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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Judah Folkman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يهوذا فولكمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهوذا فولكمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86" title="یودا فولکمن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یودا فولکمن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джуда Фолкман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джуда Фолкман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86" title="یودا فولکمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یودا فولکمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="יהודה פולקמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהודה פולקמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="يهوذا فولكمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يهوذا فولكمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ジューダ・フォークマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジューダ・フォークマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Фолкман, Джуда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фолкман, Джуда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judah_Folkman" title="Judah Folkman – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Judah Folkman" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American biologist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Judah Folkman</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1933-02-24</span>)</span>February 24, 1933<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 14, 2008<span style="display:none">(2008-01-14)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">Angiogenesis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Mott_Prize" title="Charles S. Mott Prize">Charles S. Mott Prize</a> <small>(1997)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Massry_Prize" title="Massry Prize">Massry Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Keio_Medical_Science_Prize" title="Keio Medical Science Prize">Keio Medical Science Prize</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1998)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Wolf Prize in Medicine</a> (1992)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert S. Langer, Donald E. Ingber</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Moses Judah Folkman</b> (February 24, 1933 – January 14, 2008)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American biologist and pediatric surgeon best known for his research on tumor <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>, the process by which a tumor attracts blood vessels to nourish itself and sustain its existence. He founded the field of angiogenesis research, which has led to the discovery of a number of therapies based on inhibiting or stimulating neovascularization.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in 1933 in Cleveland, Ohio, Judah Folkman accompanied his father, a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, on visits to hospital patients. By age seven, he knew he wanted to be a doctor rather than follow in his father's footsteps, so he could offer cures in addition to comfort. His father replied, "In that case, you can be a rabbi-like doctor," words his son took to heart.<sup id="cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RememberingCHB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Folkman graduated from <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a> in 1953, and then <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> in 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardBIo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardBIo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a student at Harvard Medical School, he trained under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edward_Gross" title="Robert Edward Gross">Robert Edward Gross</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also worked on a prototype <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cardiac_pacemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial cardiac pacemaker">pacemaker</a>, work that he never published.<sup id="cite_ref-AcadAchieve_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AcadAchieve-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, his residency was interrupted when he was drafted in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> and did research for the Navy until 1962 at the <a href="/wiki/National_Naval_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Naval Medical Center">National Naval Medical Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>. During that time, he studied the use of <a href="/wiki/Silastic" title="Silastic">silastic</a> for the sustained release of <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> drugs; the 1964 publication of that work helped inspire the technological development of the <a href="/wiki/Norplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Norplant">Norplant</a> implantable contraceptive at the <a href="/wiki/Population_Council" title="Population Council">Population Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 117">: 117 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The navy research was focused on developing artificial blood; in the course of testing potential products to see if they could keep alive thymus glands taken from rabbits, he noticed that tumors in the gland could not grow as they did if the glands were perfused with blood. His curiosity as to why led to his work on angiogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RememberingCHB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his two years work for the navy, Folkman completed his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital. He worked as an assistant surgeon at Boston City Hospital, then trained further in pediatric surgery at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia under <a href="/wiki/C._Everett_Koop" title="C. Everett Koop">C. Everett Koop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1967 he was appointed surgeon-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's Hospital Boston">Children's Hospital Boston</a> at the age of 34. Folkman was appointed the Julia Dyckman Andrus Professor of Pediatric Surgery at Harvard Medical School in 1968, where he was also Professor of Cell Biology. He was the youngest full Professor in the history of Harvard Medical School.<sup id="cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RememberingCHB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to directing the Children's Hospital Boston Surgical Research Laboratories, which grew to become the Vascular Biology Program, for nearly four decades, he was the Scientific Director of the hospital's Vascular Anomalies Center.