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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zoroastrian literature</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">History of literature</a><br /><span class="nobold">by era</span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature" title="Ancient literature">Ancient</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">corpora</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient literature">Bronze Age</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language#History" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language#Vocabulary_and_texts" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_language#Sample_text_and_vocabulary" title="Lydian language">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_texts" title="Ugaritic texts">Ugarit</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Ancient_literature#Classical_Antiquity" title="Ancient literature">Classical</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">Ancient Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ancient Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classics" title="Chinese classics">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Classical Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language#Attestations" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature#Persian_literature_of_the_medieval_and_pre-modern_periods" title="Persian literature">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Old Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_literature" title="Sanskrit literature">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_literature" title="Syriac literature">Syriac</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_medieval_literature" title="Early medieval literature">Early medieval</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language#Records" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_literature" title="Coptic literature">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language#Buddhist_manuscripts_in_Gāndhāri" title="Gandhari language">Gandhari Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez#History_and_literature" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_literature" title="Georgian literature">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature#Heian_literature" title="Japanese literature">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_literature" title="Kannada literature">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit#Early_literature" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages#Pre-Proto-Mongolic" title="Mongolic languages">Pre-Proto-Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Old English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Khmer#Attestation_and_History" title="Old Khmer">Old Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Malay_language#Old_Malay" title="History of the Malay language">Old Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic#Literary_works" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">Pali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Sabaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka_language#Texts" title="Saka language">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language#Discovery_of_Sogdian_texts" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_literature" title="Tibetan literature">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Welsh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_literature" title="Medieval literature">Medieval</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_century_in_literature" title="10th century in literature">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_century_in_literature" title="11th century in literature">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_century_in_literature" title="12th century in literature">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_century_in_literature" title="13th century in literature">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_century_in_literature" title="14th century in literature">14th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_literature" title="Early modern literature">Early modern</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th_century_in_literature" title="15th century in literature">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_century_in_literature" title="16th century in literature">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_century_in_literature" title="17th century in literature">17th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Modern by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_century_in_literature" title="18th century in literature">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_in_literature" title="19th century in literature">19th</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_literature" title="Contemporary literature">Contemporary</a> by century</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_century_in_literature" title="20th century in literature">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st_century_in_literature" title="21st century in literature">21st</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/16px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/24px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg/32px-Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="274" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Literature" title="Portal:Literature">Literature portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list .mw-collapsible-text{color:#ffffff}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/220px-Faravahar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/330px-Faravahar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Faravahar.svg/440px-Faravahar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Primary topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zarathustra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asha" title="Asha">Asha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vohu_Manah" title="Vohu Manah">Vohu Manah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia/Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faravahar" title="Faravahar">Faravahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Divine entities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amesha_Spenta" title="Amesha Spenta">Amesha Spentas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazata" title="Yazata">Yazatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura" title="Ahura">Ahuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daeva" title="Daeva">Daevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fravashi" title="Fravashi">Fravashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angra_Mainyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Angra Mainyu">Angra Mainyu</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Scripture and worship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zoroastrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashem_Vohu" title="Ashem Vohu">Ashem Vohu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahuna_Vairya" title="Ahuna Vairya">Ahuna Vairya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenghe_hatam" title="Yenghe hatam">Yenghe hatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airyaman_ishya" title="Airyaman ishya">Airyaman ishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_temple" title="Fire temple">Fire Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/101_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Names of God">101 Names of Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Burzen-Mihr" title="Adur