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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Solicitor General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solicitor_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_judge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_judge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Federal judge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_judge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Philippine years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Secretary of War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1908" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1908"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Presidential election of 1908</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_election_of_1908-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidential election of 1908 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1908-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaining_the_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaining_the_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gaining the nomination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaining_the_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_election_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_election_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>General election campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_election_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1909–1913)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1909–1913)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Presidency (1909–1913)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1909–1913)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Presidency (1909–1913) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1909–1913)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inauguration_and_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration_and_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Inauguration and appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration_and_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Lady's_illness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Lady's_illness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>First Lady's illness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Lady's_illness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_and_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Organization and principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tariffs_and_reciprocity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariffs_and_reciprocity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Tariffs and reciprocity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariffs_and_reciprocity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policies_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policies_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Domestic policies and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policies_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antitrust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antitrust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Antitrust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antitrust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ballinger–Pinchot_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ballinger–Pinchot_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Ballinger–Pinchot affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ballinger–Pinchot_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Judicial appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1912_presidential_campaign_and_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1912_presidential_campaign_and_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>1912 presidential campaign and election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1912_presidential_campaign_and_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moving_apart_from_Roosevelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_apart_from_Roosevelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Moving apart from Roosevelt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_apart_from_Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primaries_and_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primaries_and_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.2</span> <span>Primaries and convention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primaries_and_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_and_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_and_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.3</span> <span>Campaign and defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_and_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Yale_(1913–1921)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Yale_(1913–1921)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Return to Yale (1913–1921)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Yale_(1913–1921)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chief Justice (1921–1930)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chief Justice (1921–1930) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Jurisprudence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commerce_Clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce_Clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Commerce Clause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce_Clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Powers of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powers_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_and_civil_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_and_civil_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Individual and civil rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_and_civil_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration_and_political_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration_and_political_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Administration and political influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration_and_political_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_health_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_health_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Declining health and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_health_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_historical_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy and historical view</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources and further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources and further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Supreme Court</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Official</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speeches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speeches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Speeches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speeches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Media coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Howard Taft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 129 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">129 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%83%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%89%B3%E1%8D%8D%E1%89%B5" title="ዊልያም ሃወርድ ታፍት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዊልያም ሃወርድ ታፍት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willelm_Howard_Taft" title="Willelm Howard Taft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Willelm Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Тафт, Уилиам Ҳовард – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Тафт, Уилиам Ҳовард" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ويليام هوارد تافت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام هوارد تافت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A8%D5%B4_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A8%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A9" title="Ուիլիըմ Հաուըրտ Թաֆթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուիլիըմ Հաուըրտ Թաֆթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taft" title="William Taft – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="William Taft" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Taft" title="Vilyam Taft – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Taft" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ویلیام هووارد تفت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام هووارد تفت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="উইলিয়াম হাওয়ার্ড ট্যাফ্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়াম হাওয়ার্ড ট্যাফ্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уільям Тафт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Тафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Ўільям Говард Тафт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўільям Говард Тафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уилям Тафт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Тафт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уильям Говард Тафт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Уильям Говард Тафт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Taft" title="William H. Taft – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="William H. Taft" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Taft" title="William H. Taft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William H. Taft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%84" title="Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ταφτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλιαμ Χάουαρντ Ταφτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Taft" title="William H. Taft – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William H. Taft" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ویلیام هووارد تفت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام هووارد تفت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Taft" title="William H. Taft – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William H. Taft" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%95%98%EC%9B%8C%EB%93%9C_%ED%83%9C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="윌리엄 하워드 태프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 하워드 태프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%BF" title="Ուիլյամ Տաֆտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Տաֆտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="विलियम होवर टाफ्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम होवर टाफ्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ויליאם הווארד טאפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם הווארד טאפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ჰოვარდ ტაფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ ჰოვარდ ტაფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уильям Тафт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уильям Тафт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Howard_Taft" title="Gulielmus Howard Taft – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_T%C4%81fts" title="Viljams Tāfts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Tāfts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уилям Тафт – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Уилям Тафт" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="വില്യം ഹോവാഡ് ടാഫ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യം ഹോവാഡ് ടാഫ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="विल्यम हॉवार्ड टाफ्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्यम हॉवार्ड टाफ्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ჰოვარდ ტაფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უილიამ ჰოვარდ ტაფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ويليام هوارد تافت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام هوارد تافت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ویلیام هووارد تافت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلیام هووارد تافت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уильям Тафт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уильям Тафт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%96%E1%80%BA" title="ဝီလျံ ဟောင်းဝဒ် တာ့ဖ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီလျံ ဟောင်းဝဒ် တာ့ဖ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ウィリアム・タフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・タフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taft" title="William Taft – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="William Taft" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9" title="ولیم ہاورڈ ٹافٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیم ہاورڈ ٹافٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%89_%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ویلیم هاورډ ټافت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویلیم هاورډ ټافت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taft" title="William Taft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Taft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Taft" title="Vilyam Taft – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Vilyam Taft" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Тафт, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тафт, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Taft" title="William H. Taft – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="William H. Taft" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taft" title="William Taft – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="William Taft" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%91%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="විලියම් හවර්ඩ් ටෑෆ්ට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විලියම් හවර්ඩ් ටෑෆ්ට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="ویلیام ھۆوارد تافت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ویلیام ھۆوارد تافت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Вилијам Хауард Тафт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Хауард Тафт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லியம் டாஃப்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியம் டாஃப்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D2%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%84%D1%82" title="Вильям Һовард Тәфт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вильям Һовард Тәфт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="วิลเลียม ฮาวเวิร์ด แทฟต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม ฮาวเวิร์ด แทฟต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D2%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Уилям Ҳовард Тафт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уилям Ҳовард Тафт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AF%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%B0%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%97_%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%98" title="ᏫᎵᏯᎻ ᎰᏩᏗ ᏔᏩᏘ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏫᎵᏯᎻ ᎰᏩᏗ ᏔᏩᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Вільям Говард Тафт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Говард Тафт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9" title="ولیم ہاورڈ ٹافٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولیم ہاورڈ ٹافٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E8%84%B1" title="威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%98" title="וויליאם האווארד טעפט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויליאם האווארד טעפט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%99%8E%E8%84%AB" title="塔虎脫 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塔虎脫" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="William Howard Taft" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97ljams_Hauards_Tafts" title="Vėljams Hauards Tafts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Vėljams Hauards Tafts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%E8%84%B1" title="威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35648#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/William_Taft_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="William Taft (disambiguation)">William Taft (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Howard Taft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 220px; height: 292px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -16px; left: -0px; width: 220px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/220px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/330px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg/440px-Cabinet_card_of_William_Howard_Taft_by_Pach_Brothers_-_Cropped_to_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="5648" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1908</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">27th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1909 – March 4, 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a><br />(1909–1912)</li> <li><i>None</i> (1912–1913)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 11, 1921 – February 3, 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Nominated by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">42nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 1, 1904 – June 30, 1908</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Theodore Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Provisional Governor of Cuba</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 29, 1906 – October 13, 1906</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Theodore Roosevelt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a><br />(<i>as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Magoon" title="Charles Edward Magoon">Charles Edward Magoon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 16, 1900 – December 23, 1903</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman" title="Jacob Gould Schurman">Jacob Gould Schurman</a><br />(<i>as <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="First Philippine Commission">Chairman of the First Philippine Commission</a></i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 17, 1892 – March 15, 1900</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Seat established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Franklin_Severens" title="Henry Franklin Severens">Henry Franklin Severens</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Benjamin Harrison</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orlow_W._Chapman" title="Orlow W. Chapman">Orlow W. Chapman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Aldrich" title="Charles H. Aldrich">Charles H. Aldrich</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-09-15</span>)</span>September 15, 1857<br /><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 8, 1930<span style="display:none">(1930-03-08)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="June 19, 1886">1886</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Taft_Manning" title="Helen Taft Manning">Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft_II" title="Charles Phelps Taft II">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Taft" title="Louise Taft">Louise Torrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Taft family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati" title="University of Cincinnati">University of Cincinnati</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Howard Taft's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/128px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/192px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg/256px-William_Howard_Taft_Signature2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="103" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_speaks_on_the_abolition_of_war.ogg" title="File:William Howard Taft speaks on the abolition of war.ogg">William Howard Taft's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="145" data-mwtitle="William_Howard_Taft_speaks_on_the_abolition_of_war.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/William_Howard_Taft_speaks_on_the_abolition_of_war.ogg/William_Howard_Taft_speaks_on_the_abolition_of_war.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/William_Howard_Taft_speaks_on_the_abolition_of_war.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">On the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">abolition of war</a><br />Recorded October 1912</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157919884">.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person{border:4px double #d69d36}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-title{font-size:110%;padding:0;line-height:150%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title-image{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:5px}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title{background-color:#002466;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person-title>div{font-size:88%;line-height:normal}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-content{padding:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-person .sidebar-navbar{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile sidebar-person vcard hlist" style="border-color: #d69d36"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color: #002466;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/75px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/113px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4746" data-file-height="5245" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color: #002466;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">William Howard Taft</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_education">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Legacy_and_historical_view">Legacy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">27th President of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of executive actions by William Howard Taft">Executive actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1897%E2%80%931913#Taft_administration" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1897–1913">Foreign policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taftian_theory" title="Taftian theory">Taftian theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Domestic_policies_and_politics">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft#Cabinet" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judiciary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li>1908 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>1912 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">10th Chief Justice of the United States</div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Supreme Court cases</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Post-presidency</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Declining_health_and_death_(1930)">Death</a></li></ul> <hr /> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Howard Taft</b> (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> and the tenth <a href="/wiki/Chief_justice_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief justice of the United States">chief justice of the United States</a>, the only person to have held both offices. Taft was elected president <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">in 1908</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> and was defeated for reelection <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">in 1912</a> by Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. In 1921, President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> appointed Taft to be chief justice, a position he held until 1930. </p><p>Taft was born in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio. His father, <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/U.S._attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. attorney general">U.S. attorney general</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">secretary of war</a>. Taft attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale</a> and joined <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, of which his father was a founding member. After becoming a lawyer, Taft was appointed a judge while still in his twenties. He continued a rapid rise, being named <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">solicitor general</a> and a judge of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals">Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals</a>. In 1901, President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> appointed Taft <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">civilian governor of the Philippines</a>. In 1904, President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> made him Secretary of War, and he became Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Despite his personal ambition to become chief justice, Taft declined repeated offers of appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, believing his political work to be more important. </p><p>With Roosevelt's help, Taft had little opposition for the Republican nomination for president in 1908 and easily defeated <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> for the presidency in that November's <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">election</a>. In the White House, he <a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy#1893–1914" class="mw-redirect" title="History of U.S. foreign policy">focused</a> on East Asia more than European affairs and repeatedly intervened to prop up or remove Latin American governments. Taft sought reductions to trade <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, then a major source of governmental income, but the resulting bill was heavily influenced by special interests. His administration was filled with conflict between the Republican Party's conservative wing, with which Taft often sympathized, and its progressive wing, toward which Roosevelt moved more and more. Controversies <a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">over conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust</a> cases filed by the Taft administration served to further separate the two men. Roosevelt challenged Taft for renomination in 1912. Taft used his control of the party machinery to gain a bare majority of delegates and Roosevelt bolted the party. The split left Taft with little chance of reelection, and he took only Utah and Vermont in Wilson's victory. </p><p>After leaving office, Taft returned to Yale as a professor, continuing his political activity and working against war through the <a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a>. In 1921, Harding appointed Taft chief justice, an office he had long sought. Chief Justice Taft was a conservative on business issues, and under him there were advances in individual rights. In poor health, he resigned in February 1930, and died the following month. He was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, the first president and first Supreme Court justice to be interred there. Taft is generally listed near the middle in <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">historians' rankings of U.S. presidents</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg/170px-William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg/255px-William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg/340px-William_Howard_Taft_Yale_College_BA_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> photograph of Taft, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1878</figcaption></figure> <p>William Howard Taft was born September 15, 1857, in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Taft" title="Louise Taft">Louise Torrey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Taft family</a> was not wealthy, living in a modest home in the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Historic_District" title="Mount Auburn Historic District">Mount Auburn</a>. Alphonso served as a judge and an ambassador, and was <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">U.S. Secretary of War</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie4–5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie4–5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Taft was not seen as brilliant as a child, but was a hard worker; his demanding parents pushed him and his four brothers toward success, tolerating nothing less. He attended <a href="/wiki/Woodward_High_School_(Cincinnati,_Ohio)" title="Woodward High School (Cincinnati, Ohio)">Woodward High School</a> in Cincinnati. At <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a>, which he entered in 1874, the heavyset, jovial Taft was popular and an intramural heavyweight wrestling champion. One classmate said he succeeded through hard work rather than by being the smartest, and had integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie4–7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie4–7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected a member of <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, the Yale secret society co-founded by his father, one of three future presidents (with <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>) to be a member.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1878, Taft graduated second in his class of 121.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati_College_of_Law" title="University of Cincinnati College of Law">Cincinnati Law School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> in 1880. While in law school, he worked on <i>The Cincinnati Commercial</i> newspaper,<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edited by <a href="/wiki/Murat_Halstead" title="Murat Halstead">Murat Halstead</a>. Taft was assigned to cover the local courts, and also spent time <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">reading law</a> in his father's office; both activities gave him practical knowledge of the law that was not taught in class. Shortly before graduating from law school, Taft went to <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a> to take the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination" title="Bar examination">bar examination</a> and easily passed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_149–53_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_149–53-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_in_government_(1880–1908)"><span id="Rise_in_government_.281880.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Rise in government (1880–1908)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ohio_lawyer_and_judge">Ohio lawyer and judge</h3></div> <p>After admission to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_examination_in_the_United_States" title="Bar examination in the United States">Ohio bar</a>, Taft devoted himself to his job at the <i>Commercial</i> full-time. Halstead was willing to take him on permanently at an increased salary if he would give up the law, but Taft declined. In October 1880, Taft was appointed assistant prosecutor for <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Ohio" title="Hamilton County, Ohio">Hamilton County, Ohio</a>, where Cincinnati is. He took office in January 1881. Taft served for a year as assistant prosecutor, trying his share of routine cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_154–55_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_154–55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned in January 1882 after President <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> appointed him Collector of Internal Revenue for Ohio's First District, an area centered on Cincinnati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_157–58_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_157–58-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft refused to dismiss competent employees who were politically out of favor, and resigned effective in March 1883, writing to Arthur that he wished to begin private practice in Cincinnati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie10–11_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie10–11-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, Taft campaigned for the Republican candidate for president, Maine Senator <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, who lost to New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_163–67_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_163–67-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, Taft, then aged 29, was appointed to a vacancy on the Superior Court of Cincinnati by Governor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Joseph B. Foraker</a>. The appointment was good for just over a year, after which he would have to face the voters, and in April 1888, he sought election for the first of three times in his lifetime, the other two being for the presidency. He was elected to a full five-year term. Some two dozen of Taft's opinions as a state judge survive, the most significant being <i>Moores & Co. v. Bricklayers' Union No. 1</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1889) if only because it was used against him when he ran for president in 1908. The case involved bricklayers who refused to work for any firm that dealt with a company called Parker Brothers, with which they were in dispute. Taft ruled that the union's action amounted to a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_boycott" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary boycott">secondary boycott</a>, which was illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_195–105_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_195–105-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not clear when Taft met <a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron</a> (often called Nellie), but it was no later than 1880, when she mentioned in her diary receiving an invitation to a party from him. By 1884, they were meeting regularly, and in 1885, after an initial rejection, she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place at the Herron home on June 19, 1886. William Taft remained devoted to his wife throughout their almost 44 years of marriage. Nellie Taft pushed her husband much as his parents had, and she could be very frank with her criticisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie13–15_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie13–15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_180–81_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_180–81-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had three children, of whom the eldest, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert</a>, became a U.S. senator.