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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Smoke directly released into the air from a burning cigarette, cigar, or smoking pipe</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of sidestream smoke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg/200px-Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg/300px-Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg/400px-Sidestream_Smoke_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sidestream smoke in enclosed box</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sidestream smoke</b> is <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> which goes into the air directly from a burning <a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">cigarette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cigar" title="Cigar">cigar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Smoking_pipe_(tobacco)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking pipe (tobacco)">smoking pipe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidestream_Smoke_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidestream_Smoke-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidestream smoke is the main component (around 85%) of <a href="/wiki/Second-hand_smoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Second-hand smoke">second-hand smoke</a> (SHS), also known as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Tobacco_Smoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Tobacco Smoke">Environmental Tobacco Smoke</a> (ETS) or <a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">passive smoking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative quantity of chemical constituents of sidestream smoke are different from those of directly inhaled ("mainstream") smoke, although their chemical composition is similar.<sup id="cite_ref-IARC2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IARC2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidestream smoke has been classified as a Class A <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogen</a> by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like mainstream smoke, sidestream tobacco smoke is made up of many components including <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> and <a href="/wiki/4-aminobiphenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="4-aminobiphenyl">4-aminobiphenyl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan07_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernert10_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernert10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncerqa_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncerqa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the other compounds found in sidestream smoke are: <a href="/wiki/Vinylchloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinylchloride">vinylchloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">hydrogen cyanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catechol" title="Catechol">catechol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cresol" title="Cresol">cresol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl ethyl ketone">methyl ethyl ketone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">nitric oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">butane</a>. Exposure to sidestream smoke yields higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Carboxyhemoglobin" title="Carboxyhemoglobin">carboxyhemoglobin</a>, nicotine, and <a href="/wiki/Cotinine" title="Cotinine">cotinine</a> in the blood. When comparing sidestream and mainstream condensate, sidestream has 2–6 times more condensate per gram than mainstream smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan07_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bernert10_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernert10-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ncerqa_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncerqa-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the incomplete combustion process responsible for the creation of sidestream smoke, there may be exposure to higher concentrations of carcinogens than are typically inhaled directly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks">Risks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The risks of developing <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain tumors</a>, and acute myeloid <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and the incidence of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benign" class="mw-redirect" title="Benign">benign</a> <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory diseases">respiratory diseases</a> increase with the inhalation of sidestream smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the chance of developing <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical cancer</a> also increases with the inhalation of sidestream smoke. </p><p>Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more harmful, per gram, than mainstream smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Schick05_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schick05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sidesmoke is inhaled in far lesser amounts than mainstream smoke in people who smoke tobacco. </p><p>The relative risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a> is 1.2–1.3 with exposure to sidestream smoke due to the cyanide present in the smoke. There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects in children, both behaviorally and cognitively. One study found that higher levels of cotinine in children were correlated with a decreased ability to perform in reading and math.<sup id="cite_ref-Swan07_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swan07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factors such as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk for <a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">bladder cancer</a> - smoking is the only other known risk. <a href="/wiki/4-aminobiphenyl" class="mw-redirect" title="4-aminobiphenyl">4-aminobiphenyl</a> (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as a risk factor for bladder cancer. Sidestream smoke puts individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentrations are over ten times that of mainstream smoke.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_effects">Social effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A non-smoker who is inhaling sidestream or second-hand smoke has a 30% greater risk of getting lung cancer at some point in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exposure to second hand or sidestream smoke has been associated with people who have not smoked before. </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a> estimates sidestream smoke causes approximately 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers every year in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A child's exposure to contaminants in the air can have detrimental health effects including heightened risk of respiratory tract infections, increased likelihood of childhood <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, behavioural problems and reduced <a href="/wiki/Neurocognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocognitive">neurocognitive</a> abilities. Exposure to mainstream and sidestream smoke in childhood poses an increased risk of <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> production. Studies on rats have shown that those who were exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and following the period directly after, had differences in airway sensitivity in comparison to those that had been exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only following the period after.