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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C9%99%C5%9Fa_Sp%C9%99nta" title="Aməşa Spənta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aməşa Spənta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Амеша Спента – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амеша Спента" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameixa_Spenta" title="Ameixa Spenta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ameixa Spenta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C5%A1a_Spenta" title="Ameša Spenta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ameša Spenta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amescha_Spenta" title="Amescha Spenta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amescha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αμέσα Σπέντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμέσα Σπέντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C5%9Da_Spenta" title="Ameŝa Spenta – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ameŝa Spenta" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="امشاسپندان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امشاسپندان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EC%83%A4_%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%9C%ED%83%80" title="아메샤 스펜타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아메샤 스펜타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B7%D5%A1_%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Ամեշա Սպենտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամեշա Սպենտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेन्ता अमेशा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्पेन्ता अमेशा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C5%A1a_Spenta" title="Ameša Spenta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ameša Spenta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%90_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אמשא ספנדאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמשא ספנדאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE" title="ಅಮೆಷಾ ಸ್ಪೆಂಟಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೆಷಾ ಸ್ಪೆಂಟಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ამეშა სპენტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამეშა სპენტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesa_Szpent%C3%A1k" title="Amesa Szpenták – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Amesa Szpenták" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Амеша Спента – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амеша Спента" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_spenta" title="Amesha spenta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amesha spenta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE" title="स्पेन्ता अमेशा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्पेन्ता अमेशा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF" title="アムシャ・スプンタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アムシャ・スプンタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesja_spenta" title="Amesja spenta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Amesja spenta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amszaspandowie" title="Amszaspandowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amszaspandowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesa_Espenta" title="Amesa Espenta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amesa Espenta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spentas" title="Amesha Spentas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amesha Spentas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Амеша Спента – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амеша Спента" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Amesha Spenta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Амеша Спента – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Амеша Спента" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Амшоспандон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Амшоспандон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spenta_Mainyu" title="Spenta Mainyu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spenta Mainyu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Амеша Спента – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амеша Спента" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ame%C5%9Fa_Spenta" title="Ameşa Spenta – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ameşa Spenta" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A2%85%E6%B2%99%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%BD%AD%E5%A1%94" title="阿梅沙·斯彭塔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿梅沙·斯彭塔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q864653#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.mw-collapsible-text{color:#ffffff}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_literature" title="Zoroastrian literature">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, the <b>Amesha Spenta</b> (<a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Avestan</a>: <span lang="ae" dir="rtl"><span style="font-family:'Alphabetum', 'Ahuramazda', 'Avestan', 'Noto Sans Avestan';">𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬱𐬀⸱𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀</span></span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Avestan-language romanization"><i lang="ae-Latn">Aməša Spəṇta</i></span>—literally "Immortal (which is) holy/bounteous/furthering") are a class of seven divine entities emanating from <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, the highest divinity of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-litmeaning_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litmeaning-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> variations of the term include the contraction 'Ameshaspand' as well as the specifically Zoroastrian 'Mahraspand' and 'Amahraspand'. