CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Theodore Roosevelt - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e8a12c09-5791-4f1e-8c45-ecd73c9d5636","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Theodore_Roosevelt","wgTitle":"Theodore Roosevelt","wgCurRevisionId":1277698215,"wgRevisionId":1277698215,"wgArticleId":30535,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Use American English from February 2025","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from February 2025","Articles with hAudio microformats","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021","All articles with failed verification", "Articles with failed verification from August 2024","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","CS1: long volume value","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","Articles with LibriVox links","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","Articles containing video clips","Theodore Roosevelt","1858 births","1919 deaths","19th-century American diarists","19th-century American historians","19th-century American male writers","19th-century American politicians","19th-century members of the New York State Legislature","20th-century American diarists","20th-century American male writers","20th-century American non-fiction writers","20th-century presidents of the United States","20th-century vice presidents of the United States","1900 United States vice-presidential candidates", "1900s in the United States","American autobiographers","American bibliophiles","American conservationists","American essayists","American explorers","American fishers","American hunters","American male judoka","American male non-fiction writers","American nationalists","American naval historians","American Nobel laureates","American people of Dutch descent","American political party founders","American political writers","American shooting survivors","Aphorists","Bulloch family","Candidates in the 1904 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election","Candidates in the 1916 United States presidential election","Deaths from pulmonary embolism","English-language spelling reform advocates","Explorers of Amazonia","Governors of New York (state)","Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees","Harvard Advocate alumni","Harvard College alumni","Liberalism in the United States","Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters", "Members of the American Philosophical Society","Members of the Sons of the American Revolution","Military personnel from New York City","New York (state) Progressives (1912)","New York City police commissioners","Nobel Peace Prize laureates","Panama Canal","People associated with the American Museum of Natural History","People from Oyster Bay (town), New York","Politicians from New York City","Presidents of the American Historical Association","Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons","Presidents of the United States","Progressive conservatism","Progressive Era in the United States","Progressivism in the United States","Ranchers from North Dakota","Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees","Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees","Republican Party governors of New York (state)","Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly","Republican Party presidents of the United States", "Republican Party vice presidents of the United States","Roosevelt family","Rough Riders","Schuyler family","Spanish–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor","United States Army Medal of Honor recipients","United States Army officers","United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy","Vice presidents of the United States","Writers from New York (state)"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Theodore_Roosevelt","wgRelevantArticleId":30535,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{ "search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33866","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/1200px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1432"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/800px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="954"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/640px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="764"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Theodore Roosevelt - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Theodore_Roosevelt rootpage-Theodore_Roosevelt skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Theodore+Roosevelt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Theodore+Roosevelt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Theodore+Roosevelt" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Theodore+Roosevelt" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_history_and_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_history_and_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Naval history and strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_history_and_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_marriage_and_widowerhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage_and_widowerhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First marriage and widowerhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage_and_widowerhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_Assemblyman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Assemblyman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>State Assemblyman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Assemblyman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1884" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1884"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Presidential election of 1884</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1884-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle_rancher_in_Dakota" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle_rancher_in_Dakota"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cattle rancher in Dakota</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle_rancher_in_Dakota-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Second marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reentering_public_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reentering_public_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reentering public life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reentering_public_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reentering public life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reentering_public_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_Service_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Service_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Civil Service Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Service_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_City_Police_Commissioner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>New York City Police Commissioner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_City_Police_Commissioner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_as_national_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_as_national_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Emergence as national figure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emergence_as_national_figure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Emergence as national figure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Emergence_as_national_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Assistant Secretary of the Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>War in Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_New_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_New_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Governor of New York</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1901)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1901)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Vice presidency (1901)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1901)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1901–1909)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1901–1909)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Presidency (1901–1909)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1901–1909)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1901–1909) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1901–1909)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies:_The_Square_Deal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies:_The_Square_Deal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Domestic policies: The Square Deal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies:_The_Square_Deal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trust_busting_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trust_busting_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Trust busting and regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trust_busting_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Coal strike</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecuted_misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecuted_misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Prosecuted misconduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecuted_misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railroads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railroads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Railroads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railroads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pure_food_and_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_food_and_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Pure food and drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_food_and_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business_panic_of_1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business_panic_of_1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.7</span> <span>Business panic of 1907</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business_panic_of_1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Panama_Canal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Panama_Canal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.4</span> <span>Latin America and the Panama Canal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Panama_Canal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1904" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1904"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Election of 1904</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1904-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Second term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rhetoric_of_righteousness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhetoric_of_righteousness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Rhetoric of righteousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhetoric_of_righteousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1909–1919)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1909–1919)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-presidency (1909–1919)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1909–1919)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-presidency (1909–1919) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1909–1919)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_of_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Election of 1908</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_Europe_(1909–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_Europe_(1909–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Africa and Europe (1909–1910)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_Europe_(1909–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_Party_schism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_Party_schism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Republican Party schism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_Party_schism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_court_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_court_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Dispute over court power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_court_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roosevelt's_"New_Nationalism"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roosevelt's_"New_Nationalism""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.2</span> <span>Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roosevelt's_"New_Nationalism"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battling_Taft_over_arbitration_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battling_Taft_over_arbitration_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.3</span> <span>Battling Taft over arbitration treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battling_Taft_over_arbitration_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Election of 1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_primaries_and_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_primaries_and_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Republican primaries and convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_primaries_and_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Progressive Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.3</span> <span>Attempted assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.4</span> <span>Democratic victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_American_expedition_(1913–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_American_expedition_(1913–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>South American expedition (1913–1914)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_American_expedition_(1913–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Final years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.1</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-League_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#League_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.2</span> <span>League of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_political_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_political_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6.3</span> <span>Final political activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_political_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_and_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Character and beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Character_and_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Political positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Foreign policy beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persona_and_masculinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persona_and_masculinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Persona and masculinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persona_and_masculinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials_and_cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials_and_cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Memorials and cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials_and_cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiovisual_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiovisual_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Audiovisual media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiovisual_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.2</span> <span>Libraries and collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodore Roosevelt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B4%E1%8B%AE%E1%8B%B6%E1%88%AD_%E1%88%AE%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%AC%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B5" title="ቴዮዶር ሮዝቬልት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቴዮዶር ሮዝቬልት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%90eodor_Roosevelt" title="Ðeodor Roosevelt – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ðeodor Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ثيودور روزفلت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيودور روزفلت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Ruzvelt" title="Teodor Ruzvelt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Teodor Ruzvelt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="تئودور روزولت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تئودور روزولت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থিওডোর রুজভেল্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Рузвельт Теодор – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рузвельт Теодор" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Тэадор Рузвельт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэадор Рузвельт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Тэадор Рузвэлт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэадор Рузвэлт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвелт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теодор Рузвелт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвельт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Теодор Рузвельт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DA%A4%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ثيودور روزڤلت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ثيودور روزڤلت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%B4%CF%89%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84" title="Θεόδωρος Ρούζβελτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεόδωρος Ρούζβελτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="تئودور روزولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تئودور روزولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt, Jr." data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="थिओदोर रूझवेल्ट – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="थिओदोर रूझवेल्ट" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%8F%84%EC%96%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%A8%ED%8A%B8" title="시어도어 루스벨트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시어도어 루스벨트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BF" title="Թեոդոր Ռուզվելտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոր Ռուզվելտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="थियोडोर रूज़वेल्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थियोडोर रूज़वेल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98" title="תאודור רוזוולט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאודור רוזוולט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥಿಯೋಡರ್ ರೂಸ್ವೆಲ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಿಯೋಡರ್ ರೂಸ್ವೆಲ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="თეოდორ რუზველტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თეოდორ რუზველტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвельт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Теодор Рузвельт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorus_Roosevelt" title="Theodorus Roosevelt – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodorus Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodors_R%C5%ABzvelts" title="Teodors Rūzvelts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Teodors Rūzvelts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвелт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теодор Рузвелт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="തിയോഡോർ റൂസ്‌വെൽറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിയോഡോർ റൂസ്‌വെൽറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="थियोडोर रूझवेल्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थियोडोर रूझवेल्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="თეოდორ რუზველტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თეოდორ რუზველტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA" title="ثيودور روزيڤيلت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثيودور روزيڤيلت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="تئودور روزولت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تئودور روزولت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвельт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Теодор Рузвельт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%97%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="သီအိုဒို ရုစဗဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သီအိုဒို ရုစဗဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="थियोडोर रूजवेल्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थियोडोर रूजवेल्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="セオドア・ルーズベルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セオドア・ルーズベルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਰੂਜ਼ਵੈਲਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਿਓਡੋਰ ਰੂਜ਼ਵੈਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9" title="تھیوڈور روزویلٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھیوڈور روزویلٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%89%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BC" title="ټیوډور روزولټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټیوډور روزولټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodor_Ruzvelt" title="Teodor Ruzvelt – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Teodor Ruzvelt" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Рузвельт, Теодор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рузвельт, Теодор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A" title="තියඩෝර් රෝසවෙල් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තියඩෝර් රෝසවෙල්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%DA%95%DB%86%D8%B2%DA%A4%DB%8E%DA%B5%D8%AA" title="تیۆدور ڕۆزڤێڵت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیۆدور ڕۆزڤێڵت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвелт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теодор Рузвелт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="தியொடோர் ரோசவெல்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தியொடோர் ரோசவெல்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвельт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Теодор Рузвельт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="థియోడర్ రూజ్‌వెల్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థియోడర్ రూజ్‌వెల్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ทีโอดอร์ โรเซอเวลต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีโอดอร์ โรเซอเวลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвелт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Теодор Рузвелт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%98%E1%8E%A3%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%A0_%E1%8F%AD%E1%8F%8E%E1%8F%AA%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%98" title="ᏘᎣᏙᎠ ᏭᏎᏪᎵᏘ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏘᎣᏙᎠ ᏭᏎᏪᎵᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Теодор Рузвельт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Теодор Рузвельт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%B9" title="تھیوڈور روزویلٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھیوڈور روزویلٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%90%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%84%D8%AA" title="تېئودور روزېۋېلت – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تېئودور روزېۋېلت" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="老羅斯福 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="老羅斯福" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E9%B3%8C%E7%8B%AC%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="瑟鳌独·罗斯福 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瑟鳌独·罗斯福" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%98" title="טעאדער רוזעוועלט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעאדער רוזעוועלט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="西奧多羅斯福 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西奧多羅斯福" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Theodore Roosevelt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teuoduors_R%C5%ABzvelts" title="Teuoduors Rūzvelts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Teuoduors Rūzvelts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A6%8F" title="西奥多·罗斯福 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西奥多·罗斯福" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33866#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Theodore_Roosevelt" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Theodore_Roosevelt" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=1277698215" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Theodore_Roosevelt&id=1277698215&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTheodore_Roosevelt"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTheodore_Roosevelt"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Theodore_Roosevelt&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Theodore_Roosevelt" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q33866" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of the United States from 1901 to 1909</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the president of the United States. For other people with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation)">Theodore Roosevelt (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Theodore Roosevelt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 220px; height: 289px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -23px; left: -25px; width: 262px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/262px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg" decoding="async" width="262" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/393px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg/524px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="3659" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Roosevelt in 1904</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">26th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1909</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>None</i> (1901–1905)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">25th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1901 – September 14, 1901</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">William McKinley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Charles W. Fairbanks</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">33rd <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1899 – December 31, 1900</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Timothy L. Woodruff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Frank S. Black</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barker_Odell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.">Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />April 19, 1897 – May 10, 1898</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">William McKinley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McAdoo_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="William McAdoo (New Jersey politician)">William McAdoo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">Charles Herbert Allen</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_New_York_City_Board_of_Police_Commissioners" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners">President of the New York City Board of Police Commissioners</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 6, 1895 – April 19, 1897</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lafayette_Strong" title="William Lafayette Strong">William Lafayette Strong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">James J. Martin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moss_(lawyer)" title="Frank Moss (lawyer)">Frank Moss</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a></span><br />from the <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_21st_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 21st State Assembly district">21st</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1882 – December 31, 1884</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">William J. Trimble</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Barnum" title="Henry A. Barnum">Henry A. Barnum</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Theodore Roosevelt<span class="nowrap"> </span>Jr.</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-10-27</span>)</span>October 27, 1858<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 6, 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-01-06)</span> (aged 60)<br /><a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay,_New_York" title="Oyster Bay, New York">Oyster Bay, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Youngs_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Youngs Memorial Cemetery">Youngs Memorial Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> (1880–1912, 1916–1919)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive "Bull Moose"</a> (1912–1916)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Lee</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 27, 1880">1880</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="February 14, 1884">1884</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carow" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Carow">Edith Carow</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="December 2, 1886">1886</span>)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">AB</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Author</li> <li>conservationist</li> <li>explorer</li> <li>historian</li> <li>naturalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_commissioner" title="Police commissioner">police commissioner</a></li> <li>politician</li> <li>soldier</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1906)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theodore Roosevelt's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg/128px-Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg/192px-Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg/256px-Theodore_Roosevelt_Signature-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="43" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Army_National_Guard" title="New York Army National Guard">New York Army National Guard</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1882–1886 (<a href="/wiki/New_York_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="New York National Guard">New York National Guard</a>)</li><li>1898</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1st_U.S._Volunteer_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry">1st U.S. Volunteer Cavalry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(<a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">posthumous</a>, 2001)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_%22The_liberty_of_the_people%22_speech.ogg" title="File:Theodore Roosevelt "The liberty of the people" speech.ogg">Theodore Roosevelt's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="221" data-mwtitle="Theodore_Roosevelt_"The_liberty_of_the_people"_speech.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Theodore_Roosevelt_%22The_liberty_of_the_people%22_speech.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fd/Theodore_Roosevelt_%22The_liberty_of_the_people%22_speech.ogg/Theodore_Roosevelt_%22The_liberty_of_the_people%22_speech.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Roosevelt giving a speech during his <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">second presidential campaign</a><br />Recorded 1912</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Theodore Roosevelt Jr.</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919), also known as <b>Teddy</b> or <b>T.<span class="nowrap"> </span>R.</b>, was the 26th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from 1901 to 1909. Roosevelt previously was involved in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> politics, including serving as the state's <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">33rd governor</a> for two years. He served as the 25th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">vice president</a> under President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> for six months in 1901, assuming the presidency after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">McKinley's assassination</a>. As president, Roosevelt emerged as a leader of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> and became a driving force for <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">anti-trust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive</a> policies. </p><p>A sickly child with debilitating <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, Roosevelt overcame health problems through <a href="/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" title="The Strenuous Life">a strenuous lifestyle</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Homeschooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeschooled">homeschooled</a> and began a lifelong naturalist avocation before attending <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. His book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naval_War_of_1812" title="The Naval War of 1812">The Naval War of 1812</a></i> established his reputation as a historian and popular writer. Roosevelt became the leader of the reform faction of Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">New York State Legislature</a>. His first wife <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt</a> and mother <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Bulloch Roosevelt</a> died on the same night, devastating him psychologically. He recuperated by buying and operating a cattle ranch in <a href="/wiki/The_Dakotas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dakotas">the Dakotas</a>. Roosevelt served as the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_secretary_of_the_Navy" title="Assistant secretary of the Navy">assistant secretary of the Navy</a> under McKinley, and in 1898 helped plan the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">successful naval war against Spain</a>. He resigned to help form and lead the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a>, a unit that fought the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a> in Cuba to great publicity. Returning a war hero, Roosevelt was <a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">elected New York's governor in 1898</a>. The New York state party leadership disliked his ambitious agenda and convinced McKinley to choose him as his running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 presidential election</a>; the McKinley–Roosevelt ticket won a landslide victory. </p><p>Roosevelt <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">assumed the presidency</a> aged 42, and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of presidents of the United States by age">youngest person to become U.S. president</a>. As a leader of <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">the progressive movement</a>, he championed his "<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>" domestic policies, which called for fairness for all citizens, breaking bad <a href="/wiki/Trust_(business)" title="Trust (business)">trusts</a>, regulating railroads, and <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">pure food and drugs</a>. Roosevelt prioritized <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> and established <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">national parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_forests_of_the_United_States" title="List of national forests of the United States">forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_the_United_States" title="List of national monuments of the United States">monuments</a> to preserve U.S. natural resources. In <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">foreign policy</a>, he <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">focused on Central America</a>, beginning construction of the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. Roosevelt expanded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> and sent the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a> on a world tour to project naval power. His <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">successful efforts</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> won him the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, the first American to win a Nobel Prize. Roosevelt was <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">elected to a full term in 1904</a> and convinced <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> to succeed him in <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>. </p><p>Roosevelt grew frustrated with Taft's brand of conservatism and tried, and failed, to win the <a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">1912 Republican presidential nomination</a>. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">new Progressive Party</a> and ran in <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>; the split allowed the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> to win. Roosevelt led a <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Rondon_Scientific_Expedition" title="Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition">four-month expedition to the Amazon basin</a>, where he nearly died of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical disease</a>. During World War I, he criticized Wilson for keeping the U.S. out; his offer to lead volunteers to France was rejected. Roosevelt's health deteriorated and he died in 1919. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States#1982_Murray–Blessing" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Polls of historians and political scientists</a> rank him as one of the greatest American presidents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <p>Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, at <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">28 East 20th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris19793_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris19793-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Stewart Bulloch</a> and businessman <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> He had an older sister named Anna (called <a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Bamie</a>), a younger brother named <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott</a>, and a younger sister named <a href="/wiki/Corinne_Roosevelt_Robinson" title="Corinne Roosevelt Robinson">Corinne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt's youth was shaped by his poor health and debilitating asthma attacks, which terrified him and his parents. Doctors had no cure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnuzmvrqPvdICpgPA93_93–108]_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnuzmvrqPvdICpgPA93_93–108]-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he was energetic and mischievously inquisitive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam195823–27_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam195823–27-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His lifelong interest in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> began at age seven when he saw a dead <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seal</a> at a market; after obtaining the seal's head, Roosevelt and cousins formed the "Roosevelt Museum of Natural History". Having learned the rudiments of <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a>, he filled his makeshift museum with animals he killed or caught. Aged nine, he recorded his observations in a paper entitled "The Natural History of Insects".<sup id="cite_ref-environment_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_Age_11_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/TR_Age_11_Paris.jpg/180px-TR_Age_11_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/TR_Age_11_Paris.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt aged 11</figcaption></figure> <p>Family trips, including tours of Europe in 1869 and 1870, and <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1872, shaped his cosmopolitan perspective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191313_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191313-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiking with his family in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> in 1869, Roosevelt discovered the benefits of physical exertion to minimize his asthma and bolster his spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam195863–70_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam195863–70-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt began a heavy regimen of exercise. After being manhandled by older boys on the way to a camping trip, he found a boxing coach to train him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesti19951516–1517_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETesti19951516–1517-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191332–33_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191332–33-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <p>Roosevelt was homeschooled. Biographer <a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">H. W. Brands</a> wrote that, "The most obvious drawback...was uneven coverage of...various areas of...knowledge."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was solid in geography and bright in history, biology, French, and German; however, he struggled in mathematics and the classical languages. </p><p>In September 1876, he entered <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a>. His father instructed him to, "take care of your morals first, your health next, and finally your studies."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father's sudden death in 1878 devastated Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199280–82_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199280–82-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He inherited $60,000 (equivalent to $1.66 million in 2023), enough on which he could live comfortably for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT14_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT14-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard,_circa_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard%2C_circa_1877.jpg/220px-Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard%2C_circa_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard%2C_circa_1877.jpg/330px-Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard%2C_circa_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard%2C_circa_1877.jpg/440px-Teddy_Roosevelt_in_sculling_gear_while_an_undergraduate_at_Harvard%2C_circa_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>Theodore Roosevelt as an undergraduate at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> circa 1877. </figcaption></figure> <p>His father, a devout <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a>, regularly led the family in prayers. Young Theodore emulated him by teaching Sunday School for more than three years at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_(Cambridge,_Massachusetts)" title="Christ Church (Cambridge, Massachusetts)">Christ Church</a> in Cambridge. When the minister at Christ Church, which was an Episcopal church, eventually insisted he become an Episcopalian to continue teaching, Roosevelt declined, and began teaching a mission class in a poor section of Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt did well in science, philosophy, and rhetoric courses but struggled in Latin and Greek. He studied biology intently and was already an accomplished naturalist and a published <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithologist</a>. He read prodigiously with an almost photographic memory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands199762_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands199762-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt participated in rowing and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Boxing_Club" title="Harvard Boxing Club">boxing</a>, and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a> literary society, the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Kappa_Epsilon" title="Delta Kappa Epsilon">Delta Kappa Epsilon</a> fraternity, and the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Porcellian_Club" title="Porcellian Club">Porcellian Club</a>. In 1880, Roosevelt graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> (22nd of 177) with an <a href="/wiki/Bachelors_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelors of Arts">A.B.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_cum_laude" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna cum laude">magna cum laude</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Henry F. Pringle</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Roosevelt, attempting to analyze his college career and weigh the benefits he had received, felt that he had obtained little from Harvard. He had been depressed by the formalistic treatment of many subjects, by the rigidity, the attention to minutiae that were important in themselves, but which somehow were never linked up with the whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle193127_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle193127-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Roosevelt gave up his plan of studying natural science and attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a>, moving back into his family's home in New York. Although Roosevelt was an able student, he found law to be irrational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determined to enter politics, Roosevelt began attending meetings at Morton Hall, the headquarters of New York's 21st District Republican Association. Though Roosevelt's father had been a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>, Roosevelt made an unorthodox career choice for someone of his class, as most of Roosevelt's peers refrained from becoming too closely involved in politics. Roosevelt found allies in the local Republican Party and defeated a Republican state assemblyman tied to the political machine of Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> closely. After his election victory, Roosevelt dropped out of law school, later saying, "I intended to be one of the governing class."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_history_and_strategy">Naval history and strategy</h3></div> <p>While at Harvard, Roosevelt began a systematic study of the role played by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191335_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191335-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979565_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979565-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ultimately published <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naval_War_of_1812" title="The Naval War of 1812">The Naval War of 1812</a></i> in 1882. The book included comparisons of British and American leadership down to the ship-to-ship level. It was praised for its scholarship and style, and remains a standard study of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-mjcrawford1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mjcrawford1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the 1890 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Influence_of_Sea_Power_upon_History" title="The Influence of Sea Power upon History">The Influence of Sea Power upon History</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> was hailed as the world's outstanding naval theorist by European leaders. Mahan popularized a concept that only nations with significant naval power had been able to influence history, dominate oceans, exert their diplomacy to the fullest, and defend their borders.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been believed Roosevelt's naval ideas were derived from Mahan's book, but naval historian Nicholas Danby felt Roosevelt's ideas predated Mahan's book.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_marriage_and_widowerhood">First marriage and widowerhood</h3></div> <p>In 1880, Roosevelt married socialite <a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Hathaway Lee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992104_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992104-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Lee Roosevelt</a>, was born on February 12, 1884. Two days later, the new mother died of undiagnosed <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a>, on the same day as Roosevelt's mother Martha died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>. In his diary, Roosevelt wrote a large "X" on the page and then, "The light has gone out of my life." Distraught, Roosevelt left baby Alice in the care of his sister Bamie while he grieved; he assumed custody of Alice when she was three.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992154–158_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992154–158-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the deaths of his wife and mother, Roosevelt focused on his work, specifically by re-energizing a legislative investigation into corruption of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_government" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City government">New York City government</a>, which arose from a bill proposing power be centralized in the mayor's office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997166_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997166-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the rest of his life, he rarely spoke about his wife Alice and did not write about her in his autobiography.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979232_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979232-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Assemblyman">State Assemblyman</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_NY_State_Assemblyman_1883_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TR_NY_State_Assemblyman_1883_crop.jpg/170px-TR_NY_State_Assemblyman_1883_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/TR_NY_State_Assemblyman_1883_crop.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt as a member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> in 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1881_New_York_state_election" title="1881 New York state election">1881</a>, Roosevelt won election to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a>, representing the <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_21st_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 21st State Assembly district">21st district</a>, then centered on the "Silk Stocking District" of New York County's <a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a>. He served in the <a href="/wiki/105th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="105th New York State Legislature">1882</a>, <a href="/wiki/106th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="106th New York State Legislature">1883</a>, and <a href="/wiki/107th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="107th New York State Legislature">1884</a> sessions of the legislature. He began making his mark immediately: he blocked a corrupt effort of financier <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a> to lower his taxes. Roosevelt exposed the collusion of Gould and Judge <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_R._Westbrook" title="Theodoric R. Westbrook">Theodore Westbrook</a> and successfully argued for an investigation, aiming for the judge to be impeached. Although the investigation committee rejected the impeachment, Roosevelt had exposed corruption in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> and assumed a high and positive profile in New York publications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997134–140_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997134–140-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt's anti-corruption efforts helped him win re-election in <a href="/wiki/1882_New_York_state_election" title="1882 New York state election">1882</a> by a margin greater than two-to-one, an achievement made more impressive by the victory that Democratic gubernatorial candidate <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> won in Roosevelt's district.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992138–139_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992138–139-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Conkling's <a href="/wiki/Stalwart_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwart (politics)">Stalwart</a> faction of the Republican Party in disarray following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_President_James_Garfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of President James Garfield">assassination of President James Garfield</a>, Roosevelt won election as party leader in the state assembly. He allied with Governor Cleveland to win passage of a civil service reform bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992140–142_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992140–142-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt won re-election and sought the office of <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Titus_Sheard" title="Titus Sheard">Titus Sheard</a> obtained the position.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992153_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992153-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt served as Chairman of the Committee on Affairs of Cities, during which he wrote more bills than any other legislator.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election_of_1884">Presidential election of 1884</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>With numerous presidential hopefuls, Roosevelt supported Senator <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a> of Vermont. The state Republican Party preferred incumbent president, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester Arthur">Chester Arthur</a>, who was known for passing the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a>. Roosevelt succeeded in influencing the Manhattan delegates at the state convention. He then took control of the convention, bargaining through the night and outmaneuvering supporters of Arthur and <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>; consequently, he gained a national reputation as a key politician in his state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958413–424_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958413–424-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt attended the <a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 Republican National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, where he gave a speech convincing delegates to nominate African American <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lynch" title="John R. Lynch">John R. Lynch</a>, an Edmunds supporter, to be temporary chair. Roosevelt fought alongside the <a href="/wiki/Mugwump" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugwump">Mugwump</a> reformers against Blaine. However, Blaine gained support from Arthur's and Edmunds's delegates, and won the nomination. In a crucial moment of his budding career, Roosevelt resisted the demand of fellow Mugwumps that he bolt from Blaine. He bragged: "We achieved a victory in getting up a combination to beat the Blaine nominee for temporary chairman...this needed...skill, boldness and energy... to get the different factions to come in... to defeat the common foe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997171_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997171-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was impressed by an invitation to speak before an audience of ten thousand, the largest crowd he had addressed up to then. </p><p>Having gotten a taste of national politics, Roosevelt felt less aspiration for advocacy on the state level; he retired to his new "Chimney Butte Ranch" on the <a href="/wiki/Little_Missouri_River_(North_Dakota)" title="Little Missouri River (North Dakota)">Little Missouri River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445–450_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445–450-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt refused to join other Mugwumps in supporting Cleveland, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic</a> nominee in the general election. After Blaine won the nomination, Roosevelt carelessly said he would give "hearty support to any decent Democrat". He distanced himself from the promise, saying that it had not been meant "for publication".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle195661_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle195661-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a reporter asked if he would support Blaine, Roosevelt replied, "I decline to answer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, he realized he had to support Blaine to maintain his role in the party and did so in a press release.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958467_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958467-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having lost the support of many reformers, and still reeling from the deaths of his wife and mother, Roosevelt decided to retire from politics and moved to <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992161_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992161-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cattle_rancher_in_Dakota">Cattle rancher in Dakota</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg/220px-TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg/330px-TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg/440px-TR_Buckskin_Tiffany_Knife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt as a <a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">Badlands</a> hunter in 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt first visited the <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a> in 1883 to hunt <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a>. Exhilarated by the <a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">western lifestyle</a> and with the cattle business booming, Roosevelt invested $14,000 (equivalent to $390,000 in 2023) in hope of becoming a prosperous cattle rancher. For several years, he shuttled between his home in New York and ranch in Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 United States presidential election</a>, Roosevelt built <a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch" title="Elkhorn Ranch">Elkhorn Ranch</a> 35 mi (56 km) north of the boomtown of <a href="/wiki/Medora,_North_Dakota" title="Medora, North Dakota">Medora, North Dakota</a>. Roosevelt learned to ride western style, rope, and hunt on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Little_Missouri_River_(North_Dakota)" title="Little Missouri River (North Dakota)">Little Missouri</a>. A cowboy, he said, possesses, "few of the emasculated, milk-and-water moralities admired by the pseudo-philanthropists; but he does possess, to a very high degree, the stern, manly qualities that are invaluable to a nation".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote about frontier life for national magazines and published books: <i>Hunting Trips of a Ranchman</i>, <i>Ranch Life and the Hunting-Trail</i>, and <i>The Wilderness Hunter</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997191_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997191-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt successfully led efforts to organize ranchers to address the problems of overgrazing and other shared concerns, which resulted in the formation of the Little Missouri Stockmen's Association. He formed the <a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a>, whose primary goal was the conservation of large game animals and their habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997189_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997189-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, Roosevelt served as a <a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">deputy sheriff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Billings_County,_North_Dakota" title="Billings County, North Dakota">Billings County, North Dakota</a>. He and ranch hands hunted down three boat thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The severe <a href="/wiki/Winter_of_1886%E2%80%931887" title="Winter of 1886–1887">winter of 1886–1887</a> wiped out his herd and over half of his $80,000 investment (equivalent to $2.38 million in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979376_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979376-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ended his ranching life and returned to New York, where he escaped the damaging label of an ineffectual intellectual.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992163–164_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992163–164-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_marriage">Second marriage</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg/220px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg/330px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg/440px-Smithsonian_-_NPG_-_Roosevelt_-_NPG_81_126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt and members of <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">his family</a>. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby" title="Ethel Roosevelt Derby">Ethel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt" title="Quentin Roosevelt">Quentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore III (Ted)</a>, Theodore, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt" title="Archibald Roosevelt">Archibald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Nicholas Longworth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On December 2, 1886, Roosevelt married his childhood friend, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Kermit Carow</a>, at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s,_Hanover_Square" title="St George's, Hanover Square">St George's, Hanover Square</a>, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt felt deeply troubled that his second marriage was soon after the death of his first wife and he faced resistance from his sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992181–182_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992181–182-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had five children: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore "Ted" III</a> in 1887, <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit</a> in 1889, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby" title="Ethel Roosevelt Derby">Ethel</a> in 1891, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt" title="Archibald Roosevelt">Archibald</a> in 1894, and <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt" title="Quentin Roosevelt">Quentin</a> in 1897. They also raised Roosevelt's daughter from his first marriage, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice</a>, who often clashed with her stepmother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992193–194_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992193–194-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reentering_public_life">Reentering public life</h2></div> <p>Upon Roosevelt's return to New York, Republican leaders approached him about running for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">mayor of New York City</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1886_New_York_City_mayoral_election" title="1886 New York City mayoral election">1886 election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt accepted the nomination despite having little hope against <a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">United Labor Party</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> and Democrat <a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Abram Hewitt</a>. Roosevelt campaigned hard, but Hewitt won with 41%, taking the votes of many Republicans who feared George's radical policies. George was held to 31%, and Roosevelt took third with 27%.<sup id="cite_ref-everything_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-everything-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992183–185_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992183–185-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing his political career might never recover, Roosevelt turned to writing <i>The Winning of the West</i>, tracking the westward movement of Americans; it was a great success, earning favorable reviews and selling all copies from the first printing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992197–200_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992197–200-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_Service_Commission">Civil Service Commission</h3></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> unexpectedly defeated Blaine for the presidential nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 Republican National Convention</a>, Roosevelt gave <a href="/wiki/Stump_speech_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stump speech (politics)">stump speeches</a> in the Midwest in support of Harrison.