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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"In_Flanders_Fields"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"In_Flanders_Fields""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>"In Flanders Fields"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"In_Flanders_Fields"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جون ماكريه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون ماكريه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Джон Маккрей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Маккрей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="جان مک‌کری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان مک‌کری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A7%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4" title="존 매크레이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 매크레이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5" title="Ջոն Մաքքրեյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Մաքքրեյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="ג'ון מקריי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון מקריי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جون ماكريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ماكريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4" title="ジョン・マクレイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・マクレイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Маккрей, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маккрей, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Джон Мак-Крей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Мак-Крей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCrae" title="John McCrae – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="John McCrae" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q470812#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_McCrae" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/John_MacRae_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John MacRae (disambiguation)">John MacRae</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McCrea_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John McCrea (disambiguation)">John McCrea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/John_McRae_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John McRae (disambiguation)">John McRae</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-colonel (Canada)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a></div><div class="fn">John McCrae</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg/220px-John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg/330px-John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg/440px-John_McCrae_in_uniform_circa_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="766" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">McCrae <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1914</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1872-11-30</span>)</span>November 30, 1872<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 28, 1918<span style="display:none">(1918-01-28)</span> (aged 45)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Poet, physician, author, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel (Canada)">lieutenant colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Author of "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCrae_(physician)" title="Thomas McCrae (physician)">Thomas McCrae</a> (brother) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military Service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Canadian Expeditionary Force">Canadian Expeditionary Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1887-1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Gunner<br />Lieutenant<br />Lieutenant Colonel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery#Regiments" title="Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery">Guelph Field Artillery</a> (1887-99)<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery#Boer_War" title="Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery">'D' Battery, CFA</a> (1900)<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery#World_War_I" title="Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery">1st Brigade, CFA</a> (1914-15)<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Medical_Corps" title="Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps">Canadian Army Medical Corps</a> (1916-1918)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergendal" title="Battle of Bergendal">Battle of Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leliefontein" title="Battle of Leliefontein">Battle of Leliefontein</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-colonel (Canada)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> <b>John McCrae</b> (November 30, 1872 – January 28, 1918) was a <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a> poet, physician, author, artist and soldier during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and a surgeon during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. He is best known for writing the famous war memorial poem "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>". McCrae died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> near the end of the war. His famous poem is a <a href="/wiki/Threnody" title="Threnody">threnody</a>, a genre of lament. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg/220px-McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg/330px-McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg/440px-McCrae_House_Guelph_tac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>McCrae's birthplace, <a href="/wiki/McCrae_House" title="McCrae House">McCrae House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, Ontario</figcaption></figure> <p>McCrae was born in <a href="/wiki/McCrae_House" title="McCrae House">McCrae House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guelph" title="Guelph">Guelph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-colonel_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant-colonel (Canada)">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> David McCrae and Janet Simpson Eckford; he was the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish immigrants</a> from <a href="/wiki/Balmaghie" title="Balmaghie">Balmaghie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire" title="Kirkcudbrightshire">Kirkcudbrightshire</a>. His father had served with the Guelph Home Guard during the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_raids" title="Fenian raids">Fenian raids</a>, and was a member of the Guelph city council and a director of <a href="/wiki/The_North_American_Life_Assurance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The North American Life Assurance Company">The North American Life Assurance Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_McCrae_(physician)" title="Thomas McCrae (physician)">Thomas McCrae</a>, became a professor of medicine at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_School_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine">Johns Hopkins Medical School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and close associate of Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">William Osler</a>. His sister Geills married James Kilgour, a justice of the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Queen%27s_Bench_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Queen's Bench of Manitoba">Court of King's Bench of Manitoba</a>, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCrae attended the <a href="/wiki/Guelph_Collegiate_Vocational_Institute" title="Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute">Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute</a> and graduated from the Institute at 16. He was the first Guelph student to win a scholarship to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. After attending university for three years, however, he was forced to take a year off due to severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>. This illness recurred throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among his papers in the John McCrae House in Guelph is a letter he wrote on July 18, 1893, to Laura Kains while he trained as an artilleryman at Tête-de-Pont barracks, today's <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frontenac" title="Fort Frontenac">Fort Frontenac</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a>. "I have a manservant ... Quite a nobby place it is, in fact ... My windows look right out across the bay, and are just near the water's edge; there is a good deal of shipping at present in the port; and the river looks very pretty." </p><p>He was a resident master in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a> in 1894 at the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Agricultural_College" title="Ontario Agricultural College">Ontario Agricultural College</a> in Guelph.<sup id="cite_ref-peddie_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peddie-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae returned to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> and completed his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a>, then returned again to study medicine on a scholarship. </p><p>At medical school, McCrae had tutored other students to help pay his tuition. Two of his students were among the first female doctors in Ontario.<sup id="cite_ref-VAC_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAC-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg/220px-John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg/330px-John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg/440px-John_McCrae_leaning_against_a_sundial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>John McCrae in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>McCrae graduated in 1898. He was first a resident house-officer at Toronto General Hospital, then in 1899 at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_Hospital" title="Johns Hopkins Hospital">Johns Hopkins Hospital</a> in Baltimore, Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, he was appointed professor of pathology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a>, where he taught until 1911; he also taught at <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. In 1902, he was appointed resident <a href="/wiki/Pathologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologist">pathologist</a> at <a href="/wiki/Montreal_General_Hospital" title="Montreal General Hospital">Montreal General Hospital</a> and later became assistant pathologist to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital_(Montreal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal)">Royal Victoria Hospital</a> in Montreal. In 1904, he was appointed an associate in medicine at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Montreal" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal">Royal Victoria Hospital</a>. Later that year, he went to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> where he studied for several months and became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a>. </p><p>In 1905, McCrae set up his own practice although he continued to work and lecture at several hospitals. The same year, he was appointed pathologist to the Montreal Foundling and Baby Hospital. In 1908, he was appointed physician to the Alexandra Hospital for Contagious Diseases. </p><p>In 1910, he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Albert_Henry_George_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Henry George Grey, 4th Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a>, on a <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a> trip to <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a> to serve as expedition physician. Lord Grey marvelled that "You were able to beat <a href="/wiki/Scheherazade" title="Scheherazade">the record of the Arabian Nights</a>, for I believe the 3000 miles of our travels were illumined by as many stories."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCrae was the co-author, with J. G. Adami, of a medical textbook, <i>A Text-Book of Pathology for College Students of Medicine</i> (1912; 2nd ed., 1914). </p><p>McCrae was the founding member of the University Club of Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCrae proposed to his sister-in-law Nona Gwyn but was refused.