyang,_Darjeeling" title="Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling">Manebhanjyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalut" title="Phalut">Phalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Garden,_Darjeeling" title="Rock Garden, Darjeeling">Rock Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary">Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Darjeeling" title="Demographics of Darjeeling">Demographics of Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta (Darjeeling)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal" title="University of North Bengal">University of North Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling" title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling">Mount Hermon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling" title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling">Loreto Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St. Paul's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethals_Memorial_School" title="Goethals Memorial School">Goethals Memorial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Boys%27_School_(Kurseong)" title="Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)">Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield_College" title="Southfield College">Southfield (formerly Loreto) College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Government_College" title="Darjeeling Government College">Darjeeling Government College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Darjeeling" title="St Joseph's College, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute" title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute">Himalayan Mountaineering Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="North Bengal Medical College and Hospital">North Bengal Medical College and Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden" title="Pattabong Tea Garden">Pattabong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Tea_Estate" title="Happy Valley Tea Estate">Happy Valley Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Economy" title="West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Darjeeling" title="Transport in Darjeeling">Transport in Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar%E2%80%93Siliguri_line" title="Katihar–Siliguri line">Katihar–Siliguri line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Ropeway" title="Darjeeling Ropeway">Darjeeling Ropeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo/Yamloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miji_people" title="Miji people">Miji/Damai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-Wai_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wai-Wai (food)">Wai-wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhurpi" title="Chhurpi">Chhurpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">Thukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_(food)" title="Momo (food)">Momo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">Chhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil Dance">Devil Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat" title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat">Tendong Lho Rumfaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghum_Monastery" title="Ghum Monastery">Ghum Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_Monastery" title="Bhutia Busty Monastery">Bhutia Busty Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag-Dhog_Yolmowa_Monastery" title="Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery">Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda,_Darjeeling" title="Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling">Peace Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development blocks in India">Community development<br />blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Pulbazar_(community_development_block)" title="Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)">Darjeeling Pulbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)" title="Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)">Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangli_Rangliot_(community_development_block)" title="Rangli Rangliot (community development block)">Rangli Rangliot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurseong_subdivision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurseong subdivision (page does not exist)">Kurseong subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirik_(community_development_block)" title="Mirik (community development block)">Mirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(community_development_block)" title="Kurseong (community development block)">Kurseong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matigara_(community_development_block)" title="Matigara (community development block)">Matigara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_(community_development_block)" title="Naxalbari (community development block)">Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa" title="Phansidewa">Phansidewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibari_(community_development_block)" title="Kharibari (community development block)">Kharibari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vidhan Sabha constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigara-Naxalbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Matigara-Naxalbari">Matigara-Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Phansidewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling_District" title="Template:Darjeeling District">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Darjeeling" title="Category:Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Himalayas" title="Category:Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hill_stations_in_India" title="Category:Hill stations in India">Hill stations in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:People from Darjeeling district">People from Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Villages in Darjeeling district">Villages in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia410" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Timor-Leste" title="History of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&oldid=1279719362">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&oldid=1279719362</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Nepal" title="Category:History of Nepal">History of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Unification_of_Nepal" title="Category:Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Nepal" title="Category:Ancient Nepal">Ancient Nepal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Nepali-language_sources_(ne)" title="Category:CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)">CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2018">Articles needing additional references from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_June_2018" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from June 2018">Articles needing cleanup from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cleanup_tagged_articles_with_a_reason_field_from_June_2018" title="Category:Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018">Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_needing_cleanup_from_June_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018">Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2024">Use dmy dates from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from September 2024">Articles to be expanded from September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Nepali_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 March 2025, at 04:22<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Nepal&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Nepal</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>41 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5886496d-4gnkc","wgBackendResponseTime":241,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.470","walltime":"1.795","ppvisitednodes":{"value":22318,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":548460,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":46184,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":306182,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1463.308 1 -total"," 27.57% 403.374 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.65% 170.448 10 Template:Navbox"," 10.95% 160.225 19 Template:Cite_book"," 10.93% 159.913 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.18% 148.917 1 Template:History_of_Asia"," 10.08% 147.560 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 9.24% 135.152 1 Template:Nepal_topics"," 9.08% 132.873 1 Template:Country_topics"," 8.58% 125.563 1 Template:History_of_Nepal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.789","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24107476,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArora\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBasudevlal_Dad2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattarai2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregaGardellaSeminoMorpurgo1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCédric_Gouverneur2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDas2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleet1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroegerTrenkler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshiRose1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatri1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatri1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna_P._Bhattarai2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMatteo_Miele2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPokharel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinsep1835\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRegmiStudies1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarkarGhosh2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaha1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFShaha2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuladhar2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaidya1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent_A._Smith1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFḌhakāla2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Cleanup\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of Nepal\"] = 1,\n [\"Darjeeling\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Nepal\"] = 1,\n [\"History of South Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Nepal topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-54c7cf74fd-sxh9z","timestamp":"20250314151231","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of Nepal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Nepal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1648546","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1648546","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2025-03-10T04:22:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Gorkha_Empire_1805.jpg","headline":"history of the nation state of Nepal"}</script> </body> </html>