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, President Harrison appointed Roosevelt to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a>, where he served until 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992203_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992203-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many of his predecessors had approached the office as a <a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992206–207_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992206–207-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt fought the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoilsmen</a> and demanded enforcement of civil service laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer19191–2ch._VI_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer19191–2ch._VI-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun (New York)">The Sun</a></i> described Roosevelt as "irrepressible, belligerent, and enthusiastic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt clashed with Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/John_Wanamaker" title="John Wanamaker">John Wanamaker</a>, who handed out patronage positions to Harrison supporters, and Roosevelt's attempt to force out several postal workers damaged Harrison politically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992216–221_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992216–221-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Roosevelt's support for Harrison's reelection in the <a href="/wiki/1892_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1892 U.S. presidential election">1892 presidential election</a>, the winner, Grover Cleveland, reappointed him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_53]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_53]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's close friend and biographer, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bucklin_Bishop" title="Joseph Bucklin Bishop">Joseph Bucklin Bishop</a>, described his assault on the spoils system: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The very citadel of spoils politics, the hitherto impregnable fortress that had existed unshaken since it was erected on the foundation laid by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, was tottering to its fall under the assaults of this audacious and irrepressible young man... Whatever may have been the feelings of the (fellow Republican party) President (Harrison)—and there is little doubt that he had no idea when he appointed Roosevelt that he would prove to be so veritable a bull in a china shop—he refused to remove him and stood by him firmly till the end of his term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City_Police_Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioner</h3></div> <p>In 1894, reform Republicans approached Roosevelt about running for Mayor of New York again; he declined, mostly due to his wife's resistance to being removed from the Washington social set. Soon after, he realized he had missed an opportunity to reinvigorate a dormant political career. He retreated to the Dakotas; Edith regretted her role in the decision and vowed there would be no repeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997265–268_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997265–268-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Lafayette_Strong" title="William Lafayette Strong">William Lafayette Strong</a> won the 1894 mayoral election and offered Roosevelt a position on the board of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt became president of commissioners and radically reformed the police force: he implemented regular inspections of firearms and physical exams, appointed recruits based on their physical and mental qualifications rather than political affiliation, established <a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medals</a>, closed corrupt police hostelries, and had telephones installed in station houses.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, Roosevelt met <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraking</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)" title="The Sun (New York City)">Evening Sun</a></i> journalist who was opening the eyes of New Yorkers to the terrible conditions of the city's immigrants with such books as <i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives" title="How the Other Half Lives">How the Other Half Lives</a>.</i> Riis described how his book affected Roosevelt: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When Roosevelt read [my] book, he came... No one ever helped as he did. For two years we were brothers in (New York City's crime-ridden) <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Mulberry Street (Manhattan)">Mulberry Street</a>. When he left I had seen its golden age... There is very little ease where Theodore Roosevelt leads, as we all of us found out. The lawbreaker found it out who predicted scornfully that he would "knuckle down to politics the way they all did", and lived to respect him, though he swore at him, as the one of them all who was stronger than pull... that was what made the age golden, that for the first time a moral purpose came into the street. In the light of it everything was transformed.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Roosevelt made a habit of walking officers' <a href="/wiki/Beat_(police)" title="Beat (police)">beats</a> at night and early in the morning to make sure that they were on duty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997277_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997277-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made a concerted effort to uniformly enforce New York's <a href="/wiki/Raines_law" title="Raines law">Sunday closing law</a>; in this, he ran up against <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Tom Platt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>—he was notified the Police Commission was being legislated out of existence. His crackdowns led to protests. Invited to one large demonstration, not only did he accept, but he delighted in the insults and lampoons directed at him, and earned goodwill.<sup id="cite_ref-Bully_Pulpit_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bully_Pulpit-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt chose to defer rather than split with his party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997293_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997293-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Governor of New York State, he would later sign an act replacing the Police Commission with a Police Commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_as_national_figure">Emergence as national figure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LC-USZC4-701_(17518506711).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LC-USZC4-701_%2817518506711%29.jpg/220px-LC-USZC4-701_%2817518506711%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LC-USZC4-701_%2817518506711%29.jpg/330px-LC-USZC4-701_%2817518506711%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/LC-USZC4-701_%2817518506711%29.jpg/440px-LC-USZC4-701_%2817518506711%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1354" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a> destroying the Spanish fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> on May 1, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896 presidential election</a>, Roosevelt backed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Thomas Brackett Reed</a> for the Republican nomination, but <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> won the nomination and defeated <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992242–243_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992242–243-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt strongly opposed Bryan's <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a> platform, viewing many of Bryan's followers as dangerous fanatics. He gave campaign speeches for McKinley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992243–246_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992243–246-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urged by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, President McKinley appointed Roosevelt as the <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretary of the Navy <a href="/wiki/John_D._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Long">John D. Long</a> was in poor health and left many major decisions to Roosevelt. Influenced by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a>, Roosevelt called for a build-up in naval strength, particularly the construction of <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992253_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992253-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt also began pressing his national security views regarding the Pacific and the Caribbean on McKinley and was adamant that Spain be ejected from Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997310–212_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997310–212-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He explained his priorities to one of the Navy's planners in late 1897: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I would regard war with Spain from two viewpoints: first, the advisability on the grounds both of humanity and self-interest of interfering on behalf of the Cubans, and of taking one more step toward the complete freeing of America from European dominion; second, the benefit done our people by giving them something to think of which is not material gain, and especially the benefit done our military forces by trying both the Navy and Army in actual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt2001157–158_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt2001157–158-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On February 15, 1898, the armored cruiser <a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS <i>Maine</i></a> exploded in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana, Cuba</a>, killing hundreds of crew. While Roosevelt and many other Americans blamed Spain for the explosion, McKinley sought a diplomatic solution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without approval from Long or McKinley, Roosevelt sent out orders to several naval vessels to prepare for war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997325–326_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997325–326-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>, who had received an appointment to lead the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a> with the backing of Roosevelt, later credited his victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> to Roosevelt's orders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992261,_268_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992261,_268-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After giving up hope of a peaceful solution, McKinley asked Congress to declare war on Spain, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992271–272_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992271–272-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Cuba">War in Cuba</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg/180px-Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg/270px-Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg/360px-Theodore_Rooseveltnewtry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Colonel Roosevelt in 1898</figcaption></figure> <p>With the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> in 1898, Roosevelt resigned as Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Along with Army Colonel <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a>, he formed the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife and many friends begged Roosevelt to remain in Washington, but Roosevelt was determined to see battle. When the newspapers reported the formation of the new regiment, Roosevelt and Wood were flooded with applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992272–274_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992272–274-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Referred to by the press as the "Rough Riders", it was one of many temporary units active only during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1997148_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1997148-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The regiment trained for several weeks in <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio, Texas</a>; in his autobiography, Roosevelt wrote that his experience with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="New York National Guard">New York National Guard</a> enabled him to immediately begin teaching basic soldiering skills.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diversity characterized the regiment, which included <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy Leaguers</a>, athletes, frontiersmen, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a>, hunters, miners, former soldiers, tradesmen, and sheriffs. The Rough Riders were part of the cavalry division commanded by former Confederate general <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Joseph Wheeler</a>. Roosevelt and his men landed in <a href="/wiki/Daiquir%C3%AD" title="Daiquirí">Daiquirí</a>, Cuba, on June 23, 1898, and marched to <a href="/wiki/Siboney,_Cuba" title="Siboney, Cuba">Siboney</a>. Wheeler sent the Rough Riders on a parallel road northwest running along a ridge up from the beach. Roosevelt took command of the regiment; he had his first experience in combat when the Rough Riders met Spanish troops in a skirmish known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a>. They fought their way through Spanish resistance and, together with the Regulars, forced the Spaniards to abandon their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Rough_Riders_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Rough_Riders-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg/220px-TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg/330px-TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg/440px-TR_San_Juan_Hill_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption>Colonel Roosevelt and the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a> along with members of the 3rd Volunteers and the <a href="/wiki/10th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="10th Cavalry Regiment (United States)">10th Cavalry Regiment</a> after capturing <a href="/wiki/Kettle_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle Hill">Kettle Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish-American War">Spanish-American War</a> in July 1898</figcaption></figure><p> On July 1, in a combined assault with the Regulars, under Roosevelt's leadership, the Rough Riders became famous for charges up <a href="/wiki/Kettle_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle Hill">Kettle Hill</a> and San Juan Hill. Roosevelt was the only soldier on horseback, as he rode back and forth between rifle pits at the forefront of the advance up Kettle Hill, an advance that he urged despite the absence of orders. He was forced to walk up the last part of Kettle Hill because his horse had been entangled in <a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a>. The assaults would become known as the Battle of San Juan Heights. The victories came at a cost of 200 killed and 1,000 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997356_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997356-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August, Roosevelt and other officers demanded the soldiers be returned home. Roosevelt recalled San Juan Heights as "the great day of my life". After returning to civilian life, Roosevelt preferred to be known as "Colonel Roosevelt" or "The Colonel"; "Teddy" remained much more popular with the public, though Roosevelt openly despised that moniker.<sup id="cite_ref-HandyBook_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandyBook-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_New_York">Governor of New York</h3></div> <p>Shortly after Roosevelt's return, Republican Congressman <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_E._Quigg" title="Lemuel E. Quigg">Lemuel E. Quigg</a>, a lieutenant of New York machine boss <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a>, asked Roosevelt to run in the <a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">1898 gubernatorial election</a>. Prospering politically from the <a href="/wiki/Platt_machine" title="Platt machine">Platt machine</a>, Roosevelt's rise to power was marked by the pragmatic decisions of Platt, who disliked Roosevelt. Platt feared Roosevelt would oppose his interests in office and was reluctant to propel Roosevelt to the forefront of national politics, but needed a strong candidate due to the unpopularity of the incumbent Republican governor, <a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Frank S. Black</a>. Roosevelt agreed to become the nominee and to try not to "make war" with the Republican establishment once in office. Roosevelt defeated Black in the Republican caucus, and faced Democrat <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Van_Wyck" title="Augustus Van Wyck">Augustus Van Wyck</a>, a well-respected judge, in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992309–311,_318_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992309–311,_318-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt campaigned on his war record, winning by just 1%.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979674–687_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979674–687-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As governor, Roosevelt learned about economic issues and political techniques that proved valuable in his presidency. He studied the problems of trusts, monopolies, labor relations, and conservation. G. Wallace Chessman argues that Roosevelt's program "rested firmly upon the concept of the square deal by a neutral state". The rules for the Square Deal were "honesty in public affairs, an equitable sharing of privilege and responsibility, and subordination of party and local concerns to the interests of the state at large".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChessman19656_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChessman19656-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By holding twice-daily press conferences—an innovation—Roosevelt remained connected with his middle-class base.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979693_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979693-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt successfully pushed the Ford Franchise-Tax bill, which taxed public franchises granted by the state and controlled by corporations, declaring that "a corporation which derives its powers from the State, should pay to the State a just percentage of its earnings as a return for the privileges it enjoys".<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rejected Platt worries that this approached Bryanite Socialism, explaining that without it, New York voters might get angry and adopt public ownership of streetcar lines and other franchises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997378–379_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997378–379-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Power to make appointments to policy-making positions was a key role for the governor. Platt insisted he be consulted on major appointments; Roosevelt appeared to comply, but then made his own decisions. Historians marvel that Roosevelt managed to appoint so many first-rate people with Platt's approval. He even enlisted Platt's help in securing reform, such as in spring 1899, when Platt pressured state senators to vote for a civil service bill that the secretary of the Civil Service Reform Association called "superior to any civil service statute heretofore secured in America".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChessman196579_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChessman196579-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chessman argues that as governor, Roosevelt developed the principles that shaped his presidency, especially insistence upon the public responsibility of large corporations, publicity as a first remedy for trusts, regulation of railroad rates, mediation of the conflict of capital and labor, conservation of natural resources and protection of the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChessman19656_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChessman19656-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt sought to position himself against the excesses of large corporations and radical movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992322_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992322-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As chief executive of the most populous state, Roosevelt was widely considered a potential presidential candidate, and supporters such as <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a> encouraged him to run.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992331–333_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992331–333-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt had no interest in challenging McKinley for the nomination in 1900 and was denied his preferred post of <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. As his term progressed, Roosevelt pondered a 1904 run, but was uncertain about whether he should seek re-election as governor in 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidency_(1901)"><span id="Vice_presidency_.281901.29"></span>Vice presidency (1901)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>In November 1899, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> died, leaving an open spot on the 1900 Republican national ticket. Though Henry Cabot Lodge and others urged him to run for vice president in 1900, Roosevelt issued a public statement saying that he would not accept the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334,_338_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334,_338-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eager to be rid of Roosevelt, Platt nonetheless began a newspaper campaign in favor of Roosevelt's nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992338_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992338-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt attended the <a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 Republican National Convention</a> as a state delegate and struck a bargain with Platt: Roosevelt would accept the nomination if the convention offered it to him but would otherwise serve another term as governor. Platt asked Pennsylvania party boss <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Matthew Quay</a> to lead the campaign for Roosevelt's nomination, and Quay outmaneuvered <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a> at the convention to put Roosevelt on the ticket.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992340–341_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992340–341-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt won the nomination unanimously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992342_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992342-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt's vice-presidential campaigning proved highly energetic and a match for Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryan's barnstorming style. In a whirlwind campaign that displayed his energy to the public, Roosevelt made 480 stops in 23 states. He denounced the radicalism of Bryan, contrasting it with the heroism of those who won the war against Spain. Bryan had strongly supported the war itself, but he denounced the annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> as <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. Roosevelt countered that it was best for the <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> to have stability and the Americans to have a proud place in the world. The voters gave McKinley an even larger victory than that which he had achieved in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997388–405_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997388–405-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901. The office was a powerless sinecure and did not suit Roosevelt's aggressive temperament.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's six months as vice president were uneventful and boring for a man of action. He had no power; he presided over the Senate for a mere four days before it adjourned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992346_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992346-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 2, 1901, Roosevelt first publicized an <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorism</a> that thrilled his supporters: "<a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far."</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1901–1909)"><span id="Presidency_.281901.E2.80.931909.29"></span>Presidency (1901–1909)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent,_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg/220px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg/330px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg/440px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_John_Singer_Sargent%2C_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1997" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Official <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> portrait of Roosevelt by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a> in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>On September 6, 1901, President McKinley was attending the <a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition" title="Pan-American Exposition">Pan-American Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo, New York</a>, when he <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">was shot</a> by anarchist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Czolgosz" title="Leon Czolgosz">Leon Czolgosz</a>. Roosevelt, vacationing in <a href="/wiki/Isle_La_Motte,_Vermont" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle La Motte, Vermont">Isle La Motte, Vermont</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traveled to Buffalo to visit McKinley in the hospital. When McKinley seemed to recover, Roosevelt resumed his vacation.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When McKinley's condition worsened, Roosevelt rushed back to Buffalo. He was in <a href="/wiki/North_Creek,_New_York" title="North Creek, New York">North Creek</a> when he learned of McKinley's death on September 14. Roosevelt then continued to Buffalo and was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">sworn in as the 26th president</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site">Ansley Wilcox House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992348–352_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992348–352-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McKinley's supporters were uneasy about Roosevelt, with Ohio Senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a> particularly bitter, given his strong opposition at the convention. Although Roosevelt assured party leaders that he would adhere to McKinley's policies and retained his Cabinet, he sought to establish himself as the party's leader and position himself for the 1904 election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992354–356_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992354–356-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt’s ascension to the presidency was met with concern by conservative Republicans, with historian Doris Kearns Goodwin noting that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> “Conservatives, who had utterly dominated the Republican Party for three decades, feared the impulsive young president would prove a ”bucking bronco,” upsetting the alliance between business and government that had delivered unparalled prosperity at the turn of the century. Reformers hoped Roosevelt’s vigorous leadership would refashion the Republican Party into the progressive force it had been under Abraham Lincoln, endeavoring to spread prosperity beyond the wealthy few to the common man.”<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Adding to this point, Kearns has noted that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Throughout his career, Roosevelt had struggled to reconcile party allegiance with the drive to address social problems, a balancing act that became more difficult as the troubling aspects of industrialization intensified. While he considered himself conservative in relation to the Populists, he believed that his party was in thrall to reactionaries who so "dreaded radicalism" that they "distrusted anything that was progressive." Precisely such men dominated both chambers of Congress, Roosevelt lamented. He would work to "push" them forward but recognized that genuine progress would require a direct appeal to the people, "the masters of both of us." To reach the general public, he would enlist the new breed of independent journalists, without whose "active support," he later acknowledged, he "would have been powerless."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Shortly after taking office, Roosevelt invited <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> to dinner at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>, sparking a bitter reaction across the heavily segregated South.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Roosevelt initially planned more dinners with Washington, he later avoided further invitations in favor of business appointments to retain political support in the white South.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997422–423_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997422–423-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200158_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200158-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies:_The_Square_Deal">Domestic policies: The Square Deal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trust_busting_and_regulation">Trust busting and regulation</h4></div> <p>Roosevelt was hailed as the "trust-buster" for his aggressive use of the 1890 <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, compared to his predecessors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuddy2016_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuddy2016-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He viewed big business as essential to the American economy, prosecuting only "bad trusts" that restrained trade and charged unfair prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992365–366_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992365–366-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt brought 44 antitrust suits, breaking up the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company</a>, the largest railroad monopoly, and regulating <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>, the largest oil company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuddy2016_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuddy2016-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His predecessors, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland, and William McKinley, had together prosecuted only 18 antitrust violations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuddy2016_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuddy2016-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After winning large majorities in the <a href="/wiki/1902_United_States_elections" title="1902 United States elections">1902 elections</a>, Roosevelt proposed creating the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">United States Department of Commerce and Labor</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a>. Congress was receptive to the department but skeptical of the antitrust powers Roosevelt wanted within the Bureau. Roosevelt appealed to the public, pressuring Congress, which overwhelmingly passed his version of the bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992378–381_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992378–381-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joseph Gurney Cannon</a> commented on Roosevelt's desire for executive branch control: "That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil." Biographer Brands notes, "Even his friends occasionally wondered whether there wasn't any custom or practice too minor for him to try to regulate, update or otherwise improve."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997552–553_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997552–553-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's willingness to exercise power extended to attempted rule changes in <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a>, forcing retention of martial arts classes at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a>, revising disciplinary rules, altering the design of a disliked coin, and ordering simplified spellings for 300 words, though he rescinded the latter after ridicule from the press and a House protest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997553–556_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997553–556-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal_strike">Coal strike</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Coal strike of 1902</a></div> <p>In May 1902, <a href="/wiki/United_Mine_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Mine Workers">anthracite coal miners</a> went on strike, threatening a national energy shortage. After threatening the coal operators with federal troops, Roosevelt won their agreement to dispute arbitration by a commission, stopping the strike. The accord with <a href="/wiki/J._P._Morgan" title="J. P. Morgan">J. P. Morgan</a> resulted in miners getting more pay for fewer hours but no union recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963165–179_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963165–179-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997450–483_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997450–483-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt said, "My action on labor should always be considered in connection with my action as regards capital, and both are reducible to my favorite formula—a square deal for every man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997509_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997509-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the first president to help settle a labor dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992376–377_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992376–377-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prosecuted_misconduct">Prosecuted misconduct</h4></div> <p>During Roosevelt's second year in office, corruption was uncovered in the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Indian Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office Department</a>. He prosecuted corrupt Indian agents who had cheated <a href="/wiki/Native_American_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American tribes">Native American tribes</a> out of land parcels. Land fraud and speculation involving Oregon timberlands, led to him and <a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> forcing General Land Office Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Binger_Hermann" title="Binger Hermann">Binger Hermann</a> from office, in November 1902. Special prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Heney" title="Francis J. Heney">Francis J. Heney</a> obtained 146 indictments in the Oregon Land Office bribery ring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974207_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974207-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt also prosecuted 44 postal employees on charges of bribery and fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974208_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974208-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians agree he moved "quickly and decisively" to address misconduct in his administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Railroads">Railroads</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Act" title="Hepburn Act">Hepburn Act</a></div> <p>Merchants complained that some railroad rates were too high. In the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Act" title="Hepburn Act">Hepburn Act</a>, Roosevelt sought to give the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a> (ICC) the power to regulate rates, but the Senate, led by conservative <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Aldrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Nelson Aldrich">Nelson Aldrich</a>, resisted. Roosevelt worked with Democratic Senator <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tillman" title="Benjamin Tillman">Benjamin Tillman</a> to pass the bill. They ultimately reached a compromise that gave the ICC the power to replace existing rates with "just-and-reasonable" maximum rates, allowing railroads to appeal to federal courts on what was "reasonable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992453–459_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992453–459-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum197789–117_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum197789–117-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hepburn Act also granted the ICC regulatory power over pipeline fees, storage contracts, and other aspects of railroad operations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001445–448_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001445–448-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pure_food_and_drugs">Pure food and drugs</h4></div> <p>Roosevelt responded to public outrage over abuses in the food packing industry by pushing Congress to pass the <a href="/wiki/Meat_Inspection_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a> of 1906 and the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a>. Conservatives initially opposed the bill, but <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle" title="The Jungle">The Jungle</a></i>, published in 1906, galvanized support for reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992459–460_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992459–460-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Meat Inspection Act banned misleading labels and <a href="/wiki/Preservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservatives">preservatives</a> with harmful chemicals. The Pure Food and Drug Act banned impure or falsely labeled food and drugs from being made, sold, and shipped. Roosevelt served as honorary president of the <a href="/wiki/American_School_Hygiene_Association" title="American School Hygiene Association">American School Hygiene Association</a> from 1907 to 1908 and convened the first <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> Conference on the Care of Dependent Children in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-ProgHealth21_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProgHealth21-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conservation">Conservation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Conservation" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt § Conservation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree,_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_(14994749857).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree%2C_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_%2814994749857%29.jpg/220px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree%2C_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_%2814994749857%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree%2C_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_%2814994749857%29.jpg/330px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree%2C_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_%2814994749857%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree%2C_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_%2814994749857%29.jpg/440px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt_Driving_Through_the_Wawona_Tunnel_Tree%2C_in_Yellowstone_National_Park_%2814994749857%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt driving through a <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum">sequoia</a> <a href="/wiki/Wawona_Tree" title="Wawona Tree">tree tunnel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt was proudest of his work in conserving natural resources and extending federal protection to land and wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakari2016_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakari2016-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked closely with Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James Rudolph Garfield</a> and Chief of the United States Forest Service <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> to enact a series of conservation programs that met resistance from Western Congress members, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Fulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Fulton">Charles William Fulton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992469–471_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992469–471-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Roosevelt established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, signed the creation of five <a href="/wiki/National_parks_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks (United States)">National Parks</a>, and signed the 1906 <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a>, under which he proclaimed 18 new <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Monument">U.S. National Monuments</a>. He also established the first 51 <a href="/wiki/Bird_reserve" title="Bird reserve">bird reserves</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">game preserves</a>, and 150 <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Forest">National Forests</a>. The area of the United States he placed under public protection totals approximately 230 million acres (930,000 square kilometers).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2009_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2009-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was the first honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Camp_Fire_Club" title="Camp Fire Club">Camp-Fire Club of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt extensively used <a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive order (United States)">executive orders</a> to protect forest and wildlife lands during his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of his second term, Roosevelt used executive orders to reserve 150 million acres (600,000 square kilometers) of forestry land.<sup id="cite_ref-Take_up_Your_Pen_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Take_up_Your_Pen-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was unapologetic about his use of executive orders to protect the environment, despite Congress's perception that he was encroaching on too many lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Take_up_Your_Pen_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Take_up_Your_Pen-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Fulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles William Fulton">Charles Fulton</a> attached an amendment to an agricultural appropriations bill preventing the president from reserving further land.<sup id="cite_ref-Take_up_Your_Pen_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Take_up_Your_Pen-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before signing the bill, Roosevelt established an <a href="/wiki/Midnight_forests" title="Midnight forests">additional 21 forest reserves</a>, waiting until the last minute to sign it into law.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In total, Roosevelt established 121 forest reserves in 31 states through executive orders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt issued 1,081 executive orders, more than any previous president except Grover Cleveland (253). The first 25 presidents issued a total of 1,262 executive orders.<sup id="cite_ref-executiveorders_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-executiveorders-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Business_panic_of_1907">Business panic of 1907</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio,_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio%2C_1907.jpg/220px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio%2C_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio%2C_1907.jpg/330px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio%2C_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio%2C_1907.jpg/440px-Theodore_Roosevelt_by_Harris_%26_Ewing_Studio%2C_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2938" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>A 1907 portrait of Roosevelt by <a href="/wiki/Harris_%26_Ewing" title="Harris & Ewing">Harris & Ewing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907, Roosevelt faced the greatest domestic economic crisis since the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a>. Wall Street's stock market entered a slump in early 1907, and many investors blamed Roosevelt's regulatory policies for the decline in stock prices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001495–496_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001495–496-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt ultimately helped calm the crisis by meeting with the leaders of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Steel" title="U.S. Steel">U.S. Steel</a> on November 4, 1907, and approving their plan to purchase a Tennessee steel company near bankruptcy—its failure would ruin a major New York bank.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2011239_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2011239-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, in August, Roosevelt had exploded in anger at the super-rich for their economic malfeasance, calling them "malefactors of great wealth" in a major speech, "The Puritan Spirit and the Regulation of Corporations". Trying to restore confidence, he blamed the crisis primarily on Europe, but then, after saluting the unbending rectitude of the Puritans, he went on:<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>It may well be that the determination of the government...to punish certain malefactors of great wealth, has been responsible for something of the trouble; at least to the extent of having caused these men to combine to bring about as much financial stress as possible, in order to discredit the policy of the government and thereby secure a reversal of that policy, so that they may enjoy unmolested the fruits of their own evil-doing.</p></blockquote> <p>Regarding the very wealthy, Roosevelt privately scorned, "their entire unfitness to govern the country, and ... the lasting damage they do by much of what they think are the legitimate big business operations of the day".<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <p>The American <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">annexation of Hawaii</a> in 1898 was stimulated in part by fear that Japan would dominate or seize the Hawaiian Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Germany was the alternative to American takeover of the Philippines in 1900, and Tokyo strongly preferred the U.S. to take over. As the U.S. became a naval world power, it needed to find a way to avoid a military confrontation in the Pacific with Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s, Roosevelt had been an ardent <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">imperialist</a> and vigorously defended the permanent acquisition of the Philippines in the 1900 campaign. After the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">local insurrection</a> ended in 1902, Roosevelt wished to have a strong U.S. presence in the region as a symbol of democratic values, but he did not envision any new acquisitions. One of Roosevelt's priorities was the maintenance of friendly relations with Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1904 to 1905 <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Japan and Russia were at war</a>. Both sides asked Roosevelt to mediate a peace conference, held successfully in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>. Roosevelt won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though he proclaimed that the United States would be neutral during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, Roosevelt secretly favored Imperial Japan to emerge victorious against the Russian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In California, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States">anti-Japanese hostility was growing</a>, and Tokyo protested. Roosevelt <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">negotiated a "Gentleman's Agreement" in 1907</a>. It ended explicit discrimination against the Japanese, and Japan agreed not to allow unskilled immigrants into the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a> of American battleships visited Japan in 1908. Roosevelt intended to emphasize the superiority of the American fleet over the smaller Japanese navy, but instead of resentment, the visitors arrived to a joyous welcome. This goodwill facilitated the <a href="/wiki/Root%E2%80%93Takahira_Agreement" title="Root–Takahira Agreement">Root–Takahira Agreement</a> of November 1908 which reaffirmed the status quo of Japanese control of Korea and American control of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997614–616_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997614–616-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, foreign powers, including the United States, required China to pay indemnities as part of the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer protocol</a>. In 1908, Roosevelt appropriated these indemnities for the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Indemnity_Scholarship" title="Boxer Indemnity Scholarship">Boxer Indemnity Scholarships</a>, which funded tens of thousands of Chinese students to study in the U.S. over the next 40 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:Minami_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Minami-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 91">: 91 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> <p>Success in the war against Spain and the new empire, plus having the largest economy in the world, meant that the United States had emerged as a world power.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt searched for ways to win recognition for the position abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992382–383_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992382–383-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also played a major role in mediating the <a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> by calling the <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a>, which averted war between France and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992450–451_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992450–451-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt's presidency saw the strengthening of ties with Great Britain. <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Rapprochement" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Rapprochement">The Great Rapprochement</a> had begun with British support of the United States during the Spanish–American War, and it continued as Britain withdrew its fleet from the Caribbean in favor of directing most of its attention to the rising <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">German naval threat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992387–388_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992387–388-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, Britain and the U.S. signed the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Pauncefote_Treaty" title="Hay–Pauncefote Treaty">Hay–Pauncefote Treaty</a>, abrogating the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a>, which had prevented the U.S. from constructing a canal connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992399–400_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992399–400-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-standing <a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a> was settled on terms favorable to the U.S.; as Roosevelt later put it, this "settled the last serious trouble between the British Empire and ourselves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992397–398_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992397–398-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America_and_the_Panama_Canal">Latin America and the Panama Canal</h4></div> <p>As president, Roosevelt primarily directed the nation's overseas ambitions towards the Caribbean, especially locations that had a bearing on the defense of his pet project, the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997615–616_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997615–616-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt also increased the size of the navy, and by the end of his second term, the U.S. had more battleships than any country other than Britain. The Panama Canal, when it opened in 1914, allowed the U.S. Navy to rapidly move back and forth from the Pacific to the Caribbean to European waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992384_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992384-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In December 1902, the Germans, British, and Italians blockaded the ports of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> to force the repayment of delinquent loans. Roosevelt was particularly concerned about the motives of German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>. He succeeded in getting the three nations to agree to arbitration by tribunal at <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, and successfully defused the <a href="/wiki/Venezuela_Crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903">crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997464_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997464-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latitude granted to the Europeans by the arbiters was in part responsible for the "<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>" to the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, which the President issued in 1904: </p><blockquote><p>Chronic wrongdoing or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society, may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere, the adherence of the United States to the Monroe doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997527_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997527-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/310px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/465px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg/620px-Panama_canal_cartooon_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="805" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt felt American dominance of the region was essential to building the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. He used military dominance to ensure <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Panama successfully revolted</a> and achieved independence in 1903.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two possible routes for an <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="History of the Panama Canal">isthmus canal</a> in Central America were under consideration: through <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and through Panama, which was then a rebellious district within <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Roosevelt persuaded Congress to approve the Panamanian alternative, and a treaty was approved, only to be rejected by the Colombian government. When the Panamanians learned of this, a rebellion followed, was supported by Roosevelt, and succeeded. A <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">treaty</a> with the new Panama government for construction of the canal was reached in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997482–486_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997482–486-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt received criticism for paying the bankrupt Panama Canal Company and the New Panama Canal Company $40 million (equivalent to $1.09 billion in 2023) for the rights and equipment to build the canal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics charged that an American investor syndicate divided the large payment among themselves. There was also controversy over whether a French company engineer influenced Roosevelt in choosing the Panama route for the canal over the Nicaragua route. Roosevelt denied charges of corruption. In January 1909, Roosevelt, in an unprecedented move, brought criminal libel charges against the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_News" title="Indianapolis News">Indianapolis News</a></i> known as the "Roosevelt-Panama Libel Cases".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209–210_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209–210-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both cases were dismissed by U.S. District Courts, and on January 3, 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the lower courts' rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974213–214_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974213–214-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians are sharply critical of Roosevelt's criminal prosecutions of the newspapers but are divided on whether actual corruption took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, following a disputed election, an insurrection ensued in Cuba; Roosevelt sent Taft, the Secretary of War, to monitor the situation; he was convinced that he had the authority to unilaterally authorize Taft to deploy Marines, if necessary, without congressional approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997570_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997570-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examining the work of numerous scholars, Ricard reports that: </p> <blockquote><p>The most striking evolution in the twenty-first-century historiography of Theodore Roosevelt is the switch from a partial arraignment of the imperialist to a quasi-unanimous celebration of the master diplomatist.... [Recent works] have underlined cogently Roosevelt's exceptional statesmanship in the construction of the nascent twentieth-century "special relationship". ...The twenty-sixth president's reputation as a brilliant diplomatist and real politician has undeniably reached new heights in the twenty-first century...yet, his Philippine policy still prompts criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2014_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2014-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On November 6, 1906, Roosevelt was the first president to depart the continental United States on an official diplomatic trip. Roosevelt made a 17-day trip to Panama and Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-Forslund_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forslund-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited the Panama Canal worksite and attended diplomatic receptions in both Panama and Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-Forslund_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forslund-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg/220px-Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg/330px-Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg/440px-Go_Away_Little_Man_Charles_Green_Bush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>A 1903 cartoon, "Go Away, Little Man, and Don't Bother Me", depicting Roosevelt intimidating <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to acquire the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Building on McKinley's effective use of the press, Roosevelt made the White House the center of news every day, providing interviews and photo opportunities. After noticing the reporters huddled outside the White House in the rain one day, he gave them their own room inside, effectively inventing the presidential <a href="/wiki/Press_briefing" class="mw-redirect" title="Press briefing">press briefing</a>. The grateful press, with unprecedented access to the White House, rewarded Roosevelt with ample coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-american_chronicle_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american_chronicle-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the Roosevelt-Panama Libel Cases, Roosevelt normally enjoyed very close relationships with the press. While out of office, he made a living as a writer and magazine editor. He loved talking with intellectuals, authors, and writers. He drew the line, however, at exposé-oriented scandal-mongering journalists who, during his term, sent magazine subscriptions soaring by their attacks on corrupt politicians, mayors, and corporations. Roosevelt himself was not usually a target, but a speech of his from 1906 coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Muckraker" title="Muckraker">muckraker</a>" for unscrupulous journalists making wild charges.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1904">Election of 1904</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1904.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ElectoralCollege1904.svg/310px-ElectoralCollege1904.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ElectoralCollege1904.svg/465px-ElectoralCollege1904.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/ElectoralCollege1904.svg/620px-ElectoralCollege1904.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Electoral College results of the 1904 election</figcaption></figure> <p>With the waning of Thomas Platt's power, Roosevelt faced little effective opposition for the 1904 nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In deference to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a>'s conservative loyalists, Roosevelt at first offered the party chairmanship to <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Bliss" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Bliss">Cornelius Bliss</a>, but he declined. Roosevelt turned to his own man, <a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> of New York, the first Secretary of Commerce and Labor. To buttress his hold on the party's nomination, Roosevelt made it clear that anyone opposing Cortelyou would be considered opposing the President.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997501–503_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997501–503-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President secured his own nomination, but his preferred vice-presidential running mate, <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Hitt" title="Robert R. Hitt">Robert R. Hitt</a>, was not nominated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997504_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997504-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles Warren Fairbanks</a> of Indiana, a favorite of conservatives, gained the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438_180-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Roosevelt followed the tradition of incumbents in not actively campaigning on the stump, he sought to control the campaign's message through specific instructions to Cortelyou. He also attempted to manage the press's release of White House statements by forming the <a href="/wiki/Ananias_Club" title="Ananias Club">Ananias Club</a>. Any journalist who repeated a statement made by the president without approval was penalized by restriction of further access.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997507_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997507-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Democratic Party's nominee in 1904 was <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton Brooks Parker</a>. Democratic newspapers charged that Republicans were extorting large campaign contributions from corporations, putting ultimate responsibility on Roosevelt himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215–216_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215–216-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt denied corruption while at the same time ordering Cortelyou to return $100,000 (equivalent to $2.65 million in 2023) of a campaign contribution from <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker said that Roosevelt was accepting corporate donations to keep damaging information from the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a> from going public.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216_185-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt strongly denied Parker's charge and responded that he would "go into the Presidency unhampered by any pledge, promise, or understanding of any kind, sort, or description...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allegations from Parker and the Democrats, however, had little impact on the election, as Roosevelt promised to give every American a "<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">square deal</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217_186-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt won 56% of the popular vote to Parker's 38%, and won the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> vote 336 to 140. Before his <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">inauguration ceremony</a>, Roosevelt declared that he would not serve another term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997513–514_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997513–514-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democrats would continue to charge Roosevelt and the Republicans of being influenced by corporate donations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974217–218_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974217–218-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3></div> <p>As his second term progressed, Roosevelt moved to the left of his Republican Party base and called for a series of reforms, most of which Congress failed to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20122_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould20122-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="the cited page 2 content does not support this sentence (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Theodore_Roosevelt#"promoted_policies_to_the_left"" title="Talk:Theodore Roosevelt">see discussion</a></i>]</sup> Roosevelt's influence waned as he approached the end of his second term, as his promise to forego a third term made him a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a> and his concentration of power provoked a backlash from many Congressmen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992463–464_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992463–464-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sought a national <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporation</a> law, called for a federal <a href="/wiki/Income_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Income tax in the United States">income tax</a> (despite the Supreme Court's ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26_Trust_Co." title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.