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from weekly letters to his mother the poet was very private about any romantic relationships, and "from time to time"<sup id="cite_ref-Spectator2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectator2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his sexuality has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to McCrae biographer John F. Prescott and McCrae House curator Bev Dietrich, there is no evidence that McCrae was gay.<sup id="cite_ref-Spectator2011_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spectator2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_military_service">Early military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>McCrae's father, Lt-Col. David McCrae, a <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenian Raid">Fenian Raid</a> veteran, organized and commanded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery#Regiments" title="Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery">Guelph Field Artillery</a> from the 1870s-1890s, and in 1887, John McCrae joined his father's unit as a Bugler and then as a Gunner. He had previously joined the <i>Guelph Highland Cadet Corps</i> in 1886 at age 14, being awarded a prize as the best cadet in Ontario in 1887. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG/170px-JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG/255px-JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG/340px-JohnMcCraemedals01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>McCrae's medals for the Boer War and First World War</figcaption></figure> <p>McCrae continued to serve in the militia in the 1890s, being appointed <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster_sergeant" title="Quartermaster sergeant">Quarter-Master Sergeant</a> of the Guelph Artillery in 1891, and then <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> in 1896. </p><p>In December 1899, McCrae volunteered for active service in South Africa as a Lieutenant in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Canadian_Artillery#Boer_War" title="Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery">'D' Battery, Canadian Field Artillery</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>. McCrae was placed in charge of No. 2 (right) section, 'D' Battery, while his friend <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whipple_Bancroft_Morrison" title="Edward Whipple Bancroft Morrison">E.W.B. Morrison</a> commanded No. 1 Section. They arrived in Cape Town in February 1900, and fought in skirmishes in the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, including the Carnarvon Expedition and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bergendal" title="Battle of Bergendal">Battle of Belfast</a> in August 1900. McCrae returned home in late 1900. For his service in the war, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_South_Africa_Medal" title="Queen's South Africa Medal">Queen's South Africa Medal</a> with three clasps. </p><p>In 1901, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(military_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (military rank)">Captain</a> in the 16th Battery, Canadian Field Artillery, and then to Major of the 1st Artillery Brigade in 1902. In 1904 he resigned his active militia position and was placed on the reserve of officers as a <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg/197px-John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg/297px-John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg/395px-John_McCrae_and_Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>John McCrae (left) with his friend <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Moore_Cosgrave" title="Lawrence Moore Cosgrave">Lawrence Moore Cosgrave</a> (right), 1912-1918</figcaption></figure> <p>When Britain declared war on <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> because of the latter's invasion of neutral <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914), <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> within the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, was at war as well. McCrae volunteered for service at age 41. He wrote a friend, "I am really rather afraid, but more afraid to stay at home with my conscience."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed as Medical Officer and Major of the 1st Brigade, Canadian Field Artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He treated the wounded during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a> in 1915, from a hastily dug 8-by-8-foot (2.4 m × 2.4 m) bunker in the back of the dyke along the Yser Canal about 2 miles north of Ypres.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae's friend and former militia member, Lt. <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Helmer" title="Alexis Helmer">Alexis Helmer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was killed in the battle, and his burial inspired the poem, "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>", which was written on May 3, 1915. </p><p>From June 1, 1915, McCrae was ordered away from the artillery to set up No. 3 Canadian General Hospital at <a href="/wiki/Dannes-Camiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dannes-Camiers">Dannes-Camiers</a> near <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>. For eight months the hospital operated in <a href="/wiki/Durbar_(court)" title="Durbar (court)">Durbar</a> tents (donated by the <a href="/wiki/Kaikhusrau_Jahan,_Begum_of_Bhopal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaikhusrau Jahan, Begum of Bhopal">Begum of Bhopal</a> and shipped from <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>), but after suffering from storms, floods, and frosts it was moved in February 1916 into the old Jesuit College in <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne-sur-Mer</a>. C. L. C. Allinson reported that McCrae "most unmilitarily told [me] what he thought of being transferred to the medicals and being pulled away from his beloved guns. His last words to me were: 'Allinson, all the goddamn doctors in the world will not win this bloody war: what we need is more and more fighting men.'"