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solicitor_General">Solicitor General</h3></div> <p>There was a seat vacant on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in 1889, and Governor Foraker suggested President Harrison appoint Taft to fill it. Taft was 32 and his professional goal was always a seat on the Supreme Court. He actively sought the appointment, writing to Foraker to urge the governor to press his case, while stating to others it was unlikely he would get it. Instead, in 1890, Harrison appointed him <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a>. When Taft arrived in Washington in February 1890, the office had been vacant for two months, with the work piling up. He worked to eliminate the backlog, while simultaneously educating himself on federal law and procedure he had not needed as an Ohio state judge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1106–111_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1106–111-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York Senator <a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">William M. Evarts</a>, a former Secretary of State, had been a classmate of Alphonso Taft at Yale.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evarts called to see his friend's son as soon as Taft took office, and William and Nellie Taft were launched into Washington society. Nellie Taft was ambitious for herself and her husband, and was annoyed when the people he socialized with most were mainly Supreme Court justices, rather than the arbiters of Washington society such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a> and their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1110–114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1110–114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1891, Taft introduced a new policy: <a href="/wiki/Confession_of_error" title="Confession of error">confession of error</a>, by which the U.S. government would concede a case in the Supreme Court that it had won in the court below but that the solicitor general thought it should have lost. At Taft's request, the Supreme Court reversed a murder conviction that Taft said had been based on inadmissible evidence. The policy continues to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen_201827_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen_201827-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Taft was successful as Solicitor General, winning 15 of the 18 cases he argued before the Supreme Court,<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was glad when in March 1891, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> created a new judgeship for each of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Courts of Appeal</a> and Harrison appointed him to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">Sixth Circuit</a>, based in Cincinnati. In March 1892, Taft resigned as Solicitor General to resume his judicial career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1120–123_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1120–123-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_judge">Federal judge</h3></div> <p>Taft's <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">federal judgeship</a> was a lifetime appointment, and one from which promotion to the Supreme Court might come. Taft's older half-brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft" title="Charles Phelps Taft">Charles</a>, successful in business, supplemented Taft's government salary, allowing William and Nellie Taft and their family to live in comfort. Taft's duties involved hearing trials in the circuit, which included Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee, and participating with Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">John Marshall Harlan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit justice">circuit justice</a>, and judges of the Sixth Circuit in hearing appeals. Taft spent these years, from 1892 to 1900, in personal and professional contentment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie28–30_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie28–30-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Louis L. Gould, "while Taft shared the fears about social unrest that dominated the middle classes during the 1890s, he was not as conservative as his critics believed. He supported the right of labor to organize and strike, and he ruled against employers in several negligence cases."<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among these was <i>Voight v. Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co.</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft's decision for a worker injured in a railway accident violated the contemporary doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Liberty_of_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty of contract">liberty of contract</a>, and he was reversed by the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Taft's opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Addyston_Pipe_%26_Steel_Co._v._United_States" title="Addyston Pipe & Steel Co. v. United States">United States v. Addyston Pipe and Steel Co.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was upheld unanimously by the high court.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft's opinion, in which he held that a pipe manufacturers' association had violated the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie36–38_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie36–38-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was described by <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Henry Pringle</a>, his biographer, as having "definitely and specifically revived" that legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1143_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1143-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, Taft became dean and Professor of <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property</a> at his <i>alma mater</i>, the Cincinnati Law School, a post that required him to prepare and give two hour-long lectures each week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197323_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197323-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was devoted to his law school, and was deeply committed to legal education, introducing the <a href="/wiki/Case_method" title="Case method">case method</a> to the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a federal judge, Taft could not involve himself with politics, but followed it closely, remaining a Republican supporter. He watched with some disbelief as <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley_presidential_campaign,_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="William McKinley presidential campaign, 1896">the campaign</a> of Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> developed in 1894 and 1895, writing "I cannot find anybody in Washington who wants him".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By March 1896, Taft realized that McKinley would likely be nominated, and was lukewarm in his support. He landed solidly in McKinley's camp after former Nebraska representative <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a> in July stampeded the <a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 Democratic National Convention</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_speech" title="Cross of Gold speech">Cross of Gold speech</a>. Bryan, both in that address and in <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_presidential_campaign,_1896" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896">his campaign</a>, strongly advocated <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free silver</a>, a policy that Taft saw as economic radicalism. Taft feared that people would hoard gold in anticipation of a Bryan victory, but he could do nothing but worry. McKinley <a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">was elected</a>; when a place on the Supreme Court opened in 1898, the only one under McKinley, the president named <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1150–153_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1150–153-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1890s until his death, Taft played a major role in the international legal community. He was active in many organizations, was a leader in the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Arbitration#History" title="Arbitration">arbitration movement</a>, and taught international law at the Yale Law School.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft advocated the establishment of a world court of arbitration supported by an international police force and is considered a major proponent of "world peace through law" movement.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the reasons for his bitter break with Roosevelt in 1910–12 was Roosevelt's insistence that arbitration was naïve and that only war could decide major international disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_years">Philippine years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_(1901).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png/220px-Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png/330px-Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png/440px-Judge_William_Howard_Taft_and_the_Sultan_of_Sulu_Jamalul_Kiram_II_%281901%29.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamalul_Kiram_II" title="Jamalul Kiram II">Jamalul Kiram II</a> with William Howard Taft of the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Philippine Commission</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jolo,_Sulu" title="Jolo, Sulu">Jolo, Sulu</a> (March 27, 1901)</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1900, Taft was called to Washington to meet with McKinley. Taft hoped a Supreme Court appointment was in the works, but instead McKinley wanted to place Taft on <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">the commission</a> to organize a civilian government in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The appointment would require Taft's resignation from the bench; the president assured him that if he fulfilled this task, McKinley would appoint him to the next vacancy on the high court. Taft accepted on condition he was made head of the commission, with responsibility for success or failure; McKinley agreed, and Taft sailed for the islands in April 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1159–162_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1159–162-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American takeover meant the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> bled into the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, as Filipinos fought for their independence, but U.S. forces, led by military governor General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had the upper hand by 1900. MacArthur felt the commission was a nuisance, and their mission a quixotic attempt to impose self-government on a people unready for it. The general was forced to co-operate with Taft, as McKinley had given the commission control over the islands' military budget.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie41–42_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie41–42-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission took executive power in the Philippines on September 1, 1900; on July 4, 1901, Taft became civilian <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governor</a>. MacArthur, until then the military governor, was relieved by General <a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a>, who was designated only as commander of American forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie44_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie44-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Governor-General, Taft oversaw the final months of the primary phase of the Philippine–American War. He approved of General <a href="/wiki/James_Franklin_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="James Franklin Bell">James Franklin Bell</a>'s use of <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> in the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accepted the surrender of Filipino general <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> on April 16, 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft sought to make the Filipinos partners in a venture that would lead to their self-government; he saw independence as something decades off. Many Americans in the Philippines viewed the locals as racial inferiors, but Taft wrote soon before his arrival, "we propose to banish this idea from their minds".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1174_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1174-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft did not impose <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a> at official events, and treated the Filipinos as social equals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1175_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1175-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nellie Taft recalled that "neither politics nor race should influence our hospitality in any way".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie50_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie50-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McKinley was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_William_McKinley" title="Assassination of William McKinley">assassinated</a> in September 1901, and was succeeded by Theodore Roosevelt. Taft and Roosevelt had first become friends around 1890 while Taft was Solicitor General and Roosevelt a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a>. Taft had, after McKinley's election, urged the appointment of Roosevelt as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a>, and watched as Roosevelt became a war hero, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>. They met again when Taft went to Washington in January 1902 to recuperate after two operations caused by an infection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie52–55_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie52–55-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Taft testified before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_the_Philippines" title="United States Senate Committee on the Philippines">Senate Committee on the Philippines</a>. Taft wanted Filipino farmers to have a stake in the new government through land ownership, but much of the arable land was held by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> of mostly Spanish priests, which were often resented by the Filipinos. Roosevelt had Taft go to Rome to negotiate with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, to purchase the lands and to arrange the withdrawal of the Spanish priests, with Americans replacing them and training locals as clergy. Taft did not succeed in resolving these issues on his visit to Rome, but an agreement on both points was made in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200435–37_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200435–37-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_of_War">Secretary of War</h3></div><p> In late 1902, Taft had heard from Roosevelt that a seat on the Supreme Court would soon fall vacant on the resignation of Justice <a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">George Shiras</a>, and Roosevelt desired that Taft fill it. Although this was Taft's professional goal, he refused as he felt his work as governor was not yet done.