</a></i>), and an <a href="/wiki/Estate_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Estate tax in the United States">inheritance tax</a>. Roosevelt called for limits on the use of court injunctions against labor unions during strikes; injunctions were a powerful weapon that mostly helped business. He wanted an employee liability law for industrial injuries (pre-empting state laws) and an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour work day</a> for federal employees. In other areas, he also sought a <a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">postal savings system</a> (to provide competition for local banks), and he asked for campaign reform laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2011160–166_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2011160–166-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election of 1904 continued to be a source of contention between Republicans and Democrats. A Congressional investigation in 1905 revealed that corporate executives donated tens of thousands of dollars in 1904 to the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a>. In 1908, a month before the general presidential election, Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Haskell" title="Charles N. Haskell">Charles N. Haskell</a> of Oklahoma, former Democratic Treasurer, said that Senators beholden to Standard Oil lobbied Roosevelt, in the summer of 1904, to authorize the leasing of Indian oil lands by Standard Oil subsidiaries. He said Roosevelt overruled his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Interior" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> and granted a pipeline franchise to run through the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage lands</a> to the Prairie Oil and Gas Company. The New York <i>Sun</i> made a similar accusation and said that Standard Oil, a refinery that financially benefited from the pipeline, had contributed $150,000 to the Republicans in 1904 (equivalent to $4 million in 2023) after Roosevelt's alleged reversal allowing the pipeline franchise. Roosevelt branded Haskell's allegation as "a lie, pure and simple".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974219_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974219-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rhetoric_of_righteousness">Rhetoric of righteousness</h4></div><p> Roosevelt's rhetoric was characterized by an intense moralism of personal righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tone was typified by his denunciation of "predatory wealth" in a message he sent Congress in January 1908 calling for passage of new labor laws: </p><blockquote><p>Predatory wealth--of the wealth accumulated on a giant scale by all forms of iniquity, ranging from the oppression of wageworkers to unfair and unwholesome methods of crushing out competition, and to defrauding the public by stock jobbing and the manipulation of securities. Certain wealthy men of this stamp, whose conduct should be abhorrent to every man of ordinarily decent conscience, and who commit the hideous wrong of teaching our young men that phenomenal business success must ordinarily be based on dishonesty, have during the last few months made it apparent that they have banded together to work for a reaction. Their endeavor is to overthrow and discredit all who honestly administer the law, to prevent any additional legislation which would check and restrain them, and to secure if possible a freedom from all restraint which will permit every unscrupulous wrongdoer to do what he wishes unchecked provided he has enough money....The methods by which the Standard Oil people and those engaged in the other combinations of which I have spoken above have achieved great fortunes can only be justified by the advocacy of a system of morality which would also justify every form of criminality on the part of a labor union, and every form of violence, corruption, and fraud, from murder to bribery and ballot box stuffing in politics.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1909–1919)"><span id="Post-presidency_.281909.E2.80.931919.29"></span>Post-presidency (1909–1919)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1908">Election of 1908</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 United States presidential election</a></div> <p>Roosevelt enjoyed being president but believed limited terms provided a check against dictatorship. He decided to honor his 1904 pledge not to run for a third term. Though he favored Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> as his successor, Root's ill health made him unsuitable. New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> was a strong candidate and shared Roosevelt's progressivism, but Roosevelt considered him too independent. He settled on his Secretary of War, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, who had been his friend since 1890 and consistently supported Roosevelt's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992483–485_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992483–485-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was determined to install the successor of his choice, and wrote to Taft: "Dear Will: Do you want any action about those federal officials? I will break their necks with the utmost cheerfulness if you say the word!" Just weeks later, he branded as "false and malicious" the charge he was using the offices at his disposal to favor Taft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997626_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997626-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1908 Republican convention, many chanted "four years more" of a Roosevelt presidency, but Taft won the nomination after Henry Cabot Lodge made it clear Roosevelt was not interested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992488–489_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992488–489-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1908 election, Taft easily defeated Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>. Taft promoted progressivism emphasizing the rule of law; he preferred that judges, rather than politicians, make decisions about fairness. However, Taft proved to be a less adroit politician than Roosevelt, lacking the energy, personal magnetism, and public support that made Roosevelt so formidable. When Roosevelt realized lowering the tariff would create severe tensions inside the Republican Party, he stopped talking about it. Taft, ignoring the risks, tackled the tariff boldly, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Payne-Aldrich_Tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Payne-Aldrich Tariff">Payne-Aldrich Tariff</a> of 1909, which alienated reformers on all sides. While the crisis was building inside the Party, Roosevelt was touring Africa and Europe, allowing Taft space.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Europe_(1909–1910)"><span id="Africa_and_Europe_.281909.E2.80.931910.29"></span>Africa and Europe (1909–1910)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg/220px-Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg/330px-Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg/440px-Roosevelt_safari_elephant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2631" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt standing next to the elephant he shot on a safari in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1909, the ex-president left for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian-Roosevelt_African_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition">Smithsonian-Roosevelt African Expedition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science1908_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science1908-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's party landed in <a href="/wiki/Mombasa" title="Mombasa">Mombasa</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">East Africa</a> and traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a> before following the Nile River to <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>. Well-financed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> and by his own writings, Roosevelt's party hunted for specimens for the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SIA_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIA-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group, led by hunter-tracker R.J. Cunninghame, included scientists from the Smithsonian, and was joined by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Selous" title="Frederick Selous">Frederick Selous</a>, famous big game hunter and explorer. Participants included <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Alexander_Mearns" title="Edgar Alexander Mearns">Edgar Alexander Mearns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Heller" title="Edmund Heller">Edmund Heller</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Loring" title="John Alden Loring">John Alden Loring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The team killed or trapped 11,400 animals,<sup id="cite_ref-SIA_202-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIA-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from insects and moles to hippopotamuses and elephants. The 1,000 large animals included 512 <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">big game</a> animals, including six rare <a href="/wiki/White_rhinoceros" title="White rhinoceros">white rhinos</a>. Tons of salted carcasses and skins were shipped to Washington; it took years to mount them all. Regarding the large number taken, Roosevelt said, "I can be condemned only if the existence of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum</a>, the American Museum of Natural History, and all similar zoological institutions are to be condemned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Toole200567_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Toole200567-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote a detailed account of the trip in <i>African Game Trails</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his safari, Roosevelt traveled north to embark on a tour of Europe. Stopping first in Egypt, he commented favorably on British rule, stating Egypt was not yet ready for independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused a meeting with the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope</a> due to a dispute over a group of <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> active in Rome. He met with Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Joseph">Franz Joseph</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> of Germany, King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> of Great Britain, and other leaders. In Oslo, Roosevelt delivered a speech calling for limitations on naval armaments, a strengthening of the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a>, and the creation of a "League of Peace" among the world powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505–509_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505–509-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He delivered the <a href="/wiki/Romanes_Lecture" title="Romanes Lecture">Romanes Lecture</a> at Oxford, where he denounced those who sought parallels between the evolution of animal life and the development of society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992511_208-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992511-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Roosevelt attempted to avoid domestic politics, he quietly met with <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>, who related his disappointment with the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft Administration">Taft Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992506–507_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992506–507-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinchot had been forced to resign as head of the forest service after clashing with Taft's Interior Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ballinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Ballinger">Richard Ballinger</a>. Roosevelt returned to the U.S. in June 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992503,_511_210-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992503,_511-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four months later, Roosevelt became the first U.S. president to fly in a plane, staying aloft for 4 minutes in a <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>-designed craft.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt relied on <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> for financing his expedition. In return, Carnegie asked the ex-president to mediate the growing conflict between the cousins who ruled Britain and Germany. Roosevelt started to, but the scheme collapsed when <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> suddenly died. <a href="/wiki/David_Nasaw" title="David Nasaw">David Nasaw</a> argues Roosevelt systematically deceived and manipulated Carnegie and held the elderly man in contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_Party_schism">Republican Party schism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism" title="Category:Progressivism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Purple" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/75px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/113px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Purple_flag_waving.svg/150px-Purple_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">BDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">BLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_for_the_Common_Good" title="Economy for the Common Good">ECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_movement" title="Ethical movement">Ethical movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indivisible_movement" title="Indivisible movement">Indivisible movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_movements" title="LGBTQ movements">LGBTQ movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">#MeToo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Christianity" title="Progressive Christianity">Progressive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Conservatism">Progressive Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Progressive Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hygiene_movement" title="Social hygiene movement">Social hygiene</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Resistance_(American_political_movement)" title="The Resistance (American political movement)">The Resistance</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIMBY" title="YIMBY">YIMBY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures of economic progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_enhancement" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_rights" title="Indigenous rights">Indigenous rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_universalism" title="Moral universalism">Moral universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Post</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of progress">Philosophy of progress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education_in_Latin_America#Educational_progressivism" title="Inclusive education in Latin America">In Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progressive_stack" title="Progressive stack">Progressive stack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Progressive nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization" title="Social organization">Social organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Social_Progress_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Social Progress Index">List of countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific progress">Scientific progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructivism" title="Social constructivism">Social constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_essentialism" title="Strategic essentialism">Strategic essentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery" title="Reparations for slavery">Reparations for slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_for_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Reparations for slavery in the United States">In the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">Scientific management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_Unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarity Unionism">Solidarity unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_rights" title="Youth rights">Youth rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Abbott" title="Edith Abbott">Abbott (Edith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Abbott" title="Grace Abbott">Abbott (Grace)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imran_Ahmed_(strategist)" title="Imran Ahmed (strategist)">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Alinsky" title="Saul Alinsky">Alinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Alexander" title="Michelle Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajamu_X" title="Ajamu X">Ajamu X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Archer" title="Deborah Archer">Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Belmont" title="Alva Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campbell,_Baroness_Campbell_of_Surbiton" title="Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton">Cambell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cloward" title="Richard Cloward">Cloward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Dees" title="Morris Dees">Dees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana_Hassan" title="Tirana Hassan">Hassan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Heumann" title="Judith Heumann">Heumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Huang" title="Margaret Huang">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Jackson_(activist)" title="George Jackson (activist)">Jackson (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jackson (Jesse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Cooper_Jackson" title="Esther Cooper Jackson">Jackson (Esther)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anetta_Kahane" title="Anetta Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_King" title="Shaun King">King (Shaun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">King (Jr.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ludmer" title="Maurice Ludmer">Ludmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeRay_Mckesson" title="DeRay Mckesson">Mckesson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Page#Activism" title="Elliot Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_J._Pearson" title="Justin J. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rothblatt" title="Gabriel Rothblatt">Rothblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_J._Seligmann" title="Herbert J. Seligmann">Seligmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Smeeth" title="Ruth Smeeth">Smeeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Soros" title="Alexander Soros">Soros (Alexander)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">Soros (George)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsha_Walia" title="Harsha Walia">Walia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Windsor#Activism" title="Edith Windsor">Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Wong_(activist)" title="Alice Wong (activist)">Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imani_Barbarin" title="Imani Barbarin">Barbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bedborough" title="George Bedborough">Bedborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Conover" title="Adam Conover">Conover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Criado_Perez" title="Caroline Criado Perez">Criado Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcy_Darnovsky" title="Marcy Darnovsky">Darnovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Dearden" title="Lizzie Dearden">Dearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Duberman" title="Martin Duberman">Duberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Favreau_(speechwriter)" title="Jon Favreau (speechwriter)">Favreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Fiorentini" title="Francesca Fiorentini">Fiorentini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Glaude" title="Eddie Glaude">Glaude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Goldberg" title="Michelle Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thom_Hartmann" title="Thom Hartmann">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medhi_Hasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Medhi Hasan">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Jennings" title="Jazz Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Klein" title="Ezra Klein">Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Klippenstein" title="Ken Klippenstein">Klippenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Kulinski" title="Kyle Kulinski">Kulinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Levy_(writer)" title="Ariel Levy (writer)">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Lovett" title="Jon Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Marshall" title="Josh Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McKay" title="Adam McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Miller" title="Stephanie Miller">Miller (Stephanie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Monroe" title="Jack Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Nagle" title="Angela Nagle">Nagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Okrent" title="Daniel Okrent">Okrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Oliver" title="John Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pakman" title="David Pakman">Pakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Pfeiffer" title="Daniel Pfeiffer">Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Rather" title="Dan Rather">Rather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reich" title="Robert Reich">Reich (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Reid" title="Joy Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Seder" title="Sam Seder">Seder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Simpson_(journalist)" title="Mark Simpson (journalist)">Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart" title="Jon Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Talbot" title="David Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Thorn" title="Abigail Thorn">Thorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_Uygur" title="Cenk Uygur">Uygur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Vietor" title="Tommy Vietor">Vietor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Wise" title="Tim Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaush" title="Vaush">Kochinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ContraPoints" title="ContraPoints">Wynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Zuckerberg</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anita_L._Allen" title="Anita L. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Anderson" title="Carol Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha_Benjamin" title="Ruha Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liat_Ben-Moshe" title="Liat Ben-Moshe">Ben-Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">Beveridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Black" title="Edwin Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bornstein" title="Kate Bornstein">Bornstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Brand" title="Adolf Brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drucilla_Cornell" title="Drucilla Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_DiAngelo" title="Robin DiAngelo">DiAngelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Brown_Douglas" title="Kelly Brown Douglas">Douglas (Kelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelock_Ellis" title="Havelock Ellis">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Fredrickson" title="George M. Fredrickson">Fredrickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelynn_M._Hammonds" title="Evelynn M. Hammonds">Hammonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_E._Helms" title="Janet E. Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Hirschfeld" title="Magnus Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jeffries" title="Leonard Jeffries">Jeffries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Karenga" title="Maulana Karenga">Karenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibram_X._Kendi" title="Ibram X. Kendi">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Merriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Meyers" title="Robin Meyers">Meyers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Mills" title="Charles W. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Money" title="John Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oastler#Political_philosophy" title="Richard Oastler">Oastler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Ostrowski" title="Marius Ostrowski">Ostrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Irvin_Painter" title="Nell Irvin Painter">Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Patterson" title="Orlando Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurit_Peled-Elhanan" title="Nurit Peled-Elhanan">Peled-Elhanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich (Wilhelm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Roberts" title="Dorothy Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothstein" title="Richard Rothstein">Rothstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Saini" title="Angela Saini">Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Stein" title="Abby Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_TallBear" title="Kim TallBear">TallBear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Cress_Welsing" title="Frances Cress Welsing">Welsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Wilderson_III" title="Frank B. Wilderson III">Wilderson III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Zuboff</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Booker" title="Cory Booker">Booker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Boric" title="Gabriel Boric">Boric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Debs" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene Debs">Debs (Eugene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Hessel" title="Stéphane Hessel">Hessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dario_Hunter" title="Dario Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramila_Jayapal" title="Pramila Jayapal">Jayapal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Khanna" title="Ro Khanna">Khanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lee" title="Barbara Lee">Lee (Barbara)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Lee" title="Summer Lee">Lee (Summer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Frost" title="Maxwell Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuh_Woon-hyung" title="Lyuh Woon-hyung">Lyuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Markey" title="Ed Markey">Markey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Manley" title="Michael Manley">Manley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Merkley" title="Jeff Merkley">Merkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Mottley" title="Mia Mottley">Mottley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomiichi_Murayama" title="Tomiichi Murayama">Murayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Murphy" title="Emily Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petro" title="Gustavo Petro">Petro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pocan" title="Mark Pocan">Pocan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayanna_Pressley" title="Ayanna Pressley">Pressley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JB_Pritzker" title="JB Pritzker">Pritzker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Raskin" title="Jamie Raskin">Raskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Eleanor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (Franklin)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt (Theodore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Stein" title="Jill Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Trudeau" title="Pierre Trudeau">Trudeau (Pierre)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Warren" title="Elizabeth Warren">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson (Harold)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar%C5%8D_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarō Yamamoto">Yamamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Yavlinsky" title="Grigory Yavlinsky">Yavlinsky</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Superman" title="Man and Superman">Man and Superman</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Conspiracy" title="The Open Conspiracy">The Open Conspiracy</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Psychology_of_Fascism" title="The Mass Psychology of Fascism">The Mass Psychology of Fascism</a></i> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Sexualit%C3%A4t_im_Kulturkampf" title="Die Sexualität im Kulturkampf">Sexuality in the Cultural Struggle</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Beveridge Report</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_Radicals" title="Rules for Radicals">Rules for Radicals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Manifesto_II" title="Humanist Manifesto II">Humanist Manifesto II</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woman_Hating" title="Woman Hating">Woman Hating</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Athena" title="Black Athena">Black Athena</a></i> (1987–2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Racial_Contract" title="The Racial Contract">The Racial Contract</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_Against_the_Weak" title="War Against the Weak">War Against the Weak</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Audacity_of_Hope" title="The Audacity of Hope">The Audacity of Hope</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Invention_of_the_Jewish_People" title="The Invention of the Jewish People">The Invention of the Jewish People</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Jim_Crow" title="The New Jim Crow">The New Jim Crow</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Speech_(Sanders_book)" title="The Speech (Sanders book)">The Speech</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution_(Sanders_book)" title="Our Revolution (Sanders book)">Our Revolution</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Rage" title="White Rage">White Rage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_of_Law" title="The Color of Law">The Color of Law</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inferior_(book)" title="Inferior (book)">Inferior</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Donna_Zuckerberg#Not_All_Dead_White_Men" title="Donna Zuckerberg">Not All Dead White Men</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Fragility" title="White Fragility">White Fragility</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Women:_Exposing_Data_Bias_in_a_World_Designed_for_Men" title="Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men">Invisible Women</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_an_Antiracist" title="How to Be an Antiracist">How to Be an Antiracist</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Race_After_Technology" title="Race After Technology">Race After Technology</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Superior:_The_Return_of_Race_Science" title="Superior: The Return of Race Science">Superior</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nice_Racism" title="Nice Racism">Nice Racism</a></i> (2021)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Antonio_Foundation" title="Amadeu Antonio Foundation">Amadeu Antonio Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sexual_Health_Association" title="American Sexual Health Association">ASHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Global_Network_Foundation" title="Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation">BLMGNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Genetics_and_Society" title="Center for Genetics and Society">CGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Brennan Center for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_Change" title="Color of Change">Color of Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Alliance" title="Democracy Alliance">Democracy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker_Center_for_Human_Rights" title="Ella Baker Center for Human Rights">Ella Baker Center for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_Against_Racism" title="European Network Against Racism">ENAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Coefficients_(dining_club)" title="Coefficients (dining club)">Coefficients</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Immigration_Reform_Movement" title="Fair Immigration Reform Movement">FIRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual,_Trans_and_Intersex_Association" title="International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association">ILGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_Against_Racism" title="International Committee Against Racism">InCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Public_Policy_Research" title="Institute for Public Policy Research">IPPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Foundation" title="MacArthur Foundation">MacArthur Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Black_Lives" title="Movement for Black Lives">Movement for Black Lives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_one_is_illegal" title="No one is illegal">No one is illegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Welfare_Rights_Organization" title="National Welfare Rights Organization">NWRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_a_Democratic_Society_(2006_organization)" title="Students for a Democratic Society (2006 organization)">New SDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations" title="Open Society Foundations">OSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Revolution" title="Our Revolution">Our Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_American_Way" title="People for the American Way">PFAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_International" title="Progressive International">PI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_League" title="Progressive League">Progressive League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Majority" title="Progressive Majority">Progressive Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProgressNow" title="ProgressNow">ProgressNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flare" title="Red Flare">Red Flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">RWJF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_for_the_People" title="Science for the People">SftP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tides_Foundation" title="Tides Foundation">Tides Foundation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTXT" title="CTXT">CTXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezebel_(website)" title="Jezebel (website)">Jezebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_the_Lightbearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucifer the Lightbearer">Lucifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(magazine)" title="Searchlight (magazine)">Searchlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Turks" title="The Young Turks">The Young Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_Wiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Wiki">Rational Wiki</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kirchnerism" title="Kirchnerism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_political_parties_(Japan)" title="Progressive political parties (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_Taiwan" title="Progressivism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #800080; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_progressivism" title="Economic progressivism">Economic progressivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">Red–green alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">In United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Progress Studies">Progress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #800080; border-bottom:1px solid #800080; font-weight:bold"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Progressivism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Roosevelt had attempted to refashion Taft into a copy of himself, but recoiled as Taft began to display his individuality. He was offended on election night when Taft indicated his success had been possible not just through Roosevelt, but also Taft's half-brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft" title="Charles Phelps Taft">Charles P. Taft</a>. Roosevelt was further alienated when Taft did not consult him about cabinet appointments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997665–666_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997665–666-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt and other progressives were ideologically dissatisfied over Taft's conservation policies and his handling of the tariff, when he concentrated power with conservative party leaders in Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992502–503_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992502–503-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that Taft abided by the goals and procedures of the "<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>" promoted by Roosevelt in his first term. The problem was Roosevelt and the more radical progressives had moved on to more aggressive goals, such as curbing the judiciary, which Taft rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt urged progressives to take control of the Republican Party, and to avoid splitting it in a way that would hand the presidency to the Democrats in 1912. To that end, Roosevelt publicly expressed optimism about the Taft Administration after meeting with the president in June 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992512–513_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992512–513-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dispute_over_court_power">Dispute over court power</h4></div> <p>Roosevelt gave speeches in the West in the late summer and early fall of 1910 in which he severely criticized the nation's judiciary. Roosevelt not only attacked the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court's</a> 1905 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a></i>, he accused federal courts of undermining democracy, branding the suspect jurists "fossilized judges," and compared their tendency to strike down progressive reform legislation, to Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a>'s ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857). To ensure the constitution served the public interests, Roosevelt joined other progressives in calling for the "judicial recall," which would enable popular majorities to remove judges from office and reverse unpopular judicial decisions. This attack horrified Taft, who, though he privately agreed that <i>Lochner</i> and other decisions had been poorly decided, was an adamant believer in judicial authority preserving constitutional government. His horror was shared with other prominent members of the elite legal community, and solidified in Taft's mind that Roosevelt must not be permitted to regain the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roosevelt's_"New_Nationalism""><span id="Roosevelt.27s_.22New_Nationalism.22"></span>Roosevelt's "New Nationalism"</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif/lossy-page1-220px-TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif/lossy-page1-330px-TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif/lossy-page1-440px-TR_smiling_in_automobile.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5845" data-file-height="4746" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt after leaving office in October 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_(1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_%281910%29.jpg/220px-Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_%281910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_%281910%29.jpg/330px-Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_%281910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_%281910%29.jpg/440px-Theodore_Roosevelt_and_Archibald_Hoxsey_%281910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt and pilot <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hoxsey" title="Archibald Hoxsey">Archibald Hoxsey</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> in October 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1910, Roosevelt escalated the rivalry with a speech at <a href="/wiki/Osawatomie,_Kansas" title="Osawatomie, Kansas">Osawatomie, Kansas</a>, which was the most radical of his career. It marked his public break with Taft and conservative Republicans. Advocating a program he called the "<a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a>", Roosevelt emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and the need to control corporate creation and combination. He called for a ban on corporate political contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675_219-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to New York, Roosevelt began a battle to take control of the state Republican party from <a href="/wiki/William_Barnes_Jr." title="William Barnes Jr.">William Barnes Jr.</a>. Taft had pledged his support to Roosevelt in this endeavor, and Roosevelt was outraged when Taft's support failed to materialize at the 1910 state convention.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992515–516_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992515–516-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt campaigned for the Republicans in the <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_elections" title="1910 United States elections">1910 elections</a>, in which the Democrats gained control of the House for the first time since 1892. Among the newly elected Democrats was <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, who argued he represented his distant cousin's policies better than his Republican opponent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992517_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992517-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republican progressives interpreted the defeats as a compelling argument for reorganization of the party in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997683_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997683-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a> joined with Pinchot, William White, and California Governor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> to create the National Progressive Republican League; their objectives were to defeat the power of political bossism at the state level and replace Taft at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518_223-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his skepticism of the league, Roosevelt expressed general support for progressive principles. Between January and April 1911, Roosevelt wrote articles for <i>The Outlook</i>, defending what he called "the great movement of our day, the progressive nationalist movement against special privilege, and in favor of an honest and efficient political and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997684_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997684-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Roosevelt apparently uninterested in running in 1912, La Follette declared his own candidacy in June 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518_223-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt continually criticized Taft after the 1910 elections, and the break between them became final after the Justice Department filed an <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> lawsuit against <a href="/wiki/US_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="US Steel">US Steel</a> in September 1911; Roosevelt was humiliated because he had personally approved an acquisition the Justice Department was now challenging. However, Roosevelt was still unwilling to run against Taft in 1912; he hoped to run in 1916 against whichever Democrat beat Taft in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992519_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992519-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battling_Taft_over_arbitration_treaties">Battling Taft over arbitration treaties</h4></div> <p>Taft was world leader for arbitration as a guarantee of world peace. In 1911 he and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> negotiated treaties with Britain and France providing that differences be arbitrated. Disputes had to be submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907#Hague_Convention_of_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Court</a> or another tribunal. These were signed in August 1911, but had to be ratified by a two-thirds vote of the Senate. Neither Taft nor Knox consulted with Senate leaders during negotiations. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft, and the president felt lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing them.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arbitration revealed a dispute among American progressives. One faction, led by Taft looked to it as the best alternative to warfare. Taft was a constitutional lawyer, understanding the legal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft's base was the conservative business community that supported peace movements before 1914. However, he failed to mobilize them. The businessmen believed economic rivalries were the cause of war, and that trade led to an interdependent world that would make war expensive and useless.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an opposing faction, led by Roosevelt, ridiculed arbitration as foolhardy idealism, and insisted on the realism of war as the only solution to serious international disputes. Roosevelt worked with close friend Senator Henry Cabot Lodge to impose those amendments that ruined the treaties. Roosevelt was acting to sabotage Taft's campaign promises.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a deeper level, Roosevelt truly believed arbitration was a naïve solution and great issues had to be decided by war. The Rooseveltian approach incorporated a near-mystical faith of the ennobling nature of war. It endorsed jingoistic nationalism as opposed to the businessmen's calculation of profit and national interest.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_of_1912">Election of 1912</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Republican_primaries_and_convention">Republican primaries and convention</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg/220px-For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg/330px-For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg/440px-For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption><i>Punch</i> in May 1912, depicting no-holds-barred fight between <a href="/wiki/Howard_Taft" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Taft">Howard Taft</a> and Roosevelt</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1911, a group of Ohio Republicans endorsed Roosevelt for the party's nomination for president. Roosevelt conspicuously declined to refuse a nomination. Soon thereafter, Roosevelt said, "I am really sorry for Taft... I am sure he means well, but he means well feebly, and he does not know how! He is utterly unfit for leadership and this is a time when we need leadership." In January 1912, Roosevelt declared "if the people make a draft on me I shall not decline to serve".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997698_232-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997698-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt spoke before the Constitutional Convention in Ohio, identifying as a progressive and endorsing progressive reforms—even endorsing popular review of state judicial decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997703_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997703-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction to Roosevelt's proposals Taft said, "Such extremists are not progressives—they are political emotionalists or neurotics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997709_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997709-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt began to envision himself as the savior of the party from defeat in the upcoming election. In February 1912 in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, Roosevelt said, "I will accept the nomination for president if it is tendered to me".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997705_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997705-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gloriousr_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gloriousr-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elihu Root and Henry Cabot Lodge thought division would lead to defeat in the election, while Taft believed he would be defeated either in the primary or general election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997706_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997706-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">presidential primary</a>, a reform achievement of the progressive movement.<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_primaries,_1912" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party presidential primaries, 1912">Republican primaries</a> in the South, where party regulars dominated, went for Taft, as did New York, Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky, and Massachusetts. Meanwhile, Roosevelt won in Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, California, Maryland, Ohio, and Pennsylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago, Taft won the nomination on the first ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992524–526_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992524–526-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Lewis_L._Gould" title="Lewis L. Gould">Lewis L. Gould</a>, in 1912 </p><blockquote><p> Roosevelt saw Taft as the agent of "the forces of reaction and of political crookedness".... Roosevelt had become the most dangerous man in American history, said Taft, "because of his hold upon the less intelligent voters and the discontented." The Republican National Committee, dominated by the Taft forces, awarded 235 delegates to the president and 19 to Roosevelt...Roosevelt believed himself entitled to 72 delegates from Arizona, California, Texas and Washington that had been given to Taft. Firm in his conviction that the nomination was being stolen from him, Roosevelt ....told cheering supporters that there was "a great moral issue" at stake and he should have "sixty to eighty lawfully elected delegates" added to his total....Roosevelt ended his speech declaring: "Fearless of the future; unheeding of our individual fates; with unflinching hearts and undimmed eyes; we stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord!"<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive_Party">Progressive Party</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose Party</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perkins-pinchot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Perkins-pinchot.JPG/220px-Perkins-pinchot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Perkins-pinchot.JPG/330px-Perkins-pinchot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Perkins-pinchot.JPG/440px-Perkins-pinchot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="795" /></a><figcaption>A 1912 cartoon depicting George Perkins (left, with checkbook symbolizing control of money) and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Pinchot" title="Amos Pinchot">Amos Pinchot</a> (wielding an endorsement from Roosevelt campaign manager, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Dixon" title="Joseph M. Dixon">Joseph M. Dixon</a>) in battle for Progressive Party control</figcaption></figure> <p>Once his defeat appeared probable, Roosevelt announced he would "accept the progressive nomination on a progressive platform and I shall fight to the end, win or lose". Roosevelt prophetically said, "My feeling is that the Democrats will probably win if they nominate a progressive".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997717_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997717-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt left the Republican Party and created the Progressive Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992526_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992526-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2008a127–128_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2008a127–128-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership of the new party included a range of reformers. Jane Addams campaigned vigorously for the party as a breakthrough in social reform.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a> represented environmentalists and anti-trust crusaders. Publisher <a href="/wiki/Frank_Munsey" title="Frank Munsey">Frank Munsey</a> provided cash<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/George_Walbridge_Perkins" title="George Walbridge Perkins">George W. Perkins</a>, a Wall Street financier came from the <a href="/wiki/Efficiency_movement" title="Efficiency movement">efficiency movement</a>. He handled the new party's finances efficiently but was distrusted by many reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> controlled the California party, forcing out the Taft supporters. He was nominated as Roosevelt's running mate.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's platform echoed his radical 1907–1908 proposals, calling for vigorous government intervention to protect the people from selfish interests: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To destroy this invisible Government, to dissolve the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unholy_alliance" class="extiw" title="wikt:unholy alliance">unholy alliance</a> between corrupt business and corrupt politics is the first task of the statesmanship of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913[httpwwwbartlebycom5515bhtml_XV._The_Peace_of_Righteousness,_Appendix_B]_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913[httpwwwbartlebycom5515bhtml_XV._The_Peace_of_Righteousness,_Appendix_B]-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This country belongs to the people. Its resources, its business, its laws, its institutions, should be utilized, maintained, or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. This assertion is explicit... Mr. Wilson must know that every monopoly in the United States opposes the Progressive party... I challenge him... to name the monopoly that did support the Progressive party, whether... the Sugar Trust, the US Steel Trust, the Harvester Trust, the Standard Oil Trust, the Tobacco Trust, or any other... Ours was the only program to which they objected, and they supported either Mr. Wilson or Mr. Taft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer191925–31Chapter_XXII_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer191925–31Chapter_XXII-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Though many Progressive party activists in the North opposed the steady loss of civil rights for blacks, Roosevelt ran a "<a href="/wiki/Lily-white_movement" title="Lily-white movement">lily-white</a>" campaign in the South. Rival all-white and all-black delegations from southern states arrived at the Progressive national convention, and Roosevelt decided to seat the all-white delegations.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he won few votes outside traditional Republican strongholds. Out of 1,100 counties in the South, Roosevelt won two counties in Alabama, one in Arkansas, seven in North Carolina, three in Georgia, 17 in Tennessee, two in Texas, one in Virginia, and none in Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, or South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempted_assassination">Attempted assassination</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt">Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> <p>On October 14, 1912, while arriving at a campaign event in <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>, Roosevelt was shot by delusional saloonkeeper <a href="/wiki/John_Schrank" title="John Schrank">John Schrank</a>, who believed the ghost of assassinated president <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> had directed him to kill Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bullet lodged in Roosevelt's chest after penetrating his eyeglass case and passing through a 50-page folded copy of the speech titled "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Progressive_Cause_Greater_Than_Any_Individual" class="extiw" title="s:Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual">Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schrank was disarmed and captured by Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">stenographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbert_E._Martin" title="Elbert E. Martin">Elbert E. Martin</a> as he attempted to fire a second time, and might have been lynched had Roosevelt not shouted for Schrank to remain unharmed.<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt assured the crowd he was all right, then ordered police to take Schrank and make sure no violence was done to him.<sup id="cite_ref-remey_260-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remey-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an experienced hunter and anatomist, Roosevelt correctly concluded that since he was not coughing blood, the bullet had not reached his lung. He declined to go to hospital immediately and instead delivered a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/I_have_just_been_shot" class="extiw" title="s:I have just been shot">90-minute speech</a> with blood seeping into his shirt.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Only afterwards did he accept medical attention. Probes and an <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">x-ray</a> showed the bullet had lodged in Roosevelt's chest muscle, but did not penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Pleura" title="Pleura">pleura</a>. Doctors concluded it would be less dangerous to leave it than attempt to remove it, and Roosevelt carried the bullet in him for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft and Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> suspended their campaigning until Roosevelt resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter "I'm fit as a bull moose." The bull moose became a symbol of Roosevelt and the Progressive Party, and it often was referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose Party</a>. He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to campaign. He wrote a friend about the bullet, "I do not mind it any more than if it were in my waistcoat-pocket."<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_victory">Democratic victory</h4></div> <p>After the Democrats nominated Governor Woodrow Wilson, Roosevelt did not expect to win the election, as Wilson had compiled a record attractive to progressive Democrats who might have considered voting for Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt still campaigned vigorously, and the election developed into a two-person contest despite Taft's quiet presence. Roosevelt respected Wilson, but they differed on various issues; Wilson opposed federal intervention regarding <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a>, and attacked Roosevelt's tolerance of large businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529–530_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529–530-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt won 4.1 million votes (27%), compared to Taft's 3.5 million (23%) and Wilson's 6.3 million (42%). Wilson scored a landslide in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a> with 435 electoral votes; Roosevelt 88, and Taft 8. Pennsylvania was the only eastern state won by Roosevelt; in the Midwest, he carried Michigan, Minnesota, and South Dakota; in the West, California, and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2008a132_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2008a132-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt garnered a <a href="/wiki/List_of_third_party_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="List of third party performances in United States presidential elections">higher share of the popular vote</a> than any other third-party presidential candidate in history and won the most states of any third-party candidate after the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnthirdparty1_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnthirdparty1-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_American_expedition_(1913–1914)"><span id="South_American_expedition_.281913.E2.80.931914.29"></span>South American expedition (1913–1914)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Rondon_Scientific_Expedition" title="Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition">Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River-doubt-team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/River-doubt-team.jpg/220px-River-doubt-team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/River-doubt-team.jpg/330px-River-doubt-team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/River-doubt-team.jpg/440px-River-doubt-team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Left to right (seated): Father John Augustine Zahm, Cândido Rondon, Kermit Roosevelt, Cherrie, Miller, four Brazilians, Roosevelt, Fiala. Only Roosevelt, Kermit, Cherrie, Rondon, and the Brazilians traveled down the River of Doubt.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1907 a friend of Roosevelt's, <a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Zahm" title="John Augustine Zahm">John Augustine Zahm</a>, invited Roosevelt to help plan a research expedition to South America. To finance it, Roosevelt obtained support from the American Museum of Natural History in return for promising to bring back new animal specimens. Roosevelt's popular book, <i>Through the Brazilian Wilderness</i><sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes his expedition into the Brazilian jungle in 1913 as a member of the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition, co-named after its leader, Brazilian <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Rondon" title="Cândido Rondon">Cândido Rondon</a>. </p><p>Once in South America, a more ambitious goal was added: to find the headwaters of the river Duvida and trace it north to the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_River" title="Madeira River">Madeira</a> and thence to the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon River</a>. Duvida was later renamed <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_River" title="Roosevelt River">Roosevelt River</a>. Roosevelt's crew consisted of his son <a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit</a>, Colonel Rondon, naturalist <a href="/wiki/George_Kruck_Cherrie" title="George Kruck Cherrie">George Kruck Cherrie</a>, Brazilian Lieutenant João Lira, team physician José Antonio Cajazeira, and 16 skilled paddlers and porters.