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Test_tubes">Test tubes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Test tubes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reduction in <a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a> levels was observed following exposure to sidestream smoke in vitro. Glutathione is an <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> which resides in the lung after development. Exposure to sidestream smoke for as little as twenty minutes can lead to an increase in contaminant particles within human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). Cells exposed to sidestream smoke experienced <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, which further allowed for <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA damage">DNA damage</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Cell_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell transformation">cell transformation</a> and an uncontrolled <a href="/wiki/Cell_proliferation" title="Cell proliferation">cell proliferation</a>. Such DNA <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> and uncontrolled cell division resulting from exposure to sidestream smoke may result in cancerous <a href="/wiki/Tumours" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumours">tumours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicological_experiments">Toxicological experiments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Toxicological experiments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Philip_Morris_Tobacco_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Morris Tobacco Company">Philip Morris Tobacco Company</a> carried out research on sidestream smoke at the Institut für Biologische Forschung, although this was not voluntarily published. This study found that sidestream smoke is nearly four times more toxic than mainstream smoke per metric gramme. They also found that sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than mainstream smoke as well as 2–6 times more tumourigenic per gram than mainstream condensate when applied to the skin of a mouse; results also showed that sidestream smoke hinders an animal's ability to reach a weight that is considered normal. The research team concluded that the only way to protect oneself from sidestream smoke was to be in smoke-free public places and workspaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Schick05_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schick05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sidestream_Smoke-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sidestream_Smoke_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIARC2004" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05OhSMMcAXIC&pg=PA1191">"Involuntary Smoking §1.1.1 Secondhand smoke"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol83/index.php"><i>Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking</i></a>. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 83. IARC Press. 2004. p. 1191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-832-1283-5" title="Special:BookSources/92-832-1283-5"><bdi>92-832-1283-5</bdi></a>. <q>During smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes and other tobacco productions, in addition to the mainstream smoke drawn and inhaled by the smokers, a stream of smoke is released between puffs into the air from the burning cone. Once released, this stream (also known as the sidestream smoke) is mixed with exhaled mainstream smoke as well as the air in an indoor environment to form the secondhand smoke to which ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Involuntary+Smoking+%C2%A71.1.1+Secondhand+smoke&rft.btitle=Tobacco+Smoke+and+Involuntary+Smoking&rft.series=IARC+Monographs+on+the+Evaluation+of+Carcinogenic+Risks+to+Humans&rft.pages=1191&rft.pub=IARC+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=92-832-1283-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05OhSMMcAXIC%26pg%3DPA1191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidestream+smoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health1991" class="citation journal cs1">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/91108_54.html#Reports">"Environmental Tobacco Smoke in the Workplace"</a>. <i>Current Intelligence Bulletin</i>. <b>54</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Intelligence+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Environmental+Tobacco+Smoke+in+the+Workplace&rft.volume=54&rft.date=1991-06&rft.au=National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2F91108_54.html%23Reports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidestream+smoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IARC2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IARC2004_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIARC2004">IARC 2004</a>, p. 1410 "This evidence is sufficient to conclude that involuntary smoking is a cause of lung cancer in never-smokers."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swan07-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swan07_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swan07_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swan07_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwanLessov-Schlaggar2007" class="citation journal cs1">Swan GE, Lessov-Schlaggar CN (September 2007). "The effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain". <i>Neuropsychol Rev</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 259–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11065-007-9035-9">10.1007/s11065-007-9035-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17690985">17690985</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25382242">25382242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychol+Rev&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+tobacco+smoke+and+nicotine+on+cognition+and+the+brain&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=259-73&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25382242%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17690985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11065-007-9035-9&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=GE&rft.au=Lessov-Schlaggar%2C+CN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidestream+smoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernert10-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernert10_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernert10_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernertPirkleXiaJain2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bernert JT, Pirkle JL, Xia Y, Jain RB, Ashley DL, Sampson EJ (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20833972">"Urine concentrations of a tobacco-specific nitrosamine carcinogen in the U.S. population from secondhand smoke exposure"</a>. <i>Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev</i>. <b>19</b> (11): 2969–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1055-9965.EPI-10-0711">10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0711</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20833972">20833972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Epidemiol.+Biomarkers+Prev.&rft.atitle=Urine+concentrations+of+a+tobacco-specific+nitrosamine+carcinogen+in+the+U.S.+population+from+secondhand+smoke+exposure&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2969-77&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1158%2F1055-9965.EPI-10-0711&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20833972&rft.aulast=Bernert&rft.aufirst=JT&rft.au=Pirkle%2C+JL&rft.au=Xia%2C+Y&rft.au=Jain%2C+RB&rft.au=Ashley%2C+DL&rft.au=Sampson%2C+EJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcebp.aacrjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fpmidlookup%3Fview%3Dlong%26pmid%3D20833972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidestream+smoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncerqa-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ncerqa_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ncerqa_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Environmental tobacco smoke." 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Pg 74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbulo_L2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mbulo L (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2008/Jul/07_0090.htm">"Changes in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Youth in Nebraska, 2002–2006"</a>. <i>Prev Chronic Dis</i>. <b>5</b> (3): A84. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2483572">2483572</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18558034">18558034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prev+Chronic+Dis&rft.atitle=Changes+in+Exposure+to+Secondhand+Smoke+Among+Youth+in+Nebraska%2C+2002%E2%80%932006&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=A84&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2483572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18558034&rft.au=Mbulo+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fpcd%2Fissues%2F2008%2FJul%2F07_0090.