<sup id="cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RememberingCHB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, he reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Medicine">New England Journal of Medicine</a></i> that <a href="/wiki/Solid_tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid tumor">solid tumors</a> are <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis" title="Angiogenesis">angiogenesis</a>-dependent.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hypothesized that there was an unknown "factor" that tumors secreted to help it increase its blood supply, and that if that factor could be blocked, tumors would wither and die. Though his hypothesis was initially disregarded and treated with skepticism by most experts in the field, Folkman persisted with his research.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardBIo_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardBIo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and collaborators, who included <a href="/wiki/Bert_L._Vallee" title="Bert L. Vallee">Bert L. Vallee</a>, soon identified the already-known <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factor</a> as an angiogenic factor, but the team's work showed that there were additional, unknown factors.<sup id="cite_ref-PNAS2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNAS2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help accelerate the work, Folkman started collaborating with industry.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 Harvard University and <a href="/wiki/Monsanto" title="Monsanto">Monsanto</a> signed a ten-year <a href="/wiki/Medical_research#Privately_.28industry.29_funded_biomedical_research" title="Medical research">industrial-funded research grant</a> to support his cancer research, which at that time was the largest such arrangement ever made; medical inventions arising from that research were the first for which Harvard allowed its faculty to submit a <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent application</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardBIo_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardBIo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Langer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Langer">Robert Langer</a> worked as a postdoc in Folkman's lab during this time, concentrating on using <a href="/wiki/Silastic" title="Silastic">silastic</a> and other materials to deliver drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid to late 1980s, two other angiogenic factors were identified by other labs that had been inspired by his work: <a href="/wiki/Angiogenin" title="Angiogenin">angiogenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/VEGF" class="mw-redirect" title="VEGF">VEGF</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the factors identified, <a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a> could begin. When the Monsanto agreement (which yielded no products for Monsanto) ended, Folkman started receiving research funding from <a href="/wiki/Takeda_Pharmaceutical_Company" title="Takeda Pharmaceutical Company">Takeda</a> and then from a startup company, <a href="/wiki/CASI_Pharmaceuticals" title="CASI Pharmaceuticals">Entremed</a>, that put half its venture capital funding into research in the Folkman lab.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Donald_E._Ingber" title="Donald E. Ingber">Donald E. Ingber</a> soon discovered that a fungus, <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_fumigatus" title="Aspergillus fumigatus">Aspergillus fumigatus</a></i>, secreted a chemical, <a href="/wiki/Fumagillin" title="Fumagillin">fumagillin</a>, that inhibited angiogenesis. Takeda performed <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">medicinal chemistry</a> to optimize it, leading to development of TNP-470.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folkman's team later tested it in adults with <a href="/wiki/Hemangiomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemangiomas">hemangiomas</a>; they also used <a href="/wiki/Interferon_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon alpha">interferon alpha</a>, an already approved drug that they had already shown to be an angiogenesis inhibitor, to treat infants with hemangiomas in some of the first clinical trials of angiogenesis inhibitors which were published in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilenberg_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these trials they also studied the levels of <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast_growth_factor" title="Fibroblast growth factor">fibroblast growth factor</a> in the urine of the trial subjects and published that work in 1994; these were some of the first explorations of the use of <a href="/wiki/Biomarkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomarkers">biomarkers</a> in clinical trials as <a href="/wiki/Surrogate_endpoints" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrogate endpoints">surrogate endpoints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 Michael O"Reilly, working in the Folkman lab with Entremed funding, discovered the first endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor, <a href="/wiki/Angiostatin" title="Angiostatin">angiostatin</a> and then another, <a href="/wiki/Endostatin" title="Endostatin">endostatin</a>. Entremed began developing them and soon struck a collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers">Bristol-Myers</a>, which caught national interest and spurred further investment in angiogenesis inhibitors by other pharma companies.<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tribune_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribune-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993 he surprised the scientific world by hypothesizing that angiogenesis is as important in <a href="/wiki/Blood_cancers" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood cancers">blood cancers</a> as it is in solid tumors,<sup id="cite_ref-Folkman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the next year he published work showing that a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> of angiogenesis was higher in all people with cancer, but especially high in people with blood cancers, and other evidence of the role of angiogenesis in blood cancers emerged as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Folkman_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a member of his lab, Robert D'Amato, was looking for <a href="/wiki/Angiogenesis_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiogenesis inhibitors">angiogenesis inhibitors</a>, and discovered that <a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">thalidomide</a> inhibited angiogenesis in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7513432_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7513432-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around