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial expedition started tenuously on December 9, 1913, at the height of rainy season. The trip down Duvida started on February 27, 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt suffered a minor leg wound after he jumped in to try to prevent canoes from smashing against the rocks. The flesh wound he received, however, soon gave him <a href="/wiki/Tropical_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical fever">tropical fever</a> that resembled the <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> he had contracted while in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-oimjjac_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oimjjac-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infection weakened Roosevelt so greatly that six weeks in, he had to be attended to constantly by the expedition's physician and Kermit. By then, he could not walk because of the infection and an infirmity in the other leg, due to a traffic accident a decade earlier. Roosevelt had chest pains and a fever that soared to 103 °F (39 °C) and made him delirious. Regarding his condition as a threat to others' survival, Roosevelt insisted he be left behind to allow the poorly provisioned expedition to proceed, preparing to commit suicide with <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>. Only an appeal by his son persuaded him to continue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270_271-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Roosevelt's continued decline and loss of 50 pounds (23 kg), Rondon reduced the pace for map-making, which required regular stops to fix their position by sun-based survey. Upon Roosevelt's return to New York, friends and family were startled by his physical appearance and fatigue. Roosevelt wrote, perhaps prophetically, to a friend that it had cut his life short by ten years. For the rest of his few remaining years, he would be plagued by flare-ups of malaria and leg inflammations so severe as to require surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer19194–7_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer19194–7-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before Roosevelt had even completed his sea voyage home, critics raised doubts over his claims of exploring and navigating a completely uncharted river over 625 miles (1,006 km) long. When he had recovered sufficiently, he addressed a standing-room-only convention organized in Washington, by the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> and satisfactorily defended his claims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270_271-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years">Final years</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_World_War_I_volunteers" title="Roosevelt's World War I volunteers">Roosevelt's World War I volunteers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg/220px-TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg/330px-TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg/440px-TheodoreRooseveltportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1914–1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt returned to the U.S. in May 1914. Though he was outraged by the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson Administration</a>'s conclusion of a treaty that expressed "sincere regret" for the way in which the U.S. had acquired the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>, he was impressed by many reforms passed. Roosevelt made campaign appearances for the Progressives, but the <a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_elections" title="1914 United States elections">1914 elections</a> were a disaster for the fledgling third party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992539–540_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992539–540-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt began to envision another campaign for president, this time with himself at the head of the Republican Party, but conservative party leaders remained opposed to Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992548–549_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992548–549-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In hopes of engineering a joint nomination, the Progressives scheduled the <a href="/wiki/1916_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1916 Progressive National Convention">1916 Progressive National Convention</a> at the same time as the <a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 Republican National Convention</a>. When the Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes, Roosevelt declined the Progressive nomination and urged his Progressive followers to support the Republican candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992550–551_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992550–551-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Roosevelt had long disliked Hughes, he disliked Wilson even more, and campaigned energetically for the Republican nominee. However, Wilson won the <a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916 election</a> by a narrow margin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992552–553_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992552–553-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Progressives disappeared as a party, and Roosevelt and many of his followers re-joined the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-mmcgeary1_278-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmcgeary1-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_I">World War I</h4></div> <p>When the First World War began in 1914, Roosevelt strongly supported the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> and demanded a harsher policy against Germany, especially regarding submarine warfare. Roosevelt angrily denounced the foreign policy of Wilson, calling it a failure regarding the <a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">atrocities in Belgium</a> and the violations of American rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997749–751,_806–809_279-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997749–751,_806–809-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, while campaigning for Hughes, Roosevelt repeatedly denounced Irish Americans and German Americans whom he described as unpatriotic; he insisted that one had to be 100% American, not a "<a href="/wiki/Hyphenated_American" title="Hyphenated American">hyphenated American</a>" who juggled multiple loyalties. In March 1917, Congress gave Roosevelt the authority to raise a maximum of four divisions similar to the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917347_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917347-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-1917-0313_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1917-0313-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, President Wilson announced to the press that he would not send Roosevelt and his volunteers to France, but instead an American Expeditionary Force under the command of General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-1917-0517_282-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-1917-0517-282"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>280<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt never forgave Wilson, and published <i>The Foes of Our Own Household</i>, an indictment of the sitting president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917_283-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917-283"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>281<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997781–784_284-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997781–784-284"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>282<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-285" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-285"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>283<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's youngest son, Quentin, a pilot with the American forces in France, was killed when shot down behind German lines on July 14, 1918, aged 20. Roosevelt never recovered from his loss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507_286-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="League_of_Nations">League of Nations</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></div> <p>Roosevelt was an early supporter of the modern view that there needs to be a global order. In his Nobel prize address of 1910, he said, "it would be a master stroke if those great Powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace, not only to keep the peace among themselves, but to prevent, by force if necessary, its being broken by others."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle1931519_287-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1931519-287"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>285<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have executive power such as the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a> lacked. He called for American participation. </p><p>When World War I broke out, Roosevelt proposed "a World League for the Peace of Righteousness", in September 1914, which would preserve sovereignty but limit armaments and require arbitration. He added it should be "solemnly covenanted that if any nations refused to abide by the decisions of such a court, then others draw the sword in behalf of peace and justice."<sup id="cite_ref-288" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-288"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>286<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-289" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-289"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>287<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915 he outlined this plan more specifically, urging nations guarantee their entire military force, if necessary, against any nation that refused to carry out arbitration decrees or violated rights of other nations. Though Roosevelt had some concerns about the impact on United States sovereignty, he insisted that such a league would only work if the United States participated as one of the "joint guarantors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992562–564_290-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992562–564-290"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>288<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt referred to this plan in a 1918 speech as "the most feasible for...a league of nations".<sup id="cite_ref-291" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-291"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>289<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-292" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-292"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>290<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time Wilson was strongly hostile to Roosevelt and Lodge and developed his own plans for a different League of Nations. It became reality along Wilson's lines at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919. Roosevelt denounced Wilson's approach but died before it was adopted at Paris. However, Lodge was willing to accept it with serious reservations. In the end, on March 19, 1920, Wilson had Democratic Senators vote against the League with the <a href="/wiki/Lodge_Reservations" title="Lodge Reservations">Lodge Reservations</a> and the United States never joined the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-293" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-293"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>291<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Final_political_activities">Final political activities</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg/220px-1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg/330px-1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg/440px-1914_-_Theodore_Roosevelt_on_balcony_of_Hotel_Allen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2307" data-file-height="2743" /></a><figcaption>Former President Theodore Roosevelt in <a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, Pennsylvania</a> in 1914</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt's attacks on Wilson helped the Republicans win control of Congress in the midterm elections of 1918. He declined a request from New York Republicans to run for another gubernatorial term, but attacked Wilson's <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a>, calling instead for the unconditional surrender of Germany. Though his health was uncertain, he was seen as a leading contender for the 1920 Republican nomination, but insisted that, "If they take me, they'll have to take me without a single modification of the things that I have always stood for!"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559_294-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>, "I wish to do everything in my power to make the Republican Party the Party of sane, constructive radicalism, just as it was under Lincoln." Accordingly, he told the 1918 state convention of the Maine Republican Party that he stood for old-age pensions, insurance for sickness and unemployment, construction of public housing for low-income families, the reduction of working hours, aid to farmers, and more regulation of large corporations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559_294-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559-294"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>292<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his political profile remained high, Roosevelt's physical condition deteriorated throughout 1918 due to the long-term effects of jungle diseases. He was hospitalized for seven weeks and never fully recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992564–566_295-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992564–566-295"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>293<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg/220px-Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg/330px-Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg/440px-Theodore_and_Edith_Roosevelt_Grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Theodore and <a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a>'s Grave at Youngs Memorial Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of January 5, 1919, Roosevelt suffered breathing problems. After receiving treatment from his physician, George W. Faller, he felt better and went to bed. Roosevelt's last words were either "Please put out that light, James"<sup id="cite_ref-DeathNews_296-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathNews-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "James, will you please put out the light.",<sup id="cite_ref-297" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-297"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>295<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-298" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-298"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>296<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said to his family servant <a href="/wiki/James_E._Amos" title="James E. Amos">James E. Amos</a>. Between 4:00 and 4:15 the next morning, Roosevelt died at the age of 60 in his sleep at <a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagamore Hill (house)">Sagamore Hill</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_embolism" title="Pulmonary embolism">pulmonary embolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeathNews_296-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeathNews-296"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>294<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon receiving word of his death, his son Archibald telegraphed his siblings: "The old lion is dead."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507_286-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507-286"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>284<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodrow Wilson's vice president, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a>, said that "Death had to take Roosevelt sleeping, for if he had been awake, there would have been a fight."<sup id="cite_ref-299" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-299"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>297<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a private farewell service in the North Room at Sagamore Hill, a simple funeral was held at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Episcopal_Church_in_Oyster_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay">Christ Episcopal Church in Oyster Bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556_300-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice President Thomas R. Marshall, former New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>, Senators <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, and former President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> were among the mourners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556_300-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556-300"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>298<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procession route to <a href="/wiki/Youngs_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Youngs Memorial Cemetery">Youngs Memorial Cemetery</a> was lined with spectators and a squad of mounted policemen who had ridden from New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_556–557_301-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_556–557-301"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>299<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was buried on a hillside overlooking Oyster Bay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_557_302-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_557-302"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>300<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writer">Writer</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_bibliography" title="Theodore Roosevelt bibliography">Theodore Roosevelt bibliography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Roosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg" title="File:Roosevelt - Address to the Boys Progressive League.ogg">Address to the Boys Progressive League</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="92" data-mwtitle="Roosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Roosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/Roosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg/Roosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ARoosevelt_-_Address_to_the_Boys_Progressive_League.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A speech by Roosevelt as a former President</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Roosevelt was a prolific author, writing with passion on subjects ranging from foreign policy to the importance of the national park system. Roosevelt was also an avid reader of poetry. Poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a> said that Roosevelt "was our kind. He quoted poetry to me. He knew poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-303" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-303"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>301<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlook_(New_York_City)" title="The Outlook (New York City)">The Outlook</a></i>, Roosevelt had weekly access to a large, educated national audience. In all, Roosevelt wrote about 18 books (each in several editions), including his autobiography,<sup id="cite_ref-304" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-304"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>302<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Rough Riders</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-305" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-305"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>303<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>History of the Naval War of 1812</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-306" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-306"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>304<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others on subjects such as ranching, explorations, and wildlife. His most ambitious book was the four-volume narrative <i>The Winning of the West</i>, focused on the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a> in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Roosevelt said that the American character—indeed a new "American race"—had emerged from the heroic wilderness hunters and Indian fighters, acting on the frontier with little government help.<sup id="cite_ref-307" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-307"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>305<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, Roosevelt became embroiled in a widely publicized literary debate known as the <a href="/wiki/Nature_fakers_controversy" title="Nature fakers controversy">nature fakers controversy</a>. A few years earlier, naturalist <a href="/wiki/John_Burroughs" title="John Burroughs">John Burroughs</a> had published an article entitled "Real and Sham Natural History" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i>, attacking popular writers of the day such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thompson_Seton" title="Ernest Thompson Seton">Ernest Thompson Seton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._D._Roberts" title="Charles G. D. Roberts">Charles G. D. Roberts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_J._Long" title="William J. Long">William J. Long</a> for their fantastical representations of wildlife. Roosevelt agreed with Burroughs's criticisms and published several essays denouncing the booming genre of "naturalistic" animal stories as "yellow journalism of the woods". It was the President himself who popularized the negative term "nature faker" to describe writers who depicted their animal characters with excessive anthropomorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-308" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-308"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>306<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_and_beliefs">Character and beliefs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SagamoreHill.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SagamoreHill.JPG/220px-SagamoreHill.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SagamoreHill.JPG/330px-SagamoreHill.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/SagamoreHill.JPG/440px-SagamoreHill.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2781" data-file-height="2134" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill" title="Sagamore Hill">Sagamore Hill</a>, Roosevelt's estate on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>British scholar <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cunliffe" title="Marcus Cunliffe">Marcus Cunliffe</a> evaluates the liberal argument that Roosevelt was an opportunist, exhibitionist, and imperialist. Cunliffe praises Roosevelt's versatility, his respect for law, and his sincerity. He argues that Roosevelt's foreign policy was better than his detractors allege. Cunliffe calls him "a big man in several respects".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe1955_309-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe1955-309"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>307<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt was a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a><sup id="cite_ref-310" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-310"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>308<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and member of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-311" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-311"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>309<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a member of <a href="/wiki/The_Explorers_Club" title="The Explorers Club">The Explorers Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-312" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-312"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>310<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt had a lifelong interest in pursuing what he called, in an 1899 speech, "<a href="/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" title="The Strenuous Life">The Strenuous Life</a>". To this end, he exercised regularly and took up boxing, tennis, hiking, rowing, polo, and horseback riding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer191922–24Chapter_XVII_313-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer191922–24Chapter_XVII-313"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>311<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As governor of New York, he boxed with sparring partners several times each week, a practice he regularly continued as president until being hit so hard in the face he became blind in his left eye (a fact not made public until many years later). Roosevelt began to believe in the utility of <a href="/wiki/Jiu-jitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiu-jitsu">jiu-jitsu</a> training after training with <a href="/wiki/Yamashita_Yoshitsugu" title="Yamashita Yoshitsugu">Yoshitsugu Yamashita</a>. Concerned that the U.S. would lose its military supremacy to rising powers like Japan, Roosevelt began to advocate for jiu-jitsu training for American soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_314-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was an enthusiastic <a href="/wiki/Singlestick" title="Singlestick">singlestick</a> player and, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>, showed up at a White House reception with his arm bandaged after a bout with General <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a> in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-315" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-315"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>313<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg/220px-1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg/330px-1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg/440px-1905_cartoon_Theodore_Roosevelt_first_and_war_first_in_peace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>"The Man of the Hour", depicting Roosevelt as warrior in 1898 and peacemaker in 1905, settling war between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians have often emphasized Roosevelt's warrior persona.<sup id="cite_ref-316" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-316"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>314<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard D. White Jr states, "Roosevelt's warrior spirit framed his views of national politics, [and] international relations."<sup id="cite_ref-317" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-317"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>315<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took aggressive positions regarding war with Spain in 1898, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Panama_Canal" title="History of the Panama Canal">Colombia in 1903</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-318" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-318"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>316<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially with Germany, from 1915 to 1917. As a demonstration of American naval might, he sent the <a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a> around the world in 1907–1909.<sup id="cite_ref-319" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-319"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>317<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He boasted in his autobiography: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When I left the Presidency I finished seven and a half years of administration, during which not one shot had been fired against a foreign foe. We were at absolute peace, and there was no nation in the world with whom a war cloud threatened, no nation in the world whom we had wronged, or from whom we had anything to fear. The cruise of the battle fleet was not the least of the causes which ensured so peaceful an outlook.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913602_320-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913602-320"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>318<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_K._Beale" title="Howard K. Beale">Howard K. Beale</a> has argued: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He and his associates came close to seeking war for its own sake. Ignorant of modern war, Roosevelt romanticized war. ... Like many young men tamed by civilization into law-abiding but adventurous living, he needed an outlet for the pent-up primordial man in him and found it in fighting and killing, vicariously or directly, in hunting or in war. Indeed he had a fairly good time in war when war came. ... There was something dull and effeminate about peace. ... He gloried in war, was thrilled by military history, and placed warlike qualities high in his scale of values. Without consciously desiring it, he thought a little war now and then stimulated admirable qualities in men. Certainly preparedness for war did.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale195648_321-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale195648-321"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>319<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Roosevelt often praised moral behavior but apparently never made a spiritual confession of his own faith. After the 1884 death of his wife, he almost never mentioned Jesus in public or private. His rejection of dogma and spirituality, says biographer William Harbaugh, led to a broad tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963214–217_322-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963214–217-322"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>320<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt publicly encouraged church attendance and was a conscientious churchgoer himself, a lifelong adherent of the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_America" title="Reformed Church in America">Dutch Reformed church</a>. When gas rationing was introduced during the First World War, he walked the three miles from his home to the local church and back, even after a serious operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922355_323-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922355-323"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>321<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Christian Reisner, "Religion was as natural to Mr. Roosevelt as breathing",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922324_324-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922324-324"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>322<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the travel library for Roosevelt's famous <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian%E2%80%93Roosevelt_African_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian–Roosevelt African Expedition">Smithsonian-sponsored African expedition</a> was being assembled, the Bible was, according to his sister, "the first book selected".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306_325-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an address delivered to the Long Island Bible Society in 1901, Roosevelt declared that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Every thinking man, when he thinks, realizes what a very large number of people tend to forget, that the teachings of the Bible are so interwoven and entwined with our whole civic and social life that it would be literally—I do not mean figuratively, I mean literally—impossible for us to figure to ourselves what that life would be if these teachings were removed. We would lose almost all the standards by which we now judge both public and private morals; all the standards toward which we, with more or less of resolution, strive to raise ourselves. Almost every man who has by his lifework added to the sum of human achievement of which the race is proud, has based his lifework largely upon the teachings of the Bible ... Among the greatest men a disproportionately large number have been diligent and close students of the Bible at first hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306_325-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306-325"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>323<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_positions">Political positions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt">Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> <p>When he assumed the presidency, Roosevelt reassured many conservatives, stating that "the mechanism of modern business is so delicate that extreme care must be taken not to interfere with it in a spirit of rashness or ignorance."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530–31_326-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530–31-326"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>324<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Roosevelt asserted the president's independence from business interests by opposing the merger which created the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company</a>, and many were surprised that any president, much less an unelected one, would challenge powerful banker <a href="/wiki/J.P._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="J.P. Morgan">J.P. Morgan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201532–33_327-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201532–33-327"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>325<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his last two years as president, Roosevelt became increasingly distrustful of <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a>, despite its close ties to the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-328" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-328"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>326<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt sought to replace the 19th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> economic environment with a new economic model which included a larger regulatory role for the federal government. He believed that 19th-century entrepreneurs had risked their fortunes on innovations and new businesses, and that these capitalists had been rightly rewarded. By contrast, he believed that 20th-century capitalists risked little but nonetheless reaped huge and, given the lack of risk, unjust, economic rewards. Without a redistribution of wealth away from the upper class, Roosevelt feared that the country would turn to radicals or fall to revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001430–431,_436_329-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001430–431,_436-329"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>327<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a> domestic program had three main goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. The Square Deal evolved into his program of "<a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a>", which emphasized the priority of labor over capital interests and a need to more effectively control corporate creation and combination, and proposed a ban on corporate political contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675_219-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_beliefs">Foreign policy beliefs</h3></div> <p>In the analysis by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>, Roosevelt was the first president to develop the guideline that it was the duty of the United States to make its enormous power and potential influence felt globally. The idea of being a passive "city on the hill" model that others could look up to, he rejected. Roosevelt, trained in biology, was a <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">social Darwinist</a> who believed in survival of the fittest. The international world in his view was a realm of violence and conflict. The United States had all the economic and geographical potential to be the fittest nation on the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-330" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-330"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>328<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States had a duty to act decisively. For example, in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>, the United States had to prevent European incursions in the Western Hemisphere. But there was more, as he expressed in his <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a> to the Monroe Doctrine: the U.S. had to be the policeman of the region because unruly, corrupt smaller nations had to be controlled, and if United States did not do it, European powers would in fact intervene and develop their own base of power in the hemisphere in contravention to the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-331" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-331"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>329<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Roosevelt was a realist and a conservative.<sup id="cite_ref-332" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-332"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>330<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He deplored many of the increasingly popular idealistic liberal themes, such as were promoted by <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, the anti-imperialists, and <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. Kissinger says he rejected the efficacy of international law. Roosevelt argued that if a country could not protect its own interests, the international community could not help very much. He ridiculed disarmament proposals that were increasingly common. He saw no likelihood of an international power capable of checking wrongdoing on a major scale. As for world government:</p><blockquote><p> I regard the Wilson–Bryan attitude of trusting to fantastic peace treaties, too impossible promises, to all kinds of scraps of paper without any backing in efficient force, as abhorrent. It is infinitely better for a nation and for the world to have the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> tradition as regards foreign policy than to have the Bryan or Bryan–Wilson attitude as a permanent national attitude.... A milk-and-water righteousness unbacked by force is...as wicked as and even more mischievous than force divorced from righteousness.<sup id="cite_ref-333" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-333"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>331<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On his international outlook, Roosevelt favored <a href="/wiki/Spheres_of_influence" class="mw-redirect" title="Spheres of influence">spheres of influence</a>, whereby one great power would generally prevail, such as the United States in the Western Hemisphere or Great Britain in the Indian subcontinent. Japan fit that role and he approved. However, he had deep distrust of both Germany and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-334" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-334"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>332<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>Historians credit Roosevelt for changing the nation's political system by placing the "<a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">bully pulpit</a>" of the presidency at center stage and emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Character_(persona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Character (persona)">character</a> as much as issues. His accomplishments include trust busting and conservationism. He is a hero to <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressives</a> for his early proposals that foreshadowed the modern welfare state, including <a href="/wiki/Direct_tax" title="Direct tax">federal taxation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labor reforms</a>, and more <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conservationists" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservationists">Conservationists</a> admire Roosevelt for prioritizing the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">selflessness</a> towards future generations. <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalists</a> respect his commitment to <a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">law and order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">civic duty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">military values</a>. Dalton states, "Today he is heralded as the architect of the modern presidency, as a world leader who boldly reshaped the office to meet the needs of the new century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton20024–5_335-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20024–5-335"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>333<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liberals and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">socialists</a> criticize his <a href="/wiki/Intervention_(international_law)" title="Intervention (international law)">interventionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">imperialist</a> approach, while <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarians</a> reject his vision of the welfare state. <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historians typically rank</a> Roosevelt among the top five presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-336" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-336"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>334<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-337" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-337"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>335<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persona_and_masculinity">Persona and masculinity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG/350px-Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG/525px-Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG/700px-Many_Roles_of_Theodore_Roosevelt.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>A 1910 cartoon depicting Roosevelt's many roles from 1899 to 1910</figcaption></figure> <p>Dalton says Roosevelt is remembered as "one of the most picturesque personalities who has ever enlivened the landscape".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton20025_338-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20025-338"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>336<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His friend, historian <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a>, proclaimed: "Roosevelt, more than any other man... showed the singular primitive quality that belongs to ultimate matter—the quality that medieval theology assigned to God—he was pure act".<sup id="cite_ref-339" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-339"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>337<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooper compared him with Woodrow Wilson, highlighting their roles as warrior and priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1983_340-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1983-340"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>338<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalton stressed Roosevelt's strenuous life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2002_341-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2002-341"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>339<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brands calls Roosevelt "the last <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a>", viewing his romantic notion of life as emerging from his belief in physical bravery as the highest virtue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997x_342-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997x-342"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>340<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Henry F. Pringle</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> for <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (1931), stated the "Roosevelt of later years was the most adolescent of men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle19314_343-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle19314-343"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>341<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt as the exemplar of American masculinity has become a major theme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesti19951513_344-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETesti19951513-344"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>342<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-345" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-345"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>343<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He often warned that men were becoming too complacent, failing in their duties to propagate the race and exhibit masculine vigor.<sup id="cite_ref-346" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-346"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>344<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Serge_Ricard" title="Serge Ricard">Serge Ricard</a> noted that Roosevelt's advocacy of the "Strenuous Life" made him an ideal subject for psycho-historical analysis of aggressive manhood in his era.<sup id="cite_ref-347" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-347"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>345<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He promoted competitive sports for physically strengthening American men<sup id="cite_ref-:0_314-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-314"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>312<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supported organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts</a>, to mold and strengthen the character of American boys.<sup id="cite_ref-348" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-348"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>346<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brands shows that heroic displays of bravery were central to Roosevelt's image: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> What makes the hero a hero is the romantic notion that he stands above the tawdry give and take of everyday politics, occupying an ethereal realm where partisanship gives way to patriotism, and division to unity, and where the nation regains its lost innocence...<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997372_349-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997372-349"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>347<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> In 1902, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9obald_Chartran" title="Théobald Chartran">Théobald Chartran</a> was commissioned to paint Roosevelt's presidential portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_350-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-351" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-351"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>349<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt hid it in a closet before having it destroyed because it made him look like a "meek kitten".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_350-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt instead chose <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a> to paint his portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_350-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-350"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>348<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials_and_cultural_depictions">Memorials and cultural depictions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of memorials to Theodore Roosevelt">List of memorials to Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt">Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:284px;max-width:284px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_(by-sa)-3_new.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg/282px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg/423px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg/564px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29-3_new.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Roosevelt, second from right, on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg/152px-MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg/228px-MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg/304px-MtRushmore_TR_close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="875" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A close up of Roosevelt's face on Mount Rushmore</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Roosevelt was included with Presidents <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore Memorial</a>, designed in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-352" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-352"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>350<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-353" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-353"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>351<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt's "<a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick</a>" ideology is still quoted by politicians and columnists—not only in English, but in many translations.<sup id="cite_ref-354" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-354"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>352<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another popular legacy is the <a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">teddy bear</a>—named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530_355-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530-355"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>353<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For his gallantry at San Juan Hill, Roosevelt's commanders recommended him for the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>. However, the recommendation lacked any eyewitnesses, and the effort was tainted by Roosevelt's lobbying of the War Department.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2018153–154_356-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2018153–154-356"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>354<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, Roosevelt's supporters again recommended the award, which was denied by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a> on the basis the decorations board determined "Roosevelt's bravery in battle did not rise to the level that would justify the Medal of Honor and, indeed, it did not rise to the level of men who fought in that engagement."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2018154_357-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2018154-357"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>355<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, politicians apparently convinced the secretary to reconsider and reverse himself, leading to the charge it was a "politically motivated award".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2018155_358-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2018155-358"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>356<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> awarded Theodore Roosevelt the Medal of Honor for his charge.<sup id="cite_ref-MoH2001_359-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoH2001-359"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>357<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the only president to have received it.<sup id="cite_ref-360" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-360"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>358<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> named two ships for Roosevelt: the <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(SSBN-600)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (SSBN-600)</a>, a submarine in commission from 1961 to 1982, and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (CVN-71)</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> on active duty in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atlantic_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Atlantic Fleet">Atlantic Fleet</a> since 1986. Roosevelt has appeared on five U.S. Postage stamps, the first being issued in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-361" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-361"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>359<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> released a 6¢ <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Issue" title="Liberty Issue">Liberty Issue</a> postage stamp honoring Roosevelt. A 32¢ stamp was issued in 1998, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Celebrate_the_Century" title="Celebrate the Century">Celebrate the Century</a> series.<sup id="cite_ref-362" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-362"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>360<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-363" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-363"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>361<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="America the Beautiful Quarters">America the Beautiful Quarters</a> series features Roosevelt riding a horse on the national park's quarter. Asteroid <a href="/wiki/188693_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="188693 Roosevelt">188693 Roosevelt</a>, discovered in 2005, was named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-object_364-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-object-364"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>362<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official <a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names:_188001%E2%80%93189000#693" title="Meanings of minor-planet names: 188001–189000">naming citation</a> was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on November 8, 2019 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 118221</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_365-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-365"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>363<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peary" title="Robert Peary">Robert Peary</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Range" title="Roosevelt Range">Roosevelt Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Land" title="Roosevelt Land">Roosevelt Land</a> after him.<sup id="cite_ref-366" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-366"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>364<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt has also been portrayed in films and television series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brighty_of_the_Grand_Canyon" title="Brighty of the Grand Canyon">Brighty of the Grand Canyon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_and_the_Lion" title="The Wind and the Lion">The Wind and the Lion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Riders (film)">Rough Riders</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Friend_Flicka_(TV_series)" title="My Friend Flicka (TV series)">My Friend Flicka</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-367" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-367"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>365<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Plainsman" title="Law of the Plainsman">Law of the Plainsman</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Williams" title="Robin Williams">Robin Williams</a> portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax <a href="/wiki/Mannequin" title="Mannequin">mannequin</a> that comes to life in <i><a href="/wiki/Night_at_the_Museum" title="Night at the Museum">Night at the Museum</a></i> and its sequels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane2017_368-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane2017-368"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>366<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-369" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-369"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>367<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-370" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-370"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>368<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt is the leader of the American civilization in the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_VI" title="Civilization VI">Civilization VI</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-371" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-371"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>369<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For 80 years, <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">an equestrian statue</a> of Roosevelt, sitting above a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and an <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a>, stood in front of New York's <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. In 2022, after years of lobbying by activists, the statue was removed. Museum president <a href="/wiki/Ellen_V._Futter" title="Ellen V. Futter">Ellen V. Futter</a> said the decision did not reflect a judgment about Roosevelt but the sculpture's "hierarchical composition".<sup id="cite_ref-372" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-372"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>370<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pogrebin_373-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogrebin-373"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>371<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiovisual_media">Audiovisual media</h3></div> <p>Roosevelt was one of the first presidents whose voice was recorded for posterity. Several of his recorded speeches survive.<sup id="cite_ref-374" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-374"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>372<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1912 voice recording of <i>The Right of the People to Rule</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-375" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-375"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>373<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which preserves Roosevelt's lower timbre ranges particularly well for its time, is available from the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a> libraries. The audio clip sponsored by the Authentic History Center includes his defense<sup id="cite_ref-376" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-376"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>374<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Progressive Party in 1912, wherein he proclaims it the "party of the people" – in contrast with the other major parties. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv/300px--Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="150" data-mwtitle="Teddy_Roosevelt,_San_Francisco,_1903.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a4/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv/Teddy_Roosevelt%2C_San_Francisco%2C_1903.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Parade for the school children down <a href="/wiki/Van_Ness_Avenue" title="Van Ness Avenue">Van Ness Avenue</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv/300px--Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="225" data-durationhint="35" data-mwtitle="Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv/Teddy_Roosevelt_video_montage.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Collection of film clips of Roosevelt</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt">Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famous_big_game_hunters" class="mw-redirect" title="List of famous big game hunters">List of famous big game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Roosevelt_(1905)" title="SS Roosevelt (1905)">SS <i>Roosevelt</i> (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Roosevelt_(1921)" title="SS President Roosevelt (1921)">SS <i>President Roosevelt</i> (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_General_W._P._Richardson" title="USS General W. P. Richardson">SS <i>President Roosevelt</i> (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear#History" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Digital_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library">Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt was vice president under McKinley and became president after McKinley's assassination in 1901. This was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, and a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election and inauguration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">ROH</span>-zə-velt</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris19793-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris19793_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1979">Morris 1979</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm">"Anna Roosevelt – Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517084507/https://www.nps.gov/thrb/learn/historyculture/annaroosevelt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anna+Roosevelt+%E2%80%93+Theodore+Roosevelt+Birthplace+National+Historic+Site+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fthrb%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fannaroosevelt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnuzmvrqPvdICpgPA93_93–108]-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1981[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidnuzmvrqPvdICpgPA93_93–108]_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1981">McCullough 1981</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC&pg=PA93">93–108</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam195823–27-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam195823–27_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1958">Putnam 1958</a>, pp. 23–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-environment-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-environment_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224215129/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html">"TR's Legacy — The Environment"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/tr/envir.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TR%27s+Legacy+%E2%80%94+The+Environment&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Ftr%2Fenvir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191313-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191313_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1913">Roosevelt 1913</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam195863–70-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam195863–70_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1958">Putnam 1958</a>, pp. 63–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETesti19951516–1517-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesti19951516–1517_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTesti1995">Testi 1995</a>, pp. 1516–1517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191332–33-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191332–33_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1913">Roosevelt 1913</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands1998" class="citation book cs1">Brands (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7jMw0bwRy8C&pg=PA49"><i>T.R.: The Last Romantic</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06959-0"><bdi>978-0-465-06959-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415214921/https://books.google.com/books?id=J7jMw0bwRy8C&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T.R.%3A+The+Last+Romantic&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06959-0&rft.au=Brands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7jMw0bwRy8C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2013" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Edward P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EcZWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26"><i>Heir to the Empire City: New York and the Making of Theodore Roosevelt</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06975-0"><bdi>978-0-465-06975-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415213639/https://books.google.com/books?id=EcZWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26">Archived</a> from the original on April 15, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heir+to+the+Empire+City%3A+New+York+and+the+Making+of+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06975-0&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEcZWAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller199280–82-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller199280–82_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT14-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT14_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulik2014" class="citation news cs1">Bulik, Mark (July 18, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222113116/https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2014/07/18/1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune/">"First Glimpses: 1878: Theodore Roosevelt Inherits a Fortune"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/times-insider/2014/07/18/1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune/">the original</a> on December 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=First+Glimpses%3A+1878%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+Inherits+a+Fortune&rft.date=2014-07-18&rft.aulast=Bulik&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Ftimes-insider%2F2014%2F07%2F18%2F1878-theodore-roosevelt-inherits-a-fortune%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Mornings_on_Horseback" title="Mornings on Horseback">Mornings on Horseback</a>: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6714-4754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6714-4754-0"><bdi>978-0-6714-4754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mornings+on+Horseback%3A+The+Story+of+an+Extraordinary+Family%2C+a+Vanished+Way+of+Life+and+the+Unique+Child+Who+Became+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-6714-4754-0&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands199762-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands199762_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle193127-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle193127_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1931">Pringle 1931</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997110–112,_123–133._quote_p._126_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 110–112, 123–133. quote p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191335-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt191335_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1913">Roosevelt 1913</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979565-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979565_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1979">Morris 1979</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mjcrawford1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mjcrawford1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2002" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Michael J. (April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713113248/http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pdf_crawford.pdf">"The Lasting Influence of Theodore Roosevelt's Naval War of 1812"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Naval History</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/pdf_crawford.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Naval+History&rft.atitle=The+Lasting+Influence+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2002-04&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijnhonline.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F01%2Fpdf_crawford.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsten1971" class="citation journal cs1">Karsten, Peter (1971). "The Nature of "Influence": Roosevelt, Mahan and the Concept of Sea Power". <i>American Quarterly</i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2711707">10.2307/2711707</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2711707">2711707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+%22Influence%22%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Mahan+and+the+Concept+of+Sea+Power&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E600&rft.date=1971&rft.issn=0003-0678&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2711707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2711707&rft.aulast=Karsten&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Turk, <i>The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/2008464/the-ambiguous-relationship-theodore-roosevelt-and">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160611162223/https://www.questia.com/library/2008464/the-ambiguous-relationship-theodore-roosevelt-and">Archived</a> June 11, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanby2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Danby, Nicholas (February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2021/february/roots-roosevelts-navalism">"The Roots of Roosevelt's Navalism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_History" title="Naval History">Naval History</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+History&rft.atitle=The+Roots+of+Roosevelt%27s+Navalism&rft.date=2021-02&rft.aulast=Danby&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2021%2Ffebruary%2Froots-roosevelts-navalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992104-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992104_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992154–158-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992154–158_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 154–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997166-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997166_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979232-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979232_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1979">Morris 1979</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997134–140-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997134–140_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 134–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992138–139-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992138–139_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 138–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992140–142-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992140–142_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 140–142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/01/106134466.pdf">"Mr Sheard to be Speaker"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 1, 1884. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225073137/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1884/01/01/106134466.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mr+Sheard+to+be+Speaker&rft.date=1884-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1884%2F01%2F01%2F106134466.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992153-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992153_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward P. Kohn, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'A Most Revolting State of Affairs': Theodore Roosevelt's Aldermanic Bill and the New York Assembly City Investigating Committee of 1884", <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i> (2009) 10#1 pp: 71–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958413–424-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958413–424_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1958">Putnam 1958</a>, pp. 413–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997171-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997171_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445–450-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445–450_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1958">Putnam 1958</a>, pp. 445–450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle195661-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle195661_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1956">Pringle 1956</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958445_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1958">Putnam 1958</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958467-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPutnam1958467_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPutnam1958">Putnam 1958</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992161-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992161_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm">"Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902213054/https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+the+Rancher&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fthro%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Ftheodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1902" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56"><i>Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail</i></a>. Century. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47340-6"><bdi>978-0-486-47340-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023213/http://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA56">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ranch+Life+and+the+Hunting+Trail&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1902&rft.isbn=978-0-486-47340-6&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBY4-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisey2009" class="citation book cs1">Morrisey, Will (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oS2Kcqjl-VgC&pg=PA41"><i>The Dilemma of Progressivism: How Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson Reshaped the American Regime of Self-Government</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6618-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6618-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6618-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406172847/http://books.google.com/books?id=oS2Kcqjl-VgC&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dilemma+of+Progressivism%3A+How+Roosevelt%2C+Taft%2C+and+Wilson+Reshaped+the+American+Regime+of+Self-Government&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6618-7&rft.aulast=Morrisey&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoS2Kcqjl-VgC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997191-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997191_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997189-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997189_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore Roosevelt National Park, "Roosevelt Pursues the Boat Thieves" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/thro/learn/historyculture/roosevelt-pursues-boat-thieves.htm">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979376-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979376_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1979">Morris 1979</a>, p. 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm">"Theodore Roosevelt the Rancher"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150208112452/http://www.nps.gov/thro/historyculture/theodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2015</span>. <q>The blow proved disastrous for Roosevelt, who lost over half of his $80,000 investment, the equivalent of approximately $1.7 million today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+the+Rancher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fthro%2Fhistoryculture%2Ftheodore-roosevelt-the-rancher.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992163–164-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992163–164_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 163–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catherine Forslund, "Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt: The Victorian Modern First Lady" in <i>A Companion to First Ladies</i> (2016): 298–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1929" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Sir Cecil Spring (1929). Gwynn, S (ed.). <i>The Letters and Friendships</i>. Constable & Co. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+and+Friendships&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Sir+Cecil+Spring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992181–182-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992181–182_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 181–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992193–194-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992193–194_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn2006-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKohn2006_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKohn2006">Kohn 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-everything-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-everything_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp2011" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Arthur G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSdqR6Wp31wC&pg=PA78"><i>The Everything Theodore Roosevelt Book: The Extraordinary Life of an American Icon</i></a>. Adams Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-2729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4405-2729-6"><bdi>978-1-4405-2729-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023635/http://books.google.com/books?id=QSdqR6Wp31wC&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Theodore+Roosevelt+Book%3A+The+Extraordinary+Life+of+an+American+Icon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4405-2729-6&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Arthur+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSdqR6Wp31wC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992183–185-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992183–185_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992197–200-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992197–200_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 197–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992201_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992203-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992203_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992206–207-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992206–207_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer19191–2ch._VI-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer19191–2ch._VI_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThayer1919">Thayer 1919</a>, pp. 1–2, ch. VI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_51]_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishop2007">Bishop 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMEAAAAYAAJ&q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+His+Time+Shown+in+His+Own+Letters">51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992216–221-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992216–221_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 216–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_53]-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKPMEAAAAYAAJqTheodoreRooseveltandHisTimeShowninHisOwnLetters_53]_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishop2007">Bishop 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KPMEAAAAYAAJ&q=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+His+Time+Shown+in+His+Own+Letters">53</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997265–268-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997265–268_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 265–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Chronology". <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/site/c.elKSIdOWIiJ8H/b.9260727/k.7F11/A_Chronology.htm">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304232503/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/site/c.elKSIdOWIiJ8H/b.9260727/k.7F11/A_Chronology.htm">Archived</a> March 4, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed December 2, 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Stuart Berman, <i>Police administration and progressive reform: Theodore Roosevelt as police commissioner of New York</i> (1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiis" class="citation book cs1">Riis, Jacob A. "XIII". <i>The Making of an American</i>. Bartleby. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIII&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+an+American&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bartleby&rft.aulast=Riis&rft.aufirst=Jacob+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997277-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997277_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bully_Pulpit-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bully_Pulpit_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2013" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Delores Kerns (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416547860"><i>The bully pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism</i></a></span> (First Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-4787-7"><bdi>978-1-4165-4787-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bully+pulpit%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+William+Howard+Taft%2C+and+the+Golden+Age+of+journalism&rft.edition=First+Simon+%26+Schuster+hardcover&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-4787-7&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Delores+Kerns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781416547860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997293-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997293_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1902" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Robert C (September 6, 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070802003017/http://www.harpersweekly.org/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=September&Date=6">"Cartoon of the Day"</a>. <i>Harper's Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harpersweekly.org/09cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Month=September&Date=6">the original</a> on August 2, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Weekly&rft.atitle=Cartoon+of+the+Day&rft.date=1902-09-06&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Robert+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harpersweekly.org%2F09cartoon%2FBrowseByDateCartoon.asp%3FMonth%3DSeptember%26Date%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992242–243-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992242–243_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992243–246-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992243–246_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 243–246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemelin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lemelin, David (2011). "Theodore Roosevelt as Assistant Secretary of the Navy: Preparing America for the World Stage". <i>History Matters</i>: <span class="nowrap">13–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Matters&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+as+Assistant+Secretary+of+the+Navy%3A+Preparing+America+for+the+World+Stage&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lemelin&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992253-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992253_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997310–212-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997310–212_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 310–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt2001157–158-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt2001157–158_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt2001">Roosevelt 2001</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992267–268_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997325–326-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997325–326_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 325–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992261,_268-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992261,_268_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 261, 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992271–272-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992271–272_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LOC-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/roughriders.html">"The World of 1989: The Spanish–American War; Rough Riders"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150207100632/http://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/roughriders.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+of+1989%3A+The+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War%3B+Rough+Riders&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fhispanic%2F1898%2Froughriders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992272–274-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992272–274_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 272–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuels1997148-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuels1997148_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuels1997">Samuels 1997</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt2014" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography</i></a>. The Floating Press. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77653-337-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77653-337-4"><bdi>978-1-77653-337-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119023721/https://books.google.com/books?id=TwHCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA244">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=The+Floating+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-77653-337-4&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTwHCAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Rough_Riders-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Rough_Riders_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1898" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/51/">"III"</a>. <i>The Rough Riders</i>. Bartleby. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723190331/http://bartleby.com/51/">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Riders&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Bartleby&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F51%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997356-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997356_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HandyBook-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HandyBook_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatuz2004" class="citation book cs1">Matuz, Roger (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handypresidentsa0000matu"><i>The Handy Presidents Answer Book</i></a></span>. Visible Ink Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7808-0773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7808-0773-0"><bdi>978-0-7808-0773-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handy+Presidents+Answer+Book&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7808-0773-0&rft.aulast=Matuz&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandypresidentsa0000matu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992309–311,_318-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992309–311,_318_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 309–311, 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979674–687-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979674–687_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1979">Morris 1979</a>, pp. 674–687.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChessman19656-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChessman19656_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChessman19656_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChessman1965">Chessman 1965</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1979693-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris1979693_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1979">Morris 1979</a>, p. 693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1908" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ8-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2"><i>The Roosevelt Policy: Speeches, Letters and State Papers, Relating to Corporate Wealth and Closely Allied Topics, of Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States</i></a>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150406171230/http://books.google.com/books?id=bJ8-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roosevelt+Policy%3A+Speeches%2C+Letters+and+State+Papers%2C+Relating+to+Corporate+Wealth+and+Closely+Allied+Topics%2C+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+President+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ8-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997378–379-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997378–379_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 378–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChessman196579-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChessman196579_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChessman1965">Chessman 1965</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992322-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992322_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992331–333-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992331–333_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 331–333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 333–334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334,_338-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992333–334,_338_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 333–334, 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992338-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992338_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992340–341-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992340–341_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 340–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992342-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992342_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997388–405-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997388–405_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 388–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Hilpert, <i>American Cyclone: Theodore Roosevelt and His 1900 Whistle-Stop Campaign</i> (U Press of Mississippi, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChessman1952" class="citation journal cs1">Chessman, G Wallace (1952). "Theodore Roosevelt's Campaign Against the Vice-Presidency". <i>Historian</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">173–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1952.tb00132.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1952.tb00132.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historian&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Campaign+Against+the+Vice-Presidency&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1952.tb00132.x&rft.aulast=Chessman&rft.aufirst=G+Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992346-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992346_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 346.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoltman2015" class="citation news cs1">Woltman, Nick (August 31, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.twincities.com/2015/08/31/roosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later/">"Roosevelt's 'big stick' line at State Fair stuck...later"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_Pioneer_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Cities Pioneer Press">Twin Cities Pioneer Press</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610043645/https://www.twincities.com/2015/08/31/roosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 9,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twin+Cities+Pioneer+Press&rft.atitle=Roosevelt%27s+%27big+stick%27+line+at+State+Fair+stuck...later&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Woltman&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.twincities.com%2F2015%2F08%2F31%2Froosevelts-big-stick-line-at-state-fair-stuck-later%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=74729">"Theodore Roosevelt's Visit to Isle la Motte Historical Marker"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222173837/https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=74729">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Visit+to+Isle+la+Motte+Historical+Marker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D74729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trsite.org/learn/the-day-of-the-inauguration">"The Inauguration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222173838/https://www.trsite.org/learn/the-day-of-the-inauguration">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Inauguration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trsite.org%2Flearn%2Fthe-day-of-the-inauguration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992348–352-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992348–352_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 348–352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992354–356-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992354–356_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 354–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Bully_Pulpit/4W7Q-qr_TSAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Conservatives,+who+had+utterly+dominated+the+Republican+Party+for+three+decades,+feared+the+impulsive+young+president+would+prove+a+%E2%80%9Dbucking+bronco&pg=PA279&printsec=frontcover">The Bully Pulpit Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism By Doris Kearns Goodwin, 2013, P.279-280</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Bully_Pulpit/4W7Q-qr_TSAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Throughout+his+career,+Roosevelt+had+struggled+to+reconcile+party+allegiance+with+the+drive+to+address+social+problems,+a+balancing+act+that+became+more+difficult+as+the+troubling+aspects+of+industrialization+intensified&pg=PA280&printsec=frontcover">The Bully Pulpit Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of Journalism By Doris Kearns Goodwin, 2013, P.281</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewey W. Grantham, "Dinner at the White House: Theodore Roosevelt, Booker T. Washington, and the South." <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i> (1958) 17.2: 112-130 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621372">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023060345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42621372">Archived</a> October 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997422–423-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997422–423_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 422–423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200158-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200158_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERuddy2016-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuddy2016_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuddy2016_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERuddy2016_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRuddy2016">Ruddy 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992365–366-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992365–366_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 365–366.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992378–381-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992378–381_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 378–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997552–553-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997552–553_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 552–553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997553–556-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997553–556_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 553–556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963165–179-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963165–179_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarbaugh1963">Harbaugh 1963</a>, pp. 165–179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997450–483-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997450–483_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 450–483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997509-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997509_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992376–377-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992376–377_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 376–377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974207-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974207_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974208-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974208_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992453–459-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992453–459_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 453–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum197789–117-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum197789–117_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlum1977">Blum 1977</a>, pp. 89–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001445–448-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001445–448_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, pp. 445–448.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992459–460-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992459–460_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 459–460.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProgHealth21-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProgHealth21_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngs2003" class="citation book cs1">Engs, Ruth C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mNeGQRBgd_MC"><i>The progressive era's health reform movement: a historical dictionary</i></a>. Praeger. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97932-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97932-6"><bdi>0-275-97932-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023133/http://books.google.com/books?id=mNeGQRBgd_MC">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+progressive+era%27s+health+reform+movement%3A+a+historical+dictionary&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-97932-6&rft.aulast=Engs&rft.aufirst=Ruth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmNeGQRBgd_MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakari2016-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakari2016_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakari2016">Bakari 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992469–471-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992469–471_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 469–471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2009-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrinkley2009_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrinkley2009">Brinkley 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornaday" class="citation web cs1">Hornaday, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wcsarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/archival_objects/13160">"Membership Nominations"</a>. <i>Wildlife Conservation Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+Conservation+Society&rft.atitle=Membership+Nominations&rft.aulast=Hornaday&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwcsarchives.libraryhost.com%2Frepositories%2F2%2Farchival_objects%2F13160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PA53"><i>Executing the Constitution: Putting the President Back Into the Constitution</i></a>. State University of New York Press. 2006. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8190-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-8190-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161119073515/https://books.google.com/books?id=qgzmexCI734C&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executing+the+Constitution%3A+Putting+the+President+Back+Into+the+Constitution&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8190-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqgzmexCI734C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Take_up_Your_Pen-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Take_up_Your_Pen_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Take_up_Your_Pen_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Take_up_Your_Pen_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2013" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Graham (2013). <i>Take up Your Pen</i>. University of Pennsylvania. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4511-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+up+Your+Pen&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4511-0&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodds2013" class="citation book cs1">Dodds, Graham (2013). <i>Take up Your Pen</i>. University of Pennsylvania. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4511-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4511-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+up+Your+Pen&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4511-0&rft.aulast=Dodds&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-executiveorders-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-executiveorders_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/orders.php">"Executive Orders"</a>. UCSB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820213947/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/data/orders.php">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Orders&rft.pub=UCSB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdata%2Forders.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001495–496-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001495–496_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, pp. 495–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2011239-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2011239_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould2011">Gould 2011</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1925" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4u4h58niE8cC&pg=PA99">"13 - The Puritan Spirit and the Regulation of Corporations"(speech of August 20, 1907)"</a>. In Hermann Hagedorn (ed.). <i>The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Volume 18 - American Problems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Scribner_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribner & Sons">Scribner & Sons</a>. p. 99<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+-+The+Puritan+Spirit+and+the+Regulation+of+Corporations%22%28speech+of+August+20%2C+1907%29&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+Volume+18+-+American+Problems&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Scribner+%26+Sons&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4u4h58niE8cC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a>, September 21, 1907, in <a href="#CITEREFMorison1952">Morison 1952</a>, 5:802</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Michael Morgan, "The anti-Japanese origins of the Hawaiian Annexation treaty of 1897." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 6.1 (1982): 23–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James K. Eyre Jr, "Japan and the American Annexation of the Philippines." <i>Pacific Historical Review</i> 11.1 (1942): 55–71 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632998">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021085938/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3632998">Archived</a> October 21, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. Green, <i>By More Than Providence: Grand Strategy and American Power in the Asia Pacific Since 1783</i> (2019) pp. 78–113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles E. Neu, <i>An Uncertain Friendship: Theodore Roosevelt and Japan, 1906–1909</i> (1967) pp. 310–319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matsumura Masayoshi, "Theodore Roosevelt and the Portsmouth Peace Conference: The Riddle and Ripple of his Forbearance." in <i>Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–5</i> (Global Oriental, 2008) pp. 50–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, pp. 41–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neu, pp. 263–280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas A. Bailey, "The Root-Takahira Agreement of 1908." <i>Pacific historical review</i> 9.1 (1940): 19–35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634124">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051400/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3634124">Archived</a> October 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997614–616-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997614–616_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 614–616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Minami-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Minami_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinami2024" class="citation book cs1">Minami, Kazushi (2024). <i>People's Diplomacy: How Americans and Chinese Transformed US-China Relations during the Cold War</i>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501774157" title="Special:BookSources/9781501774157"><bdi>9781501774157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+Diplomacy%3A+How+Americans+and+Chinese+Transformed+US-China+Relations+during+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781501774157&rft.aulast=Minami&rft.aufirst=Kazushi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter LaFeber, "The 'Lion in the Path': The US Emergence as a World Power." <i>Political Science Quarterly</i> 101.5 (1986): 705-718 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150973">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023062833/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2150973">Archived</a> October 23, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992382–383-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992382–383_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992450–451-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992450–451_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 450–451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992387–388-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992387–388_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 387–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992399–400-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992399–400_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992397–398-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992397–398_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 397–398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997615–616-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997615–616_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 615–616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992384-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992384_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997464-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997464_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997527-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997527_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997482–486-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997482–486_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 482–486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209–210-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974209–210_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974213–214-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974213–214_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, pp. 213–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997570-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997570_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 570.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2014-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2014_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicard2014">Ricard 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forslund-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forslund_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forslund_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForslund2010" class="citation web cs1">Forslund, Catherine (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehousehistory.org/off-for-the-ditch">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Off for the Ditch" - Theodore and Edith Roosevelt Visit Panama in 1906"</a>. <a href="/wiki/White_House_Historical_Association" title="White House Historical Association">White House Historical Association</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Off+for+the+Ditch%22+-+Theodore+and+Edith+Roosevelt+Visit+Panama+in+1906&rft.pub=White+House+Historical+Association&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Forslund&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whitehousehistory.org%2Foff-for-the-ditch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/travels/president/roosevelt-theodore">"Presidential and Secretaries Travels Abroad - Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. Office of the Historian, Foreign Service Institute, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+and+Secretaries+Travels+Abroad+-+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+Foreign+Service+Institute%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fdepartmenthistory%2Ftravels%2Fpresident%2Froosevelt-theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2020" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Heather (June 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.loc.gov/headlinesandheroes/2020/06/theodore-roosevelt-a-president-of-firsts/">"Theodore Roosevelt: A President of "Firsts"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The first president to leave the country during his time in office—On November 9, 1906, Roosevelt embarks from the Chesapeake Bay aboard the U.S.S. Louisiana to inspect the construction of the Panama Canal,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+A+President+of+%22Firsts%22&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.loc.gov%2Fheadlinesandheroes%2F2020%2F06%2Ftheodore-roosevelt-a-president-of-firsts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-american_chronicle-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-american_chronicle_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2006" class="citation news cs1">Rouse, Robert (March 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913094418/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883">"Happy Anniversary to the first scheduled presidential press conference—93 years young!"</a>. American Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/6883">the original</a> on September 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Happy+Anniversary+to+the+first+scheduled+presidential+press+conference%E2%80%9493+years+young%21&rft.date=2006-03-15&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanchronicle.com%2Farticles%2F6883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinbergWeinberg1961" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Arthur; Weinberg, Lila Shaffer (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXMFrIZ68gwC&pg=PA59"><i>The Muckrakers</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06986-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06986-4"><bdi>978-0-252-06986-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427212030/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXMFrIZ68gwC&pg=PA59">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muckrakers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06986-4&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Weinberg%2C+Lila+Shaffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXMFrIZ68gwC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438_180-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992437–438_180-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 437–438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997501–503-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997501–503_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 501–503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997504-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997504_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997507-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997507_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215–216-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974215–216_184-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, pp. 215–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216_185-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216_185-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217_186-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974216–217_186-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997513–514-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997513–514_187-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 513–514.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974217–218-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974217–218_188-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould20122-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould20122_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould2012">Gould 2012</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992463–464-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992463–464_190-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 463–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2011160–166-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2011160–166_191-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicard2011">Ricard 2011</a>, pp. 160–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1974219-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers1974219_192-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers1974">Chambers 1974</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leroy G. Dorsey, "Preaching Morality in Modern America: Theodore Roosevelt's Rhetorical Progressivism." in <i>Rhetoric and Reform in the Progressive Era, A Rhetorical History of the United States: Significant Moments in American Public Discourse</i>, ed. J. Michael Hogan, (Michigan State University Press, 2003), vol 6 pp 49–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua D. Hawley, <i>Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness</i> (2008), p. xvii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Theodore-Roosevelt-Joshua-David-Hawley/dp/0300120109">excerpt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Josh Hawley</a> in 2019 became a Republican senator with intense moralistic rhetoric.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <i>The Independent</i> (February 6, 1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RjAPAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22justified+by+the+advocacy+of+a+system+of+morality%22&pg=PA275">p. 274 online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, "Special message to Congress, January 31, 1908," in (<a href="#CITEREFMorison1952">Morison 1952</a>, vol 5 pp. 1580, 1587); online version at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/message-congress-workers-compensation">UC Santa Barbara, "The American Presidency Project"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992483–485-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992483–485_197-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 483–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997626-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997626_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992488–489-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992488–489_199-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 488–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolvick1963" class="citation journal cs1">Solvick, Stanley D. (1963). "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>50</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">424–</span>442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1902605">10.2307/1902605</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">1902605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=William+Howard+Taft+and+the+Payne-Aldrich+Tariff&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1902605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1902605%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Solvick&rft.aufirst=Stanley+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science1908-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science1908_201-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"President Roosevelt's African Trip". <i>Science</i>. <b>28</b> (729): <span class="nowrap">876–</span>877. December 18, 1908. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1908Sci....28..876.">1908Sci....28..876.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.28.729.876">10.1126/science.28.729.876</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1635075">1635075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17743798">17743798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=President+Roosevelt%27s+African+Trip&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=729&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E876-%3C%2Fspan%3E877&rft.date=1908-12-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.28.729.876&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17743798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1635075%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1908Sci....28..876.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIA-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIA_202-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIA_202-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_193">"Roosevelt African Expedition Collects for SI"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Institution Archives">Smithsonian Institution Archives</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210103131/http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_193">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+African+Expedition+Collects+for+SI&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiarchives.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsiris_sic_193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCevascoHarmond2009" class="citation book cs1">Cevasco, George A. & Harmond, Richard P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mTSIPaCr2DYC&pg=PA444"><i>Modern American Environmentalists: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9524-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9524-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-9524-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116092353/https://books.google.com/books?id=mTSIPaCr2DYC&pg=PA444">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+American+Environmentalists%3A+A+Biographical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9524-1&rft.aulast=Cevasco&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft.au=Harmond%2C+Richard+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmTSIPaCr2DYC%26pg%3DPA444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Toole200567-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Toole200567_204-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Toole2005">O'Toole 2005</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1910" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africangametrail01roos"><i>African Game Trails</i></a>. New York, C. Scribner's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Game+Trails&rft.pub=New+York%2C+C.+Scribner%27s+sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricangametrail01roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505_206-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505–509-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992505–509_207-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 505–509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992511-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992511_208-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992506–507-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992506–507_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 506–507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992503,_511-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992503,_511_210-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 503, 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-93-9672jpg">"Theodore Roosevelt – First Presidential Flight, 1910"</a>. <i>National Air and Space Museum</i>. November 3, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524142502/https://airandspace.si.edu/multimedia-gallery/si-93-9672jpg">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+%E2%80%93+First+Presidential+Flight%2C+1910&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fmultimedia-gallery%2Fsi-93-9672jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nasaw, <i>Carnegie</i> (2006) pp. 650–652, 729–738.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnsberger2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ernsberger, Richard Jr. (October 2018). "A Fool for Peace". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">American History</a></i>. <b>53</b> (4)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+History&rft.atitle=A+Fool+for+Peace&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2018-10&rft.aulast=Ernsberger&rft.aufirst=Richard+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span>; an interview with Nasaw.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997665–666-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997665–666_214-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 665–666.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992502–503-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992502–503_215-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 502–503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley D. Solvick, "The Conservative as Progressive: William Howard Taft and the Politics of the Square Deal" <i>Northwest Ohio Quarterly</i> (1967) 39#3 pp. 38–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992512–513-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992512–513_217-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 512–513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstre2021" class="citation journal cs1">Istre, Logan Stagg (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1537781420000079/type/journal_article">"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. <b>20</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781420000079">10.1017/S1537781420000079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-7814">1537-7814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.atitle=Bench+over+Ballot%3A+The+Fight+for+Judicial+Supremacy+and+the+New+Constitutional+Politics%2C+1910%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537781420000079&rft.issn=1537-7814&rft.aulast=Istre&rft.aufirst=Logan+Stagg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1537781420000079%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675_219-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997675_219-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 675.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992515–516-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992515–516_220-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 515–516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992517-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992517_221-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 517.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997683-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997683_222-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 683.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518_223-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992518_223-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 518.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997684-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997684_224-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 684.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992519-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992519_225-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Burton" title="David H. Burton">David H. Burton</a>, <i>William Howard Taft: Confident Peacemaker</i> (2004) pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." <i>Villanova Law Review</i> 56 (2011): 535+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081308/https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr">Archived</a> July 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1966" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, John P. (1966). "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911". <i>The Journal of American History</i>. <b>53</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">279–</span>298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1894200">10.2307/1894200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894200">1894200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=Taft%2C+Roosevelt%2C+and+the+Arbitration+Treaties+of+1911&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E298&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1894200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1894200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. James Hindman, "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft." <i>Historian</i> 36.1 (1973): 52–65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443896">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308151007/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443896">Archived</a> March 8, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrofsky2004" class="citation book cs1">Urofsky, Melvin I. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5WNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA323"><i>The American Presidents: Critical Essays</i></a>. Routledge. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58137-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-58137-4"><bdi>978-1-135-58137-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814210056/https://books.google.com/books?id=L5WNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA323">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidents%3A+Critical+Essays&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-58137-4&rft.aulast=Urofsky&rft.aufirst=Melvin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5WNAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997698-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997698_232-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 698.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997703-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997703_233-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 703.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997709-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997709_234-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 709.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997705-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997705_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 705.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gloriousr-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gloriousr_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorant1968" class="citation book cs1">Lorant, Stefan (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gloriousburden00lora"><i>The Glorious Burden: The American Presidency</i></a></span>. Harper & Row. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gloriousburden00lora/page/512">512</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-012686-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-012686-8"><bdi>0-06-012686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Burden%3A+The+American+Presidency&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-06-012686-8&rft.aulast=Lorant&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgloriousburden00lora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997706-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997706_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 706.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrander2015" class="citation book cs1">Norrander, Barbara (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSgBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Imperfect Primary: Oddities, Biases, and Strengths of U.S. Presidential Nomination Politics</i></a>. Routledge. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-55332-8"><bdi>978-1-317-55332-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814074817/https://books.google.com/books?id=KbSgBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperfect+Primary%3A+Oddities%2C+Biases%2C+and+Strengths+of+U.S.+Presidential+Nomination+Politics&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-55332-8&rft.aulast=Norrander&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbSgBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman M. Wilensky, <i>Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912</i> (1965) pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992524–526-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992524–526_240-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 524–526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/1912-republican-convention-855607/">"1912 Republican Convention: Return of the Rough Rider"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine'<span></span></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine%27&rft.atitle=1912+Republican+Convention%3A+Return+of+the+Rough+Rider&rft.date=2008-08&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2F1912-republican-convention-855607%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997717-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997717_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992526-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992526_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2008a127–128-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2008a127–128_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould2008a">Gould 2008a</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen F. Davis, <i>American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams</i> (1973) pp. 185–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marena Cole, "A Progressive Conservative": The Roles of George Perkins and Frank Munsey in the Progressive Party Campaign of 1912" (PhD dissertation, Tufts University ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2017. 10273522).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Garraty, <i>Right-Hand Man: The Life of George W. Perkins</i> (1960) pp. 264–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLincoln1959" class="citation journal cs1">Lincoln, A. (1959). "Theodore Roosevelt, Hiram Johnson, and the Vice-Presidential Nomination of 1912". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>28</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3636471">10.2307/3636471</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636471">3636471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+Hiram+Johnson%2C+and+the+Vice-Presidential+Nomination+of+1912&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E283&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3636471&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3636471%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lincoln&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2006" class="citation news cs1">O'Toole, Patricia (June 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060703102342/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207791-2,00.html">"The War of 1912"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine">Time Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1207791-2,00.html">the original</a> on July 3, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+War+of+1912&rft.date=2006-06-25&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1207791-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913[httpwwwbartlebycom5515bhtml_XV._The_Peace_of_Righteousness,_Appendix_B]-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913[httpwwwbartlebycom5515bhtml_XV._The_Peace_of_Righteousness,_Appendix_B]_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1913">Roosevelt 1913</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/55/15b.html">XV. The Peace of Righteousness, Appendix B</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer191925–31Chapter_XXII-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer191925–31Chapter_XXII_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThayer1919">Thayer 1919</a>, pp. 25–31, Chapter XXII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowry1940" class="citation journal cs1">Mowry, George E. (1940). "The South and the Progressive Lily White Party of 1912". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2191208">10.2307/2191208</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2191208">2191208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+South+and+the+Progressive+Lily+White+Party+of+1912&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2191208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2191208%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mowry&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink1947" class="citation journal cs1">Link, Arthur S. (1947). "The Negro as a Factor in the Campaign of 1912". <i>The Journal of Negro History</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2715292">10.2307/2715292</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2715292">2715292</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150222134">150222134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+Negro+as+a+Factor+in+the+Campaign+of+1912&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150222134%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2715292%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2715292&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLink1946" class="citation journal cs1">Link, Arthur S. (1946). "Theodore Roosevelt and the South in 1912". <i>The North Carolina Historical Review</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">313–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23515317">23515317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+Carolina+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+South+in+1912&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23515317%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Link&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar Eugene Robinson, <i>The Presidential Vote 1896–1932</i> (1947), pp. 65–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/17/archives/schrank-who-shot-t-roosevelt-dies-insane-man-had-no-visitors-in-31.html">"Schrank, Who Shot T. Roosevelt, Dies"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. September 17, 1943. p. 23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506155913/https://www.nytimes.com/1943/09/17/archives/schrank-who-shot-t-roosevelt-dies-insane-man-had-no-visitors-in-31.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Schrank%2C+Who+Shot+T.+Roosevelt%2C+Dies&rft.pages=23&rft.date=1943-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1943%2F09%2F17%2Farchives%2Fschrank-who-shot-t-roosevelt-dies-insane-man-had-no-visitors-in-31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stan Gores, "The attempted assassination of Teddy Roosevelt." <i>Wisconsin Magazine of History</i> (1970) 53#4: 269–277 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/25324/rec/1">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126010614/https://content.wisconsinhistory.org/digital/collection/wmh/id/25324/rec/1">Archived</a> January 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/artifacts/archives/001692.asp">"Artifacts"</a>. <i>Museum</i>. Wisconsin Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101105085613/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/artifacts/archives/001692.asp">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum&rft.atitle=Artifacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fmuseum%2Fartifacts%2Farchives%2F001692.