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courts</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>In the history of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, there have been approximately 32 <b>unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointments</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">United States federal courts</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 22 individuals have been appointed to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal court">United States federal court</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> who were thereafter rejected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> when their name was formally submitted in nomination, either by a vote rejecting the nominee, or by the failure of the Senate to act on the nomination. These individuals served as federal judges, having full authority to hold office and issue rulings, until their rejection by the Senate. Five individuals were appointed but resigned either before the Senate voted on their nomination, or before a formal nomination was even submitted. Another five individuals were appointed but never assumed the office. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutional_background">Constitutional background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_recess_appointments_to_United_States_federal_courts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Constitutional background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_II_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article II of the United States Constitution">Article II</a>, Section 2, Clause 3 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session.</p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> may fill critical federal executive and judicial branch vacancies unilaterally but temporarily when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Recess_(motion)" title="Recess (motion)">recess</a>, and thus unavailable to provide <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a>. Such appointments expire at the end of the next Senate session. To continue to serve thereafter, the appointee must be formally nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_use">History of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_recess_appointments_to_United_States_federal_courts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was the first recess appointment to be rejected by the Senate, and the only recess appointee to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> to be rejected. Washington appointed Rutledge on July 1, 1795, but because of Rutledge's political views and occasional mental illness, the Senate rejected his nomination December 15, 1795. Rutledge subsequently attempted suicide, and then resigned on December 28, 1795. The <a href="/wiki/4th_United_States_Congress" title="4th United States Congress">4th United States Congress</a> remained in session until June 1, 1796, so Rutledge could have remained on the Court until then, but chose not to. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wallace_McCamant" title="Wallace McCamant">Wallace McCamant</a>, appointed by <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> on May 25, 1925, to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a>, was the lone recess appointment to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a> to be rejected by the Senate. The Senate rejected his nomination on March 17, 1926, and he resigned on May 2, 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In total, fourteen presidents have had recess appointments rejected. <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> - who only made six recess appointments to the federal bench - experienced the largest number of rejected recess appointments, with three. <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> - who made a record 38 such appointments - also had three recess appointments rejected, but one of those was later reappointed and confirmed. Taft had also used recess appointments to reappoint two judges whose recess appointments by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> had been rejected; both appointees resigned from their positions before their names were formally submitted into nomination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unsuccessful_U.S._district_court_recess_appointments">Unsuccessful U.S. district court recess appointments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_recess_appointments_to_United_States_federal_courts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Unsuccessful U.S. district court recess appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recess appointees to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">United States district courts</a> not subsequently confirmed by the Senate are as follows: </p> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="125">Judge </th> <th width="80">Court </th> <th width="80">Appointing<br />President </th> <th width="115">Began active<br />service </th> <th width="115">Ended active<br />service</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Cheney, John Moses"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Moses_Cheney" title="John Moses Cheney">John Moses Cheney</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Florida" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida">S.D. Fla.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19120826</span>August 26, 1912</td> <td><span style="display:none">19130303</span>March 3, 1913</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Creighton Jr., William"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Creighton_Jr." title="William Creighton Jr.">William Creighton Jr.</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Ohio">D. Ohio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">18281101</span>November 1, 1828</td> <td><span style="display:none">18290216</span>February 16, 1829</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Ewart, Hamilton G."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_G._Ewart" title="Hamilton G. Ewart">Hamilton G. Ewart</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Western District of North Carolina">W.D.N.C.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">18980716</span>July 16, 1898<br />April 14, 1899</td> <td><span style="display:none">19000607</span>March 4, 1899<br />June 7, 1900</td> <td>Received consecutive recess appointments to the same court; on both occasions, Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Feikens, John"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/John_Feikens" title="John Feikens">John Feikens</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Michigan" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan">E.D. Mich.