that time, the wife of a man who was dying of multiple myeloma and whom standard treatments had failed, called Folkman asking him about his anti-angiogenesis ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilenberg_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Folkman convinced the patient's doctor to try thalidomide, and that doctor ended up conducting a clinical trial of thalidomide for people with multiple myeloma in which about a third of the subjects responded to the treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilenberg_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of that trial were published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilenberg_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nejm-myeloma_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nejm-myeloma-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the first angiogenesis inhibitor, <a href="/wiki/Bevacizumab" title="Bevacizumab">bevacizumab</a> (Avastin), was approved by the FDA, as a treatment for colon cancer. It is a <a href="/wiki/Recombinant_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Recombinant protein">recombinant</a> humanized <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a> that was discovered and developed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleone_Ferrara" title="Napoleone Ferrara">Napoleone Ferrara</a>, a scientist at <a href="/wiki/Genentech" title="Genentech">Genentech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saga_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saga-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar drug, <a href="/wiki/Lucentis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucentis">Lucentis</a>, was later approved for treating macular degeneration.<sup id="cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RememberingCHB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further work was done by Celgene and others, in 2006 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration granted accelerated approval for thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone for the treatment of newly diagnosed <a href="/wiki/Multiple_myeloma" title="Multiple myeloma">multiple myeloma</a> patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Beilenberg_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beilenberg-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folkman was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a>, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, among others. He was the author of some 400 papers and more than 100 book chapters and monographs and received scores of United States awards and honors for his research as well as numerous international awards, including the <a href="/wiki/George_Ledlie_Prize" title="George Ledlie Prize">George Ledlie Prize</a> from Harvard, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Gairdner_Foundation_International_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairdner Foundation International Award">Gairdner Foundation International Award</a>, Israel's <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a>, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Christian_Friedrich_Schering" title="Ernst Christian Friedrich Schering">Ernst Schering Prize</a>, the United Kingdom Society for Endocrinology's Dale Medal in 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Asturias Award">Prince of Asturias Award</a>, the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Switzerland's Dr. Josef Steiner Cancer Research Award.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_scientifique_de_la_Fondation_Lefoulon-Delalande" title="Grand Prix scientifique de la Fondation Lefoulon-Delalande">Scientific Grand Prize of the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Massry_Prize" title="Massry Prize">Massry Prize</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Keck_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Keck School of Medicine">Keck School of Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> in 1997. On May 29, 1998, Folkman received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">honorary doctorate</a> from the Faculty of Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>, Sweden<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Folkman died of a heart attack in Denver on January 14, 2008, at the age of 74 en route to deliver the 2008 Keynote Address at the Keystone Symposium (Molecular Mechanisms of Angiogenesis in Development and Disease) in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver, British Columbia">Vancouver, British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was survived by his wife, Paula, whom he met and married while doing his surgical residency,<sup id="cite_ref-NASbio_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two daughters, and a granddaughter.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCookeKoop,_C_Everett2001" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Robert; Koop, C Everett (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/drfolkmanswarang00cook"><i>Dr. Folkman's War: Angiogenesis and the Struggle to Defeat Cancer</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50244-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50244-6"><bdi>978-0-375-50244-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Folkman%27s+War%3A+Angiogenesis+and+the+Struggle+to+Defeat+Cancer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50244-6&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Koop%2C+C+Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdrfolkmanswarang00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Judah Folkman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/cancer"><i>Cancer Warrior</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(.MP3)</span> (Video). PBS NOVA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cancer+Warrior&rft.pub=PBS+NOVA&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fcancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081023204012/http://www.crmagazine.org/archive/fall2008/Pages/FolkmansForesight.aspx">"Folkman's Foresight"</a>. <i>CR magazine</i>. Fall 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crmagazine.org/archive/fall2008/Pages/FolkmansForesight.aspx">the original</a> on October 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CR+magazine&rft.atitle=Folkman%27s+Foresight&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crmagazine.org%2Farchive%2Ffall2008%2FPages%2FFolkmansForesight.