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongress1951" class="citation book cs1">Congress, United States (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnQelRTN9AEC&q=frank+bukovsky+theodore+roosevelt&pg=SL1-PA1146"><i>Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814104934/https://books.google.com/books?id=YnQelRTN9AEC&q=frank+bukovsky+theodore+roosevelt&pg=SL1-PA1146">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Record%3A+Proceedings+and+Debates+of+the+...+Congress&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnQelRTN9AEC%26q%3Dfrank%2Bbukovsky%2Btheodore%2Broosevelt%26pg%3DSL1-PA1146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-remey-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-remey_260-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRemeyCochemsBloodgood1912" class="citation book cs1">Remey, Oliver E.; Cochems, Henry F.; Bloodgood, Wheeler P. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21261"><i>The Attempted Assassination of Ex-President Theodore Roosevelt</i></a>. The Progressive Publishing Company. p. 192. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621170923/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/21261">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Attempted+Assassination+of+Ex-President+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=The+Progressive+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Remey&rft.aufirst=Oliver+E.&rft.au=Cochems%2C+Henry+F.&rft.au=Bloodgood%2C+Wheeler+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F21261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x26a_g.htm">"Medical History of American Presidents"</a>. Doctor Zebra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101020003715/http://doctorzebra.com/prez/z_x26a_g.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+History+of+American+Presidents&rft.pub=Doctor+Zebra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doctorzebra.com%2Fprez%2Fz_x26a_g.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/timeline.htm">"Roosevelt Timeline"</a>. Theodore Roosevelt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529022345/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/timeline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+Timeline&rft.pub=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodoreroosevelt.org%2Flife%2Ftimeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard Helferich, <i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Assassin: Madness, Vengeance, and the Campaign of 1912</i> (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1926" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1926). Bishop, Joseph Bucklin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYunAPADRLAC&pg=PA405"><i>The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Volume 24 - Theodore Roosevelt and His Times Shown in His Own Letters</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/C._Scribner%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Scribner's Sons">C. Scribner's Sons</a>. p. 405<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+Volume+24+-+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+His+Times+Shown+in+His+Own+Letters&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYunAPADRLAC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529–530-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992529–530_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 529–530.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould2008a132-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould2008a132_267-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould2008a">Gould 2008a</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnnthirdparty1-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnnthirdparty1_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDexter2010" class="citation news cs1">Dexter, Jim (March 10, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113080626/http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/10/how-third-party-candidates-affect-elections/">"How third-party candidates affect elections"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/10/how-third-party-candidates-affect-elections/">the original</a> on November 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+third-party+candidates+affect+elections&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft.aulast=Dexter&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.blogs.cnn.com%2F2010%2F03%2F10%2Fhow-third-party-candidates-affect-elections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1914" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.s4ulanguages.com/theodore.html"><i>Through the Brazilian Wilderness</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(facsimile)</span> (1st ed.). S4u languages. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433081694915">2027/nyp.33433081694915</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100228180135/http://www.s4ulanguages.com/theodore.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Brazilian+Wilderness&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=S4u+languages&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433081694915&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.s4ulanguages.com%2Ftheodore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1914" class="citation cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1914). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Through the Brazilian Wilderness/The Start"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Through_the_Brazilian_Wilderness/The_Start">"The Start" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Through the Brazilian Wilderness"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Through_the_Brazilian_Wilderness"><i>Through the Brazilian Wilderness</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Start&rft.btitle=Through+the+Brazilian+Wilderness&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270_271-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270_271-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillard2009267–270_271-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillard2009">Millard 2009</a>, pp. 267–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oimjjac-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oimjjac_272-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2011" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Rudolph (October 31, 2011). <i>The Health of The President: Theodore Roosevelt</i>. Health guidance.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Health+of+The+President%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Health+guidance&rft.date=2011-10-31&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer19194–7-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer19194–7_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThayer1919">Thayer 1919</a>, pp. 4–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992539–540-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992539–540_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 539–540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992548–549-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992548–549_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 548–549.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992550–551-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992550–551_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 550–551.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992552–553-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992552–553_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 552–553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmcgeary1-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mmcgeary1_278-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeary1959" class="citation journal cs1">McGeary, M. Nelson (July 1959). "Gifford Pinchot's Years of Frustration, 1917–1920". <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>83</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20089210">20089210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Gifford+Pinchot%27s+Years+of+Frustration%2C+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=1959-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20089210%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McGeary&rft.aufirst=M.+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997749–751,_806–809-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997749–751,_806–809_279-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 749–751, 806–809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917347-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917347_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1917">Roosevelt 1917</a>, p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1917-0313-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1917-0313_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/03/13/98245601.pdf">"Enroll Westerners for Service in War; Movement to Register Men of That Region Begun at the Rocky Mountain Club. Headed by Major Burnham. John Hays Hammond and Others of Prominence Reported to be Supporting Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 13, 1917. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225031802/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1917/03/13/98245601.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 25, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Enroll+Westerners+for+Service+in+War%3B+Movement+to+Register+Men+of+That+Region+Begun+at+the+Rocky+Mountain+Club.+Headed+by+Major+Burnham.+John+Hays+Hammond+and+Others+of+Prominence+Reported+to+be+Supporting+Plan&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1917-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1917%2F03%2F13%2F98245601.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-1917-0517-282"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-1917-0517_282-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Will Not Send Roosevelt; Wilson Not to Avail Himself of Volunteer Authority at Present". <i>New York Times</i>. May 19, 1917. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+Not+Send+Roosevelt%3B+Wilson+Not+to+Avail+Himself+of+Volunteer+Authority+at+Present&rft.date=1917-05-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917-283"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1917_283-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1917">Roosevelt 1917</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997781–784-284"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997781–784_284-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, pp. 781–784.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer1961" class="citation book cs1">Cramer, CH (1961). <i>Newton D. Baker</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">110–</span>113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newton+D.+Baker&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507-286"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507_286-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2002507_286-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalton2002">Dalton 2002</a>, p. 507.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle1931519-287"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle1931519_287-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1931">Pringle 1931</a>, p. 519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Lee_Thompson2014" class="citation book cs1">J. Lee Thompson (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQyxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Never Call Retreat: Theodore Roosevelt and the Great War</i></a>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-30653-1"><bdi>978-1-137-30653-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815041942/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQyxAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">Archived</a> from the original on August 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 30,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Never+Call+Retreat%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+Great+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-30653-1&rft.au=J.+Lee+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQyxAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2014" class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Richard M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOJ6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98"><i>The War for Righteousness: Progressive Christianity, the Great War, and the Rise of the Messianic Nation</i></a>. Open Road Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">97–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-4679-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4976-4679-7"><bdi>978-1-4976-4679-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210813075543/https://books.google.com/books?id=uOJ6CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+for+Righteousness%3A+Progressive+Christianity%2C+the+Great+War%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+Messianic+Nation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4976-4679-7&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOJ6CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992562–564-290"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992562–564_290-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 562–564.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Clinton Olson, " Theodore Roosevelt's Conception of an International League" <i>World Affairs Quarterly</i> (1959) 29#3 pp. 329–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Wertheim, "The league that wasn't: American designs for a legalist-sanctionist league of nations and the intellectual origins of international organization, 1914–1920." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 35.5 (2011): 797–836.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Mervin, "<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> and the League of Nations." <i>Journal of American Studies</i> 4#2 (1971): 201–214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552941">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130220721/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27552941">Archived</a> January 30, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559-294"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559_294-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992559_294-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, p. 559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1992564–566-295"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1992564–566_295-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1992">Miller 1992</a>, pp. 564–566.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeathNews-296"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DeathNews_296-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DeathNews_296-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0106.html">"Theodore Roosevelt Dies Suddenly at Oyster Bay Home; Nation Shocked, Pays Tribute to Former President; Our Flag on All Seas and in All Lands at Half Mast"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 1919. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218090119/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0106.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+Dies+Suddenly+at+Oyster+Bay+Home%3B+Nation+Shocked%2C+Pays+Tribute+to+Former+President%3B+Our+Flag+on+All+Seas+and+in+All+Lands+at+Half+Mast&rft.date=1919-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F0106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleyer2016" class="citation book cs1">Bleyer, Bill (October 3, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CCjVDAAAQBAJ&q=amos+married+Annie+Sagamore&pg=PA81"><i>Sagamore Hill: Theodore Roosevelt's Summer White House</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-707-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-707-1"><bdi>978-1-62585-707-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagamore+Hill%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Summer+White+House&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2016-10-03&rft.isbn=978-1-62585-707-1&rft.aulast=Bleyer&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCCjVDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Damos%2Bmarried%2BAnnie%2BSagamore%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1926/08/03/archives/roosevelts-please-put-out-the-light-his-last-words-says-witness-of.html">"Roosevelt's "Please Put Out the Light" His Last Words, Says Witness of His End"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. August 3, 1926. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Roosevelt%27s+%22Please+Put+Out+the+Light%22+His+Last+Words%2C+Says+Witness+of+His+End&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1926-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1926%2F08%2F03%2Farchives%2Froosevelts-please-put-out-the-light-his-last-words-says-witness-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManners1969" class="citation book cs1">Manners, William (1969). <i>TR and Will: A Friendship that Split the Republican Party</i>. Harcourt, Brace & World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TR+and+Will%3A+A+Friendship+that+Split+the+Republican+Party&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace+%26+World&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Manners&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556-300"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556_300-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010556_300-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2010">Morris 2010</a>, p. 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_556–557-301"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_556–557_301-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2010">Morris 2010</a>, pp. 554, 556–557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_557-302"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2010554,_557_302-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2010">Morris 2010</a>, pp. 554, 557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igougo.com/review-r1150273-Light_gone_out_-_TR_at_the_Library_of_Congress.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Light gone out" – TR at the Library of Congress – Jefferson's Legacy: The Library of Congress Review"</a>. IgoUgo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406202634/http://www.igougo.com/review-r1150273-Light_gone_out_-_TR_at_the_Library_of_Congress.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Light+gone+out%22+%E2%80%93+TR+at+the+Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Jefferson%27s+Legacy%3A+The+Library+of+Congress+Review&rft.pub=IgoUgo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.igougo.com%2Freview-r1150273-Light_gone_out_-_TR_at_the_Library_of_Congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VZi1sGSjFfEC"><i>An Autobiography</i></a>. Echo Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4068-0155-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4068-0155-2"><bdi>978-1-4068-0155-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128003931/https://books.google.com/books?id=VZi1sGSjFfEC">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography&rft.pub=Echo+Library&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4068-0155-2&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVZi1sGSjFfEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1904" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughriders00roos"><i>The Rough Riders</i></a>. The Review of Reviews Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Riders&rft.pub=The+Review+of+Reviews+Company&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughriders00roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1900" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6xkbAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Naval War of 1812</i></a>. G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814113845/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xkbAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6xkbAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Slotkin, "Nostalgia and progress: Theodore Roosevelt's myth of the frontier". <i>American Quarterly</i> (1981) 33#5 pp: 608–637. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=div2facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2527%2527The%2BWinning%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWest%2527%2527%252C%2Bfrontier%2BRoosevelt%2B%2B%2522American%2Brace%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C27#search=%22Winning%20West%2C%20frontier%20Roosevelt%20American%20race%22">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908140330/http://wesscholar.wesleyan.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=div2facpubs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3D%2527%2527The%2BWinning%2Bof%2Bthe%2BWest%2527%2527%252C%2Bfrontier%2BRoosevelt%2B%2B%2522American%2Brace%2522%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C27#search=%22Winning%20West%2C%20frontier%20Roosevelt%20American%20race%22">Archived</a> September 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson1971" class="citation news cs1">Carson, Gerald (February 1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/content/tr-and-%E2%80%9Cnature-fakers%E2%80%9D">"Roosevelt and the 'nature fakers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>American Heritage Magazine</i>. Vol. 22, no. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111125718/http://www.americanheritage.com/content/tr-and-%E2%80%9Cnature-fakers%E2%80%9D">Archived</a> from the original on January 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Roosevelt+and+the+%27nature+fakers%27&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1971-02&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Ftr-and-%25E2%2580%259Cnature-fakers%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe1955-309"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECunliffe1955_309-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunliffe1955">Cunliffe 1955</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mdmasons.org/about-md-masons/famous-masons/theodore-roosevelt/">"Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. <i>mdmasons.org</i>. The Grand Lodge of Maryland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201116174241/http://mdmasons.org/about-md-masons/famous-masons/theodore-roosevelt/">Archived</a> from the original on November 16, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mdmasons.org&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmdmasons.org%2Fabout-md-masons%2Ffamous-masons%2Ftheodore-roosevelt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sar.org/About/Origins">"The Origins of the SAR"</a>. SAR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160703221050/https://www.sar.org/About/Origins">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+SAR&rft.pub=SAR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sar.org%2FAbout%2FOrigins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacEacheran" class="citation web cs1">MacEacheran, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20190116-the-secret-travel-club-thats-been-everywhere">"The secret travel club that's been everywhere"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+secret+travel+club+that%27s+been+everywhere&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=MacEacheran&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20190116-the-secret-travel-club-thats-been-everywhere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThayer191922–24Chapter_XVII-313"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThayer191922–24Chapter_XVII_313-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThayer1919">Thayer 1919</a>, pp. 22–24, Chapter XVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-314"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_314-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_314-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rouse, Wendy (November 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-abstract/84/4/448/81155/Jiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Jiu-Jitsuing Uncle SamThe Unmanly Art of Jiu-Jitsu and the Yellow Peril Threat in the Progressive Era United States"</a>. <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>84</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">448–</span>477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fphr.2015.84.4.448">10.1525/phr.2015.84.4.448</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214233936/https://online.ucpress.edu/phr/article-abstract/84/4/448/81155/Jiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Jiu-Jitsuing+Uncle+SamThe+Unmanly+Art+of+Jiu-Jitsu+and+the+Yellow+Peril+Threat+in+the+Progressive+Era+United+States&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E448-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2015-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fphr.2015.84.4.448&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fphr%2Farticle-abstract%2F84%2F4%2F448%2F81155%2FJiu-Jitsuing-Uncle-SamThe-Unmanly-Art-of-Jiu-Jitsu%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmberger1998" class="citation book cs1">Amberger, J Christoph (1998). <i>Secret History of the Sword Adventures in Ancient Martial Arts</i>. Multi-Media Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892515-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-892515-04-0"><bdi>1-892515-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+History+of+the+Sword+Adventures+in+Ancient+Martial+Arts&rft.pub=Multi-Media+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-892515-04-0&rft.aulast=Amberger&rft.aufirst=J+Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kathleen Dalton notes that historians have preferred retelling the "oft-repeated accounts of warmongering." <a href="#CITEREFDalton2002">Dalton 2002</a>, p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_D._White_Jr2003" class="citation book cs1">Richard D. White Jr (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58CjuCB9m0MC&pg=PA146"><i>Roosevelt the Reformer: Theodore Roosevelt as Civil Service Commissioner, 1889–1895</i></a>. U of Alabama Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1361-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1361-6"><bdi>978-0-8173-1361-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201213223410/https://books.google.com/books?id=58CjuCB9m0MC&pg=PA146">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt+the+Reformer%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+as+Civil+Service+Commissioner%2C+1889%E2%80%931895&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=U+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1361-6&rft.au=Richard+D.+White+Jr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58CjuCB9m0MC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Turk, "The United States Navy and the 'Taking' of Panama, 1901–1903." <i>Journal of Military History</i> 38.3 (1974): 92+.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2008" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, James R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a519197.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'A Striking Thing': Leadership, Strategic Communications, and Roosevelt's Great White Fleet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Naval_War_College_Review" title="Naval War College Review">Naval War College Review</a></i>. <b>61</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">50–</span>67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220117073854/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a519197.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 17, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=%27A+Striking+Thing%27%3A+Leadership%2C+Strategic+Communications%2C+and+Roosevelt%27s+Great+White+Fleet&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fdtic%2Ftr%2Ffulltext%2Fu2%2Fa519197.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913602-320"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoosevelt1913602_320-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoosevelt1913">Roosevelt 1913</a>, p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeale195648-321"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeale195648_321-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeale1956">Beale 1956</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963214–217-322"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarbaugh1963214–217_322-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarbaugh1963">Harbaugh 1963</a>, pp. 214–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922355-323"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922355_323-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisner1922">Reisner 1922</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922324-324"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922324_324-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisner1922">Reisner 1922</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306-325"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306_325-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReisner1922306_325-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReisner1922">Reisner 1922</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530–31-326"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530–31_326-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015">Leuchtenburg 2015</a>, pp. 30–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201532–33-327"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201532–33_327-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015">Leuchtenburg 2015</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Murphy in "Theodore Roosevelt, Presidential Power and the Regulation of the Market" in <a href="#CITEREFRicard2011">Ricard 2011</a>, pp. 154–172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2001430–431,_436-329"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2001430–431,_436_329-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, pp. 430–431, 436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Kissinger, <i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_(Kissinger_book)" title="Diplomacy (Kissinger book)">Diplomacy</a></i> (1994, pp. 38–40).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, <i>Diplomacy</i>, pp. 38–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalkerSchafer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Stephen G.; Schafer, Mark (2007). "Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson as cultural icons of US foreign policy". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Psychology" title="Political Psychology">Political Psychology</a></i>. <b>28</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">747–</span>776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9221.2007.00602.x">10.1111/j.1467-9221.2007.00602.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Psychology&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+Woodrow+Wilson+as+cultural+icons+of+US+foreign+policy&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E747-%3C%2Fspan%3E776&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9221.2007.00602.x&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft.au=Schafer%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, <i>Diplomacy</i> p. 40:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kissinger, pp. 40–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20024–5-335"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton20024–5_335-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalton2002">Dalton 2002</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418002524/http://www.americanpresident.org/history/theodoreroosevelt/biography/ImpactLegacy.common.shtml">"Theodore Roosevelt Biography: Impact and Legacy"</a>. <i>American President</i>. <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpresident.org/history/theodoreroosevelt/biography/ImpactLegacy.common.shtml">the original</a> on April 18, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+President&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+Biography%3A+Impact+and+Legacy&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpresident.org%2Fhistory%2Ftheodoreroosevelt%2Fbiography%2FImpactLegacy.common.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040417225355/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/26_t_roosevelt/t_roosevelt_legacy.html">"Legacy: Theodore Roosevelt"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/presidents/26_t_roosevelt/t_roosevelt_legacy.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legacy%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=PBS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Famex%2Fpresidents%2F26_t_roosevelt%2Ft_roosevelt_legacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton20025-338"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton20025_338-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalton2002">Dalton 2002</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1918" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Henry (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofhenry002024mbp"><i>The Education of Henry Adams: An Autobiography</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/educationofhenry002024mbp/page/n436">417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Education+of+Henry+Adams%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pages=417&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feducationofhenry002024mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper1983-340"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper1983_340-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper1983">Cooper 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalton2002-341"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalton2002_341-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalton2002">Dalton 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997x-342"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997x_342-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. x.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle19314-343"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle19314_343-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle1931">Pringle 1931</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETesti19951513-344"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETesti19951513_344-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTesti1995">Testi 1995</a>, p. 1513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. G. Daniels, "Theodore Roosevelt and Gender Roles" <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> (1996) 26#3 pp. 648–665</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorsey2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dorsey, Leroy G (2013). "Managing Women's Equality: Theodore Roosevelt, the Frontier Myth, and the Modern Woman". <i>Rhetoric & Public Affairs</i>. <b>16</b> (3): 425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Frap.2013.0037">10.1353/rap.2013.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144278936">144278936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rhetoric+%26+Public+Affairs&rft.atitle=Managing+Women%27s+Equality%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+the+Frontier+Myth%2C+and+the+Modern+Woman&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=425&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Frap.2013.0037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144278936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dorsey&rft.aufirst=Leroy+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicard2005" class="citation journal cs1">Ricard, Serge (2005). "Review". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>69</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">536–</span>537. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2005.0123">10.1353/jmh.2005.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153729793">153729793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Review&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E536-%3C%2Fspan%3E537&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2005.0123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153729793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ricard&rft.aufirst=Serge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GighAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT374"><i>Boy Scouts Handbook</i></a> (original ed.). Boy Scouts of America. 1911. pp. <span class="nowrap">374–</span>376. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-639-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62636-639-8"><bdi>978-1-62636-639-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016124911/https://books.google.com/books?id=GighAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT374">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boy+Scouts+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E374-%3C%2Fspan%3E376&rft.edition=original&rft.pub=Boy+Scouts+of+America&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-1-62636-639-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGighAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrands1997372-349"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrands1997372_349-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrands1997">Brands 1997</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-350"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_350-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_350-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_350-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2022/09/07/presidential-portraits-trump-obama-biden/">"The presidents who hated their presidential portraits"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. September 8, 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+presidents+who+hated+their+presidential+portraits&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2022%2F09%2F07%2Fpresidential-portraits-trump-obama-biden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boundarystones.weta.org/2019/06/21/tale-two-painters-theodore-roosevelts-portraits">"A Tale of Two Painters: Theodore Roosevelt's Portraits"</a>. Boundary Stones. June 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Tale+of+Two+Painters%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Portraits&rft.pub=Boundary+Stones&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboundarystones.weta.org%2F2019%2F06%2F21%2Ftale-two-painters-theodore-roosevelts-portraits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomekHayes2006" class="citation book cs1">Domek, Tom; Hayes, Robert E. (2006). <i>Mt. Rushmore and Keystone</i>. Arcadia Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mt.+Rushmore+and+Keystone&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Domek&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFite2003" class="citation book cs1">Fite, Gibert C. (2003). <i>Mount Rushmore</i>. Mount Rushmore History Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9646798-5-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9646798-5-X"><bdi>0-9646798-5-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mount+Rushmore&rft.pub=Mount+Rushmore+History+Association&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9646798-5-X&rft.aulast=Fite&rft.aufirst=Gibert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Fung, Brian (September 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/09/what-does-teddy-roosevelts-big-stick-line-really-mean-anyway/262579/">"What Does Teddy Roosevelt's 'Big Stick' Line Really Mean, Anyway?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. Emerson Collective. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726060142/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2012/09/what-does-teddy-roosevelts-big-stick-line-really-mean-anyway/262579/">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Does+Teddy+Roosevelt%27s+%27Big+Stick%27+Line+Really+Mean%2C+Anyway%3F&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2012%2F09%2Fwhat-does-teddy-roosevelts-big-stick-line-really-mean-anyway%2F262579%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530-355"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeuchtenburg201530_355-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015">Leuchtenburg 2015</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2018153–154-356"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2018153–154_356-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMears2018">Mears 2018</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2018154-357"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2018154_357-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMears2018">Mears 2018</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMears2018155-358"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMears2018155_358-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMears2018">Mears 2018</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MoH2001-359"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoH2001_359-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodall2010" class="citation book cs1">Woodall, James R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBSRPbx44bIC&pg=PA18"><i>Williams-Ford Texas A and M University Military History: Texas Aggie Medals of Honor: Seven Heroes of World War II</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-253-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-253-4"><bdi>978-1-60344-253-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407004916/http://books.google.com/books?id=QBSRPbx44bIC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Williams-Ford+Texas+A+and+M+University+Military+History%3A+Texas+Aggie+Medals+of+Honor%3A+Seven+Heroes+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-253-4&rft.aulast=Woodall&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBSRPbx44bIC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorr2015" class="citation web cs1">Dorr, Robert F. (July 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/theodore-roosevelts-medal-of-honor/">"Theodore Roosevelt's Medal of Honor"</a>. Defense Media Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180213080429/https://www.defensemedianetwork.com/stories/theodore-roosevelts-medal-of-honor/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Medal+of+Honor&rft.pub=Defense+Media+Network&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft.aulast=Dorr&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensemedianetwork.com%2Fstories%2Ftheodore-roosevelts-medal-of-honor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Scott Specialized Catalogue of US Stamps</i>, pp. 79, 108, 137, 667, 668</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150618202114/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2041381">"Up 1900s Celebrate The Century Issues"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. January 1, 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2041381">the original</a> on June 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Up+1900s+Celebrate+The+Century+Issues&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26tid%3D2041381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161229/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/theodore-roosevelt-national-park/">"Theodore Roosevelt National Park"</a>. Travel. <i>National Geographic</i>. November 5, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/national-parks/theodore-roosevelt-national-park">the original</a> on August 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+National+Park&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Ftravel%2Fnational-parks%2Ftheodore-roosevelt-national-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-object-364"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-object_364-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=188693">"(188693) Roosevelt"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308120054/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=188693">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=%28188693%29+Roosevelt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D188693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPC-Circulars-Archive-365"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPC-Circulars-Archive_365-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">"MPC/MPO/MPS Archive"</a>. <i>Minor Planet Center</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007190852/https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minor+Planet+Center&rft.atitle=MPC%2FMPO%2FMPS+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FECS%2FMPCArchive%2FMPCArchive_TBL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBart" class="citation book cs1">Bart, Sheldon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/book/380583976/Race-to-the-Top-of-the-World-Richard-Byrd-and-the-First-Flight-to-the-North-Pole"><i>Race to the Top of the World: Richard Byrd and the First Flight to the North Pole</i></a> – via www.scribd.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+to+the+Top+of+the+World%3A+Richard+Byrd+and+the+First+Flight+to+the+North+Pole&rft.aulast=Bart&rft.aufirst=Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fbook%2F380583976%2FRace-to-the-Top-of-the-World-Richard-Byrd-and-the-First-Flight-to-the-North-Pole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctva.biz/US/Western/MyFriendFlicka.htm">"My Friend Flicka"</a>. Classic Television Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110121120755/http://ctva.biz/US/Western/MyFriendFlicka.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+Friend+Flicka&rft.pub=Classic+Television+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctva.biz%2FUS%2FWestern%2FMyFriendFlicka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECullinane2017-368"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECullinane2017_368-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCullinane2017">Cullinane 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChi2014" class="citation web cs1">Chi, Paul (December 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2014/scene/news/robin-williams-ben-stiller-night-at-the-museum-premiere-1201378034/">"Ben Stiller, 'Night at the Museum' Cast Honor Robin Williams at Premiere"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Ben+Stiller%2C+%27Night+at+the+Museum%27+Cast+Honor+Robin+Williams+at+Premiere&rft.date=2014-12-12&rft.aulast=Chi&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2014%2Fscene%2Fnews%2Frobin-williams-ben-stiller-night-at-the-museum-premiere-1201378034%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/hollywood-best-presidents-movies-and-tv/morgan-freeman-as-tom-beck/">"24 of Hollywood's Best Presidents in Movies and TV"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. February 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=24+of+Hollywood%27s+Best+Presidents+in+Movies+and+TV&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flists%2Fhollywood-best-presidents-movies-and-tv%2Fmorgan-freeman-as-tom-beck%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurwin2016" class="citation web cs1">Gurwin, Gabe (June 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/civilization-vi-roosevelt-culture/">"Teddy Roosevelt will kill you with culture in 'Civilization VI'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Trends" title="Digital Trends">Digital Trends</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308164606/https://www.digitaltrends.com/gaming/civilization-vi-roosevelt-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Trends&rft.atitle=Teddy+Roosevelt+will+kill+you+with+culture+in+%27Civilization+VI%27&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.aulast=Gurwin&rft.aufirst=Gabe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fgaming%2Fcivilization-vi-roosevelt-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2022" class="citation news cs1">Sutton, Benjamin (January 20, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/20/theodore-roosevelt-statue-amnh-removed">"Controversial statue of Theodore Roosevelt removed from American Museum of Natural History"</a>. <i>The Art Newspaper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121040700/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/01/20/theodore-roosevelt-statue-amnh-removed">Archived</a> from the original on January 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Art+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Controversial+statue+of+Theodore+Roosevelt+removed+from+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theartnewspaper.com%2F2022%2F01%2F20%2Ftheodore-roosevelt-statue-amnh-removed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogrebin-373"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pogrebin_373-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogrebin2020" class="citation news cs1">Pogrebin, Robin (June 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/arts/design/roosevelt-statue-to-be-removed-from-museum-of-natural-history.html">"Roosevelt Statue to Be Removed From Museum of Natural History"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621231116/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/21/arts/design/roosevelt-statue-to-be-removed-from-museum-of-natural-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Roosevelt+Statue+to+Be+Removed+From+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.date=2020-06-21&rft.aulast=Pogrebin&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F06%2F21%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Froosevelt-statue-to-be-removed-from-museum-of-natural-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603142019/http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/list.php?view_keywords=speaker_roosevelt,%20theodore">"Vincent Voice Library"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/list.php?view_keywords=speaker_roosevelt,%20theodore">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio clips)</span> on June 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vincent+Voice+Library&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvvl.lib.msu.edu%2Flist.php%3Fview_keywords%3Dspeaker_roosevelt%2C%2520theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.msu.edu/uri-res/N2L?urn:x-msulib::vvl:DB512">"MSU"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MSU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.msu.edu%2Furi-res%2FN2L%3Furn%3Ax-msulib%3A%3Avvl%3ADB512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1913a" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1913a). Youngman, Elmer H (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLYJAAAAIAAJ"><i>Progressive Principles</i></a>. Progressive National Service. p. 215. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222104526/https://books.google.com/books?id=qLYJAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Principles&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=Progressive+National+Service&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLYJAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt">Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_bibliography" title="Theodore Roosevelt bibliography">Books Written by Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakari2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bakari, Mohamed El-Kamel (2016). "Mapping the 'Anthropocentric-ecocentric'Dualism in the History of American Presidency: The Good, the Bad, and the Ambivalent". <i>Journal of Studies in Social Sciences</i>. <b>14</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Studies+in+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+%27Anthropocentric-ecocentric%27Dualism+in+the+History+of+American+Presidency%3A+The+Good%2C+the+Bad%2C+and+the+Ambivalent&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Bakari&rft.aufirst=Mohamed+El-Kamel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeale1956" class="citation book cs1">Beale, Howard K. (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel0000beal"><i>Theodore Roosevelt and the Rise of America to World Power</i></a>. Johns Hopkins Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+Rise+of+America+to+World+Power&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Beale&rft.aufirst=Howard+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodoreroosevel0000beal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2007" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Joseph Bucklin (2007). <i>Theodore Roosevelt's Letters to His Children</i>. Wildside Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-434-48394-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-434-48394-2"><bdi>978-1-434-48394-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Letters+to+His+Children&rft.pub=Wildside+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-434-48394-2&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Bucklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_Blum" title="John Morton Blum">Blum, John Morton</a> (1977). <i>The Republican Roosevelt</i> (2nd ed.). Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Roosevelt&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=John+Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/H._W._Brands" title="H. W. Brands">Brands, Henry William</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trlastromantic00bran"><i>TR: The Last Romantic</i></a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06958-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06958-3"><bdi>978-0-465-06958-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TR%3A+The+Last+Romantic&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06958-3&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Henry+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrlastromantic00bran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Brinkley, Douglas</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wildernesswarrio00brin_0"><i>The Wilderness Warrior: Theodore Roosevelt and the Crusade for America</i></a></span>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056528-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056528-2"><bdi>978-0-06-056528-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wilderness+Warrior%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+Crusade+for+America&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-056528-2&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwildernesswarrio00brin_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1974" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, John W. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.). <i>Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct</i>. Delacorte Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-05923-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-05923-2"><bdi>0-440-05923-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-440-05923-2&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChessman1965" class="citation book cs1">Chessman, G. Wallace (1965). <i>Governor Theodore Roosevelt: The Albany Apprenticeship, 1898–1900</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Governor+Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+The+Albany+Apprenticeship%2C+1898%E2%80%931900&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Chessman&rft.aufirst=G.+Wallace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Cooper" class="mw-redirect" title="John Milton Cooper">Cooper, John Milton</a> (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorpries00coop"><i>The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-94751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-94751-1"><bdi>978-0-674-94751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+and+the+Priest%3A+Woodrow+Wilson+and+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-674-94751-1&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=John+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorpries00coop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCullinane2017" class="citation book cs1">Cullinane, Michael Patrick (2017). <i>Theodore Roosevelt's Ghost: The History and Memory of an American Icon</i>. LSU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-6672-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-6672-7"><bdi>978-0-8071-6672-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Ghost%3A+The+History+and+Memory+of+an+American+Icon&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-6672-7&rft.aulast=Cullinane&rft.aufirst=Michael+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1955" class="citation journal cs1">Cunliffe, Marcus (1955). "Theodore Roosevelt, President of the United States 1901–1908". <i>History Today</i>. <b>4</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">592–</span>601.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+President+of+the+United+States+1901%E2%80%931908&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E592-%3C%2Fspan%3E601&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalton2002" class="citation book cs1">Dalton, Kathleen (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00dalt"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: A Strenuous Life</i></a></span>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-76733-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-76733-9"><bdi>0-679-76733-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+A+Strenuous+Life&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-679-76733-9&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodoreroosevel00dalt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2008a" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2008a). <i>Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1564-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1564-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1564-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Hats+in+the+Ring%3A+The+1912+Election+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+American+Politics&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1564-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2011" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyoftheo0000goul_k0b9"><i>The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt</i></a> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyoftheo0000goul_k0b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_L._Gould" title="Lewis L. Gould">Gould, Lewis L.</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00goul"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979701-1"><bdi>978-0-19-979701-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979701-1&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodoreroosevel00goul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbaugh1963" class="citation book cs1">Harbaugh, William Henry (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/powerandresponsi012652mbp"><i>The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt</i></a>. Farrar, Straus And Cudahy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+And+Cudahy&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Harbaugh&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpowerandresponsi012652mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Edward P. (2006). "A Necessary Defeat: Theodore Roosevelt and the New York Mayoral Election of 1886". <i>New York History</i>. <b>87</b>: <span class="nowrap">205–</span>227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+History&rft.atitle=A+Necessary+Defeat%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+New+York+Mayoral+Election+of+1886&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015" class="citation book cs1">Leuchtenburg, William E. (2015). <i>The American President: From Teddy Roosevelt to Bill Clinton</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+President%3A+From+Teddy+Roosevelt+to+Bill+Clinton&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Leuchtenburg&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC"><i>Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1830-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-1830-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-1830-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407082109/http://books.google.com/books?id=nuzmvrqPvdIC">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mornings+on+Horseback%3A+The+Story+of+an+Extraordinary+Family%2C+a+Vanished+Way+of+Life+and+the+Unique+Child+Who+Became+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-1830-6&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnuzmvrqPvdIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMears2018" class="citation book cs1">Mears, Dwight S. (2018). <i>The Medal of Honor: The Evolution of America's Highest Military Decoration</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2665-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2665-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-2665-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medal+of+Honor%3A+The+Evolution+of+America%27s+Highest+Military+Decoration&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2665-6&rft.aulast=Mears&rft.aufirst=Dwight+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2009" class="citation book cs1">Millard, C (2009). <i>The river of doubt: Theodore Roosevelt's darkest journey</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+river+of+doubt%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+darkest+journey&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1992" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Nathan (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00mill"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: A Life</i></a></span>. William Morrow & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06784-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-06784-7"><bdi>978-0-688-06784-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=William+Morrow+%26+Co&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-688-06784-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodoreroosevel00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1952" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Elting E, ed. (1952). <i>The letters of Theodore Roosevelt</i>. Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+letters+of+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)" title="Edmund Morris (writer)">Morris, Edmund</a> (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseoftheodorero00morr"><i>The Rise of Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></span>. Vol. 1. To 1901. Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10783-0"><bdi>978-0-698-10783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-698-10783-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friseoftheodorero00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Morris, Edmund (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodorerex00edmu"><i>Theodore Rex</i></a></span>. Vol. 2. To 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Rex&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodorerex00edmu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2010" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Edmund (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ouQVJQ1C7PIC"><i>Colonel Roosevelt</i></a>. Vol. 3. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60415-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-60415-0"><bdi>978-0-679-60415-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220313192039/https://books.google.com/books?id=ouQVJQ1C7PIC">Archived</a> from the original on March 13, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonel+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-679-60415-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DouQVJQ1C7PIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Toole2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_O%27Toole" title="Patricia O'Toole">O'Toole, Patricia</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whentrumpetscall00otoo"><i>When Trumpets Call: Theodore Roosevelt after the White House</i></a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86477-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86477-0"><bdi>0-684-86477-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Trumpets+Call%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+after+the+White+House&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-684-86477-0&rft.aulast=O%27Toole&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhentrumpetscall00otoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Pringle, Henry F.</a> (1931). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0156889439"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0156889439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1956" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Henry F. (1956). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel00prin"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Harcourt, Brace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Harcourt%2C+Brace&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodoreroosevel00prin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Carleton_Putnam" title="Carleton Putnam">Putnam, Carleton</a> (1958). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodoreroosevel0000putn"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i></a></span>. Vol. I: The Formative Years.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodoreroosevel0000putn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisner1922" class="citation book cs1">Reisner, Christian F. (1922). <i>Roosevelt's Religion</i>. The Abingdon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roosevelt%27s+Religion&rft.pub=The+Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Reisner&rft.aufirst=Christian+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicard2011" class="citation book cs1">Ricard, Serge, ed. (2011). <i>A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3140-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3140-0"><bdi>978-1-4443-3140-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3140-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicard2014" class="citation web cs1">Ricard, Serge (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027133122/http://h-diplo.org/essays/PDF/E116.pdf">"H-Diplo Essay No. 116 - The State of Theodore Roosevelt Studies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. H-Diplo - H-Net network on Diplomatic History and International Affairs, Michigan State University Department of History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h-diplo.org/essays/PDF/E116.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=H-Diplo+Essay+No.+116+-+The+State+of+Theodore+Roosevelt+Studies&rft.pub=H-Diplo+-+H-Net+network+on+Diplomatic+History+and+International+Affairs%2C+Michigan+State+University+Department+of+History&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ricard&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fh-diplo.org%2Fessays%2FPDF%2FE116.