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1242–247_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1242–247-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Roosevelt asked Taft to become <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>. As the War Department administered the Philippines, Taft would remain responsible for the islands, and <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, the incumbent, was willing to postpone his departure until 1904, allowing Taft time to wrap up his work in Manila. After consulting with his family, Taft agreed, and sailed for the United States in December 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1251–255_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1251–255-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_crown_prince.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Taft_crown_prince.jpeg/220px-Taft_crown_prince.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Taft_crown_prince.jpeg/330px-Taft_crown_prince.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Taft_crown_prince.jpeg/440px-Taft_crown_prince.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="3667" /></a><figcaption>Roosevelt introduces Taft as his crown prince: <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)"><i>Puck</i></a> magazine cover cartoon, 1906.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Taft took office as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> in January 1904, he was not called upon to spend much time administering the army, which the president was content to do himself—Roosevelt wanted Taft as a <a href="/wiki/Troubleshooting" title="Troubleshooting">troubleshooter</a> in difficult situations, as a legal adviser, and to be able to give campaign speeches as he sought election in his own right. Taft strongly defended Roosevelt's record in his addresses, and wrote of the president's successful but strenuous efforts to gain election, "I would not run for president if you guaranteed the office. It is awful to be afraid of one's shadow."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_19736–7_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_19736–7-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie64_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie64-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1905 and 1907, Taft came to terms with the likelihood he would be the next Republican nominee for president, though he did not plan to actively campaign for it. When Justice <a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Henry Billings Brown</a> resigned in 1906, Taft would not accept the seat although Roosevelt offered it, a position Taft held to when another seat opened in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie70–71_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie70–71-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Roosevelt" title="Edith Roosevelt">Edith Roosevelt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a>, disliked the growing closeness between the two men, feeling that they were too much alike and that the president did not gain much from the advice of someone who rarely contradicted him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris380_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris380-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, Taft wanted to be chief justice, and kept a close eye on the health of the aging incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a>, who turned 75 in 1908. Taft believed Fuller likely to live many years. Roosevelt had indicated he was likely to appoint Taft if the opportunity came to fill the court's center seat, but some considered Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Philander_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Philander Knox">Philander Knox</a> a better candidate. In any event, Fuller remained chief justice throughout Roosevelt's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1264–265_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1264–265-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the 1903 <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a>, the United States had secured rights to build <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">a canal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>. Legislation authorizing construction did not specify which government department would be responsible, and Roosevelt designated the Department of War. Taft journeyed to Panama in 1904, viewing the canal site and meeting with Panamanian officials. The <a href="/wiki/Isthmian_Canal_Commission" title="Isthmian Canal Commission">Isthmian Canal Commission</a> had trouble keeping a chief engineer, and when in February 1907 <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John F. Stevens</a> submitted his resignation, Taft recommended an army engineer, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a>. Under Goethals, the project moved ahead smoothly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1279–283_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1279–283-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another colony lost by Spain in 1898 was Cuba, but as freedom for Cuba had been a major purpose of the war, it was not annexed by the U.S., but was, after a period of occupation, given independence in 1902. Election fraud and corruption followed, as did factional conflict. In September 1906, President <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a> asked for U.S. intervention. Taft traveled to Cuba with a small American force, and on September 29, 1906, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Cuban%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Relations_(1903)" title="Cuban–American Treaty of Relations (1903)">Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903</a>, declared himself Provisional Governor of Cuba, a post he held for two weeks before being succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Magoon" title="Charles Edward Magoon">Charles Edward Magoon</a>. In his time in Cuba, Taft worked to persuade Cubans that the U.S. intended stability, not occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1305–310_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1305–310-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft remained involved in Philippine affairs. During Roosevelt's election campaign in 1904, he urged that Philippine agricultural products be admitted to the U.S. without duty. This caused growers of U.S. sugar and tobacco to complain to Roosevelt, who remonstrated with his Secretary of War. Taft expressed unwillingness to change his position, and threatened to resign;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1261_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1261-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt hastily dropped the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie67_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie67-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft returned to the islands in 1905, leading a delegation of congressmen, and again in 1907, to open the first <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Assembly" title="Philippine Assembly">Philippine Assembly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1293–295,_301_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1293–295,_301-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On both of his Philippine trips as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, Taft went to Japan, and met with officials there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinger269,_274_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinger269,_274-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The meeting in July 1905 came a month before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Portsmouth Peace Conference</a>, which would end the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Portsmouth" title="Treaty of Portsmouth">Treaty of Portsmouth</a>. Taft met with Japanese Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Katsura_Tar%C5%8D" title="Katsura Tarō">Katsura Tarō</a>. After that meeting, the two signed <a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taft–Katsura Agreement">a memorandum</a>. It contained nothing new but instead reaffirmed official positions: Japan had no intention to invade the Philippines, and the U.S. that it did not object to <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese control of Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinger281–282_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinger281–282-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were U.S. concerns about the number of Japanese laborers coming to the American West Coast, and during Taft's second visit, in September 1907, <a href="/wiki/Tadasu_Hayashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadasu Hayashi">Tadasu Hayashi</a>, the foreign minister, informally <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_Agreement_of_1907" title="Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907">agreed to issue fewer passports to them</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinger285,_291_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinger285,_291-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_election_of_1908">Presidential election of 1908</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaining_the_nomination">Gaining the nomination</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg/170px-Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg/255px-Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg/340px-Wm_H_Taft_smiling_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6873" data-file-height="9163" /></a><figcaption>One of a series of candid photographs known as the <i>Evolution of a Smile</i>, taken just after a formal portrait session, as Taft learned in a telephone call from Roosevelt of his nomination for president</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt had served almost three and a half years of McKinley's term. On the night of his own election in 1904, Roosevelt publicly declared that he would not run for reelection <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">in 1908</a>, a pledge he quickly regretted. But he felt bound by his word. Roosevelt believed Taft was his logical successor, although the War Secretary had initially been reluctant to run.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197337_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197337-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt used his control of the party machinery to aid his heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197337_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197337-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On pain of the loss of their jobs, political appointees were required to support Taft or remain silent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1321–322_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1321–322-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Republican politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Cortelyou" class="mw-redirect" title="George Cortelyou">George Cortelyou</a>, tested the waters for a run but chose to stay out. New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> ran, but when he made a major policy speech, Roosevelt the same day sent a special message to Congress warning in strong terms against <a href="/wiki/Corporate_corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate corruption">corporate corruption</a>. The resulting coverage of the presidential message relegated Hughes to the back pages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1337–338_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1337–338-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt reluctantly deterred repeated attempts to draft him for another term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris523–526_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris523–526-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assistant <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_General_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmaster General of the United States">Postmaster General</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Hitchcock" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank H. Hitchcock">Frank H. Hitchcock</a> resigned from his office in February 1908 to lead the Taft effort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1347_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1347-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April, Taft made a speaking tour, traveling as far west as <a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a> before being recalled to straighten out a contested election in <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>. He had no serious opposition at the <a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago in June, and gained a first-ballot victory. Yet Taft did not have things his own way: he had hoped his running mate would be a midwestern progressive like Iowa Senator <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dolliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Dolliver">Jonathan Dolliver</a>, but instead the convention named Congressman <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> of New York, a conservative. Taft resigned as Secretary of War on June 30 to devote himself full-time to the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1348–353_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1348–353-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_election_campaign">General election campaign</h3></div> <p>Taft's opponent in the general election was Bryan, the Democratic nominee for the third time in four presidential elections. As many of Roosevelt's reforms stemmed from proposals by Bryan, the Democrat argued that he was the true heir to Roosevelt's mantle. Corporate contributions to federal political campaigns had been outlawed by the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Tillman_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillman Act">Tillman Act</a>, and Bryan proposed that contributions by officers and directors of corporations be similarly banned, or at least disclosed when made. Taft was only willing to see the contributions disclosed after the election, and tried to ensure that officers and directors of corporations litigating with the government were not among his contributors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1908RepublicanPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1908RepublicanPoster.png/220px-1908RepublicanPoster.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1908RepublicanPoster.png/330px-1908RepublicanPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1908RepublicanPoster.png/440px-1908RepublicanPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>1908 Taft/Sherman poster</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft began the campaign on the wrong foot, fueling the arguments of those who said he was not his own man by traveling to Roosevelt's home at <a href="/wiki/Sagamore_Hill" title="Sagamore Hill">Sagamore Hill</a> for advice on his acceptance speech, saying that he needed "the President's judgment and criticism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris529_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris529-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft supported most of Roosevelt's policies. He argued that labor had a right to organize, but not boycott, and that corporations and the wealthy must also obey the law. Bryan wanted the railroads to be owned by the government, but Taft preferred that they remain in the private sector, with their maximum rates set by the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission" title="Interstate Commerce Commission">Interstate Commerce Commission</a>, subject to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>. Taft attributed blame for the recent recession, the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a>, to stock speculation and other abuses, and felt some reform of the currency (the U.S. was on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>) was needed to allow flexibility in the government's response to poor economic times, that specific legislation on <a href="/wiki/Trust_(business)" title="Trust (business)">trusts</a> was needed to supplement the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, and that <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">the constitution</a> should be amended to allow for an income tax, thus overruling decisions of the Supreme Court striking such a tax down. Roosevelt's expansive use of executive power had been controversial; Taft proposed to continue his policies, but place them on more solid legal underpinnings through the passage of legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197316–18_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197316–18-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft upset some progressives by choosing Hitchcock as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> (RNC), placing him in charge of the presidential campaign. Hitchcock was quick to bring in men closely allied with big business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197345_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197345-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft took an August vacation in <a href="/wiki/Hot_Springs,_Virginia" title="Hot Springs, Virginia">Hot Springs, Virginia</a>, where he irritated political advisors by spending more time on golf than strategy. After seeing a newspaper photo of Taft taking a large swing at a golf ball, Roosevelt warned him against candid shots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris524–525_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris524–525-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1908.