Burzen-Mihr">Adur Burzen-Mihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adur_Farnbag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adur Farnbag (page does not exist)">Adur Farnbag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adur_Gushnasp" title="Adur Gushnasp">Adur Gushnasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_of_Kashmar" title="Cypress of Kashmar">Cypress of Kashmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathas">Gathas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Visperad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yashts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rivayats" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rivayats">The Rivayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab-Zohr" title="Ab-Zohr">Ab-Zohr</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Accounts and legends</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Dēnkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Book of Jamasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa-i_Sanjan" title="Qissa-i Sanjan">Story of Sanjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinvat_Bridge" title="Chinvat Bridge">Chinvat Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Frashokereti</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">History and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_festivals" title="Zoroastrian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navjote" title="Navjote">Initiation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushti" title="Kushti">Kushti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedreh" title="Sedreh">Sedreh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_wedding" title="Zoroastrian wedding">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_Silence" title="Tower of Silence">Burial</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Afghanistan" title="Zoroastrianism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Armenia" title="Zoroastrianism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Azerbaijan" title="Zoroastrianism in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Sichuan" title="Zoroastrianism in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_India" title="Zoroastrianism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranis_(India)" title="Iranis (India)">Iranis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Zoroastrianism" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrianism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Persecution of Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Criticism of Zoroastrianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoroastrianism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Zoroastrian literature</b> is the corpus of literary texts produced within the religious tradition of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. These texts span the languages of <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, named after the famous Zoroastrian work known as the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> (Pahlavi), which includes a range of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a>. </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avesta">Avesta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Avesta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> is the oldest extant primary source of Zoroastrian literature, although the term "Avesta" designates not one text but a group of texts written in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> language called <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, attested from the 2nd to 1st millennia BC. The types of manuscripts preserve Avestan texts, the oldest of which dates to the 13th century AD: those liturgical manuscripts which combine passages from various Avestan texts alongside ritual instructions in various languages such as <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Pahlavi</a>, and those which simply present the text alongside a Pahlavi translation/commentary, an example of the latter being the <a href="/wiki/Zend" title="Zend">Zend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former category can be further subdivided into long and short liturgies. </p><p>The following list of manuscripts is taken from Andrés-Toledo 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519–523_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519–523-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_manuscripts">Liturgical manuscripts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Liturgical manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Long_liturgies">Long liturgies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Long liturgies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yasna" title="Yasna">Yasna</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasna_%C4%AB_Rapi%CE%B8win&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasna ī Rapiθwin (page does not exist)">Yasna ī Rapiθwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visperad" title="Visperad">Vīsprad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vīdēvdād</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C4%AB%C5%A1t%C4%81sp_Ya%C5%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vīštāsp Yašt (page does not exist)">Vīštāsp Yašt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Short_liturgies">Short liturgies</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Short liturgies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khordeh_Avesta" title="Khordeh Avesta">Khordeh Avesta</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niy%C4%81yi%C5%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niyāyišn (page does not exist)">Niyāyišn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81h" title="Gāh">Gāh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80fr%C4%ABnag%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āfrīnagān (page does not exist)">Āfrīnagān</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C4%ABh%E2%80%90r%C5%8Dzag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sīh‐rōzag (page does not exist)">Sīh‐rōzag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasht" title="Yasht">Yašts</a> (a group of 21 hymns, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohrmazd_Ya%C5%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohrmazd Yašt (page does not exist)">Ohrmazd Yašt</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manuscripts_accompanied_by_translations">Manuscripts accompanied by translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Manuscripts accompanied by translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80fr%C4%ABn_%C4%AB_Zardu%C5%A1t&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Āfrīn ī Zardušt (page does not exist)">Āfrīn ī Zardušt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aog%C9%99madaec%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aogəmadaecā (page does not exist)">Aogəmadaecā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frahang-i_Oim-evak" title="Frahang-i Oim-evak">Frahang ī ōīm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C4%81%CE%B4%C5%8Dxt_Nask&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hāδōxt Nask (page does not exist)">Hāδōxt Nask</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbedest%C4%81n_and_Nerangest%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbedestān and Nerangestān (page does not exist)">Herbedestān and Nerangestān</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nerang_%C4%AB_%C4%81ta(x)%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nerang ī āta(x)š (page does not exist)">Nerang ī āta(x)š</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pursi%C5%A1n%C4%ABh%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pursišnīhā (page does not exist)">Pursišnīhā</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Va%C4%93%CE%B8%C4%81_Nask&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaēθā Nask (page does not exist)">Vaēθā Nask</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Persian">Middle Persian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_literature" title="Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi scripts</a></div> <p>Most Sassanid (224–651 AD) and post-Sassanid Zoroastrian literature was composed in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a>. These texts span four alphabets: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inscriptional_Middle_Persian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inscriptional Middle Persian (page does not exist)">Inscriptional Middle Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book Pahlavi</a>, Avestan (Pāzand texts), and New Persian. Literary activity in <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Zoroastrian Middle Persian</a> can be divided into three phases: a Sasanian Middle Persian (3rd to 7th centuries AD), Classical Middle Persian (8th to 10th centuries), and Late MIddle Persian and Neo-Pahlavi (11th to 19th centuries).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015523–524_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015523–524-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following list of texts is taken from Andrés-Toledo 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015524–528_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015524–528-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_Middle_Persian">Sasanian Middle Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sasanian Middle Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Various inscriptions (especially of the 3rd-century priest <a href="/wiki/Kartir" title="Kartir">Kartir</a>) and Pahlavi translations and commentaries of Avestan texts</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_Middle_Persian">Classical Middle Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classical Middle Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Arda_Viraf" title="Book of Arda Viraf">Book of Arda Viraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamasp_Namag" title="Jamasp Namag">Jamasp Namag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8C%C4%ABdag_Andarz_%C4%AB_P%C5%8Dry%C5%8Dtk%C4%93%C5%A1%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čīdag Andarz ī Pōryōtkēšān (page does not exist)">Čīdag Andarz ī Pōryōtkēšān</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cim_%C4%AB_Kust%C4%ABg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čim ī Kustīg (page does not exist)">Čim ī Kustīg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadestan-i_Denig" title="Dadestan-i Denig">Dadestan-i Denig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C4%81dest%C4%81n_%C4%AB_M%C4%93n%C5%8Dg_%C4%AB_Xrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dādestān ī Mēnōg ī Xrad (page does not exist)">Dādestān ī Mēnōg ī Xrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81day%C4%81n_%C4%AB_Gizistag_Ab%C4%81li%C5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mādayān ī Gizistag Abāliš (page does not exist)">Mādayān ī Gizistag Abāliš</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%81mag%C4%ABh%C4%81_%C4%AB_Manu%C5%A1%C4%8Dihr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nāmagīhā ī Manuščihr (page does not exist)">Nāmagīhā ī Manuščihr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pahlavi_Riv%C4%81yat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pahlavi Rivāyat (page does not exist)">Pahlavi Rivāyat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riv%C4%81yat_of_%C4%80durfarrbag_%C4%AB_Farroxz%C4%81d%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivāyat of Ādurfarrbag ī Farroxzādān (page does not exist)">Rivāyat of Ādurfarrbag ī Farroxzādān</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riv%C4%81yat_of_%C4%92m%C4%93d%C4%AB_A%C5%A1wahi%C5%A1t%C4%81n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rivāyat of Ēmēdī Ašwahištān (page does not exist)">Rivāyat of Ēmēdī Ašwahištān</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ayest-n%C4%93-%C5%A1%C4%81yest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šayest-nē-šāyest (page does not exist)">Šayest-nē-šāyest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikand-gumanig_Vizar" title="Shikand-gumanig Vizar">Škand-gumānīg Wizār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizidagiha-i_Zadspram" title="Wizidagiha-i Zadspram">Wizidagiha-i Zadspram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand-i_Wahman_yasn" title="Zand-i Wahman yasn">Zand ī Wahman Yasn</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Persian">Late Middle Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Middle Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Colophons</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C4%93rangs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nērangs (page does not exist)">Nērangs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Pahlavi">Neo-Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Neo-Pahlavi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Late redactions and recompositions of earlier texts</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wizirgerd_%C4%AB_D%C4%93n%C4%ABg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wizirgerd ī Dēnīg (page does not exist)">Wizirgerd ī Dēnīg</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Persian">New Persian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: New Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Persian" title="New Persian">New Persian</a></div> <p>New Persian was adopted relatively late for one or more of several possible reasons, including religious and/or conservative attachment to the use of the earlier Pahlavi, a desire to maintain distance from languages primarily or newly expressed in the Islamic world, and potential distance from the main locales where New Persian was being used. The earliest Zoroastrian work in this language come from the 13th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquest of Iran">Mongol conquest of Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a529–530_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a529–530-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first surviving text of this nature is the <a href="/wiki/Zaratosht-nama" title="Zaratosht-nama">Zarātoštnāma</a> ("Book of Zarathustra"), also known as the Mawlūd-e Zartošt ("Birth of Zarathustra"), written by Kaykāvūs ibn Kaykhosrow, although later attributed to the poet <a href="/wiki/Zartosht_Bahram-e_Pazhdo" title="Zartosht Bahram-e Pazhdo">Zartošt b. Bahrām Paždū</a>, himself the author of numerous works including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8Cangranagh%C4%81%C4%8Dan%C4%81ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Čangranaghāčanāma (page does not exist)">Čangranaghāčanāma</a>. Later, the works of Zartošt ibn Bahrām Paždū would be also be written in this language. As the primary Zoroastrian language (though largely confined to the religious elite) for over seven centuries, a sizable corpus of Zoroastrian texts came to be composed in this language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a530–532_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a530–532-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a late hagiography is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C4%81hy%C4%81rn%C4%81ma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Māhyārnāma (page does not exist)">Māhyārnāma</a> ("Book of Māhyār").