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1913" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodorerooseve05roosgoog"><i>Autobiography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiography&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodorerooseve05roosgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt1917" class="citation book cs1">——— (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foesourownhouse00roosgoog"><i>The Foes of Our Own Household</i></a>. George H. Doran. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/17025965">17025965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foes+of+Our+Own+Household&rft.pub=George+H.+Doran&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F17025965&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoesourownhouse00roosgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1926). <i>The Works of Theodore Roosevelt, Volumes 1-24</i> (Memorial ed.). <a href="/wiki/C._Scribner%27s_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Scribner's Sons">C. Scribner's Sons</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+Volumes+1-24&rft.edition=Memorial&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1989) [1941]. Hart, Albert Bushnell; Ferleger, Herbert Ronald (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=991271&module_id=339179">"Theodore Roosevelt Association Cyclopedia"</a> (Revised 2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+Association+Cyclopedia&rft.edition=Revised+2nd&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodoreroosevelt.org%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fpage_id%3D22%26club_id%3D991271%26module_id%3D339179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt2001" class="citation book cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (2001). Brands, HW (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedletterso00roos"><i>The Selected Letters</i></a>. Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8154-1126-0"><bdi>978-0-8154-1126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Selected+Letters&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8154-1126-0&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedletterso00roos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddy2016" class="citation book cs1">Ruddy, Daniel (2016). <i>Theodore the Great: Conservative Crusader</i>. Regnery History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-441-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62157-441-5"><bdi>978-1-62157-441-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+the+Great%3A+Conservative+Crusader&rft.pub=Regnery+History&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-62157-441-5&rft.aulast=Ruddy&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels1997" class="citation book cs1">Samuels, Peggy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1v7PSGbzhDwC"><i>Teddy Roosevelt at San Juan: The Making of a President</i></a>. Texas A&M UP. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-771-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-771-3"><bdi>978-0-89096-771-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407081231/http://books.google.com/books?id=1v7PSGbzhDwC">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teddy+Roosevelt+at+San+Juan%3A+The+Making+of+a+President&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+UP&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-771-3&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1v7PSGbzhDwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesti1995" class="citation journal cs1">Testi, Arnaldo (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025180531/https://www.academia.edu/1143163/The_Gender_of_Reform_Politics_Theodore_Roosevelt_and_the_Culture_of_Masculinity_1995_full_text_teaching_material_">"The gender of reform politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the culture of masculinity"</a>. <i>Journal of American History</i>. <b>81</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">1509–</span>1533. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2081647">10.2307/2081647</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2081647">2081647</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1143163">the original</a> on October 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+gender+of+reform+politics%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+culture+of+masculinity&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1509-%3C%2Fspan%3E1533&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2081647&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2081647%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Testi&rft.aufirst=Arnaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1143163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThayer1919" class="citation book cs1">Thayer, William Roscoe (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.168636"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: an intimate biography</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+an+intimate+biography&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Thayer&rft.aufirst=William+Roscoe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.168636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2003" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Sarah (2003). <i>Rough Rider in the White House: Theodore Roosevelt and the Politics of Desire</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rough+Rider+in+the+White+House%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+and+the+Politics+of+Desire&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheodore+Roosevelt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Theodore Roosevelt</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Roosevelt" class="extiw" title="wikt:Roosevelt">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" class="extiw" title="c:Theodore Roosevelt">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" class="extiw" title="q:Theodore Roosevelt">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Theodore_Roosevelt" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Theodore Roosevelt">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boone-crockett.org">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theodoreroosevelt.org">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_collections">Libraries and collections</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trlibrary.com/">Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library</a> Medora, North Dakota.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/">Theodore Roosevelt Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_State_University" title="Dickinson State University">Dickinson State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180606131421/http://www.hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/collections/roosevelt.cfm">Theodore Roosevelt Collection</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>, Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/theodore-roosevelt-hunting-library">Theodore Roosevelt Hunting Library</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov">Library of Congress</a>, Washington, DC.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicjournalism.com/theodore-roosevelt.html">Theodore Roosevelt's journalism at The Archive of American Journalism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814084741/http://www.amnh.org/explore/science-topics/theodore-roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt American Museum of Natural History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/729">Works by Theodore Roosevelt</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Roosevelt%2C%20Theodore%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Theodore%20Roosevelt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roosevelt%2C%20Theodore%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Theodore%20Roosevelt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roosevelt%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Theodore%20Roosevelt%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roosevelt%2C%20Theodore%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Theodore%20Roosevelt%22%29%20OR%20%28%221858-1919%22%20AND%20Roosevelt%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Theodore Roosevelt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1471">Works by Theodore Roosevelt</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_2">Media</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoroos1912">Theodore Roosevelt Speech Edison Recordings Campaign - 1912</a>, audio recording</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/r/theodore_roosevelt/index.html">Theodore Roosevelt</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151618-1/life-portrait-theodore-roosevelt">"Life Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, September 3, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?165366-1/writings-theodore-roosevelt">"Writings of Theodore Roosevelt"</a> from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Writers:_A_Journey_Through_History" title="American Writers: A Journey Through History">American Writers: A Journey Through History</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/">Almanac of Theodore Roosevelt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501200726/http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/">Archived</a> May 1, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/troosevelt/index.html">Theodore Roosevelt: A Resource Guide</a> – <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/470">Theodore Roosevelt</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33866#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theodore_Roosevelt1200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Template:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Template talk:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theodore Roosevelt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theodore_Roosevelt1200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">26th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1901–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">33rd</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1899–1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">New York City Police Commissioner</a> (1895–1897)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">First inauguration</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Inaugural_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site">historic site</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt">Second inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Theodore Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Square_Deal" title="Square Deal">Square Deal</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_dinner_at_the_White_House" title="Booker T. Washington dinner at the White House">Booker T. Washington dinner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Conservation" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Conservation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">Newlands Reclamation Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Act_of_1905" title="Transfer Act of 1905">Transfer Act of 1905</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_Act" title="Antiquities Act">Antiquities Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods National Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="United States Bureau of Reclamation">United States Reclamation Service</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Wildlife_Refuge_System" title="History of the National Wildlife Refuge System">National Wildlife Refuge System</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Arch" title="Roosevelt Arch">Roosevelt Arch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Governors" title="Conference of Governors">Conference of Governors</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Company" title="Northern Securities Company">Northern Securities Company breakup</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Securities_Co._v._United_States" title="Northern Securities Co. v. United States">court case</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coal_strike_of_1902" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal strike of 1902">Coal strike of 1902</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drug_Act" title="Pure Food and Drug Act">Pure Food and Drug Act</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration#History" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Meat_Inspection_Act" title="Federal Meat Inspection Act">Meat Inspection Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Expediting_Act" title="Expediting Act">Expediting Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkins_Act" title="Elkins Act">Elkins Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_Act" title="Hepburn Act">Hepburn Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aldrich%E2%80%93Vreeland_Act" title="Aldrich–Vreeland Act">Aldrich–Vreeland Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tillman_Act_of_1907" title="Tillman Act of 1907">Tillman Act of 1907</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Employers_Liability_Act" title="Federal Employers Liability Act">Federal Employers Liability Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kinkaid_Act" title="Kinkaid Act">Kinkaid Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">Big stick ideology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal#United_States_acquisition" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuelan crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">Occupation of Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War#Peace_and_aftermath" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">1906 Nobel Peace Prize</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907</a> </span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Hall_(National_War_College)" title="Roosevelt Hall (National War College)">Roosevelt Hall</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association#History" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">College football meetings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation#History" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Bureau of Investigation</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Department of Commerce and Labor</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Corporations" title="Bureau of Corporations">Bureau of Corporations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Department_Methods" title="Committee on Department Methods">Keep Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inland_Waterways_Commission" title="Inland Waterways Commission">Inland Waterways Commission</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Bureau of the Census</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Fleet" title="Great White Fleet">Great White Fleet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perdicaris_affair" title="Perdicaris affair">Perdicaris affair</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt#Cabinet" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/West_Wing" title="West Wing">White House West Wing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1901 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1901</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1906_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1906 State of the Union Address">1906</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1908_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1908 State of the Union Address">1908</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_desk" title="Theodore Roosevelt desk">White House desk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Theodore Roosevelt">Federal judiciary appointments</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">"Bull Moose" Progressive Party</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Attempted assassination of Theodore Roosevelt">Assassination attempt</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian%E2%80%93Roosevelt_African_expedition" title="Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition">Smithsonian–Roosevelt African expedition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%E2%80%93Rondon_Scientific_Expedition" title="Roosevelt–Rondon Scientific Expedition">"River of Doubt" Amazonian expedition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">Birthplace, boyhood home replica</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill" title="Sagamore Hill">Sagamore Hill Home and Museum</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_Maltese_Cross_Cabin" title="Theodore Roosevelt's Maltese Cross Cabin">Maltese Cross Cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_Ranch" title="Elkhorn Ranch">Elkhorn Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pine_Knot_(cabin)" title="Pine Knot (cabin)">Pine Knot cabin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Executive_Mansion" title="New York State Executive Mansion">New York State Executive Mansion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Youngs_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Youngs Memorial Cemetery">Gravesite</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings<br />and speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_bibliography" title="Theodore Roosevelt bibliography">Theodore Roosevelt bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Naval_War_of_1812" title="The Naval War of 1812"><i>The Naval War of 1812</i> (1882 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Strenuous_Life" title="The Strenuous Life">"The Strenuous Life" (1899 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_in_a_Republic" title="Citizenship in a Republic">"Citizenship in a Republic" (1910 speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Progressive_Cause_Greater_Than_Any_Individual" class="extiw" title="s:Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual">"Progressive Cause Greater Than Any Individual" (1912 post-assassination-attempt speech)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt:_An_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography"><i>Theodore Roosevelt: An Autobiography</i> (1913 book)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(American_magazine)#Contributions_from_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="The Forum (American magazine)"><i>The Forum</i> magazine articles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Cyclopedia" title="Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia">Theodore Roosevelt Cyclopedia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association#Theodore_Roosevelt_Collection" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Archival collections</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Theodore Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">1898 New York state election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Republican National Convention: <a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">United States presidential elections: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Theodore Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Roosevelt_(Vermont)" title="Mount Roosevelt (Vermont)">Mount Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Digital_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library">Theodore Roosevelt Center and Digital Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_National_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt National Park">Theodore Roosevelt National Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness">Theodore Roosevelt Wilderness</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_National_Forest" title="Roosevelt National Forest">Roosevelt National Forest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Park_(San_Antonio)" title="Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)">Roosevelt Park (San Antonio)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Study Center</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Statues</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_Statue_of_Theodore_Roosevelt_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian Statue of Theodore Roosevelt (New York City)">New York City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt,_Rough_Rider" title="Theodore Roosevelt, Rough Rider">Portland, Oregon</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Park" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Park</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument_Assemblage" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage">Monument Assemblage</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument">Theodore Roosevelt Monument</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Roosevelt Memorial, Portland, Oregon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Presidential_Library" title="Theodore Roosevelt Presidential Library">Proposed presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_United_States_Courthouse" title="Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse">Theodore Roosevelt United States Courthouse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_River" title="Roosevelt River">Roosevelt River</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Memorial_Bridge" title="Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge">Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Bridge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Award" title="Theodore Roosevelt Award">Theodore Roosevelt Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SS_President_Roosevelt_(1921)" title="SS President Roosevelt (1921)">SS <i>President Roosevelt</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(ID-1478)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (ID-1478)">USS <i>Theodore Roosevelt</i> (1906</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(SSBN-600)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600)">1961</a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_(CVN-71)" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71)">1984</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Road" title="Roosevelt Road">Roosevelt Road</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bear</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Big_stick_ideology" title="Big stick ideology">"Speak softly, and carry a big stick"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Books about Theodore Roosevelt">Books</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Films about Theodore Roosevelt">Films</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Terrible_Teddy,_the_Grizzly_King" title="Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King"><i>Terrible Teddy, the Grizzly King</i>, 1901 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_%27Teddy%27_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="The 'Teddy' Bears"><i>The 'Teddy' Bears</i>, 1907 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_in_Africa" title="Roosevelt in Africa"><i>Roosevelt in Africa</i>, 1910 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)"><i>The Rough Riders</i>, 1927 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Teddy,_the_Rough_Rider" title="Teddy, the Rough Rider"><i>Teddy, the Rough Rider</i>, 1940 film</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(miniseries)" title="Rough Riders (miniseries)"><i>Rough Riders</i>, 1997 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i>, 2014 documentary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)"><i>Theodore Roosevelt</i>, 2022 miniseries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elkhorn_(TV_series)" title="Elkhorn (TV series)"><i>Elkhorn</i>, 2024 series</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Political positions of Theodore Roosevelt">Political positions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">Bully pulpit</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ananias_Club" title="Ananias Club">Ananias Club</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Nature_fakers_controversy#Roosevelt's_involvement" title="Nature fakers controversy">Nature fakers</a>"</span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guest_of_Honor_(opera)" title="A Guest of Honor (opera)">A Guest of Honor</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Muckraker#Origin_of_the_term,_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Muckraker">Muckraker</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Republican" title="Roosevelt Republican">Roosevelt Republican</a>"</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barnes_vs._Roosevelt_libel_trial" title="Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial">Barnes vs. Roosevelt libel trial</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hathaway_Lee_Roosevelt" title="Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt">Alice Hathaway Lee</a> (first wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Kermit Carow</a> (second wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Roosevelt_Longworth" title="Alice Roosevelt Longworth">Alice Lee Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Theodore Roosevelt III</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Kermit Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Roosevelt_Derby" title="Ethel Roosevelt Derby">Ethel Carow Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Roosevelt" title="Archibald Roosevelt">Archibald Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt" title="Quentin Roosevelt">Quentin Roosevelt</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_III" title="Theodore Roosevelt III">Theodore Roosevelt IV</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_V._S._Roosevelt" title="Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt">Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Roosevelt_II" title="Quentin Roosevelt II">Quentin Roosevelt II</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Kermit Roosevelt Jr.">Kermit Roosevelt Jr.</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Willard_Roosevelt" title="Joseph Willard Roosevelt">Joseph Willard Roosevelt</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edith_Derby_Williams" title="Edith Derby Williams">Edith Roosevelt Derby</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Keogh" title="Theodora Keogh">Theodora Roosevelt</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corinne_Roosevelt_Robinson" title="Corinne Roosevelt Robinson">Corinne Roosevelt</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Roosevelt" title="Cornelius Roosevelt">Cornelius Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Stephens_Bulloch" title="James Stephens Bulloch">James Stephens Bulloch</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Roosevelt" title="James A. Roosevelt">James Alfred Roosevelt</a> (uncle)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roosevelt" title="Robert Roosevelt">Robert Barnhill Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Anna Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (niece)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hall_Roosevelt" title="Hall Roosevelt">Gracie Hall Roosevelt</a> (nephew)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_(Theodore_Roosevelt%27s_dog)" title="Pete (Theodore Roosevelt's dog)">Pete</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">← William McKinley</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">← Garret Hobart</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Theodore Roosevelt">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_J._Trimble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William J. Trimble (page does not exist)">William J. Trimble</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a><br />from the 21st district </b><br />1882–1884 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Barnum" title="Henry A. Barnum">Henry A. Barnum</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Thomas G. Alvord</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minority Leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York Assembly</a> </b><br />1883 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Rice_(politician)" title="Frank Rice (politician)">Frank Rice</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #191970;">Civic offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Unknown</b><div style="font-size:90%">Last known title holder:</div><b><a href="/wiki/William_Farrar_Smith" title="William Farrar Smith">William Farrar Smith</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Commissioner" title="New York City Police Commissioner">Superintendent of the New York City Police Department</a> </b><br />1895–1897 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_McCullagh_(superintendent)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John McCullagh (superintendent) (page does not exist)">John McCullagh</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_McAdoo_(New_Jersey)" class="mw-redirect" title="William McAdoo (New Jersey)">William McAdoo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> </b><br />1897–1898 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">Charles Herbert Allen</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Frank S. Black</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1898_New_York_state_election" title="1898 New York state election">1898</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Benjamin Odell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New political party</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive</a> nominee for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Party dissolved </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Frank S. Black</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> </b><br />1899–1900 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Barker_Odell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.">Benjamin Barker Odell Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> </b><br />1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1901–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Laureate of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> </b><br />1906 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Teodoro Moneta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Theodore_Roosevelt105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Theodore_Roosevelt105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Theodore Roosevelt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States390" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="First presidency of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Second presidency of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–2025</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_Adams_presidency" title="Timeline of the John Adams presidency">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States355" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_New_York" title="Template talk:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_New_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of New York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_and_lieutenant_governors_of_New_York205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_New_York" title="Lieutenant Governor of New York">lieutenant governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">G. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)" title="Morgan Lewis (governor)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Yates" title="Joseph C. Yates">Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">D. Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Bouck" title="William C. Bouck">Bouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Wright" title="Silas Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(governor)" title="John Young (governor)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Hunt" title="Washington Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_H._Clark" title="Myron H. Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._King" title="John A. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuben_Fenton" title="Reuben Fenton">Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Hoffman" title="John T. Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">J. Adams Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Robinson" title="Lucius Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_P._Flower" title="Roswell P. Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_S._Black" title="Frank S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Odell_(politician)" title="Benjamin Odell (politician)">Odell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alden_Dix" title="John Alden Dix">J. Alden Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_L._Miller" title="Nathan L. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">Pataki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">A. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Governor_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lieutenant<br />governors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Van_Cortlandt" title="Pierre Van Cortlandt">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">S. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Van_Rensselaer" title="Jeremiah Van Rensselaer">J. Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Broome_(politician)" title="John Broome (politician)">Broome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Swift" title="Philetus Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tayler" title="John Tayler">Tayler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tallmadge_Jr." title="James Tallmadge Jr.">Tallmadge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Pitcher" title="Nathaniel Pitcher">Pitcher</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Peter R. Livingston (politician, born 1766)">P. Livingston</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dayan" title="Charles Dayan">Dayan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_T._Throop" title="Enos T. Throop">Throop</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stebbins" title="Charles Stebbins">Stebbins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_M._Oliver" title="William M. Oliver">Oliver</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Philip_Livingston" title="Edward Philip Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tracy_(New_York_politician)" title="John Tracy (New York politician)">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Gardiner" title="Addison Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lester" title="Albert Lester">Lester</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_E._Church" title="Sanford E. Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Selden" title="Henry R. Selden">Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Campbell_(New_York_politician)" title="Robert Campbell (New York politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Floyd-Jones" title="David R. Floyd-Jones">Floyd-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_L._Woodford" title="Stewart L. Woodford">Woodford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_C._Beach" title="Allen C. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Robinson" title="John C. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dorsheimer" title="William Dorsheimer">Dorsheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dennis_McCarthy_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis McCarthy (congressman)">McCarthy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._Jones" title="Edward F. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Saxton" title="Charles T. Saxton">Saxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Woodruff" title="Timothy L. Woodruff">Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Higgins" title="Frank W. Higgins">Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Linn_Bruce" title="Matthew Linn Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Raines" title="John Raines">Raines</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Stuyvesant_Chanler" title="Lewis Stuyvesant Chanler">Chanler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_White" title="Horace White">White</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_H._Cobb" title="George H. Cobb">Cobb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Conway" title="Thomas F. Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_H._Glynn" title="Martin H. Glynn">Glynn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Wagner" title="Robert F. Wagner">Wagner</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schoeneck" title="Edward Schoeneck">Schoeneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Walker" title="Harry C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Wood" title="Jeremiah Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clayton_R._Lusk" title="Clayton R. Lusk">Lusk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Lunn" title="George R. Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lowman" title="Seymour Lowman">Lowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Corning" title="Edwin Corning">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._William_Bray" title="M. William Bray">Bray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Poletti" title="Charles Poletti">Poletti</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Wallace" title="Thomas W. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Hanley" title="Joe R. Hanley">Hanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Moore_(politician)" title="Frank C. Moore (politician)">Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Wicks" title="Arthur H. Wicks">Wicks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Mahoney" title="Walter J. Mahoney">Mahoney</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeLuca" title="George DeLuca">DeLuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Wilson_(politician)" title="Malcolm Wilson (politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Krupsak" title="Mary Anne Krupsak">Krupsak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">M. Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_DelBello" title="Alfred DelBello">DelBello</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warren_M._Anderson" title="Warren M. Anderson">Anderson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lundine" title="Stan Lundine">Lundine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_McCaughey" title="Betsy McCaughey">McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Donohue" title="Mary Donohue">Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">Paterson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruno" title="Joseph Bruno">Bruno</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Skelos" title="Dean Skelos">Skelos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Smith_(U.S._politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Smith (U.S. politician)">Smith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Espada_Jr." title="Pedro Espada Jr.">Espada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ravitch" title="Richard Ravitch">Ravitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Duffy_(politician)" title="Robert Duffy (politician)">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Hochul" title="Kathy Hochul">Hochul</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Benjamin" title="Brian Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Stewart-Cousins" title="Andrea Stewart-Cousins">Stewart-Cousins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Delgado" title="Antonio Delgado">Delgado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_the_Navy7468" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="Template:United States secretaries of the Navy"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="Template talk:United States secretaries of the Navy"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States secretaries of the Navy"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_Navy7468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">United States secretaries of the Navy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet-level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Stoddert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">S Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Branch" title="John Branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">L. Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Dickerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kirke_Paulding" title="James Kirke Paulding">Paulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Henshaw_(American_politician)" title="David Henshaw (American politician)">Henshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ballard_Preston" class="mw-redirect" title="William Ballard Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Kennedy" title="John P. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Dobbin" title="James C. Dobbin">Dobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_E._Borie" title="Adolph E. Borie">Borie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Robeson" title="George M. Robeson">Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Thompson" title="Richard W. Thompson">R Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Goff_Jr." title="Nathan Goff Jr.">Goff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Collins_Whitney" title="William Collins Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Tracy" title="Benjamin F. Tracy">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Morton_(politician)" title="Paul Morton (politician)">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Metcalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Daniels" title="Josephus Daniels">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Denby_(politician)" title="Edwin Denby (politician)">Denby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_D._Wilbur" title="Curtis D. Wilbur">Wilbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_III" title="Charles Francis Adams III">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan_(United_States_Navy)" title="John L. Sullivan (United States Navy)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Matthews" title="Francis P. Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" title="Dan A. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_(Secretary_of_the_Navy)" title="Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Franke" title="William B. Franke">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Korth" title="Fred Korth">Korth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nitze" title="Paul Nitze">Nitze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chafee" title="John Chafee">Chafee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Middendorf" title="J. William Middendorf">Middendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Graham_Claytor_Jr." title="W. Graham Claytor Jr.">Claytor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hidalgo" title="Edward Hidalgo">Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lehman" title="John Lehman">Lehman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Webb" title="Jim Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Ball" title="William L. Ball">Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Garrett_III" title="Henry L. Garrett III">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Keefe" title="Sean O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Dalton" title="John Howard Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Danzig" title="Richard Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._England" title="Gordon R. England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_C._Winter" title="Donald C. Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Mabus" title="Ray Mabus">Mabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_V._Spencer" title="Richard V. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Braithwaite" title="Kenneth Braithwaite">Braithwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Del_Toro" title="Carlos Del Toro">Del Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/80px-US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/120px-US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/160px-US-UnderSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/80px-US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/120px-US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg/160px-US-AssistantSecretaryOfTheNavy-Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Under Secretary of the Navy">Under<br />secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Austin_Bard" title="Ralph Austin Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemus_Gates" title="Artemus Gates">A. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Sullivan_(United_States_Navy)" title="John L. Sullivan (United States Navy)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._John_Kenney" title="W. John Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_A._Kimball" title="Dan A. Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_P._Whitehair" title="Francis P. Whitehair">Whitehair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_(Secretary_of_the_Navy)" title="Charles Thomas (Secretary of the Navy)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Franke" title="William B. Franke">Franke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_A._Bantz" title="Fred A. Bantz">Bantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_B._Fay" title="Paul B. Fay">Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._B._Baldwin" title="Robert H. B. Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Baird" title="Charles F. Baird">Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner" title="John Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Sanders" title="Frank P. Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._William_Middendorf" title="J. William Middendorf">Middendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Potter" title="David S. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Macdonald" title="David R. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._James_Woolsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="R. James Woolsey Jr.">Woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Murray" title="Robert J. Murray">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Goodrich" title="James F. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Garrett_III" title="Henry L. Garrett III">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Daniel_Howard" title="J. Daniel Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Danzig" title="Richard Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_MacArthur_Hultin" title="Jerry MacArthur Hultin">Hultin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Pirie_Jr." title="Robert B. Pirie Jr.">Pirie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Livingstone" title="Susan Livingstone">Livingstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionel_M._Aviles" title="Dionel M. Aviles">Aviles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Work" title="Robert O. Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janine_A._Davidson" title="Janine A. Davidson">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Modly" title="Thomas Modly">Modly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Raven" title="Erik Raven">Raven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant<br />secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pre–1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Fox" title="Gustavus Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Faxon" title="William Faxon">Faxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Soley" title="James R. Soley">Soley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McAdoo_(New_Jersey_politician)" title="William McAdoo (New Jersey politician)">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">T. Roosevelt Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herbert_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Herbert Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_W._Hackett" title="Frank W. Hackett">Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hial_Darling" title="Charles Hial Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Satterlee" title="Herbert L. Satterlee">Satterlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekman_Winthrop" title="Beekman Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">F. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Woodbury" title="Gordon Woodbury">G. Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">T. Roosevelt Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Douglas_Robinson" title="Theodore Douglas Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Jahncke" title="Ernest L. Jahncke">Jahncke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Roosevelt" title="Henry L. Roosevelt">H. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edison" title="Charles Edison">Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Compton" title="Lewis Compton">Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Austin_Bard" title="Ralph Austin Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Struve_Hensel" title="H. Struve Hensel">Hensel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._John_Kenney" title="W. John Kenney">Kenney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Andrews" title="Mark E. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Koehler" title="John T. Koehler">Koehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_R._Askins" title="Herbert R. Askins">Askins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_H._Fogler" title="Raymond H. Fogler">Fogler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post–1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Financial_Management_and_Comptroller)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Financial Management and Comptroller)">Financial Management and Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Energy,_Installations_and_Environment)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Energy, Installations and Environment)">Energy, Installations and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Manpower_and_Reserve_Affairs)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Manpower and Reserve Affairs)">Manpower and Reserve Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Research,_Development_and_Acquisition)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Research, Development and Acquisition)">Research, Development and Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Counsel_of_the_Navy" title="General Counsel of the Navy">General Counsel of the Navy</a></li> <li>defunct: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(AIR)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Installations_and_Logistics)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Installations and Logistics)">Installations and Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Material)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Material)">Material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(AIR)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)">Research and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(AIR)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR)">Research, Engineering and Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy_(Shipbuilding_and_Logistics)" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Shipbuilding and Logistics)">Shipbuilding and Logistics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party1308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party1308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>; <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">2025–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate<br />leaders</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Hale" title="John P. Hale">J. P. Hale</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Anthony" title="Henry B. Anthony">Anthony</a> (1862–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1884–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">Edmunds</a> (1885–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a> (1891–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Allison" title="William B. Allison">Allison</a> (1897–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">E. Hale</a> (1908–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Cullom</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_H._Gallinger" title="Jacob H. Gallinger">Gallinger</a> (1913–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a> (1918–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Watson" title="James E. Watson">Watson</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1933–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Austin" title="Warren Austin">Austin</a> (1940–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> (1941–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_H._White" title="Wallace H. White">White</a> (1944–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Wherry" title="Kenneth S. Wherry">Wherry</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styles_Bridges" title="Styles Bridges">Bridges</a> (1952–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Knowland" title="William Knowland">Knowland</a> (1953–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a> (1959–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1977–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens" title="Ted Stevens">Stevens</a> (1979–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Baker</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> (1985–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Lott</a> (1996–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Frist" title="Bill Frist">Frist</a> (2003–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a> (2007–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Thune" title="John Thune">John Thune</a> (2025–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan_(politician)" title="Mike Duncan (politician)">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li>2019</li> <li>2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_leadership_elections" title="2024 Republican National Committee leadership elections">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Republican_Association" title="National Black Republican Association">National Black Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Hindu_Coalition" title="Republican Hindu Coalition">Republican Hindu Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets795" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Template talk:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_left-wing_third_party_presidential_tickets_(U.S.)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_left-wing_third-party_U.S._presidential_tickets795" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_left-wing_politics_in_the_United_States" title="History of left-wing politics in the United States">Historical left-wing third-party U.S. presidential tickets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>This group includes only pre-1996 parties that fielded a candidate that won greater 0.1% of the popular vote in at least one presidential election</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />tickets that<br />won at least<br />one percent of<br />the national<br />popular vote<br /> (candidate(s) / <br /> running mate(s))</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Fenton_Cary" title="Samuel Fenton Cary">Samuel F. Cary</a> (<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a>/<a href="/wiki/Absolom_M._West" title="Absolom M. West">Absolom M. West</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_19th_century)" title="Labor Party (United States, 19th century)">Union Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alson_Streeter" title="Alson Streeter">Alson Streeter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cunningham" title="Charles E. Cunningham">Charles E. Cunningham</a> (<a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_G._Field" title="James G. Field">James G. Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a> and <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_L._Benson" title="Allan L. Benson">Allan L. Benson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Ross_Kirkpatrick" title="George Ross Kirkpatrick">George R. Kirkpatrick</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a>/<a href="/wiki/Seymour_Stedman" title="Seymour Stedman">Seymour Stedman</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Norman Thomas</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_H._Maurer" title="James H. Maurer">James H. Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Bull Moose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>/<a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>/<a href="/wiki/Glen_H._Taylor" title="Glen H. Taylor">Glen H. Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other notable<br />left-wing parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic Party of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1932)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1932)">Liberty Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party performances in presidential elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909)685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:T_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:T Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:T_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template talk:T Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:T_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:T Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909)685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> (1901–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Robert Bacon</a> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/100px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/150px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/200px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3751" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Lyman J. Gage</a> (1901–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">L. M. Shaw</a> (1902–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (1904–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a> (1908–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1906–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Charles Emory Smith</a> (1901–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Henry Clay Payne</a> (1902–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wynne" title="Robert Wynne">Robert Wynne</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a> (1901–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> (1902–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Morton_(politician)" title="Paul Morton (politician)">Paul Morton</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1905–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Victor H. Metcalf</a> (1906–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Truman H. Newberry</a> (1908–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> (1901–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James Rudolph Garfield</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1901–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Secretary of Commerce and Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1903–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Victor H. Metcalf</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Oscar Straus</a> (1906–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1906_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1906_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><b>1906 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees46" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mount_Rushmore142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template talk:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mount_Rushmore142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Shrine of Democracy</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_Mount_Rushmore" title="Construction of Mount Rushmore">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> (sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a> (assistant sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Del_Bianco" title="Luigi Del Bianco">Luigi Del Bianco</a> (chief carver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Long" title="Walter K. Long">Walter K. Long</a> (assisted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a> (conceived idea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck" title="Peter Norbeck">Peter Norbeck</a> (political promoter, <a href="/wiki/Norbeck-Williamson_Act_of_1929" title="Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929">Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_(by-sa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg/150px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg/225px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg/300px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum_Museum" title="Lincoln Borglum Museum">Lincoln Borglum Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills of South Dakota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rushmore" title="Charles E. Rushmore">Charles E. Rushmore</a> (namesake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 fireworks celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monument Syndrome">Mount Rushmore Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-14)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-14)">USS <i>Rushmore</i> (LSD-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-47)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-47)">USS <i>Rushmore</i> (LSD-47)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Historical_Association122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Historical_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Historical Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Historical_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Historical Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Historical_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Historical Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Historical_Association122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1884–1900</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Dickson_White" title="Andrew Dickson White">Andrew Dickson White</a> (1884–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Winsor" title="Justin Winsor">Justin Winsor</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Poole" title="William Frederick Poole">William Frederick Poole</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kendall_Adams" title="Charles Kendall Adams">Charles Kendall Adams</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_Henry" title="William Wirt Henry">William Wirt Henry</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrill_Angell" title="James Burrill Angell">James Burrill Angell</a> (1892–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (1893–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">George F. Hoar</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Salter_Storrs" title="Richard Salter Storrs">Richard Salter Storrs</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Schouler" title="James Schouler">James Schouler</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Park_Fisher" title="George Park Fisher">George Park Fisher</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Ford_Rhodes" title="James Ford Rhodes">James Ford Rhodes</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Eggleston" title="Edward Eggleston">Edward Eggleston</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Jr." title="Charles Francis Adams Jr.">Charles Francis Adams Jr.