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidestream+smoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauxTaiThorneXu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Faux SP, Tai T, Thorne D, Xu Y, Breheny D, Gaca M (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomarkers&rft.atitle=The+role+of+oxidative+stress+in+the+biological+responses+of+lung+epithelial+cells+to+cigarette+smoke&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=90-6&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19297771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19604067&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13547500902965047&rft.aulast=Faux&rft.aufirst=SP&rft.au=Tai%2C+T&rft.au=Thorne%2C+D&rft.au=Xu%2C+Y&rft.au=Breheny%2C+D&rft.au=Gaca%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finformahealthcare.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F13547500902965047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASidestream+smoke" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCyanide">Cyanide</a>, p. 4 (in PDF)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidestream_smoke&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/">Environmental Protection Agency website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tobacco_smoking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Template:Smoking nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Smoking_nav" title="Template talk:Smoking nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Smoking nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tobacco_smoking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country<br />and region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Egypt" title="Smoking in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Nigeria" title="Smoking in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Africa" title="Smoking in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_East_Timor" title="Smoking in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Hong_Kong" title="Smoking in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Indonesia" title="Smoking in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iran" title="Smoking in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Japan" title="Smoking in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Macau" title="Smoking in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Malaysia" title="Smoking in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Pakistan" title="Smoking in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_the_Philippines" title="Smoking in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Smoking in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Turkey" title="Smoking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Vietnam" title="Smoking in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Australia" title="Smoking in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_New_Zealand" title="Smoking in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Tokelau" title="Smoking in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_policy_in_Armenia" title="Tobacco policy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Croatia" title="Smoking in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Finland" title="Smoking in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Hungary" title="Smoking in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ireland" title="Smoking in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Italy" title="Smoking in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Latvia" title="Smoking in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Norway" title="Smoking in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Sweden" title="Smoking in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Turkey" title="Smoking in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Colombia" title="Smoking in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Ecuador" title="Smoking in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Uruguay" title="Smoking in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_smoking" title="Religious views on smoking">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Jewish_law" title="Smoking in Jewish law">Smoking in Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_tobacco" title="Islamic views on tobacco">Islamic views on tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_fatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco fatwa">Tobacco fatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnikinnick" title="Kinnikinnick">Kinnikinnick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_bag" title="Pipe bag">Pipe bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health effects of tobacco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_withdrawal" title="Nicotine withdrawal">Nicotine withdrawal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Prevalence of tobacco use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_tobacco_keratosis" title="Smokeless tobacco keratosis">Smokeless tobacco keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_face" title="Smoker's face">Smoker's face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoker%27s_melanosis" title="Smoker's melanosis">Smoker's melanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatitis_nicotina" title="Stomatitis nicotina">Stomatitis nicotina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking age">Smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_male_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking and male infertility">Smoking and male infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_pharmacies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco-free pharmacies">Tobacco-free pharmacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_No_Tobacco_Day" title="World No Tobacco Day">World No Tobacco Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_smoking" title="Youth smoking">Youth smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Women_and_smoking" title="Women and smoking">Women and smoking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_difficulties#Tobacco_smoking" title="Breastfeeding difficulties">Breastfeeding difficulties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_factors_for_breast_cancer#Tobacco" title="Risk factors for breast cancer">Breast cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer#Causes" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause#Additional_factors" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptosis_(breasts)#Causes" title="Ptosis (breasts)">Ptosis of the breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_female_infertility" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking and female infertility">Smoking and female infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_and_pregnancy" title="Smoking and pregnancy">Smoking and pregnancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban" title="Smoking ban">Smoking ban</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">List of smoking bans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco-free_college_campuses" title="Tobacco-free college campuses">Tobacco-free college campuses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans#Smoking_bans_by_country" title="List of smoking bans">Country and region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_Australia" title="List of smoking bans in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_ban_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking ban in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loi_%C3%89vin" title="Loi Évin">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans_in_the_United_States" title="List of smoking bans in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_consumption_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco consumption by country">Tobacco consumption by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_smoking" title="History of smoking">History of smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cap" title="Smoking cap">Smoking cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeasy" title="Smokeasy">Smokeasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_jacket" title="Smoking jacket">Smoking jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_pipe" title="Tobacco