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In Flanders Fields" first appeared anonymously in <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> on December 8, 1915,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in the index to that year, McCrae was named as the author (misspelt as McCree).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verses swiftly became one of the most popular poems of the war, used in countless fund-raising campaigns and frequently translated (a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> version begins <i>In agro belgico...</i>). "In Flanders Fields" was also extensively printed in the United States, whose government was contemplating joining the war, alongside a 'reply' by R. W. Lillard ("... Fear not that you have died for naught, / The torch ye threw to us we caught ...").<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> McCrae, now "a household name, albeit a frequently misspelt one",<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarded his sudden fame with some amusement, wishing that "they would get to printing 'In F.F.' correctly: it never is nowadays"; but (writes his biographer) "he was satisfied if the poem enabled men to see where their duty lay."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg/350px-John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg/525px-John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg/700px-John_McCrae%27s_Funeral_Procession_to_Wimereux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>McCrae's funeral</figcaption></figure><p>On January 28, 1918, while still commanding No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) at Boulogne, McCrae died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> with "extensive pneumococcus <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-Holt_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the British General Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a>, France. He was buried the following day in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a> section of Wimereux Cemetery,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just a couple of kilometres up the coast from Boulogne, with full military honours.<sup id="cite_ref-Composite1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Composite1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His flag-draped coffin was borne on a <a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">gun carriage</a> and the mourners – who included general <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Currie" title="Arthur Currie">Sir Arthur Currie</a> and many of McCrae's friends and staff – were preceded by McCrae's charger, "Bonfire", with McCrae's boots reversed in the stirrups. Bonfire was with McCrae from <a href="/wiki/Camp_Valcartier" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Valcartier">Valcartier, Quebec</a> until his death and was much loved.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Composite1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Composite1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCrae's gravestone is placed flat, as are all the others in the section, because of the unstable sandy soil.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""In_Flanders_Fields""><span id=".22In_Flanders_Fields.22"></span>"In Flanders Fields"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: "In Flanders Fields""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg/220px-Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg/330px-Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg/440px-Boezinge_-_Site_John_McCrae_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>"In Flanders Fields" memorial on the <a href="/wiki/Site_John_McCrae" title="Site John McCrae">John McCrae Memorial Site</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boezinge" title="Boezinge">Boezinge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>, Belgium</figcaption></figure> <p>A collection of his poetry, <i>In Flanders Fields and Other Poems</i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1918), was published after his death. </p> <div class="poem"> <p>                 <b>In Flanders Fields</b><br />     In Flanders Fields, the poppies blow<br />           Between the crosses, row on row, <br />        That mark our place; and in the sky<br />        The larks, still bravely singing, fly<br />     Scarce heard amid the guns below.<br /> <br />         We are the dead, short days ago <br />       We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow,<br />        Loved and were loved, and now we lie<br />              In Flanders fields.<br /> <br />     Take up our quarrel with the foe:<br />     To you from failing hands we throw<br />        The torch; be yours to hold it high.<br />        If ye break faith with us who die<br />     We shall not sleep, though poppies grow<br />              In Flanders fields. </p> </div><p> –John McCrae </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I0016153.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A soldier looking down at a grave marked by a cross surrounded by poppies." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/I0016153.jpg/220px-I0016153.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/I0016153.jpg/330px-I0016153.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/I0016153.jpg/440px-I0016153.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2690" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>"If ye break faith – we shall not sleep" war poster created c. 1918; from the Archives of Ontario poster collection</figcaption></figure><p> Though various legends have developed as to the inspiration for the poem, the most commonly held belief is that McCrae wrote "In Flanders Fields" on May 3, 1915, the day after presiding over the funeral and burial of his friend Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Helmer" title="Alexis Helmer">Alexis Helmer</a>, who had been killed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>. The poem was written as he sat upon the back of a medical field ambulance near an advance dressing post at Essex Farm, just north of Ypres. The <a href="/wiki/Papaver_rhoeas" title="Papaver rhoeas">poppy</a>, which was a central feature of the poem, grew in great numbers in the spoiled earth of the battlefields and cemeteries of Flanders. An article by Veteran's Administration Canada provides this account:<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The day before he wrote his famous poem, one of McCrae's closest friends was killed in the fighting and buried in a makeshift grave with a simple wooden cross. Wild poppies were already beginning to bloom between the crosses marking the many graves.