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a genre of texts known as the Ṣaddar or 'One Hundred Gates/Subjects', four extant works exist and each engages in a discourse covering one hundred subjects related to Zoroastrianism. The oldest are the Ṣaddar Nas̱r (which deals with sin and religious ritual) and the Ṣaddar Bondaheš (which deals with eschatology, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">cosmography</a>, and ritual). Later, the Ṣaddar Naẓm (written in 1495 by Mardšāh ibn Malekšāh) expanded on the Ṣaddar Nas̱r but also diverges by substituting topics related to two festivals. In 1700, it was translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hyde" title="Thomas Hyde">Thomas Hyde</a>, making it among the earliest Zoroastrian texts known to Western scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texts were also written into other genres including religious miscellanies, Persian revāyats, scientific and astrological texts, Zoroastrian-Muslim apologetic texts, stories of migrations to India, didactic and ethical works, devotional works, the Āẕar Kayvān, and additional works from the 18th century forwards especially in light of the introduction of printing to the regions where Zoroastrianism was present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a533–542_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a533–542-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gujarati">Gujarati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gujarati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati language</a></div> <p>Evidence of literary activity among Zoroastrians in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati language</a>, dates back to the 14th century at the earliest, although vernacular Zoroastrian texts in this language only begin to appear in the 17th and 18th centuries. The Persian centers of Zoroastrian literati had a profound impact on the Gujarati tradition of Zoroastrian writing. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Parsis</a> (Zoroastrian community of the Indian subcontinent) began to use Gujarati as their primary language of writing; the Parsis adopted the use of printing early on and so quickly came to begin publishing books, pamphlets, newspapers, and journals. The most important work for understanding the Parsi community is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81rsi_Prak%C4%81%C5%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pārsi Prakāś (page does not exist)">Pārsi Prakāś</a> ("Parsi Luster").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_more">See more</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See more"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrés-Toledo2015">Andrés-Toledo 2015</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519–523-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015519–523_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrés-Toledo2015">Andrés-Toledo 2015</a>, p. 519–523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015523–524-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015523–524_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrés-Toledo2015">Andrés-Toledo 2015</a>, p. 523–524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015524–528-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrés-Toledo2015524–528_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrés-Toledo2015">Andrés-Toledo 2015</a>, p. 524–528.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a529–530-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a529–530_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2015a">Sheffield 2015a</a>, p. 529–530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a530–532-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a530–532_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2015a">Sheffield 2015a</a>, p. 530–532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a532_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2015a">Sheffield 2015a</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a533–542-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015a533–542_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2015a">Sheffield 2015a</a>, p. 533–542.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheffield2015b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheffield2015b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheffield2015b">Sheffield 2015b</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrés-Toledo2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrés-Toledo, Miguel Ángel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/33077295/Andr%C3%A9s_Toledo_M_%C3%81_2015_Primary_Sources_Avestan_and_Pahlavi_">"Primary Sources: Avestan and Pahlavi"</a>. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 519–528.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+Sources%3A+Avestan+and+Pahlavi&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.pages=519-528&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Andr%C3%A9s-Toledo&rft.aufirst=Miguel+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F33077295%2FAndr%25C3%25A9s_Toledo_M_%25C3%2581_2015_Primary_Sources_Avestan_and_Pahlavi_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoroastrian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2015a" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, Daniel J. (2015a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13429002/Primary_Sources_New_Persian_Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_">"Primary Sources: New Persian"</a>. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 529–542.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+Sources%3A+New+Persian&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.pages=529-542&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13429002%2FPrimary_Sources_New_Persian_Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoroastrian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2015b" class="citation book cs1">Sheffield, Daniel J. (2015b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13429034/Primary_Sources_Gujarati_Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_">"Primary Sources: Gujarati"</a>. In Stausberg, Michael; Vevaina, Yuhan Sohrab-Dinshaw (eds.). <i>The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 543–554.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primary+Sources%3A+Gujarati&rft.btitle=The+Wiley+Blackwell+Companion+to+Zoroastrianism&rft.pages=543-554&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13429034%2FPrimary_Sources_Gujarati_Wiley_Blackwell_Companion_to_Zoroastrianism_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZoroastrian+literature" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ada.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/">Avestan Digital Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/">Encyclopedia Iranica</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&oldid=1256882743">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoroastrian_literature&oldid=1256882743</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Middle_Persian_literature" title="Category:Middle Persian literature">Middle Persian literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrian_texts" title="Category:Zoroastrian texts">Zoroastrian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoroastrianism" title="Category:Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_with_empty_Wikidata_description" title="Category:Short description with empty Wikidata description">Short description with empty Wikidata description</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 November 2024, at 01:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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