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tobinproject.org/about/judah-folkman">Judah Folkman</a> biography and inspiration for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tobinproject.org">Tobin Project</a></li> <li>Lam, Andrew. Saving Sight: An eye surgeon's look at life behind the mask and the heroes who changed the way we see. Bokeelia, FL; Irie Books, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1617203794" title="Special:BookSources/978-1617203794">978-1617203794</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eye.hms.harvard.edu/judahfolkman">"Judah Folkman, MD"</a>. <i>Department of Ophthalmology</i>. Harvard Medical School<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Judah+Folkman%2C+MD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feye.hms.harvard.edu%2Fjudahfolkman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNAS2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PNAS2008_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PNAS2008_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCao,_YihaiLanger,_Robert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cao, Yihai; <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Langer, Robert</a> (September 9, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2533169">"A review of Judah Folkman's remarkable achievements in biomedicine"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>105</b> (36): <span class="nowrap">13203–</span>13205. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10513203C">2008PNAS..10513203C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0806582105">10.1073/pnas.0806582105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2533169">2533169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18772371">18772371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=A+review+of+Judah+Folkman%27s+remarkable+achievements+in+biomedicine&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13203-%3C%2Fspan%3E13205&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2533169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18772371&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0806582105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10513203C&rft.au=Cao%2C+Yihai&rft.au=Langer%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2533169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RememberingCHB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RememberingCHB_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Children's Hospital Boston <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210125621/http://www.childrenshospital.org/cfapps/research/data_admin/Site2580/mainpageS2580P1.html">Remembering Judah Folkman: Biography</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarvardBIo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardBIo_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardBIo_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarvardBIo_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Harvard Medical School <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fa.hms.harvard.edu/files/memorialminute_folkman_judah.pdf">Bio at Harvard Medical School</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASbio-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASbio_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_K._Donahoe" title="Patricia K. Donahoe">Patricia K Donahoe</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/folkman-judah.pdf">Judah Folkman: 1933–2008. A Biographical Memoir</a> National Academy of Sciences, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AcadAchieve-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AcadAchieve_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Academy of Achievement. June 17, 2010 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/fol0bio-1">Judah Folkman Biography, Foundations for Cancer Therapy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119114953/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/fol0bio-1">Archived</a> January 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laura J. Frost and Michael R. Reich <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessbook.org/downloads/chapter_6_AccessBook.pdf">Access: How Do Good Health Technologies Get to Poor People in Poor Countries?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160212201148/http://www.accessbook.org/downloads/chapter_6_AccessBook.pdf">Archived</a> February 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Bibliomotion, Inc., 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629560304" title="Special:BookSources/9781629560304">9781629560304</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolkmanLong1964" class="citation journal cs1">Folkman J, Long DM (March 1964). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endocrinology.org/about/medals/SfEpastMedalists.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Society+for+Endocrinology+Medal+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endocrinology.org%2Fabout%2Fmedals%2FSfEpastMedalists.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23science-exploration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129115915/http://www.steinerstiftung.unibe.ch/guidelines.aspx">"The Dr. Josef Steiner Cancer Research Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinerstiftung.unibe.ch/guidelines.aspx">the original</a> on November 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dr.+Josef+Steiner+Cancer+Research+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steinerstiftung.unibe.ch%2Fguidelines.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lefoulon-delalande.institut-de-france.fr/historique-0#12_le_grand_prix_scientifique_2005">"Historique"</a>. <i>Fondation Lefoulon-Delalande Institut de France</i>. April 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fondation+Lefoulon-Delalande+Institut+de+France&rft.atitle=Historique&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flefoulon-delalande.institut-de-france.fr%2Fhistorique-0%2312_le_grand_prix_scientifique_2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2023" class="citation web cs1">Naylor, David (June 9, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/">"Honorary doctorates – Uppsala University, Sweden"</a>. <i>www.uu.se</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uu.se&rft.atitle=Honorary+doctorates+%E2%80%93+Uppsala+University%2C+Sweden&rft.date=2023-06-09&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uu.se%2Fen%2Fabout-uu%2Ftraditions%2Fprizes%2Fhonorary-doctorates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTObit-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2008" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Andrew (January 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/16/us/16folkman.html">"Judah Folkman, Researcher, Died at 74 on January 15, 2008"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Judah+Folkman%2C+Researcher%2C+Died+at+74+on+January+15%2C+2008&rft.date=2008-01-16&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F16%2Fus%2F16folkman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJudah+Folkman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Judah_Folkman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Judah_Folkman" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Judah Folkman">Judah Folkman</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.lib.harvard.edu/ead/med00184/catalog">M. 