</p></blockquote> <p>The Canadian government has placed a memorial to John McCrae that features "In Flanders Fields" at the site of the dressing station which sits beside the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Essex_Farm_Cemetery" title="Essex Farm Cemetery">Essex Farm Cemetery</a>. The Belgian government has named this site the "<a href="/wiki/Site_John_McCrae" title="Site John McCrae">John McCrae Memorial Site</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg/220px-Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg/330px-Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg/440px-Colonel_John_McCrae_statue_at_Guelph_Civic_Museum_unveiled_in_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Colonel John McCrae statue at <a href="/wiki/Guelph_Civic_Museum" title="Guelph Civic Museum">Guelph Civic Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada, unveiled in 2015 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of his poem "In Flanders Fields"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg/220px-Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg/330px-Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg/440px-Mccrea_house_museum_Guelph_3749.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Sign at McCrae House</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_McCrae_grave.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_McCrae_grave.JPG/170px-John_McCrae_grave.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_McCrae_grave.JPG/255px-John_McCrae_grave.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/John_McCrae_grave.JPG/340px-John_McCrae_grave.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>McCrae's grave at <a href="/wiki/Wimereux" title="Wimereux">Wimereux</a> cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Medical_Association" title="Canadian Medical Association">Canadian Medical Association</a> awards the John McCrae Memorial Medal to a health services member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a> for exemplary service.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCrae was designated a <a href="/wiki/Person_of_National_Historic_Significance" class="mw-redirect" title="Person of National Historic Significance">Person of National Historic Significance</a> in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCrae was the great-uncle of former <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)" title="Member of Parliament (Canada)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) <a href="/wiki/David_Kilgour" title="David Kilgour">David Kilgour</a> and of Kilgour's sister <a href="/wiki/Geills_Turner" title="Geills Turner">Geills Turner</a>, who married former Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Turner" title="John Turner">John Turner</a>. Marie Christie Geills Kilgour (née McCrae) was the sister of John McCrae. </p><p>In 1918, Lieut. <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> wrote the music to "In Flanders Fields, the poppies grow" words by Lieut.-Col John McCrae.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ypres_Cloth_Hall" title="Ypres Cloth Hall">Cloth Hall</a> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a> in Belgium has a permanent war museum<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called the "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields_Museum" title="In Flanders Fields Museum">In Flanders Fields Museum</a>", named after the poem. There are also a photograph and a short biographical memorial to McCrae in the St George Memorial Church in Ypres. In May 2007, to commemorate the 90th anniversary of the writing of his best-known poem, a two-day literary conference was held.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Institutions that have been named in McCrae's honour include John McCrae Public School in Guelph, John McCrae Public School in <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a>, John McCrae Senior Public School in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_McCrae_Secondary_School" title="John McCrae Secondary School">John McCrae Secondary School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. </p><p>A bronze plaque memorial dedicated to Lt. Col. John McCrae was erected by the <a href="/wiki/Guelph_Collegiate_Vocational_Institute" title="Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute">Guelph Collegiate Vocational Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/McCrae_House" title="McCrae House">McCrae House</a> was converted into a museum. The current <a href="/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum" title="Canadian War Museum">Canadian War Museum</a> has a gallery for special exhibits, called <i>The Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae Gallery</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg/220px-EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg/330px-EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg/440px-EileanDonanRollOfHonour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Roll of Honour of <a href="/wiki/Clan_MacRae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clan MacRae">Clan MacRae</a>'s dead of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Eilean_Donan" title="Eilean Donan">Eilean Donan</a> castle in Scotland. "<a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a>" features prominently.