</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Thayer_Mahan" title="Alfred Thayer Mahan">Alfred Thayer Mahan</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Lea" title="Henry Charles Lea">Henry Charles Lea</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Goldwin_Smith" title="Goldwin Smith">Goldwin Smith</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bach_McMaster" title="John Bach McMaster">John Bach McMaster</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simeon_E._Baldwin" title="Simeon E. Baldwin">Simeon E. Baldwin</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Jameson" title="J. Franklin Jameson">J. Franklin Jameson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Burton_Adams" title="George Burton Adams">George Burton Adams</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Albert Bushnell Hart</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Jackson_Turner" title="Frederick Jackson Turner">Frederick Jackson Turner</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Milligan_Sloane" title="William Milligan Sloane">William Milligan Sloane</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_C._McLaughlin" title="Andrew C. McLaughlin">Andrew C. McLaughlin</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._Morse_Stephens" title="H. Morse Stephens">H. Morse Stephens</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Burr" title="George Lincoln Burr">George Lincoln Burr</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worthington_C._Ford" title="Worthington C. Ford">Worthington C. Ford</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Roscoe_Thayer" title="William Roscoe Thayer">William Roscoe Thayer</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Channing" title="Edward Channing">Edward Channing</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jules_Jusserand" title="Jean Jules Jusserand">Jean Jules Jusserand</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Homer_Haskins" title="Charles Homer Haskins">Charles Homer Haskins</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Potts_Cheyney" title="Edward Potts Cheyney">Edward Potts Cheyney</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McLean_Andrews" title="Charles McLean Andrews">Charles McLean Andrews</a> (1924–1925)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dana_Carleton_Munro" title="Dana Carleton Munro">Dana Carleton Munro</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Osborn_Taylor" title="Henry Osborn Taylor">Henry Osborn Taylor</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Breasted" title="James Henry Breasted">James Henry Breasted</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Robinson" title="James Harvey Robinson">James Harvey Robinson</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Evarts_Boutell_Greene" title="Evarts Boutell Greene">Evarts Boutell Greene</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_L._Becker" title="Carl L. Becker">Carl L. Becker</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Eugene_Bolton" title="Herbert Eugene Bolton">Herbert Eugene Bolton</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Dodd_(ambassador)" title="William Dodd (ambassador)">William Dodd</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Rostovtzeff" title="Michael Rostovtzeff">Michael Rostovtzeff</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard_McIlwain" title="Charles Howard McIlwain">Charles Howard McIlwain</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guy_Stanton_Ford" title="Guy Stanton Ford">Guy Stanton Ford</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_M._Larson" title="Laurence M. Larson">Laurence M. Larson</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Ferguson" title="William Scott Ferguson">William Scott Ferguson</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Farrand" title="Max Farrand">Max Farrand</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Westfall_Thompson" title="James Westfall Thompson">James Westfall Thompson</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Sr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Neilson" title="Nellie Neilson">Nellie Neilson</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Linn_Westermann" title="William Linn Westermann">William Linn Westermann</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carlton_J._H._Hayes" title="Carlton J. H. Hayes">Carlton J. H. Hayes</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Bradshaw_Fay" title="Sidney Bradshaw Fay">Sidney Bradshaw Fay</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Wertenbaker" title="Thomas J. Wertenbaker">Thomas J. Wertenbaker</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Scott_Latourette" title="Kenneth Scott Latourette">Kenneth Scott Latourette</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Read" title="Conyers Read">Conyers Read</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_Schuyler" title="Robert Livingston Schuyler">Robert Livingston Schuyler</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Randall" title="James G. Randall">James G. Randall</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Gottschalk" title="Louis R. Gottschalk">Louis R. Gottschalk</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Curti" title="Merle Curti">Merle Curti</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Thorndike" title="Lynn Thorndike">Lynn Thorndike</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Perkins" title="Dexter Perkins">Dexter Perkins</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Prescott_Webb" title="Walter Prescott Webb">Walter Prescott Webb</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Allan Nevins</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernadotte_Everly_Schmitt" title="Bernadotte Everly Schmitt">Bernadotte Everly Schmitt</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Flagg_Bemis" title="Samuel Flagg Bemis">Samuel Flagg Bemis</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bridenbaugh" title="Carl Bridenbaugh">Carl Bridenbaugh</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crane_Brinton" title="Crane Brinton">Crane Brinton</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_P._Boyd" title="Julian P. Boyd">Julian P. Boyd</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_C._Lane" title="Frederic C. Lane">Frederic C. Lane</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Franklin_Nichols" title="Roy Franklin Nichols">Roy Franklin Nichols</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Hajo Holborn</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Fairbank" title="John King Fairbank">John King Fairbank</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">C. Vann Woodward</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Robert Roswell Palmer</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">David M. Potter</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Strayer" title="Joseph Strayer">Joseph Strayer</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Cochran_(historian)" title="Thomas C. Cochran (historian)">Thomas C. Cochran</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Townsend_White_Jr." title="Lynn Townsend White Jr.">Lynn Townsend White Jr.</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hanke" title="Lewis Hanke">Lewis Hanke</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Wright_(historian)" title="Gordon Wright (historian)">Gordon Wright</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Charles Gibson</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bouwsma" title="William J. Bouwsma">William J. Bouwsma</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Pinkney" title="David H. Pinkney">David H. Pinkney</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bernard Bailyn</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Gordon A. Craig</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_D._Curtin" title="Philip D. Curtin">Philip D. Curtin</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_S._Link" title="Arthur S. Link">Arthur S. Link</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_H._McNeill" title="William H. McNeill">William H. McNeill</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_N._Degler" title="Carl N. Degler">Carl N. Degler</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Natalie Zemon Davis</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akira_Iriye" title="Akira Iriye">Akira Iriye</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_R._Harlan" title="Louis R. Harlan">Louis R. Harlan</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Herlihy" title="David Herlihy">David Herlihy</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Leuchtenburg" title="William Leuchtenburg">William Leuchtenburg</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Wakeman" title="Frederic Wakeman">Frederic Wakeman</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louise_A._Tilly" title="Louise A. Tilly">Louise A. Tilly</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Holt" title="Thomas C. Holt">Thomas C. Holt</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Coatsworth" title="John Henry Coatsworth">John Henry Coatsworth</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Walker_Bynum" title="Caroline Walker Bynum">Caroline Walker Bynum</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Appleby" title="Joyce Appleby">Joyce Appleby</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_C._Miller" title="Joseph C. Miller">Joseph C. Miller</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darnton" title="Robert Darnton">Robert Darnton</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Eric Foner</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Wm. Roger Louis</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Hunt" title="Lynn Hunt">Lynn Hunt</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_D._Spence" title="Jonathan D. Spence">Jonathan D. Spence</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James J. Sheehan</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Linda_K._Kerber" title="Linda K. Kerber">Linda K. Kerber</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Weinstein_(historian)" title="Barbara Weinstein (historian)">Barbara Weinstein</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_M._Spiegel" title="Gabrielle M. Spiegel">Gabrielle M. Spiegel</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laurel_Thatcher_Ulrich" title="Laurel Thatcher Ulrich">Laurel Thatcher Ulrich</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf" title="Barbara D. Metcalf">Barbara D. Metcalf</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Grafton" title="Anthony Grafton">Anthony Grafton</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cronon" title="William Cronon">William Cronon</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Pomeranz" title="Kenneth Pomeranz">Kenneth Pomeranz</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jan_E._Goldstein" title="Jan E. Goldstein">Jan E. Goldstein</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vicki_L._Ruiz" title="Vicki L. Ruiz">Vicki L. Ruiz</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Manning_(historian)" title="Patrick Manning (historian)">Patrick Manning</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tyler_E._Stovall" title="Tyler E. Stovall">Tyler E. Stovall</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Norton" title="Mary Beth Norton">Mary Beth Norton</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._R._McNeill" title="J. R. McNeill">J. R. McNeill</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lindemann" title="Mary Lindemann">Mary Lindemann</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Jones" title="Jacqueline Jones">Jacqueline Jones</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Sweet" title="James H. Sweet">James H. Sweet</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wallace_Muir_Jr." title="Edward Wallace Muir Jr.">Edward Muir</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Thavolia_Glymph" title="Thavolia Glymph">Thavolia Glymph</a></i> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rough_Riders1762" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Rough_Riders1762" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders" title="Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Officers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Oswald_Brodie" title="Alexander Oswald Brodie">Alexander Oswald Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._McClintock" title="James H. McClintock">James H. McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill" title="Buckey O'Neill">Buckey O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Bullock" title="Seth Bullock">Seth Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Greenway" title="John Campbell Greenway">John Campbell Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Avery_McIlhenny" title="John Avery McIlhenny">John Avery McIlhenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Allyn K. Capron Jr.">Allyn K. Capron Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_K._Capron_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Allyn K. Capron Sr.">Allyn K. Capron Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curry_(politician)" title="George Curry (politician)">George Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Kane" title="Woodbury Kane">Woodbury Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Rynning" title="Thomas H. Rynning">Thomas H. Rynning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RoughRiders.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RoughRiders.jpeg/160px-RoughRiders.jpeg" decoding="async" width="160" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RoughRiders.jpeg/240px-RoughRiders.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RoughRiders.jpeg/320px-RoughRiders.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3356" data-file-height="2722" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Enlisted men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_G._McMurtry" title="George G. McMurtry">George G. McMurtry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Madsen" title="Chris Madsen">Chris Madsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_II_(Rough_Rider)" title="Hamilton Fish II (Rough Rider)">Hamilton Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibur%C3%B3n_Island_Tragedy#The_tragedy" title="Tiburón Island Tragedy">Thomas Grindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battleground_Gunfight#Background" title="Battleground Gunfight">Henry Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McGinty_(cowboy)" title="Billy McGinty (cowboy)">Billy McGinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Alamia" title="Juan Alamia">Juan Alamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Frantz" title="Frank Frantz">Frank Frantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Wadsworth" title="Craig Wadsworth">Craig Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Nash" title="Henry Nash">Henry Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Daniels_(pioneer)" title="Ben Daniels (pioneer)">Ben Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Frank Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wrenn" title="Robert Wrenn">Robert Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Guasimas" title="Battle of Las Guasimas">Battle of Las Guasimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill" title="Battle of San Juan Hill">Battle of San Juan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santiago" title="Siege of Santiago">Siege of Santiago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_Memorial" title="Rough Riders Memorial">Rough Riders Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckey_O%27Neill_Cabin" title="Buckey O'Neill Cabin">Buckey O'Neill Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucky_O%27Neill_Monument" title="Bucky O'Neill Monument">Bucky O'Neill Monument</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bronco_Buster" title="The Bronco Buster">The Bronco Buster</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Monument_Assemblage" title="Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage">Theodore Roosevelt Monument Assemblage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rough_Riders_(film)" title="The Rough Riders (film)"><i>The Rough Riders</i> (1927 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy,_the_Rough_Rider" title="Teddy, the Rough Rider"><i>Teddy, the Rough Rider</i> (1940 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Riders_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rough Riders (film)"><i>Rough Riders</i> (1997 mini-series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckhorn_Saloon_%26_Museum_(San_Antonio)" title="Buckhorn Saloon & Museum (San Antonio)">Buckhorn Saloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rangers" title="Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Guardsmen" title="Three Guardsmen">Three Guardsmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Land_%26_Cattle_Company_(1884%E2%80%931902)#Lawlessness" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec Land & Cattle Company (1884–1902)">Canyon Diablo Train Robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibur%C3%B3n_Island_Tragedy" title="Tiburón Island Tragedy">Tiburón Island Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_World_War_I_volunteers" title="Roosevelt's World War I volunteers">Roosevelt's World War I volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Battalion_(World_War_I)" title="Lost Battalion (World War I)">The Lost Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Teddy_bears157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Teddy_bears" title="Template:Teddy bears"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Teddy_bears" title="Template talk:Teddy bears"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Teddy_bears" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Teddy bears"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Teddy_bears157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear" title="Teddy bear">Teddy bears</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applause_(toy_company)" title="Applause (toy company)">Applause</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build-A-Bear_Workshop" title="Build-A-Bear Workshop">Build-A-Bear Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_Valley_(toy_brand)" title="Chad Valley (toy brand)">Chad Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakin_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakin (company)">Dakin</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._K._Farnell" title="J. K. Farnell">J. K. Farnell</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gund" title="Gund">Gund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_Toy_Company" title="Ideal Toy Company">Ideal Toy Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Steiff_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Margarete Steiff GmbH">Margarete Steiff GmbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrythought" title="Merrythought">Merrythought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Atelier_Stursberg" title="Teddy Atelier Stursberg">Teddy Atelier Stursberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy-Hermann" title="Teddy-Hermann">Teddy-Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty_(company)" title="Ty (company)">Ty Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Teddy_Bear_Company" title="Vermont Teddy Bear Company">Vermont Teddy Bear Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AG_Bear" title="AG Bear">AG Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beanie_Babies" title="Beanie Babies">Beanie Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyds_Bears" title="Boyds Bears">Boyds Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_Bears" title="Care Bears">Care Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_Bean_Bears" title="Coffee Bean Bears">Coffee Bean Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forever_Friends_(brand)" title="Forever Friends (brand)">Forever Friends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furskin_Bears" title="Furskin Bears">Furskin Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gund_Snuffles" title="Gund Snuffles">Gund Snuffles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiday_Beanie_Babies" title="Holiday Beanie Babies">Holiday Beanie Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_to_You_Bears" title="Me to You Bears">Me to You Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punkinhead" title="Punkinhead">Punkinhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WereBear" title="WereBear">WereBears</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_Teddy_Bear_Museum" title="Dorset Teddy Bear Museum">Dorset Teddy Bear Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear_museum" title="Teddy bear museum">Teddy bear museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Bear_Museum_of_Naples" title="Teddy Bear Museum of Naples">Teddy Bear Museum of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_bears" title="List of fictional bears">Fictional<br />teddies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_(teddy_bear)" title="Aloysius (teddy bear)">Aloysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Ormsby-Gore" title="Archibald Ormsby-Gore">Archibald Ormsby-Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloo#Disney_versions" title="Baloo">Baloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamse" title="Bamse">Bamse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_%26_Kazooie" title="Banjo & Kazooie">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_World_of_Benjamin_Bear" title="The Secret World of Benjamin Bear">Benjamin Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlino" title="Berlino">Berlino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_School_(British_TV_series)" title="Play School (British TV series)">Big Ted & Little Ted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_(The_Simpsons)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobo (The Simpsons)">Bobo (<i>The Simpsons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Season_(film_series)" title="Open Season (film series)">Boog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_(book)" title="Corduroy (book)">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costco_bear" title="Costco bear">Costco bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy_the_Disney_Bear" title="Duffy the Disney Bear">Duffy the Disney Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fozzie_Bear" title="Fozzie Bear">Fozzie Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddy_Fazbear" class="mw-redirect" title="Freddy Fazbear">Freddy Fazbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_Teddy_(Demonic_Toys)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grizzly Teddy (Demonic Toys)">Grizzly Teddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummib%C3%A4r" title="Gummibär">Gummibär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_Christmas_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods Christmas Bears">Harrods Christmas Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_the_Bear" title="Humphrey the Bear">Humphrey the Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_%26_Closer#Hyde" title="Hyde & Closer">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotso" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotso">Lotso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Bear">Microsoft Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha" title="Misha">Misha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%9B_Uszatek" class="mw-redirect" title="Miś Uszatek">Uszatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monokuma" title="Monokuma">Monokuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Whoppit" title="Mr Whoppit">Mr Whoppit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassur_(teddy_bear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassur (teddy bear)">Nassur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev_the_Bear" title="Nev the Bear">Nev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_of_the_North" title="Norm of the North">Norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddington_Bear" title="Paddington Bear">Paddington Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad#Pink_teddy_bear" title="Breaking Bad">Pink teddy bear (<i>Breaking Bad</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_(Kung_Fu_Panda)" title="Po (Kung Fu Panda)">Po</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooky_(Garfield_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pooky (Garfield character)">Pooky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudsey_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudsey Bear">Pudsey Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasmus_Klump" title="Rasmus Klump">Rasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_(Guilty_Gear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger (Guilty Gear)">Roger (Guilty Gear)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilakkuma" title="Rilakkuma">Rilakkuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Bear" title="Rupert Bear">Rupert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_(Family_Guy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert (Family Guy)">Rupert (<i>Family Guy</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Star_Bear:_First_Mission" title="Sebastian Star Bear: First Mission">Sebastian Star Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokey_Bear" title="Smokey Bear">Smokey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuggle" title="Snuggle">Snuggle Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sooty" title="Sooty">Sooty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperTed" title="SuperTed">SuperTed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_Toys" title="The Forgotten Toys">Teddy (<i>The Forgotten Toys</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(Mr._Bean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy (Mr. Bean)">Teddy (<i>Mr. Bean</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Ruxpin" title="Teddy Ruxpin">Teddy Ruxpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(Disney_character)" title="Winnie the Pooh (Disney character)">Disney version</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and<br />television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A.I._Artificial_Intelligence" title="A.I. Artificial Intelligence">A.I. Artificial Intelligence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Teddy_Ruxpin" title="The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin">The Adventures of Teddy Ruxpin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adventures_of_the_Gummi_Bears" title="Adventures of the Gummi Bears">Adventures of the Gummi Bears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bananas_in_Pyjamas" title="Bananas in Pyjamas">Bananas in Pyjamas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bear_Behaving_Badly" title="Bear Behaving Badly">Bear Behaving Badly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Becky_and_Barnaby_Bear" title="Becky and Barnaby Bear">Becky and Barnaby Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boonie_Bears" title="Boonie Bears">Boonie Bears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C_Bear_and_Jamal" title="C Bear and Jamal">C Bear and Jamal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charley_and_Mimmo" title="Charley and Mimmo">Charley and Mimmo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_(TV_series)" title="Corduroy (TV series)">Corduroy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colargol" title="Colargol">Colargol</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gooby" title="Gooby">Gooby</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hey_Mister,_Let%27s_Play!" title="Hey Mister, Let's Play!">Hey Mister, Let's Play!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_(film)" title="Imaginary (film)">Imaginary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Issi_Noho" title="Issi Noho">Issi Noho</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kissyfur" title="Kissyfur">Kissyfur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kooky" title="Kooky">Kooky</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Bear_(TV_series)" title="Little Bear (TV series)">Little Bear</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Bear_Movie" title="The Little Bear Movie">movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misery_Bear" title="Misery Bear">Misery Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Bear_Stories" title="Old Bear Stories">Old Bear Stories</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddington_(TV_series)" title="Paddington (TV series)"><i>Paddington</i> (TV series)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paddington_(film)" title="Paddington (film)">Paddington</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Paddington_2" title="Paddington 2">Paddington 2</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Paddington_in_Peru" title="Paddington in Peru">Paddington in Peru</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_(1981_film)" title="The Pit (1981 film)">The Pit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rilakkuma_and_Kaoru" title="Rilakkuma and Kaoru">Rilakkuma and Kaoru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosebud_(The_Simpsons)" title="Rosebud (The Simpsons)">"Rosebud" <i>(The Simpsons)</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_World_of_Benjamin_Bear" title="The Secret World of Benjamin Bear">The Secret World of Benjamin Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Special_Agent_Oso" title="Special Agent Oso">Special Agent Oso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SuperTed" title="SuperTed">SuperTed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tangerine_Bear" title="The Tangerine Bear">The Tangerine Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ted_(film)" title="Ted (film)">Ted</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ted_2" title="Ted 2">Ted 2</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_(TV_series)" title="Ted (TV series)"><i>Ted</i> (TV series)</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddy_(film)" title="Teddy (film)">Teddy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Bear_(1981_film)" title="Teddy Bear (1981 film)">Teddy Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddybears_(TV_series)" title="Teddybears (TV series)">Teddybears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Teddy_Bear_Master" title="The Teddy Bear Master">The Teddy Bear Master</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_%27Teddy%27_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="The 'Teddy' Bears">The 'Teddy' Bears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Edward" title="Teddy Edward">Teddy Edward</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Trucks" title="Teddy Trucks">Teddy Trucks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_Wars" title="Unicorn Wars">Unicorn Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Upstairs_Downstairs_Bears" title="The Upstairs Downstairs Bears">The Upstairs Downstairs Bears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yogi_Bear_Show" title="The Yogi Bear Show">The Yogi Bear Show</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Pocket_for_Corduroy" title="A Pocket for Corduroy">A Pocket for Corduroy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Corduroy_(book)" title="Corduroy (book)">Corduroy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hyde_%26_Closer" title="Hyde & Closer">Hyde & Closer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Bear_(book)" title="Little Bear (book)">Little Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Bear_and_Friends" title="Old Bear and Friends">Old Bear and Friends</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Berenstain_Bears" class="mw-redirect" title="The Berenstain Bears">The Berenstain Bears</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polar_the_Titanic_Bear" title="Polar the Titanic Bear">Polar the Titanic Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sharpie_of_the_Culebra_Cut" title="The Sharpie of the Culebra Cut">The Sharpie of the Culebra Cut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Supertoys_Last_All_Summer_Long" title="Supertoys Last All Summer Long">Supertoys Last All Summer Long</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Toyminator" title="The Toyminator">The Toyminator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Undertown_(comics)" title="Undertown (comics)">Undertown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uppo-Nalle" title="Uppo-Nalle">Uppo-Nalle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winkie_(novel)" title="Winkie (novel)">Winkie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh_(book)" title="Winnie-the-Pooh (book)">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/(Let_Me_Be_Your)_Teddy_Bear" title="(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear">(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Psycho_Teddy_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psycho Teddy (song)">Psycho Teddy</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Teddy_Bears%27_Picnic" title="Teddy Bears' Picnic">Teddy Bears' Picnic</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Teddy_Bear_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="The Teddy Bear Song">The Teddy Bear Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Itsumademo..._Teddy_Bear" title="Itsumademo... Teddy Bear">Itsumademo... Teddy Bear</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ah_Diddums" title="Ah Diddums">Ah Diddums</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Among_the_Sleep" title="Among the Sleep">Among the Sleep</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bear_with_Me" title="Bear with Me">Bear with Me</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Huggin%27" title="Big Huggin'">Big Huggin'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Build-A-Bear_Workshop_(video_game)" title="Build-A-Bear Workshop (video game)">Build-A-Bear Workshop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fatty_Bear%27s_Birthday_Surprise" title="Fatty Bear's Birthday Surprise">Fatty Bear's Birthday Surprise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubert_the_Teddy_Bear:_Winter_Games" title="Hubert the Teddy Bear: Winter Games">Hubert the Teddy Bear: Winter Games</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Teddy_Bear" title="Opération Teddy Bear">Opération Teddy Bear</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Together" title="Teddy Together">Teddy Together</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naughty_Bear" title="Naughty Bear">Naughty Bear</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Snacks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gummy_bear" title="Gummy bear">Gummy bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Grahams" title="Teddy Grahams">Teddy Grahams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Teddy" title="Tiny Teddy">Tiny Teddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Possum" title="Billy Possum">Billy Possum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bull" title="Peter Bull">Peter Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_and_Round_the_Garden" title="Round and Round the Garden">Round and Round the Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steiff" title="Richard Steiff">Richard Steiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_toy" title="Stuffed toy">Stuffed toys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_teddy_bear_blasphemy_case" title="Sudanese teddy bear blasphemy case">Sudanese blasphemy case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddybear_Airdrop_Minsk_2012" title="Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012">Teddybear Airdrop Minsk 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear_hospital" title="Teddy bear hospital">Teddy bear hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear_parachuting" title="Teddy bear parachuting">Teddy bear parachuting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Bear_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Teddy Bear Review">Teddy Bear Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bear_toss" title="Teddy bear toss">Teddy bear toss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_bears_of_the_Gobelins" title="Teddy bears of the Gobelins">Teddy bears of the Gobelins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eleanor_Roosevelt357" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Template:Eleanor Roosevelt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Template talk:Eleanor Roosevelt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eleanor Roosevelt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eleanor_Roosevelt357" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Chairwoman, Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a> (1961–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United States delegate, United Nations General Assembly (1946–1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Commission on Human Rights">United Nations Commission on Human Rights (1947–1953, Chairperson 1946–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Creation_and_drafting" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drafting_of_the_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Drafting committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Day" title="Human Rights Day">Human Rights Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Lady of<br />the United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Day" title="My Day">"My Day" daily newspaper column, 1935–1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Civilian_Defense" title="Office of Civilian Defense">Co-Chair, Office of Civilian Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson#1939_Lincoln_Memorial_Concert" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Airmen#The_First_Lady's_flight" title="Tuskegee Airmen">Tuskegee Airmen flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthurdale,_West_Virginia" title="Arthurdale, West Virginia">Arthurdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_West_Virginia" title="Eleanor, West Virginia">Eleanor, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Congress" title="American Youth Congress">American Youth Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention#Vice-presidential_selection" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 Democratic National Convention speech</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Defense" title="Women in Defense">Women in Defense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_terms_as_Governor_of_New_York#Economic_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt's terms as Governor of New York">First Lady of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Presidential Commission on the Status of Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Women#PCSW_influences_the_creation_of_the_National_Organization_for_Women" title="National Organization for Women">National Organization for Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encampment_for_Citizenship" title="Encampment for Citizenship">Encampment for Citizenship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site">Val-Kill National Historic Site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val-Kill_Industries" title="Val-Kill Industries">Val-Kill Industries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt%27s_paralytic_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness">Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Executive_Mansion" title="New York State Executive Mansion">New York State Executive Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Hyde Park home and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Study Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Monument" title="Eleanor Roosevelt Monument">Eleanor Roosevelt Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Award_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights">Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_College" title="Eleanor Roosevelt College">Eleanor Roosevelt College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson:_the_Lincoln_Memorial_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert"><i>Marian Anderson: the Lincoln Memorial Concert</i> (1939 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello_(play)" title="Sunrise at Campobello (play)"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> (1958 play,</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello">1960 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eleanor_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Eleanor Roosevelt Story"><i>The Eleanor Roosevelt Story</i> (1965 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(book)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (book)">Eleanor and Franklin</a></i> (1971 biography)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eleanor:_The_Years_Alone" title="Eleanor: The Years Alone">Eleanor: The Years Alone</a></i> (1972 biography)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> (1976 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_and_Franklin:_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years</i> (1977 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> (1979 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> (2014 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> (2022 TV series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> (2023 miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Triple_Eight" title="The Six Triple Eight">The Six Triple Eight</a></i> (2024 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Prize_in_the_Field_of_Human_Rights" title="United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights">United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bill_of_Human_Rights" title="International Bill of Human Rights">International Bill of Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights" title="International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights">International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan#Documents" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Hickok" title="Lorena Hickok">Lorena Hickok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (husband</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">presidency 1933–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">presidency 1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt_Seagraves" title="Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves">Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roosevelt" title="Curtis Roosevelt">Curtis Roosevelt</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Wilford" title="Sara Wilford">Sara Delano Roosevelt</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt III">Franklin Delano Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roosevelt_Boettiger" title="John Roosevelt Boettiger">John Roosevelt Boettiger</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Roosevelt_(lawyer)" title="James Roosevelt (lawyer)">James Roosevelt III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Roosevelt_(socialite)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (socialite)">Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Hall_Roosevelt" title="Anna Hall Roosevelt">Anna Hall Roosevelt</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_Roosevelt" title="Hall Roosevelt">Hall Roosevelt</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Sr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Sr.">Theodore Roosevelt Sr.</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bulloch_Roosevelt" title="Martha Bulloch Roosevelt">Martha Stewart Bulloch</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (uncle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamie_Roosevelt" title="Bamie Roosevelt">Bamie Roosevelt</a> (aunt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1896)_1900_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1904)546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1900 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1900 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1900 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1896)_1900_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1904)546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">← 1896</a>) <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">→ 1904</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></b> (incumbent)</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson I</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_G._Woolley" title="John G. Woolley">John G. Woolley</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Metcalf" title="Henry B. Metcalf">Henry B. Metcalf</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF3100;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Social Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Job_Harriman" title="Job Harriman">Job Harriman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Wharton_Barker" title="Wharton Barker">Wharton Barker</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Malloney" title="Joseph F. Malloney">Joseph F. Malloney</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Remmel" title="Valentine Remmel">Valentine Remmel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1900 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1900 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_and_1901_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1900 and 1901 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1900)_1904_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1908)546" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1904 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1904 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1904 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1900)_1904_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1908)546" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">← 1900</a>) <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">→ 1908</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Mark Hanna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Gassaway_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Gassaway Davis">Henry G. Davis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates271" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Silas_C._Swallow" title="Silas C. Swallow">Silas C. Swallow</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carroll" title="George Washington Carroll">George Washington Carroll</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tibbles" title="Thomas Tibbles">Thomas Tibbles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hunter_Corregan" title="Charles Hunter Corregan">Charles Hunter Corregan</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/William_Wesley_Cox" title="William Wesley Cox">William Wesley Cox</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1904 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1904 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_and_1905_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1904 and 1905 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">← 1908</a>) <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">→ 1916</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Eugene Foss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></s> (incumbent; nominated but died before election)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B63434;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1912 Progressive National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene W. Chafin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur E. Reimer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1912 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_and_1913_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><i>Time</i> 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33866#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4838" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33866#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4838" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33866#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121303885">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44346731">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32496/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWXK44g7KrH4MgBpBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118749633">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79027239">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122070908">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122070908">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00535439">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35461165">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701526&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1036126">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/149251">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069382271">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90147444">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000065977&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000095249&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000141189">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=124582">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000052729">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201619778">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/tr58f6dc4p8s2rn">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810540381305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70112">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267119205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058518375406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14346537">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01146475?l=en">CiNii</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04394269?l=en">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0520461X?l=en">3</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500329597">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/78d3ca64-9e25-4c12-803f-b6455d8c74e5">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/2207bc11-fcf5-4afe-a4ff-9ad41154ab66">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102314">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118749633">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=R000429">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/961082">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118749633.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118749633">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027419665">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581698">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60h488d">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67h1h16">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/21px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/42px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state)</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=1277698215">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&oldid=1277698215</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Category:Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1858_births" title="Category:1858 births">1858 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1919_deaths" title="Category:1919 deaths">1919 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_diarists" title="Category:19th-century American diarists">19th-century American diarists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_historians" title="Category:19th-century American historians">19th-century American historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:19th-century American male writers">19th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_politicians" title="Category:19th-century American politicians">19th-century American politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_members_of_the_New_York_State_Legislature" title="Category:19th-century members of the New York State Legislature">19th-century members of the New York State Legislature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_diarists" title="Category:20th-century American diarists">20th-century American diarists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_male_writers" title="Category:20th-century American male writers">20th-century American male writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers">20th-century American non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:20th-century presidents of the United States">20th-century presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:20th-century vice presidents of the United States">20th-century vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900_United_States_vice-presidential_candidates" title="Category:1900 United States vice-presidential candidates">1900 United States vice-presidential candidates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1900s in the United States">1900s in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_autobiographers" title="Category:American autobiographers">American autobiographers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_bibliophiles" title="Category:American bibliophiles">American bibliophiles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_conservationists" title="Category:American conservationists">American conservationists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_essayists" title="Category:American essayists">American essayists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_explorers" title="Category:American explorers">American explorers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_fishers" title="Category:American fishers">American fishers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_hunters" title="Category:American hunters">American hunters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_judoka" title="Category:American male judoka">American male judoka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_male_non-fiction_writers" title="Category:American male non-fiction writers">American male non-fiction writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_nationalists" title="Category:American nationalists">American nationalists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_naval_historians" title="Category:American naval historians">American naval historians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:American Nobel laureates">American Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Dutch_descent" title="Category:American people of Dutch descent">American people of Dutch descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_party_founders" title="Category:American political party founders">American political party founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_political_writers" title="Category:American political writers">American political writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_shooting_survivors" title="Category:American shooting survivors">American shooting survivors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aphorists" title="Category:Aphorists">Aphorists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bulloch_family" title="Category:Bulloch family">Bulloch family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1904 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1904 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1912 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Candidates_in_the_1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="Category:Candidates in the 1916 United States presidential election">Candidates in the 1916 United States presidential election</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_pulmonary_embolism" title="Category:Deaths from pulmonary embolism">Deaths from pulmonary embolism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-language_spelling_reform_advocates" title="Category:English-language spelling reform advocates">English-language spelling reform advocates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Explorers_of_Amazonia" title="Category:Explorers of Amazonia">Explorers of Amazonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Governors of New York (state)">Governors of New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" title="Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees">Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_Advocate_alumni" title="Category:Harvard Advocate alumni">Harvard Advocate alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_College_alumni" title="Category:Harvard College alumni">Harvard College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="Category:Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters">Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution">Members of the Sons of the American Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Military personnel from New York City">Military personnel from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_(state)_Progressives_(1912)" title="Category:New York (state) Progressives (1912)">New York (state) Progressives (1912)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:New_York_City_police_commissioners" title="Category:New York City police commissioners">New York City police commissioners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Panama_Canal" title="Category:Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Category:People associated with the American Museum of Natural History">People associated with the American Museum of Natural History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Oyster_Bay_(town),_New_York" title="Category:People from Oyster Bay (town), New York">People from Oyster Bay (town), New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_New_York_City" title="Category:Politicians from New York City">Politicians from New York City</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_American_Historical_Association" title="Category:Presidents of the American Historical Association">Presidents of the American Historical Association</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="Category:Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">Presidents of the United States who were Freemasons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progressive_conservatism" title="Category:Progressive conservatism">Progressive conservatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progressive_Era_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Progressive Era in the United States">Progressive Era in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ranchers_from_North_Dakota" title="Category:Ranchers from North Dakota">Ranchers from North Dakota</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_(United_States)_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees">Republican Party (United States) presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_(United_States)_vice_presidential_nominees" title="Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees">Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_governors_of_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Republican Party governors of New York (state)">Republican Party governors of New York (state)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_members_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="Category:Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly">Republican Party members of the New York State Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Republican Party presidents of the United States">Republican Party presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republican_Party_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Republican Party vice presidents of the United States">Republican Party vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roosevelt_family" title="Category:Roosevelt family">Roosevelt family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rough_Riders" title="Category:Rough Riders">Rough Riders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Schuyler_family" title="Category:Schuyler family">Schuyler family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish%E2%80%93American_War_recipients_of_the_Medal_of_Honor" title="Category:Spanish–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor">Spanish–American War recipients of the Medal of Honor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="Category:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients">United States Army Medal of Honor recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Army_officers" title="Category:United States Army officers">United States Army officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Assistant_Secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="Category:United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy">United States Assistant Secretaries of the Navy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writers_from_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Writers from New York (state)">Writers from New York (state)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use American English from February 2025">Use American English from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2025">Use mdy dates from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hAudio_microformats" title="Category:Articles with hAudio microformats">Articles with hAudio microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_failed_verification" title="Category:All articles with failed verification">All articles with failed verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_failed_verification_from_August_2024" title="Category:Articles with failed verification from August 2024">Articles with failed verification from August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2021" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 February 2025, at 05:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Roosevelt&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodore Roosevelt</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>142 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b95555b9d-zm9sw","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.282","walltime":"4.972","ppvisitednodes":{"value":53840,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1311862,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":357760,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":65,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":898881,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3993.986 1 -total"," 21.72% 867.342 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.98% 678.024 222 Template:Sfn"," 15.40% 614.944 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 15.22% 607.698 2 Template:Navboxes"," 10.53% 420.487 84 Template:Cite_book"," 6.99% 279.364 25 Template:Navbox"," 5.76% 229.980 36 Template:Cite_web"," 4.80% 191.823 284 Template:Main_other"," 4.70% 187.526 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.283","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23338387,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmberger1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakari2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBart\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeale1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBleyer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrands1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinkley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulik2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarson1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCevascoHarmond2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChambers1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChessman1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChessman1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongress1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCramer1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCullinane2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanby2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDexter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDodds2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDomekHayes2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorr2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorsey2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngs2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnsberger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFite2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForslund2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamble2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGould2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurwin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarbaugh1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornaday\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIstre2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Lee_Thompson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsten1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemelin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeuchtenburg2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLincoln1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLink1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLink1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorant1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacEacheran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManners1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatuz2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeary1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMears2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinami2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorison1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowry1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorrander2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Toole2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogrebin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPringle1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPutnam1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisner1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRemeyCochemsBloodgood1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_D._White_Jr2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1913a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1914\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoosevelt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuddy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuels1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolvick1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutton2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTesti1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThayer1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrofsky2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalkerSchafer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatts2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinbergWeinberg1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoltman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodall2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"-\"] = 1,\n [\"1906 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"About other people\"] = 1,\n [\"American Historical Association presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Avoid wrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 11,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 5,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Roosevelt, Theodore\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Easy CSS image crop\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Eleanor Roosevelt\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Format price\"] = 6,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Governors of New York\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Hall of Fame for Great Americans\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"Historical left-wing third party presidential tickets (U.S.)\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 6,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 2,\n [\"Longitem\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 15,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"MoMP\"] = 1,\n [\"Mount Rushmore\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"NYTtopic\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1901–1925\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Plain list\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Progressivism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rough Riders\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 11,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 10,\n [\"S-break\"] = 1,\n [\"S-civ\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-gov\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 12,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 1,\n [\"SS\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 222,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"T Roosevelt cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Teddy bears\"] = 1,\n [\"Theodore Roosevelt\"] = 1,\n [\"Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"USRepPresNominees\"] = 1,\n [\"USS\"] = 3,\n [\"USSecNavy\"] = 1,\n [\"USVicePresidents\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1900\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1904\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1912\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","580","20.9"],["?","520","18.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","10.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","5.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","100","3.6"],["(for generator)","80","2.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","2.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","2.2"],["[others]","760","27.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b95555b9d-hj7np","timestamp":"20250227093613","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Theodore_Roosevelt","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33866","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33866","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-19T00:07:35Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T05:11:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5b\/Theodore_Roosevelt_by_the_Pach_Bros.jpg","headline":"26th President of the United States from 1901 to 1909"}</script> </body> </html>