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the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Wolf Prize in Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_van_Rood" title="Jon van Rood">Jon J. van Rood</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oleh_Hornykiewicz" title="Oleh Hornykiewicz">Oleh Hornykiewicz</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leo_Sachs" title="Leo Sachs">Leo Sachs</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Learmonth_Gowans" title="James Learmonth Gowans">James L. Gowans</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Norman_Cohen" title="Stanley Norman Cohen">Stanley Norman Cohen</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Changeux" title="Jean-Pierre Changeux">Jean-Pierre Changeux</a> / <a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Snyder" title="Solomon H. Snyder">Solomon H. Snyder</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Steiner" title="Donald F. Steiner">Donald F. Steiner</a> (1984/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osamu_Hayaishi" title="Osamu Hayaishi">Osamu Hayaishi</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Cuatrecasas" title="Pedro Cuatrecasas">Pedro Cuatrecasas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Meir_Wilchek" title="Meir Wilchek">Meir Wilchek</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_G._Hers" title="Henri G. Hers">Henri G. Hers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Neufeld" title="Elizabeth F. Neufeld">Elizabeth F. Neufeld</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty" title="Maclyn McCarty">Maclyn McCarty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a> (1991)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah Folkman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berridge" title="Michael Berridge">Michael Berridge</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasutomi_Nishizuka" title="Yasutomi Nishizuka">Yasutomi Nishizuka</a> (1994/5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a> (1995/6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_F._Lyon" title="Mary F. Lyon">Mary F. Lyon</a> (1996/7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sela" title="Michael Sela">Michael Sela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Arnon" title="Ruth Arnon">Ruth Arnon</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Varshavsky" title="Alexander Varshavsky">Alexander Varshavsky</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster" title="Ralph L. Brinster">Ralph L. Brinster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a> (2002/3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Levitzki" title="Alexander Levitzki">Alexander Levitzki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Anthony R. Hunter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)" title="Tony Pawson (biochemist)">Tony Pawson</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Cedar" title="Howard Cedar">Howard Cedar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Razin" title="Aharon Razin">Aharon Razin</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Ullrich" title="Axel Ullrich">Axel Ullrich</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jaenisch" title="Rudolf Jaenisch">Rudolf Jaenisch</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_M._Evans" title="Ronald M. Evans">Ronald M. Evans</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Sonenberg" title="Nahum Sonenberg">Nahum Sonenberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kappler" title="John Kappler">John Kappler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_V._Ravetch" title="Jeffrey V. Ravetch">Jeffrey V. Ravetch</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_C._Cantley" title="Lewis C. Cantley">Lewis C. Cantley</a> / <a href="/wiki/C._Ronald_Kahn" title="C. Ronald Kahn">C. Ronald Kahn</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#d3d3d3;">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Steitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan Steitz">Joan Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Maquat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynne Maquat">Lynne Elizabeth Maquat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adrian_R._Krainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian R. Krainer">Adrian Krainer</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botond_Roska" title="Botond Roska">Botond Roska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9-Alain_Sahel" title="José-Alain Sahel">José-Alain Sahel</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Sols" title="Alberto Sols">Alberto Sols</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ballester" title="Manuel Ballester">Manuel Ballester</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Santal%C3%B3" title="Luis Santaló">Luis Antonio Santaló Sors</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garcia-Bellido" title="Antonio Garcia-Bellido">Antonio Garcia-Bellido</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_V%C3%A1zquez_Mart%C3%ADnez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Vázquez Martínez (page does not exist)">David Vázquez Martínez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Rosenblueth" title="Emilio Rosenblueth">Emilio Rosenblueth</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(chemist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio González González (chemist) (page does not exist)">Antonio González González</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Convit" title="Jacinto Convit">Jacinto Convit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Rudom%C3%ADn_Zevnovaty" title="Pablo Rudomín Zevnovaty">Pablo Rudomín</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Cardona" title="Manuel Cardona">Manuel Cardona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Moshinsky" title="Marcos Moshinsky">Marcos Moshinsky</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Guido_M%C3%BCnch" title="Guido Münch">Guido Münch</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Grisol%C3%ADa,_1st_Marquess_of_Grisol%C3%ADa" title="Santiago Grisolía, 1st Marquess of Grisolía">Santiago Grisolía</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Moncada" title="Salvador Moncada">Salvador Moncada</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bol%C3%ADvar_Zapata" title="Francisco Bolívar Zapata">Francisco Bolívar Zapata</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Moliner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federico García Moliner (page does not exist)">Federico García Moliner</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Amable_Li%C3%B1%C3%A1n" title="Amable Liñán">Amable