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_divine_entities">As divine entities <span class="anchor" id="specific_usage"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amesha_Spenta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As divine entities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significantly more common than the non-specific meaning of <i>Amesha Spenta</i> (see <a href="#non_specific_usage">below</a>) is a restrictive use of the term to refer to the great seven divine entities emanating from <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Zoroastrian tradition, these are the first seven emanations of the uncreated creator, through whom all subsequent creation was accomplished. This fundamental doctrine is only alluded to in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, but is systematically described in later Middle Persian language texts, in particular in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an 11th or 12th century work that recounts <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#Cosmology:_Creation_of_the_universe" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian cosmology</a>. </p><p>The expression <i>Amesha Spenta</i> does not occur in the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a>, but "it was probably coined by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> himself. <i>Spenta</i> is a characteristic word of his revelation, meaning <i>furthering, strengthening, bounteous, holy</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-litmeaning_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-litmeaning-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest attested<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use of the term is in part of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna_Haptanghaiti" title="Yasna Haptanghaiti">Yasna Haptanghaiti</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in which the two elements of the name occur in reverse order, that is, as <i>Spenta Amesha</i>. Like all other verses of the <i>Yasna Haptanghaiti</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 39.3 is also in <a href="/wiki/Avestan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Avestan language">Gathic Avestan</a> and is approximately as old as the hymns attributed to Zoroaster himself. </p> <table> <caption><big><b>Amesha Spenta in the Gathas</b></big><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>         </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gathic name           </th> <th>Approximate meaning         </th></tr> <tr> <td>Spəṇta Mainyu (𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬎)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Holy/Creative Spirit/Mentality </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">[<i>Vohu</i>] Manah<i></i></a> ([𐬬𐬊𐬵𐬎] 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵)</td> <td>[Good] Purpose </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asha_Vahishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asha Vahishta"><i>Aṣ̌a</i> [<i>Vahišta</i>]</a> (𐬀𐬴𐬀 [𐬬𐬀𐬵𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬀])</td> <td>[Best] Truth / Righteousness </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kshatra_Vairya" title="Kshatra Vairya"><i>Xšaθra</i> [<i>Vairya</i>] </a>(𐬑𐬱𐬀𐬚𐬭𐬀 [𐬬𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀])</td> <td>[Desirable] Dominion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spenta_Armaiti" title="Spenta Armaiti">[<i>Spəṇta</i>] <i>Ārmaiti</i></a> ([𐬯𐬞𐬆𐬧𐬙𐬀] 𐬁𐬭𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌)</td> <td>[Holy] Devotion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haurvatat" title="Haurvatat"><i>Haurvatāt</i></a> (𐬵𐬀𐬎𐬭𐬬𐬀𐬙𐬁𐬙)</td> <td>Wholeness </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat"><i>Amərətāt</i></a> (𐬀𐬨𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬙𐬁𐬙)</td> <td>Immortality </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The attributes <i>vohu</i> "good", <i>vahišta</i> "best", <i>vairya</i> "desirable" and <i>spenta</i> "holy" are not always present in the oldest texts. If they appear at all, they do not necessarily appear immediately adjacent to the noun.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in later tradition, these adjectives are integral to the names themselves. </p><p>While <i>Vohu Manah</i>, <i>Aša Vahišta</i>, and <i>Xšaθra Vairya</i> are consistently of neuter gender in Avestan grammar; in tradition they are considered masculine. <i>Armaiti</i>, <i>Haurvatāt</i>, and <i>Amərətāt</i> are invariably feminine. </p><p>In the Gathas, each Amesha Spenta represents a good moral quality that mortals should strive to obtain. Thus, the doctrine of the great seven is that through good thoughts, words, and deeds, each individual should endeavor to assimilate the qualities of an Amesha Spenta into oneself. </p><p>Each of the seven has an antithetical counterpart, and five of the seven are already assigned one in the Gathas:<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_Asha_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_Asha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>aša/arta-</i> (truth) is opposed to the <i>druj-</i> (deceit, lies), spəṇta-mainyu to angra-mainyu, <i>vohu-manah</i> is opposed to <i>aka-manah-</i>, <i>xšaθra-</i> to <i>dušae-xšaθra-</i>, and <i>armaiti-</i> to <i>taraemaiti-</i>. Not evident in the Gathas and first appearing in the Younger Avesta<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the oppositions of <i>haurvatāt-</i> (wholeness) to <i>taršna-</i> (thirst), and <i>amərətāt-</i> (life) to <i>šud-</i> (hunger). These latter assignments reflect Haurvatat's identification with water and Ameretat's identification with plants. </p><p>In the Gathas, <i>aša/arta</i> is the most evident of the seven, and also the most commonly associated with wisdom (<i>mazda-</i>). In the 238 verses of these hymns, <i>aša-/arta-</i> appears 157 times. Of the other concepts, only <i><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">vohumanah-</a></i> appears nearly as often (136 occurrences). In comparison, the remaining four of the great sextet appear only 121 times altogether: <i>xšaθra-</i>: 56 times; <i>armaiti-</i>: 40; <i>amərətāt-</i>: 14; <i>haurvatāt-</i>: 11 times.