</figcaption></figure> <p>In May 2015, a statue of McCrae by <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Abernethy" title="Ruth Abernethy">Ruth Abernathy</a> was erected on <a href="/wiki/Green_Island_(Rideau_River)" title="Green Island (Rideau River)">Green Island (Rideau River)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. McCrae is dressed as an artillery officer and his medical bag nearby, as he writes. The statue shows the destruction of the battlefield and, at his feet, the poppies which are a symbol of Remembrance of World War I and all armed conflict since. A copy of that statue was erected at <a href="/wiki/Guelph_Civic_Museum" title="Guelph Civic Museum">Guelph Civic Museum</a> in Guelph in 2015. </p><p>The street next to the cemetery where he is buried is named in his honour, although the street is called "Rue Mac Crae". </p><p>Mount McCrae in British Columbia, is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-Akrigg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akrigg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 167">: 167 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArticleColumnsOpinionHistory2018" class="citation web cs1">ArticleColumns, Advertiser StaffArchived; Opinion; History, Valuing Our (September 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wellingtonadvertiser.com/father-and-grandfather-of-colonel-john-mccrae-were-prominent/">"Father and grandfather of Colonel John McCrae were prominent"</a>. <i>The Wellington Advertiser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wellington+Advertiser&rft.atitle=Father+and+grandfather+of+Colonel+John+McCrae+were+prominent&rft.date=2018-09-27&rft.aulast=ArticleColumns&rft.aufirst=Advertiser+StaffArchived&rft.au=Opinion&rft.au=History%2C+Valuing+Our&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wellingtonadvertiser.com%2Ffather-and-grandfather-of-colonel-john-mccrae-were-prominent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1997" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Dianne (1997). <i>A Crown of Life: The World of John McCrae</i>. Spellmount. pp. 3–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873376863" title="Special:BookSources/1873376863"><bdi>1873376863</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39342779">39342779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Crown+of+Life%3A+The+World+of+John+McCrae&rft.pages=3-8&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39342779&rft.isbn=1873376863&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/people-and-stories/john-mccrae">"John McCrae - Veterans Affairs Canada"</a>. January 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+McCrae+-+Veterans+Affairs+Canada&rft.date=2020-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fremembrance%2Fpeople-and-stories%2Fjohn-mccrae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peddie-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peddie_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peddie</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAC-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAC_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-world-war/mccrae#mccrae1">"The Early Years"</a>. <i>Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae</i>. Veteran Affairs Canada<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lieutenant+Colonel+John+McCrae&rft.atitle=The+Early+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fremembrance%2Fhistory%2Ffirst-world-war%2Fmccrae%23mccrae1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Cyclopedia of American Medical Biography</i>, p. 733. Howard Atwood Kelley. 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1910" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Grey, Albert Henry George (September 26, 1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guelphmuseums.ca/lord-earl-grey-expedition/">"Thank-you"</a>. Letter to John McCrae<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thank-you&rft.date=1910-09-26&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Albert+Henry+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguelphmuseums.ca%2Flord-earl-grey-expedition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucmontreal.com/about/">"About • UCM"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%E2%80%A2+UCM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmontreal.com%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rnwilkins.wordpress.com/2014/01/21/the-university-club-of-montreal/">"The University Club of Montreal"</a>. January 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+University+Club+of+Montreal&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frnwilkins.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F01%2F21%2Fthe-university-club-of-montreal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Shuttleworth2013" class="citation news cs1">Joanne Shuttleworth (June 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guelphmercury.com/news/john-mccrae-was-a-man-of-letters-and-the-letters-show-he-was-a-ladies/article_10171809-04c4-5dab-ba56-95c487bc7cf8.html?">"John McCrae was a man of letters — and the letters show he was a ladies' man"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Guelph_Mercury_Tribune" title="Guelph Mercury Tribune">Guelph Mercury Tribune</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guelph+Mercury+Tribune&rft.atitle=John+McCrae+was+a+man+of+letters+%E2%80%94+and+the+letters+show+he+was+a+ladies%27+man&rft.date=2013-06-18&rft.au=Joanne+Shuttleworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guelphmercury.com%2Fnews%2Fjohn-mccrae-was-a-man-of-letters-and-the-letters-show-he-was-a-ladies%2Farticle_10171809-04c4-5dab-ba56-95c487bc7cf8.