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ElectoralCollege1908.svg/280px-ElectoralCollege1908.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ElectoralCollege1908.svg/420px-ElectoralCollege1908.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ElectoralCollege1908.svg/560px-ElectoralCollege1908.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1908 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt, frustrated by his own relative inaction, showered Taft with advice, fearing that the electorate would not appreciate Taft's qualities, and that Bryan would win. Roosevelt's supporters spread rumors that the president was in effect running Taft's campaign. This annoyed Nellie Taft, who never trusted the Roosevelts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1358–360_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1358–360-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Roosevelt supported the Republican nominee with such enthusiasm that humorists suggested "TAFT" stood for "Take advice from Theodore".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie136_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie136-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bryan urged a system of bank guarantees, so that depositors could be repaid if banks failed, but Taft opposed this, offering a <a href="/wiki/Postal_savings" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal savings">postal savings</a> system instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The issue of prohibition of alcohol entered the campaign when in mid-September, <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Nation" title="Carrie Nation">Carrie Nation</a> called on Taft and demanded to know his views. Taft and Roosevelt had agreed the party platform would take no position on the matter, and Nation left indignant, to allege that Taft was irreligious and against temperance. Taft, at Roosevelt's advice, ignored the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1374–376_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1374–376-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, Taft won by a comfortable margin. Taft defeated Bryan by 321 electoral votes to 162; however, he garnered just 51.6 percent of the popular vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197357_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197357-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nellie Taft said regarding the campaign, "There was nothing to criticize, except his not knowing or caring about the way the game of politics is played."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197358_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197358-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longtime White House usher <a href="/wiki/Ike_Hoover" title="Ike Hoover">Ike Hoover</a> recalled that Taft came often to see Roosevelt during the campaign, but seldom between the election and Inauguration Day, March 4, 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197319_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197319-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1909–1913)"><span id="Presidency_.281909.E2.80.931913.29"></span>Presidency (1909–1913)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Presidency of William Howard Taft</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration_and_appointments">Inauguration and appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">Inauguration of William Howard Taft</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_inauguration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taft_inauguration.jpg/260px-Taft_inauguration.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taft_inauguration.jpg/390px-Taft_inauguration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Taft_inauguration.jpg/520px-Taft_inauguration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4935" data-file-height="3525" /></a><figcaption>1909 inauguration</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">sworn in as president</a> on March 4, 1909. Due to a winter storm that coated Washington with ice, Taft was inaugurated within the Senate Chamber rather than outside the Capitol as is customary. The new president stated in his inaugural address that he had been honored to have been "one of the advisers of my distinguished predecessor" and to have had a part "in the reforms he has initiated. I should be untrue to myself, to my promises, and to the declarations of the party platform on which I was elected if I did not make the maintenance and enforcement of those reforms a most important feature of my administration".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1393–395_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1393–395-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pledged to make those reforms long-lasting, ensuring that honest businessmen did not suffer uncertainty through change of policy. He spoke of the need to reduce the 1897 Dingley tariff, of the need for antitrust reform, and for continued advancement of the Philippines toward full self-government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1395_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1395-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt left office with regret that his tenure in the position he enjoyed so much was over and, to keep out of Taft's way, arranged for a year-long hunting trip to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197345_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197345-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after the Republican convention, Taft and Roosevelt had discussed which cabinet officers would stay on. Taft kept only <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Agriculture Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Iowa)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wilson (Iowa)">James Wilson</a> and Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a> (who was transferred to the Navy Department). Others appointed to the Taft cabinet included <a href="/wiki/Philander_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Philander Knox">Philander Knox</a>, who had served under McKinley and Roosevelt as Attorney General, as the new Secretary of State, and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">Franklin MacVeagh</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1383–387_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1383–387-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197350_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197350-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft did not enjoy the easy relationship with the press that Roosevelt had, choosing not to offer himself for interviews or photo opportunities as often as his predecessor had.<sup id="cite_ref-american_chronicle_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american_chronicle-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His administration marked a change in style from the charismatic leadership of Roosevelt to Taft's quieter passion for the rule of law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197360_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197360-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Lady's_illness"><span id="First_Lady.27s_illness"></span>First Lady's illness</h3></div> <p>Early in Taft's term, in May 1909, his wife Nellie had a severe <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> that left her paralysed in one arm and one leg and deprived her of the power of speech. Taft spent several hours each day looking after her and teaching her to speak again, which took a year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen_201861–62_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen_201861–62-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organization_and_principles">Organization and principles</h4></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 270px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -60px; left: -52px; width: 325px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TAFT,_William_H-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="BEP engraved portrait of Taft as President" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TAFT%2C_William_H-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/325px-TAFT%2C_William_H-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TAFT%2C_William_H-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/488px-TAFT%2C_William_H-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/TAFT%2C_William_H-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/650px-TAFT%2C_William_H-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7488" data-file-height="8736" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:TAFT,_William_H-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:TAFT, William H-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">BEP</a> engraved portrait of Taft as President </div> </div> </div> <p>Taft made it a priority to restructure the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>, noting, "it is organized on the basis of the needs of the government in 1800 instead of 1900."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197368_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197368-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The department was for the first time organized into geographical divisions, including desks for the Far East, Latin America and Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197371_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_197371-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The department's first in-service training program was established, and appointees spent a month in Washington before going to their posts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes25_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes25-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft and Secretary of State Knox had a strong relationship, and the president listened to his counsel on matters foreign and domestic. According to historian Paolo E. Coletta, Knox was not a good diplomat, and had poor relations with the Senate, press, and many foreign leaders, especially those from Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973183–185_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973183–185-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was broad agreement between Taft and Knox on major foreign policy goals; the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs, and would use force if necessary to enforce the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> in the Americas. The defense of the Panama Canal, which was under construction throughout Taft's term (it opened in 1914), guided <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States foreign policy">United States foreign policy</a> in the Caribbean and Central America. Previous administrations had made efforts to promote American business interests overseas, but Taft went a step further and used the web of American diplomats and consuls abroad to further trade. Such ties, Taft hoped, would promote world peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973183–185_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973183–185-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft pushed for arbitration treaties with Great Britain and France, but the Senate was not willing to yield to arbitrators its constitutional prerogative to approve treaties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973276–278_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973276–278-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tariffs_and_reciprocity">Tariffs and reciprocity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft,_head-and-shoulders_portrait,_facing_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.jpg/220px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.jpg/330px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.jpg/440px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="3460" /></a><figcaption>Taft in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time of Taft's presidency, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a> through the use of tariffs was a fundamental position of the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie102–103_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie102–103-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dingley_Act" title="Dingley Act">Dingley Act</a> tariff had been enacted to protect American industry from foreign competition. The 1908 party platform had supported unspecified revisions to the Dingley Act, and Taft interpreted this to mean reduction. Taft called a special session of Congress to convene on March 15, 1909, to deal with the tariff question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197356–58_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197356–58-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sereno_E._Payne" title="Sereno E. Payne">Sereno E. Payne</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/House_Ways_and_Means_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Ways and Means Committee">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, had held hearings in late 1908, and sponsored the resulting draft legislation. On balance, the bill reduced tariffs slightly, but when it passed the House in April 1909 and reached the Senate, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Finance_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Finance Committee">Senate Finance Committee</a>, Rhode Island Senator <a href="/wiki/Nelson_W._Aldrich" title="Nelson W. Aldrich">Nelson W. Aldrich</a>, attached many amendments raising rates. This outraged progressives such as Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a>, who urged Taft to say that the bill was not in accord with the party platform. Taft refused, angering them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197360–65_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197360–65-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft insisted that most imports from the Philippines be free of duty, and according to Anderson, showed effective leadership on a subject he was knowledgeable on and cared about.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973102–108_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973102–108-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When opponents sought to modify the tariff bill to allow for an income tax, Taft opposed it on the ground that the Supreme Court would likely strike it down as unconstitutional, as it had before. Instead, they proposed a constitutional amendment, which passed both houses in early July, was sent to the states, and by 1913 was ratified as the <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixteenth Amendment</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Conference_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference committee">conference committee</a>, Taft won some victories, such as limiting the tax on lumber. The conference report passed both houses, and Taft signed it on August 6, 1909. The <a href="/wiki/Payne-Aldrich_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Payne-Aldrich tariff">Payne-Aldrich tariff</a> was immediately controversial. According to Coletta, "Taft had lost the initiative, and the wounds inflicted in the acrid tariff debate never healed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197365–71_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197365–71-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JackCanuckOYes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JackCanuckOYes.jpg/220px-JackCanuckOYes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JackCanuckOYes.jpg/330px-JackCanuckOYes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/JackCanuckOYes.jpg/440px-JackCanuckOYes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Newton McConnell cartoon showing Canadian suspicions that Taft and others were only interested in Canada when it was prosperous</figcaption></figure> <p>In Taft's <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual message</a> sent to Congress in December 1910, he urged a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> accord with Canada. Britain at that time still handled Canada's foreign relations, and Taft found the British and Canadian governments willing. Many in Canada opposed an accord, fearing the U.S. would dump it when it became inconvenient, as it had the 1854 <a href="/wiki/Elgin-Marcy_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgin-Marcy Treaty">Elgin-Marcy Treaty</a> in 1866, and farm and fisheries interests in the United States were also opposed. After talks with Canadian officials in January 1911, Taft had the agreement, which was not a treaty, introduced into Congress. It passed in late July. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> led by Prime Minister Sir <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> had deadlocked over the issue. Canadians turned Laurier out of office in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Canadian_federal_election" title="1911 Canadian federal election">September 1911 election</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Borden" title="Robert Borden">Robert Borden</a> became the new prime minister. No cross-border agreement was concluded, and the debate deepened divisions within the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973141–152_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973141–152-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2593–595_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2593–595-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dollar_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar Diplomacy">Dollar Diplomacy</a></div> <p>Taft and his Secretary of State, Philander Knox, instituted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Dollar_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar Diplomacy">Dollar Diplomacy</a> toward Latin America, believing U.S. investment would benefit all involved, while diminishing European influence in regions where the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> applied. The policy was unpopular among Latin American states that did not wish to become financial protectorates of the United States, as well as in the U.S. Senate, many of whose members believed the U.S. should not interfere abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973185,_190_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973185,_190-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No foreign affairs controversy tested Taft's policy more than the collapse of the Mexican regime and subsequent turmoil of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz,_Oct._1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg/220px-Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg/330px-Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg/440px-Presidents_Taft_and_Diaz%2C_Oct._1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="2509" /></a><figcaption>Taft and <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, Ciudad Juárez, Mexico, 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>When Taft entered office, Mexico was increasingly restless under the grip of longtime dictator <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>. Many Mexicans backed his opponent, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Madero" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Madero">Francisco Madero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200470_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200470-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were a number of incidents in which Mexican rebels crossed the U.S. border to obtain horses and weapons; Taft sought to prevent this by ordering the <a href="/wiki/US_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="US Army">US Army</a> to the border areas for maneuvers. Taft told his military aide, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Butt" title="Archibald Butt">Archibald Butt</a>, that "I am going to sit on the lid and it will take a great deal to pry me off".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200472_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200472-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He showed his support for Díaz by meeting with him at <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Ju%C3%A1rez,_Chihuahua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua">Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua</a>, the first meeting between a U.S. and a Mexican president and also the first time an American president visited Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day of the summit, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger</a> captured and disarmed an assassin holding a <a href="/wiki/Protector_Palm_Pistol" title="Protector Palm Pistol">palm pistol</a> only a few feet from the two presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the election in Mexico, Díaz jailed opposition candidate <a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a>, whose supporters took up arms. This resulted in both the ousting of Díaz and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">a revolution</a> that would continue for another ten years. In the U.S.'s <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a>, two citizens were killed and almost a dozen injured, some as a result of gunfire across the border. Taft was against an aggressive response and so instructed the territorial governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicaragua's president, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Santos_Zelaya" title="José Santos Zelaya">José Santos Zelaya</a>, wanted to revoke commercial concessions granted to American companies,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and American diplomats quietly favored rebel forces under <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Estrada" title="Juan José Estrada">Juan Estrada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200466–67_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200466–67-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicaragua was in debt to foreign powers, and the U.S. was unwilling to let an alternate canal route fall into the hands of Europeans. Zelaya's elected successor, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Madriz" title="José Madriz">José Madriz</a>, could not put down the rebellion as U.S. forces interfered, and in August 1910, the Estrada forces took <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>, the capital. The U.S. compelled Nicaragua to accept a loan, and sent officials to ensure it was repaid from government revenues. The country remained unstable, and after another coup in 1911 and more disturbances in 1912, Taft sent troops to begin the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a>, which lasted until 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973187–190_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973187–190-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200467–69_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200467–69-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treaties among Panama, Colombia, and the United States to resolve disputes arising from the Panamanian Revolution of 1903 had been signed by the lame-duck Roosevelt administration in early 1909, and were approved by the Senate and also ratified by Panama. Colombia, however, declined to ratify the treaties, and after the 1912 elections, Knox offered $10 million to the Colombians (later raised to $25 million). The Colombians felt the amount inadequate, and requested arbitration; the matter was not settled under the Taft administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973186–187_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973186–187-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4></div> <p>Due to his years in the Philippines, Taft was keenly interested as president in East Asian affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes109_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes109-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft considered relations with Europe relatively unimportant, but because of the potential for trade and investment, Taft ranked the post of minister to China as most important in the Foreign Service. Knox did not agree, and declined a suggestion that he go to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Peking</a> to view the facts on the ground. Taft considered Roosevelt's minister there, <a href="/wiki/William_W._Rockhill" class="mw-redirect" title="William W. Rockhill">William W. Rockhill</a>, as uninterested in the China trade, and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Calhoun" title="William J. Calhoun">William J. Calhoun</a>, whom McKinley and Roosevelt had sent on several foreign missions. Knox did not listen to Calhoun on policy, and there were often conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes21–23_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes21–23-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft and Knox tried unsuccessfully to extend John Hay's <a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973250–255_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973250–255-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, an American company had gained a concession for a railroad between <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakou (page does not exist)">Hakou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, but the Chinese revoked the agreement in 1904 after the company (which was indemnified for the revocation) breached the agreement by selling a majority stake outside the United States. The Chinese imperial government got the money for the indemnity from the British Hong Kong government, on condition British subjects would be favored if foreign capital was needed to build the railroad line, and in 1909, a British-led consortium began negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes126–129_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes126–129-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This came to Knox's attention in May of that year, and he demanded that U.S. banks be allowed to participate. Taft appealed personally to the Prince Regent, <a href="/wiki/Zaifeng,_Prince_Chun" title="Zaifeng, Prince Chun">Zaifeng, Prince Chun</a>, and was successful in gaining U.S. participation, though agreements were not signed until May 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973194–195_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973194–195-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Chinese decree authorizing the agreement also required the nationalization of local railroad companies in the affected provinces. Inadequate compensation was paid to the shareholders, and these grievances were among those which touched off the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Revolution_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Revolution of 1911">Chinese Revolution of 1911</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973196_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973196-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes217–221_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes217–221-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the revolution broke out, the revolt's leaders chose <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> as provisional president of what became the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu dynasty">Manchu dynasty</a>, Taft was reluctant to recognize the new government, although American public opinion was in favor of it. The U.S. House of Representatives in February 1912 passed a resolution supporting a Chinese republic, but Taft and Knox felt recognition should come as a concerted action by Western powers. Taft in his final <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">annual message to Congress</a> in December 1912 indicated that he was moving toward recognition once the republic was fully established, but by then he had been defeated for reelection and he did not follow through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973198–199_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973198–199-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft continued the policy against immigration from China and Japan as under Roosevelt. A revised treaty of friendship and navigation entered into by the U.S. and Japan in 1911 granted broad reciprocal rights to Japanese people in America and Americans in Japan, but were premised on the continuation of the Gentlemen's Agreement. There was objection on the West Coast when the treaty was submitted to the Senate, but Taft informed politicians that there was no change in immigration policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973199–200_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973199–200-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4></div> <p>Taft was opposed to the traditional practice of rewarding wealthy supporters with key ambassadorial posts, preferring that diplomats not live in a lavish lifestyle and selecting men who, as Taft put it, would recognize an American when they saw one. High on his list for dismissal was the ambassador to France, <a href="/wiki/Henry_White_(diplomat)" title="Henry White (diplomat)">Henry White</a>, whom Taft knew and disliked from his visits to Europe. White's ousting caused other career State Department employees to fear that their jobs might be lost to politics. Taft also wanted to replace the Roosevelt-appointed ambassador in London, <a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Whitelaw Reid</a>, but Reid, owner of the <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i>, had backed Taft during the campaign, and both William and Nellie Taft enjoyed his gossipy reports. Reid remained in place until his 1912 death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes19–21_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes19–21-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft was a supporter of settling international disputes by arbitration, and he negotiated treaties with Great Britain and with France providing that differences be arbitrated. These were signed in August 1911. Neither Taft nor Knox (a former senator) consulted with members of the Senate during the negotiating process. By then many Republicans were opposed to Taft and the president felt that lobbying too hard for the treaties might cause their defeat. He made some speeches supporting the treaties in October, but the Senate added amendments Taft could not accept, killing the agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200482–83_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200482–83-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although no general arbitration treaty was entered into, Taft's administration settled several disputes with Great Britain by peaceful means, often involving arbitration. These included a settlement of the boundary between Maine and New Brunswick, a long-running dispute over seal hunting in the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> that also involved Japan, and a similar disagreement regarding fishing off Newfoundland. The sealing convention remained in force until abrogated by Japan in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973168–169_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973168–169-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policies_and_politics">Domestic policies and politics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Antitrust">Antitrust</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Anders_L._Zorn_-_William_Howard_Taft_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="5064" /></a><figcaption>Official White House portrait of Taft by <a href="/wiki/Anders_Zorn" title="Anders Zorn">Anders Zorn</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1911</span></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican"><i>South Park</i> Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Taft continued and expanded Roosevelt's efforts to break up business combinations through lawsuits brought under the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>, bringing 70 cases in four years (Roosevelt had brought 40 in seven years). Suits brought against the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil Company">Standard Oil Company</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company" title="American Tobacco Company">American Tobacco Company</a>, initiated under Roosevelt, were decided in favor of the government by the Supreme Court in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973154–157_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973154–157-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1911, the Democrat-controlled House of Representatives began hearings into <a href="/wiki/United_States_Steel" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Steel">United States Steel</a> (U.S. Steel). That company had been expanded under Roosevelt, who had supported its acquisition of the Tennessee Coal, Iron, and Railroad Company as a means of preventing the deepening of the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1907" title="Panic of 1907">Panic of 1907</a>, a decision the former president defended when testifying at the hearings. Taft, as Secretary of War, had praised the acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Louis L. Gould suggested that Roosevelt was likely deceived into believing that U.S. Steel did not want to purchase the Tennessee company, but it was in fact a bargain. For Roosevelt, questioning the matter went to his personal honesty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie145–147_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie145–147-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1911, Taft's Justice Department brought suit against U.S. Steel, demanding that over a hundred of its subsidiaries be granted corporate independence, and naming as defendants many prominent business executives and financiers. The pleadings in the case had not been reviewed by Taft, and alleged that Roosevelt "had fostered monopoly, and had been duped by clever industrialists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt was offended by the references to him and his administration in the pleadings, and felt that Taft could not evade command responsibility by saying he did not know of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie149_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie149-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft sent a special message to Congress on the need for a revamped antitrust statute when it convened its regular session in December 1911, but it took no action. Another antitrust case that had political repercussions for Taft was that brought against the <a href="/wiki/International_Harvester_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="International Harvester Company">International Harvester Company</a>, the large manufacturer of farm equipment, in early 1912. As Roosevelt's administration had investigated International Harvester, but had taken no action (a decision Taft had supported), the suit became caught up in Roosevelt's challenge for the Republican presidential nomination. Supporters of Taft alleged that Roosevelt had acted improperly; the former president blasted Taft for waiting three and a half years, and until he was under challenge, to reverse a decision he had supported.