pipe">Tobacco pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_room" title="Smoking room">Smoking room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Nicotine marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Smoking" title="Category:Smoking">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cigarettes" title="Template:Cigarettes">Cigarettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Electronic_cigarettes" title="Template:Electronic cigarettes">Electronic cigarettes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cigarettes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cigarettes" title="Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cigarettes" title="Template talk:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cigarettes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cigarettes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cigarette" title="Cigarette">Cigarettes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_cigarettes" title="Fashion cigarettes">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_cigarette" title="Fire-safe cigarette">Fire-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavored_tobacco" title="Flavored tobacco">Flavored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretek" title="Kretek">Kretek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilated_cigarette" title="Ventilated cigarette">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol_cigarette" title="Menthol cigarette">Menthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beedi" title="Beedi">Beedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_filter" title="Cigarette filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_additives_in_cigarettes" title="List of additives in cigarettes">Additives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peripherals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtray" title="Ashtray">Ashtray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_case" title="Cigarette case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_holder" title="Cigarette holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighter" title="Lighter">Lighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_pack" title="Cigarette pack">Pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_receptacle" title="Cigarette receptacle">Receptacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_machine" title="Cigarette machine">Vending machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smoking_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_card" title="Cigarette card">Cigarette card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_among_college_students" title="Cigarette smoking among college students">Cigarette smoking among college students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosie" title="Loosie">Loosie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_association_football" title="Smoking in association football">Smoking in association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_fetishism" title="Smoking fetishism">Smoking fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoking" title="Tobacco smoking">Tobacco smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco" title="Health effects of tobacco">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chain_smoking" title="Chain smoking">Chain smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cigarette_smoking_for_weight_loss" title="Cigarette smoking for weight loss">Cigarette smoking for weight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_dependence" title="Nicotine dependence">Nicotine dependence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_poisoning" title="Nicotine poisoning">Nicotine poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_smoking" title="Passive smoking">Passive smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-hand_smoke" title="Third-hand smoke">Third-hand smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia_and_tobacco_smoking" title="Schizophrenia and tobacco smoking">Schizophrenia and smoking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sidestream smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">Smoking cessation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_harm_reduction" title="Tobacco harm reduction">Tobacco harm reduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cigarette" title="Candy cigarette">Candy cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_cigarette" title="Herbal cigarette">Herbal cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_tobacco_product" title="Heated tobacco product">Heated tobacco product</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_heated_tobacco_product_emissions" title="Composition of heated tobacco product emissions">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heated_tobacco_products" title="List of heated tobacco products">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snus" title="Snus">Snus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_cigarette" title="Electronic cigarette">Electronic cigarette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_pouch" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine pouch">Nicotine pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_replacement_therapy" title="Nicotine replacement therapy">Nicotine replacement therapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_of_tobacco" title="Cultivation of tobacco">Cultivation of tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotine_marketing" title="Nicotine marketing">Tobacco advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Disinformation playbook</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Big_Tobacco" title="Big Tobacco">Big Tobacco</a>"</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_country" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Argentina" title="Tobacco industry in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cigarette_industry" title="Egyptian cigarette industry">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Malawi" title="Tobacco industry in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Tobacco industry in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Tobacco production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_commercial_tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="History of commercial tobacco in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />and the law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_cigarette_trade" title="Illicit cigarette trade">Cigarette smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain cigarette packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_smoking_age" title="Legal smoking age">Legal smoking age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_bans_in_private_vehicles" title="Smoking bans in private vehicles">Smoking bans in private vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_control" title="Tobacco control">Tobacco control movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_Master_Settlement_Agreement" title="Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement">Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Tobacco packaging warning messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_politics" title="Tobacco politics">Tobacco politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_Framework_Convention_on_Tobacco_Control" title="WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control">WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPOWER_tobacco_control" title="MPOWER tobacco control">MPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_to_Eliminate_Illicit_Trade_in_Tobacco_Products" title="Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products">Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_brands" title="List of cigarette brands">Cigarette brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cigarette_smoke_carcinogens" title="List of cigarette smoke carcinogens">Cigarette smoke carcinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_tobacco_use" title="Prevalence of tobacco use">Countries by tobacco consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rolling_papers" title="List of rolling papers">Rolling papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoking_bans" title="List of smoking bans">Smoking bans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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