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spectator2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spectator2011_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spectator2011_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespec.com/news/canada/sexual-preference-of-john-mccrae-questioned-by-museum/article_46832348-5e67-513f-8f5b-539046eb1282.html?">"Sexual preference of John McCrae questioned by museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hamilton_Spectator" title="The Hamilton Spectator">The Hamilton Spectator</a></i>. July 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hamilton+Spectator&rft.atitle=Sexual+preference+of+John+McCrae+questioned+by+museum&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespec.com%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsexual-preference-of-john-mccrae-questioned-by-museum%2Farticle_46832348-5e67-513f-8f5b-539046eb1282.html%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoreen_Fagan2011" class="citation web cs1">Noreen Fagan (June 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xtramagazine.com/culture/unlocking-gay-secrets-7041">"Unlocking gay secrets: Bytown Museum uncovers little-known treasures"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unlocking+gay+secrets%3A+Bytown+Museum+uncovers+little-known+treasures&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft.au=Noreen+Fagan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxtramagazine.com%2Fculture%2Funlocking-gay-secrets-7041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/In-Flanders-Fields#ref333974">"In Flanders Fields | poem by McCrae | Britannica"</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves1997" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Dianne (1997). <i>A Crown of Life: The World of John McCrae</i>. Spellmount. pp. 154–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873376863" title="Special:BookSources/1873376863"><bdi>1873376863</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39342779">39342779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Crown+of+Life%3A+The+World+of+John+McCrae&rft.pages=154-171&rft.pub=Spellmount&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39342779&rft.isbn=1873376863&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Dianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonfire – The Chestnut Gentleman by Susan Raby-Dunne, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1592956">"Casualty Details Helmer, Alexis Hannum"</a>. Commonwealth War Graves Commission.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casualty+Details+Helmer%2C+Alexis+Hannum&rft.pub=Commonwealth+War+Graves+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind-war-dead%2Fcasualty%2F1592956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prescott, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrae1915" class="citation magazine cs1">McCrae, John (December 8, 1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punchvol148a149lemouoft/page/994/mode/1up">"In Flanders Fields"</a>. <i>Punch, or the London Charivari</i>. London: Punch Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punch%2C+or+the+London+Charivari&rft.atitle=In+Flanders+Fields&rft.date=1915-12-08&rft.aulast=McCrae&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpunchvol148a149lemouoft%2Fpage%2F994%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/punchvol148a149lemouoft/page/n1159/mode/1up">"Index"</a>. <i>Punch, or the London Charivari</i>. London: Punch Office. December 29, 1915<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Punch%2C+or+the+London+Charivari&rft.atitle=Index&rft.date=1915-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpunchvol148a149lemouoft%2Fpage%2Fn1159%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierce, Seneca, and R. W Lillard. America's answer to Flanders' Fields. [, monographic. Seneca Pierce,, Milwaukee, Wisconsin:, 1918] Notated Music. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/ihas.200208651.0?st=gallery">www.loc.gov/item/2014562575/</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prescott, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prescott, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holt, pp. 54–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/84214/McCRAE,%20JOHN">CWGC: John McCrae</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Composite1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Composite1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Composite1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busch, p. 75; Holt, p. 62. Prescott, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busch, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/353"></a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/353">In Flanders Fields, and Other Poems<i></i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/memorials/canadian-virtual-war-memorial/Detail/84214">"In memory of Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae"</a>. VAC. November 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+memory+of+Lieutenant+Colonel+John+McCrae&rft.pub=VAC&rft.date=2019-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.veterans.gc.ca%2Feng%2Fremembrance%2Fmemorials%2Fcanadian-virtual-war-memorial%2FDetail%2F84214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwgc.org/find/find-cemeteries-and-memorials/15800/essex-farm-cemetery">"ESSEX FARM CEMETERY"</a>. CWGC. November 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESSEX+FARM+CEMETERY&rft.pub=CWGC&rft.date=2012-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwgc.org%2Ffind%2Ffind-cemeteries-and-memorials%2F15800%2Fessex-farm-cemetery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cma.ca/john-mccrae-memorial-medal">"John McCrae Memorial Medal"</a>. Canadian Medical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+McCrae+Memorial+Medal&rft.pub=Canadian+Medical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.ca%2Fjohn-mccrae-memorial-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parks.canada.ca/culture/designation/personnage-person/john-mccrae">"Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae National Historic Person (1872-1918)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a>. October 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lieutenant-Colonel+John+McCrae+National+Historic+Person+%281872-1918%29&rft.pub=Parks+Canada&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparks.canada.ca%2Fculture%2Fdesignation%2Fpersonnage-person%2Fjohn-mccrae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Flanders Fields the poppies grow / words by Lieut.