<sup id="cite_ref-Schlerath_Asha_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schlerath_Asha-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of Zoroastrian cosmology, the group of the Amesha Spenta is extended to include <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, represented by (or together with) <i>Spenta Mainyu</i>, who is the instrument or "active principle" of the act of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also through this "Bounteous Force", "Creative Emanation", or "Holy Spirit" that Ahura Mazda is immanent in humankind,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how the Creator interacts with the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine also has a physical dimension, in that each of the heptad is linked to one of the seven creations, which in ancient philosophy were the foundation of the universe. A systematic association is only present in later Middle Persian texts, where each of the seven is listed with its "special domain":<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <caption><big><b>Systematic associations in later Persian texts</b></big>         </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gathic name       </th> <th>Middle Persian     </th> <th>New Persian     </th> <th>Systematic association             </th></tr> <tr> <td>Spəṇta Mainyu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>of humans and guardian of all </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vohu Manah</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Wahman</a></td> <td>Bahman</td> <td>of cattle (and all animals) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aša Vahišta</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asha_Vahishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Asha Vahishta">Ardwahišt</a></td> <td>Urdībihišt</td> <td>of fire (and all other luminaries) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Xšaθra Vairya</td> <td>Šahrewar</td> <td>Šahrivar</td> <td>of metals (and minerals) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spənta Ārmaiti</td> <td>Spandarmad</td> <td>Esfand/Espand</td> <td>of earth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Haurvatāt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haurvatat" title="Haurvatat">Hordād</a></td> <td>Xurdād</td> <td>of water </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amərətāt</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ameretat" title="Ameretat">Amurdād</a></td> <td>Murdād</td> <td>of plants </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Gathas, <i>Xšaθra</i> [<i>Vairya</i>] does not have an association with a specific creation, and it is only in later texts that this Amesha Spenta is considered the guardian of metals. This anomaly is explained in modern scholarship by the fact that, in <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> cosmogony, the sky was considered to be the first of the creations (and thought to be of stone), but metal has no place among the creations (the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Ages</a> were yet to come). This is also reflected in Zoroaster's revelation, where the sky is "of the hardest stone".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, with the event of bronze and then iron tools, this sky evolved to being of crystal, which was seen as both of stone and of metal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In due course, <i>Xšaθra's</i> association with a stony firmament was eclipsed by the association with a metallic sky, and thence to metals in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_non-specific_usage">In non-specific usage <span class="anchor" id="non_specific_usage"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amesha_Spenta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In non-specific usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In non-specific usage, the term <i>Amesha Spenta</i> denotes all the divinities that furthered or strengthened creation and all that are bounteous and holy. It not only includes the <a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura"><i>Ahura</i>s</a> (a term that in the <a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a> is also used in the plural but only includes <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> by name), but also all the other divinities that are alluded to in these texts. In this non-specific sense of the term, <i>Amesha Spenta</i> is then equivalent to the term <i><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yazata</a></i>. </p><p>Non-specific usage is significantly less common than the use of the term to specifically denote the great divine entities (see <a href="#specific_usage">above</a>). The non-specific usage is particularly evident in the 9th-14th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition, but there are also instances in the Avesta proper where it is used this way. In <i>Yasna</i> 1.2 for instance, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">yazata</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Atar</a> is declared to be "the most active of the Amesha Spentas." Even in present-day Zoroastrianism, the term is frequently used to refer to the thirty-three divinities that have either a day-name dedication in the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> or that have a <i><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yasht</a></i> dedicated to them (or both). </p><p>This general, non-specific, meaning of the term <i>Amesha Spenta</i> also has an equivalent in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>Vishve Amrtas</i>, which is the collective term for all supernatural beings (lit: 'all immortals'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Doctrine">Doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amesha_Spenta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The doctrine of the Amesha Spenta, through their connection with creation, unites ethereal and spiritual concepts with material and manifest objects in a "uniquely Zoroastrian"<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> way: not only as abstract "aspects" of Ahura Mazda but also worthy of reverence themselves and personified or represented in all material things. </p><p>The relationship between Ahura Mazda and the Amesha Spenta is an altogether subtle one. In <i>Yasna</i> 31.11 of the Gathas, Ahura Mazda is said to have created the universe with his "thought". In other passages, such as <i>Yasna</i> 45.4, he is described as the metaphorical "father" of the individual Amesha Spenta, which, even though it is figurative, suggests a familial closeness. In particular, the relationship between Ahura Mazda and <i>Spenta Mainyu</i> is multifaceted and complex and "as hard to define as that of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a> in Judaism and Christianity."