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19601013</span>October 13, 1960</td> <td><span style="display:none">19610927</span>September 27, 1961</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. Renominated to the same court by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, but the nomination was withdrawn; again renominated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>, on October 7, 1970, to a different seat on the same court, and confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> on November 25, 1970, receiving his commission on December 1, 1970; took <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a> on March 1, 1986. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Friedman, Monroe Mark"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Mark_Friedman" title="Monroe Mark Friedman">Monroe Mark Friedman</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">N.D. Cal.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19530717</span>July 17, 1952</td> <td><span style="display:none">19530724</span>July 24, 1953</td> <td>Nomination withdrawn prior to Senate action. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Harper, Roy Winfield"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Winfield_Harper" title="Roy Winfield Harper">Roy Winfield Harper</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Missouri" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri">W.D. Mo.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19470807</span>August 7, 1947<br />December 20, 1947</td> <td><span style="display:none">19480622</span>December 19, 1947<br />June 22, 1948</td> <td>Received three consecutive recess appointments to the same court; on the first two occasions, Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination, but confirmed the third recess appointment; thereafter served as an active judge until January 5, 1971, and in <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a> until his death on February 13, 1994. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Heen, Walter"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Heen" title="Walter Heen">Walter Heen</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Hawaii" title="United States District Court for the District of Hawaii">D. Haw.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19810101</span>January 1, 1981</td> <td><span style="display:none">19811216</span>December 16, 1981</td> <td>Nomination withdrawn (by President Reagan) prior to Senate action. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Henley, J. Smith"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/J._Smith_Henley" title="J. Smith Henley">J. Smith Henley</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Arkansas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas">E.D. Ark.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19581025</span>October 25, 1958</td> <td><span style="display:none">19590911</span>September 11, 1959</td> <td>On August 18, 1959, before the recess appointment expired, Eisenhower re-nominated Henley to a different seat on the Eastern and <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Arkansas" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas">Western District of Arkansas</a>; confirmed by the Senate on September 2, 1959, and received his commission on September 8, 1959 - three days before the expiration of his recess appointment; thereafter served on the District Court until March 24, 1975, and was then elevated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">Eighth Circuit</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Howard, Clinton Woodbury"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Woodbury_Howard" title="Clinton Woodbury Howard">Clinton Woodbury Howard</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Washington" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Washington">W.D. Wash.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19120826</span>August 26, 1912</td> <td><span style="display:none">19130303</span>March 3, 1913</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Hundley, Oscar Richard"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Richard_Hundley" title="Oscar Richard Hundley">Oscar Richard Hundley</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Alabama" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama">D. Ala.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19070409</span>April 9, 1907<br />May 30, 1908</td> <td><span style="display:none">19090303</span>May 30, 1908<br />March 3, 1909</td> <td>Received three consecutive recess appointments to the same court, two from Roosevelt and the third from <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>; on the first two occasions, Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination; resigned after the third recess appointment, with his name not having formally been put into nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Johnson, George E. Q."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Q._Johnson" title="George E. Q. Johnson">George E. Q. Johnson</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Illinois" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois">N.D. Ill.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19320803</span>August 3, 1932</td> <td><span style="display:none">19330303</span>March 3, 1933</td> <td>Formally rejected by the Senate. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="McHugh, William Douglas"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas_McHugh" title="William Douglas McHugh">William Douglas McHugh</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nebraska" title="United States District Court for the District of Nebraska">D. Neb.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">18961120</span>November 20, 1896</td> <td><span style="display:none">18970201</span>February 1, 1897</td> <td>Nomination withdrawn prior to Senate action. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Pendleton, Philip C."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Philip_C._Pendleton" title="Philip C. Pendleton">Philip C. Pendleton</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia">W.D. Va.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">18250506</span>May 6, 1825</td> <td><span style="display:none">18250729</span>July 29, 1825</td> <td>Resigned before he was formally nominated to the office, and was therefore never considered by the United States Senate. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Pickering, Charles W."