-Col John McCrae; music by Lieut. John Philip Sousa. – New York: G. Schirmer, 1918 – New York: G. Schirmer, 1918 (Who Was Who, 1929–1940, pp. 1267–1268)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inflandersfields.be"><i>In Flanders Fields</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Spriet, "Mentioned in Despatches – the Flemish Harvest revisited". <i>Siegfried's Journal</i>, no. 12 (July 2007), pp. 19–21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=4434">Lt. Col. John McCrae, M.D. plaque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120911075643/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/nic-inm/sm-rm/mdsr-rdr-eng.asp?PID=4434">Archived</a> September 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the National Defence website. Retrieved 2012-03-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akrigg-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akrigg_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkriggAkrigg1986" class="citation cs2">Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcolumbiap0000akri_w1q9"><i>British Columbia Place Names</i></a></span> (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0636-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0636-2"><bdi>0-7748-0636-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Columbia+Place+Names&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.edition=3rd%2C+1997&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-7748-0636-2&rft.aulast=Akrigg&rft.aufirst=G.P.V.&rft.au=Akrigg%2C+Helen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishcolumbiap0000akri_w1q9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Busch, Briton Cooper (2003). <i>Canada and the Great War: Western Front Association papers</i>. McGill-Queen's University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2546-7">978-0-7735-2546-7</a></li> <li>Holt, Tonie and Valmai (1996). <i>Poets of the Great War</i>, "Lieutenant-Colonel John McCrae". Barnsley: Leo Cooper (Reprinted 1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-706-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-706-3">978-0-85052-706-3</a></li> <li>Peddie, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110509084632/http://guelph.ca/museumsites/mccrae/story_of_john_mccrae.htm">The Story of John McCrae</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101011100357/http://guelpharts.ca/mccraehouse/section.php?sid=305">Guelph Museums</a>, Guelph, Ontario. Accessed: 2010-02-25</li> <li>Prescott, J F (1985). <i>In Flanders fields: the story of John McCrae</i>. Boston Mills Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919783-07-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919783-07-2">978-0-919783-07-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCrae1919" class="citation cs2">McCrae, Lieutenant Colonel John (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TecjwVOo5GsC&q=In%20Flanders%20Fields&pg=PP1"><i>In Flanders Fields and Other Poems</i></a>, Arcturus Publishing (reprint 2008), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84193-994-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84193-994-3"><bdi>1-84193-994-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Flanders+Fields+and+Other+Poems&rft.pub=Arcturus+Publishing+%28reprint+2008%29&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=1-84193-994-3&rft.aulast=McCrae&rft.aufirst=Lieutenant+Colonel+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTecjwVOo5GsC%26q%3DIn%2520Flanders%2520Fields%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+McCrae" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCrae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_McCrae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John McCrae">John McCrae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_McCrae" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John McCrae">John McCrae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Alexander_McCrae_(1872-1918)" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Alexander McCrae (1872-1918)">John McCrae</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guelph.ca/museum/">Guelph Civic Museum McCrae House</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=7576">Biography at the <i>Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/194">Works by John McCrae</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=McCrae%2C%20Lieut.-Col.%20John">Works by John McCrae</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22McCrae%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20McCrae%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22McCrae%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20McCrae%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22McCrae%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20McCrae%22%20OR%20description%3A%22McCrae%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20McCrae%22%29%20OR%20%28%221872-1918%22%20AND%20McCrae%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John McCrae</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/4131">Works by John McCrae</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/john-mccrae">John McCrae: Profile and Poems at Poets.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P3_3_EN.html">John McCrae in Flanders Fields</a> – Historical Essay, illustrated with many photographs of McCrae</li> <li>For occurrences of <i><a href="/wiki/In_Flanders_Fields" title="In Flanders Fields">In Flanders Fields</a></i> in film, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0566880/">John McCrae</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inflandersfields.be">"In Flanders Fields" museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ypres" title="Ypres">Ypres</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.emory.edu/LostPoets/">Lost Poets of the Great War</a>, a hypertext document on the poetry of World War I by Harry Rusche, of the English Department, <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>. It contains a bibliography of related materials</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/history/first-world-war/mccrae">John McCrae Veteran's Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poeticous.com/john-mccrae">John McCrae's page at Poeticous.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/john-mccrae-fonds">Archival photographs related to John McCrae</a> held at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://utarms.library.utoronto.ca/">University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eng-poetry.ru/english/Poet.php?PoetId=525">Poems by John McCrae at English Poetry</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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