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973160–163_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973160–163-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ballinger–Pinchot_affair"><span id="Ballinger.E2.80.93Pinchot_affair"></span>Ballinger–Pinchot affair</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a></div> <p>Roosevelt was an ardent conservationist, assisted in this by like-minded appointees, including Interior Secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James R. Garfield</a><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Chief Forester <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Pinchot" title="Gifford Pinchot">Gifford Pinchot</a>. Taft agreed with the need for conservation, but felt it should be accomplished by legislation rather than executive order. He did not retain Garfield, an Ohioan, as secretary, choosing instead a westerner, former Seattle mayor <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Ballinger" title="Richard A. Ballinger">Richard A. Ballinger</a>. Roosevelt was surprised at the replacement, believing that Taft had promised to keep Garfield, and this change was one of the events that caused Roosevelt to realize that Taft would choose different policies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197377–82_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197377–82-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt had withdrawn much land from the public domain, including some in Alaska thought rich in coal. In 1902, Clarence Cunningham, an Idaho entrepreneur, had found coal deposits in Alaska, and made mining claims, and the government investigated their legality. This dragged on for the remainder of the Roosevelt administration, including during the year (1907–1908) when Ballinger served as head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1483–485_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1483–485-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special agent for the Land Office, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Glavis" title="Louis Glavis">Louis Glavis</a>, investigated the Cunningham claims, and when Secretary Ballinger in 1909 approved them, Glavis broke governmental protocol by going outside the Interior Department to seek help from Pinchot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197385–86,_89_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197385–86,_89-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1909, Glavis made his allegations public in a magazine article, disclosing that Ballinger had acted as an attorney for Cunningham between his two periods of government service. This violated conflict of interest rules forbidding a former government official from advocacy on a matter he had been responsible for.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 13, 1909, Taft dismissed Glavis from government service, relying on a report from Attorney General <a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">George W. Wickersham</a> dated two days previously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1510_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1510-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinchot was determined to dramatize the issue by forcing his own dismissal, which Taft tried to avoid, fearing that it might cause a break with Roosevelt (still overseas). Taft asked <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (by then a senator) to look into the matter, and Root urged the firing of Pinchot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft had ordered government officials not to comment on the fracas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie113_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie113-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1910, Pinchot forced the issue by sending a letter to Iowa Senator Dolliver alleging that but for the actions of the Forestry Service, Taft would have approved a fraudulent claim on public lands. According to Pringle, this "was an utterly improper appeal from an executive subordinate to the legislative branch of the government and an unhappy president prepared to separate Pinchot from public office".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1507–509_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1507–509-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pinchot was dismissed, much to his delight, and he sailed for Europe to lay his case before Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197394_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197394-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A congressional investigation followed, which cleared Ballinger by majority vote, but the administration was embarrassed when Glavis' attorney, <a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis D. Brandeis">Louis D. Brandeis</a>, proved that the Wickersham report had been backdated, which Taft belatedly admitted. The Ballinger–Pinchot affair caused progressives and Roosevelt loyalists to feel that Taft had turned his back on Roosevelt's agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1509–513_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1509–513-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civil_rights">Civil rights</h4></div> <p>Taft announced in his inaugural address that he would not appoint African Americans to federal jobs, such as postmaster, where this would cause racial friction. This differed from Roosevelt, who would not remove or replace black officeholders with whom local whites would not deal. Termed Taft's "Southern Policy", this stance effectively invited white protests against black appointees. Taft followed through, removing most black office holders in the South, and made few appointments of African Americans in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuskegee_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuskegee-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time Taft was inaugurated, the way forward for African Americans was debated by their leaders. <a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> felt that most blacks should be trained for industrial work, with only a few seeking higher education; <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._DuBois" class="mw-redirect" title="W. E. B. DuBois">W. E. B. DuBois</a> took a more militant stand for equality. Taft tended toward Washington's approach. According to Coletta, Taft let the African-American "be 'kept in his place'  ... He thus failed to see or follow the humanitarian mission historically associated with the Republican party, with the result that Negroes both North and South began to drift toward the Democratic party."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197330_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197330-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft, a <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, was a leader in the early 20th century of the favorable reappraisal of Catholicism's historic role. It tended to neutralize anti-Catholic sentiments, especially in the Far West where Protestantism was a weak force. In 1904 Taft gave a speech at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a>. He praised the "enterprise, courage, and fidelity to duty that distinguished those heroes of Spain who braved the then frightful dangers of the deep to carry Christianity and European civilization into" the Philippines. In 1909 he praised <a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a> as an "apostle, legislator, [and] builder" who advanced "the beginning of civilization in California."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A supporter of free immigration, Taft vetoed a bill passed by Congress and supported by labor unions that would have restricted unskilled laborers by imposing a literacy test.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197328_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197328-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_appointments">Judicial appointments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_judicial_appointments" class="mw-redirect" title="William Howard Taft judicial appointments">William Howard Taft judicial appointments</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_White,_head-and-shoulders_portrait,_facing_slightly_left,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edward_White%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1905.jpg/170px-Edward_White%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edward_White%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1905.jpg/255px-Edward_White%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Edward_White%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1905.jpg/340px-Edward_White%2C_head-and-shoulders_portrait%2C_facing_slightly_left%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2585" data-file-height="3288" /></a><figcaption>Taft promoted Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft made six appointments to the Supreme Court; only <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> made more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000332_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000332-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Justice <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Peckham" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus Peckham">Rufus Peckham</a> in October 1909 gave Taft his first opportunity. He chose an old friend and colleague from the Sixth Circuit, <a href="/wiki/Horace_H._Lurton" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace H. Lurton">Horace H. Lurton</a> of Georgia; he had in vain urged Theodore Roosevelt to appoint Lurton to the high court. Attorney General Wickersham objected that Lurton, a former Confederate soldier and a Democrat, was aged 65. Taft named Lurton anyway on December 13, 1909, and the Senate confirmed him by voice vote a week later. Lurton is still the oldest person to be made an associate justice.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lurie suggested that Taft, already beset by the tariff and conservation controversies, desired to perform an official act which gave him pleasure, especially since he thought Lurton deserved it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie121_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie121-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justice <a href="/wiki/David_Josiah_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="David Josiah Brewer">David Josiah Brewer</a>'s death on March 28, 1910, gave Taft a second opportunity to fill a seat on the high court; he chose New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a>. Taft told Hughes that should the chief justiceship fall vacant during his term, Hughes would be his likely choice for the center seat. The Senate quickly confirmed Hughes, but then Chief Justice Fuller died on July 4, 1910. Taft took five months to replace Fuller, and when he did, it was with Justice <a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a>, who became the first associate justice to be promoted to chief justice.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lurie, Taft, who still had hopes of being chief justice, may have been more willing to appoint an older man than he (White) than a younger one (Hughes), who might outlive him, as indeed Hughes did. To fill White's seat as associate justice, Taft appointed <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a> of Wyoming, a federal appeals judge. By the time Taft nominated White and Van Devanter in December 1910, he had another seat to fill due to <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a>'s retirement because of illness; he named a Louisiana Democrat, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Lamar" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph R. Lamar">Joseph R. Lamar</a>, whom he had met while playing golf, and had subsequently learned had a good reputation as a judge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie123–127_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie123–127-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the death of Justice Harlan in October 1911, Taft got to fill a sixth seat on the Supreme Court. After Secretary Knox declined appointment, Taft named <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="New Jersey Supreme Court">Chancellor of New Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Mahlon Pitney</a>, the last person appointed to the Supreme Court who did not attend law school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie127–128_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie127–128-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitney had a stronger anti-labor record than Taft's other appointments, and was the only one to meet opposition, winning confirmation by a Senate vote of 50–26.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000339–340_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000339–340-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft appointed 13 judges to the federal courts of appeal and 38 to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States district courts">United States district courts</a>. He also appointed judges to various specialized courts, including the first five appointees each to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commerce_Court" title="United States Commerce Court">United States Commerce Court</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Customs_and_Patent_Appeals" title="United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals">United States Court of Customs Appeals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commerce Court, created in 1910, stemmed from a Taft proposal for a specialized court to hear appeals from the Interstate Commerce Commission. There was considerable opposition to its establishment, which grew only when one of its judges, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Archbald" title="Robert W. Archbald">Robert W. Archbald</a>, was in 1912 <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeached</a> for corruption and removed by the Senate the following January. Taft vetoed a bill to abolish the court, but the respite was short-lived as <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> signed similar legislation in October 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1912_presidential_campaign_and_election">1912 presidential campaign and election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moving_apart_from_Roosevelt">Moving apart from Roosevelt</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TAFT1909.