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Pickering" title="Charles W. Pickering">Charles W. Pickering</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">Fifth Circuit</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">20040116</span>January 16, 2004</td> <td><span style="display:none">20041208</span>December 8, 2004</td> <td>Formally nominated on January 7, 2003, but resigned prior to action by Congress on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Purdy, Milton D."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Milton_D._Purdy" title="Milton D. Purdy">Milton D. Purdy</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Minnesota" title="United States District Court for the District of Minnesota">D. Minn.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">T. Roosevelt</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19080706</span>July 6, 1908</td> <td><span style="display:none">19090303</span>March 3, 1909</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination; received a second recess appointment to the same seat from President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> on March 6, 1909, but resigned on May 1, 1909, with his name not having formally been put into nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Rabinovitz, David"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/David_Rabinovitz" title="David Rabinovitz">David Rabinovitz</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Wisconsin" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin">W.D. Wis.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19640107</span>January 7, 1964</td> <td><span style="display:none">19641003</span>October 3, 1964</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Roberts, Floyd H."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Floyd_H._Roberts" title="Floyd H. Roberts">Floyd H. Roberts</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Western_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia">W.D. Va.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19380706</span>July 6, 1938</td> <td><span style="display:none">19390206</span>February 6, 1939</td> <td>Formally rejected by the Senate. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Sloan, Richard Elihu"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Elihu_Sloan" title="Richard Elihu Sloan">Richard Elihu Sloan</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Arizona" title="United States District Court for the District of Arizona">D. Ariz.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19121203</span>December 3, 1912</td> <td><span style="display:none">19130303</span>March 3, 1913</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Switzer, Carroll O."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_O._Switzer" title="Carroll O. Switzer">Carroll O. Switzer</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_Iowa" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of Iowa">S.D. Iowa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19491021</span>October 21, 1949</td> <td><span style="display:none">19500809</span>August 9, 1950</td> <td>Formally rejected by the Senate. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Tappan, Benjamin"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tappan" title="Benjamin Tappan">Benjamin Tappan</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court for the District of Ohio">D. Ohio</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">18331012</span>October 12, 1833</td> <td><span style="display:none">18340529</span>May 29, 1834</td> <td>Formally rejected by the Senate. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Tilson, William Josiah"><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/William_Josiah_Tilson" title="William Josiah Tilson">William Josiah Tilson</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_Georgia" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia">M.D. Ga.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">19260606</span>June 6, 1926</td> <td><span style="display:none">19270304</span>March 4, 1927</td> <td>Received a second recess appointment to a different seat on the same court on March 5, 1927, but resigned on March 19, 1928, with his name not having formally been put into nomination. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span data-sort-value="Winch, Joel C. C."><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Joel_C._C._Winch" title="Joel C. C. Winch">Joel C. C. Winch</a></span></span></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas">E.D. Tex.</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></td> <td><span style="display:none">18701011</span>October 11, 1870</td> <td><span style="display:none">18710303</span>March 3, 1871</td> <td>Congress adjourned without acting on the nomination. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_recess_appointments_to_United_States_federal_courts&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All information on the names, terms of service, and details of appointment of federal judges is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges" title="Biographical Directory of Federal Judges">Biographical Directory of Federal Judges</a>, a public-domain publication of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center" title="Federal Judicial Center">Federal Judicial Center</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGravesHoward2010" class="citation journal cs1">Graves, Scott E.; Howard, Robert M. (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25747964">"Ignoring Advice and Consent? The Uses of Judicial Recess Appointments"</a>. <i>Political Research Quarterly</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 640–653. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1065912909333129">10.1177/1065912909333129</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25747964">25747964</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154534476">154534476</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Research+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Ignoring+Advice+and+Consent%3F+The+Uses+of+Judicial+Recess+Appointments&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=640-653&rft.date=2010-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154534476%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25747964%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1065912909333129&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Scott+E.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25747964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+recess+appointments+to+United+States+federal+courts" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/mccamant-wallace">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"McCamant, Wallace - Federal Judicial Center"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.fjc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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