Liñán</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Elkin_Patarroyo" title="Manuel Elkin Patarroyo">Manuel Patarroyo</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Losada_Villasante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Losada Villasante (page does not exist)">Manuel Losada Villasante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Biodiversidad" title="Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad">Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad</a> of Costa Rica</li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Fuster" title="Valentín Fuster">Valentín Fuster</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site_of_Atapuerca" title="Archaeological site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a> research team</li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_M%C3%A9ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Emilio Méndez Pérez">Emilio Méndez Pérez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Miguel_Etxenike" title="Pedro Miguel Etxenike">Pedro Miguel Echenique Landiríbar</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Miledi" title="Ricardo Miledi">Ricardo Miledi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Moreno_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Enrique Moreno González">Enrique Moreno González</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gallo" title="Robert Gallo">Robert Gallo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Craig_Venter" title="Craig Venter">Craig Venter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John Sulston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Collins" title="Francis Collins">Francis Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Weissenbach" title="Jean Weissenbach">Jean Weissenbach</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Roberts_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Roberts (scientist)">Lawrence Roberts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Robert E. Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vinton Cerf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li>2004: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judah Folkman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_R._Hunter" title="Anthony R. Hunter">Tony Hunter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Massagu%C3%A9" title="Joan Massagué">Joan Massagué</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bert_Vogelstein" title="Bert Vogelstein">Bert Vogelstein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Weinberg_(biologist)" title="Robert Weinberg (biologist)">Robert Weinberg</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Damasio" title="Antonio Damasio">Antonio Damasio</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Anthony_Lawrence" title="Peter Anthony Lawrence">Peter Lawrence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gin%C3%A9s_Morata" title="Ginés Morata">Ginés Morata</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Sumio_Iijima" title="Sumio Iijima">Sumio Iijima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert Langer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_M._Whitesides" title="George M. Whitesides">George M. Whitesides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tobin_J._Marks" title="Tobin J. Marks">Tobin Marks</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cooper_(inventor)" title="Martin Cooper (inventor)">Martin Cooper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Tomlinson" title="Ray Tomlinson">Raymond Tomlinson</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Minke" title="Baruch Minke">Baruch Minke</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Linda_R._Watkins" title="Linda R. Watkins">Linda Watkins</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Altman" title="Joseph Altman">Joseph Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Alvarez-Buylla" title="Arturo Alvarez-Buylla">Arturo Álvarez-Buylla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lerner" title="Richard Lerner">Richard A. Lerner</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Avel%C2%B7l%C3%AD_Corma_Can%C3%B3s" title="Avel·lí Corma Canós">Avelino Corma Canós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Davis" title="Mark E. Davis">Mark E. Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Galen_D._Stucky" title="Galen D. Stucky">Galen D. Stucky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_Technical_and_Scientific_Research64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for Technical and Scientific Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herr" title="Hugh Herr">Hugh Herr</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip S. Thorne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barry C. Barish</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> Scientific Collaboration</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Chory" title="Joanne Chory">Joanne Chory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_D%C3%ADaz_(ecologist)" title="Sandra Díaz (ecologist)">Sandra Myrna Díaz</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Yves_Meyer" title="Yves Meyer">Yves Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Daubechies" title="Ingrid Daubechies">Ingrid Daubechies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terence_Tao" title="Terence Tao">Terence Tao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Cand%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Candès">Emmanuel Candès</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Felgner" title="Philip Felgner">Philip Felgner</a>, <a href="/wiki/U%C4%9Fur_%C5%9Eahin" title="Uğur Şahin">Uğur Şahin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zlem_T%C3%BCreci" title="Özlem Türeci">Özlem Türeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Rossi" title="Derrick Rossi">Derrick Rossi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Gilbert" title="Sarah Gilbert">Sarah Gilbert</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Everett_Peter_Greenberg" title="Everett Peter Greenberg">Everett Peter Greenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Bassler" title="Bonnie Bassler">Bonnie Bassler</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Drucker" title="Daniel J. Drucker">Daniel J. Drucker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_M._Friedman" title="Jeffrey M. Friedman">Jeffrey M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Habener" title="Joel Habener">Joel F. Habener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Juul_Holst" title="Jens Juul Holst">Jens Juul Holst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Mojsov" title="Svetlana Mojsov">Svetlana Mojsov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q710619#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1035" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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