<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AhuraMazda_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AhuraMazda-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A veneration for the Amesha Spenta through the living world is still present in modern Zoroastrian tradition and is evident in every religious ceremony, when each of the Amesha Spenta is visibly represented by objects of which they are the guardians. In addition, the first seven days of the month of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian calendar</a> are dedicated to the great heptad and to creation, acknowledging the preeminence of the Amesha Spenta and so ensuring the inculcation of their doctrine. </p><p>Ethical and ontological dualism in the same entity "accounts for the difficulty which some aspects of the doctrine have presented for Western scholars".<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reverence of the Amesha Spenta and the <a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a> has been frequently attacked by non-Zoroastrian sources for its polytheist nature, not only in modern times but also the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid era</a>. While the "worship of the elements" was a repeated accusation during the 4th and 5th centuries, ⁣<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian missionaries (such as <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilson (scholar)">John Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in 19th-century India specifically targeted the immanence of the Amesha Spenta as indicative of (in their view) a Zoroastrian polytheistic tradition worthy of attack.<sup id="cite_ref-Maneck_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maneck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A frequent target for criticism was the Zoroastrian credo in which the adherent declares, "I profess to be a worshiper of Mazda, follower of the teachings of Zoroaster, ... one who praises and reveres the Amesha Spenta" (the <i>Fravaraneh</i>, <i>Yasna</i> 12.1). Some modern Zoroastrian theologians, especially those identifying with the Reformist school of thought, believe that ethereal spirit and physical manifestation are not separable in any sense and that a reverence of Ahura Mazda's creations is ultimately a worship of the Creator.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhalla_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhalla-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haug" title="Martin Haug">Martin Haug</a> proposed<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Zoroaster himself had viewed the Amesha Spenta as merely philosophical abstractions and that a personification of the heptad was really a later corruption. The <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsis</a> of Bombay gratefully accepted Haug's premise as a defense against the Christian missionaries and subsequently disseminated the idea as a Parsi interpretation, which corroborated Haug's theory. The "continuing monotheism" principle eventually became so popular that it is now almost universally accepted as doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyce_AhuraMazda_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyce_AhuraMazda-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maneck_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maneck-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amesha_Spenta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-litmeaning-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-litmeaning_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-litmeaning_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The noun is <i>amesha</i> "immortal" from the negative prefix a + *mer (ProtoIndoEuropean: "death"), and the adjective <i>spenta</i> "furthering, strengthening, bounteous, holy" is its qualifier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is also true for all other compounds, including [Ahura] Mazda; only in the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Avesta" class="mw-redirect" title="Younger Avesta">Younger Avesta</a> are these unambiguously identifiable as proper nouns.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amesha_Spenta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AmeshaSpenta_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boyce, Mary (1983). "Aməša Spənta". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 933–936.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Am%C9%99%C5%A1a+Sp%C9%99nta&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=933-936&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></i> 3.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyce, 1983:933</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></i> 39.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasna</i> 47.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Spenta-Mainyu">"Spenta Mainyu | Zoroastrian deity"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Spenta+Mainyu+%7C+Zoroastrian+deity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSpenta-Mainyu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlerath_Asha-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_Asha_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlerath_Asha_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlerath1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schlerath, Bernfried (1987). "Aša: Avestan Aša". <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 694–696.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A%C5%A1a%3A+Avestan+A%C5%A1a&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=694-696&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schlerath&rft.aufirst=Bernfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasht</i> 19.96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKREYENBROEK1993" class="citation journal cs1">KREYENBROEK, PHILIP G. (1993). "On Spenta Mainyu's Role in the Zoroastrian Cosmogony". <i>Bulletin of the Asia Institute</i>. <b>7</b>: 97–103. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0890-4464">0890-4464</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048432">24048432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Asia+Institute&rft.atitle=On+Spenta+Mainyu%27s+Role+in+the+Zoroastrian+Cosmogony&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=97-103&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24048432%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0890-4464&rft.aulast=KREYENBROEK&rft.aufirst=PHILIP+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasna</i> 44.7, 31.3, and 51.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasna</i> 33.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasna</i> 43.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasna</i> 30.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Yasht</i> 13.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce_AhuraMazda-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AhuraMazda_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_AhuraMazda_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1983" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1983), "Ahura Mazda", <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>, vol. 1, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 684–687</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahura+Mazda&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=684-687&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhalla-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhalla_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhalla1938" class="citation cs2">Dhalla, Maneckji Nusservanji (1938), <i>History of Zoroastrianism</i>, New York: OUP</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Dhalla&rft.aufirst=Maneckji+Nusservanji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1843" class="citation cs2">Wilson, John (1843), <i>The Parsi religion: Unfolded, Refuted and Contrasted with Christianity</i>, Bombay: American Mission Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parsi+religion%3A+Unfolded%2C+Refuted+and+Contrasted+with+Christianity&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=American+Mission+Press&rft.date=1843&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maneck-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maneck_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maneck_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManeck1997" class="citation cs2">Maneck, Susan Stiles (1997), <i>The Death of Ahriman: Culture, Identity and Theological Change Among the Parsis of India</i>, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+Ahriman%3A+Culture%2C+Identity+and+Theological+Change+Among+the+Parsis+of+India&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=K.+R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Maneck&rft.aufirst=Susan+Stiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 182ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVazquez_III2019" class="citation web cs1">Vazquez III, Pablo (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38828469">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"O Wise One and You Other Ahuras": The Flawed Application of Monotheism Towards Zoroastrianism"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=%22O+Wise+One+and+You+Other+Ahuras%22%3A+The+Flawed+Application+of+Monotheism+Towards+Zoroastrianism&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Vazquez+III&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38828469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaug,_MartinWest,_Edward_W.1884" class="citation cs2">Haug, Martin; West, Edward W., eds. (1884), <i>Essays on the Sacred Language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis</i>, London: Trubner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Sacred+Language%2C+Writings+and+Religion+of+the+Parsis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Trubner&rft.date=1884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amesha_Spenta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1975" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1975), <i>History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. I</i>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10474-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10474-7"><bdi>90-04-10474-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-10474-7&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyce1982" class="citation cs2">Boyce, Mary (1982), <i>History of Zoroastrianism, Vol. II, Under the Achamenians</i>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06506-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06506-7"><bdi>90-04-06506-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Under+the+Achamenians&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=90-04-06506-7&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColpe1975" class="citation cs2">Colpe, Carsten (1975), "Reflections on the history of the Amesha-Spenta conception", <i>Proceedings of the XXIX International Congress of Orientalists</i>, Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+XXIX+International+Congress+of+Orientalists&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+history+of+the+Amesha-Spenta+conception&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Colpe&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1977). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=feE9DwAAQBAJ">Spiritual Body and Celestial Earth: From Mazdean Iran to Shi'ite Iran</a></i>. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotwal1969" class="citation cs2">Kotwal, Firoze (1969), <i>The Supplementary Texts to the 'Shayest ne-Shayest'<span></span></i>, Bombay: K. R. Cama Oriental Institute</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supplementary+Texts+to+the+%27Shayest+ne-Shayest%27&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=K.+R.+Cama+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Kotwal&rft.aufirst=Firoze&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmesha+Spenta" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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