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/TAFT1909.JPG/170px-TAFT1909.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/TAFT1909.JPG/255px-TAFT1909.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/TAFT1909.JPG/340px-TAFT1909.JPG 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>1909 <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)"><i>Puck</i></a> magazine cover: Roosevelt departs, entrusting his policies to Taft.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Roosevelt's fifteen months beyond the Atlantic, from March 1909 to June 1910, neither man wrote much to the other. Taft biographer Lurie suggested that each expected the other to make the first move to re-establish their relationship on a new footing. Upon Roosevelt's triumphant return, Taft invited him to stay at the White House. The former president declined, and in private letters to friends expressed dissatisfaction at Taft's performance. Taft and Roosevelt met twice in 1910; the meetings, though outwardly cordial, did not display their former closeness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2569–579_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2569–579-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, he wrote that he expected Taft to be renominated by the Republicans in 1912, and did not speak of himself as a candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie129–130_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie129–130-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt gave a series of speeches in the West in the late summer and early fall of 1910 in which he severely criticized the nation's judiciary. He not only attacked the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court's</a> 1905 decision <i><a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a></i>, he accused the federal courts of undermining democracy, branding the suspect jurists "fossilized judges", and comparing their tendency to strike down progressive reform legislation to Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger Taney's</a> ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857). To ensure that the constitution served the public interest, Roosevelt joined other progressives, including the Democrat <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a>, in calling for "judicial recall", which would theoretically enable popular majorities to remove judges from office by referendum and, in some cases, reverse unpopular judicial decisions. This attack horrified Taft, who, though he privately agreed that <i>Lochner</i> and other decisions had been poorly decided, adamantly believed in the importance of judicial authority to constitutional government. His personal horror was shared by other prominent members of the nation's elite legal community, like <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a>, and solidified in Taft's mind that Roosevelt must not be permitted to regain the presidency, whatever the cost.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the judicial issue, Roosevelt called for "elimination of corporate expenditures for political purposes, physical valuation of railroad properties, regulation of industrial combinations, establishment of an export tariff commission, a graduated income tax", and "workmen's compensation laws, state and national legislation to regulate the [labor] of women and children, and complete publicity of campaign expenditure".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Murphy, "As Roosevelt began to move to the left, Taft veered to the right."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1910 midterm election campaign, Roosevelt involved himself in New York politics. With donations and influence, Taft meanwhile tried to secure the election of Ohio's Republican gubernatorial nominee, former lieutenant governor <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>. The Republicans suffered losses in the 1910 elections as the Democrats took control of the House and slashed the Republican majority in the Senate. In New Jersey, Democrat <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> was elected governor, and Harding lost in Ohio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2569–579_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2569–579-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the election, Roosevelt continued to promote progressive ideals, a <a href="/wiki/New_Nationalism_(Theodore_Roosevelt)" title="New Nationalism (Theodore Roosevelt)">New Nationalism</a>, much to Taft's dismay. Roosevelt attacked his successor's administration, arguing that its guiding principles were not those of the party of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>, but those of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy117–119_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy117–119-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feud continued on and off through 1911, a year in which there were few elections of significance. Senator <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert La Follette</a> announced a presidential run as a Republican, and was backed by a convention of progressives. Roosevelt began to move into a position for a run in late 1911, writing that the tradition that presidents not run for a third term applied only to consecutive terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973222–225_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973222–225-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt received many letters from supporters urging him to run, and Republican office-holders were organizing on his behalf. Thwarted on many policies by an unwilling Congress and courts in his full term in the White House, he saw manifestations of public support he believed would sweep him to the White House with a mandate for progressive policies that would brook no opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord635–640_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord635–640-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February, Roosevelt announced he would accept the Republican nomination if it was offered to him. Taft felt that if he lost in November, it would be a repudiation of the party, but if he lost renomination, it would be a rejection of himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973226–230_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973226–230-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was reluctant to oppose Roosevelt, who helped make him president, but having become president, he was determined to be president, and that meant not standing aside to allow Roosevelt to gain another term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie157_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie157-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primaries_and_convention">Primaries and convention</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg/170px-William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg/255px-William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg/340px-William_H_Taft_-_A_W_Butt_-_Geoge_v._L._Meyer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2189" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption>Taft with Archibald Butt (second from right)</figcaption></figure> <p>As Roosevelt became more radical in his progressivism, Taft was hardened in his resolve to achieve re-nomination, as he was convinced that the progressives threatened the very foundation of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973183–185_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973183–185-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One blow to Taft was the loss of <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Butt" title="Archibald Butt">Archibald Butt</a>, one of the last links between the previous and present presidents, as Butt had formerly served Roosevelt. Ambivalent between his loyalties, Butt went to Europe on vacation; he died in the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_Titanic" title="Sinking of the Titanic">sinking of the RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie158_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie158-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg/170px-For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg/255px-For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg/340px-For_Auld_Lang_Syne_-_Leonard_Raven-Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>Taft and Roosevelt – political enemies in 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Roosevelt dominated the primaries, winning 278 of the 362 delegates to <a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">the Republican National Convention</a> in Chicago decided in that manner. Taft had control of the party machinery, and it came as no surprise that he gained the bulk of the delegates decided at district or state conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley208_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley208-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft did not have a majority, but was likely to have one once southern delegations committed to him. Roosevelt challenged the election of these delegates, but the RNC overruled most objections. Roosevelt's sole remaining chance was with a friendly convention chairman, who might make rulings on the seating of delegates that favored his side. Taft followed custom and remained in Washington, but Roosevelt went to Chicago to run his campaign<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie163–166_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie163–166-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and told his supporters in a speech, "we stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley209_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley209-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft had won over Root, who agreed to run for temporary chairman of the convention, and the delegates elected Root over Roosevelt's candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley209_167-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley209-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roosevelt forces moved to substitute the delegates they supported for the ones they argued should not be seated. Root made a crucial ruling, that although the contested delegates could not vote on their own seating, they could vote on the other contested delegates, a ruling that assured Taft's nomination, as the motion offered by the Roosevelt forces failed, 567–507.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie166_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie166-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it became clear Roosevelt would bolt the party if not nominated, some Republicans sought a compromise candidate to avert electoral disaster; they failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_200872_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_200872-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft's name was placed in nomination by Warren Harding, whose attempts to praise Taft and unify the party were met with angry interruptions from progressives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDean29–30_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDean29–30-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft was nominated on the first ballot, though most Roosevelt delegates refused to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie166_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie166-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign_and_defeat">Campaign and defeat</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg/220px-TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg/330px-TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg/440px-TaftASecondTerm1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Campaign advertisement arguing Taft deserved a second term</figcaption></figure> <p>Alleging Taft had stolen the nomination, Roosevelt and his followers formed the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1912)">Progressive Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavord643_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavord643-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft knew he would lose, but concluded that through Roosevelt's loss at Chicago the party had been preserved as "the defender of conservative government and conservative institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973193_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973193-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made his doomed run to preserve conservative control of the Republican Party.<sup id="cite_ref-ncc_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncc-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governor Woodrow Wilson was the Democratic nominee. Seeing Roosevelt as the greater electoral threat, Wilson spent little time attacking Taft, arguing that Roosevelt had been lukewarm in opposing the trusts during his presidency, and that Wilson was the true reformer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley213–218_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley213–218-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft contrasted what he called his "progressive conservatism" with Roosevelt's Progressive democracy, which to Taft represented "the establishment of a benevolent despotism."<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912_Electoral_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1912_Electoral_Map.png/220px-1912_Electoral_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1912_Electoral_Map.png/330px-1912_Electoral_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/1912_Electoral_Map.png/440px-1912_Electoral_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Electoral vote by state, 1912. States won by Taft are in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>Reverting to the pre-1888 custom that presidents seeking reelection did not campaign, Taft spoke publicly only once, making his nomination acceptance speech on August 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2818_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2818-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had difficulty in financing the campaign, as many industrialists had concluded he could not win, and would support Wilson to block Roosevelt. The president issued a confident statement in September after the Republicans narrowly won Vermont's state elections in a three-way fight, but had no illusions he would win his race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2832–835_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2832–835-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had hoped to send his cabinet officers out on the campaign trail, but found them reluctant to go. Senator Root agreed to give a single speech for him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie169–171_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie169–171-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vice President Sherman had been renominated at Chicago; seriously ill during the campaign, he died six days before the election,<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was replaced on the ticket by the president of Columbia University, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a>. But few electors chose Taft and Butler, who won only Utah and Vermont, for a total of eight electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt won 88, and Wilson 435. Wilson won with a plurality—not a majority—of the popular vote. Taft finished with just under 3.5 million, over 600,000 less than the former president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2836–841_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2836–841-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft was not on the ballot in California, due to the actions of local Progressives, nor in South Dakota.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2008132,_176_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2008132,_176-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Yale_(1913–1921)"><span id="Return_to_Yale_.281913.E2.80.931921.29"></span>Return to Yale (1913–1921)</h2></div> <p>With no pension or other compensation to expect from the government after leaving the White House, Taft contemplated a return to the practice of law, from which he had long been absent. Given that Taft had appointed many federal judges, including a majority of the Supreme Court, this would raise questions of conflict of interest at every federal court appearance and he was saved from this by an offer for him to become Kent Professor of Law and Legal History at <a href="/wiki/Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>. He accepted, and after a month's vacation in Georgia, arrived in New Haven on April 1, 1913, to a rapturous reception. As it was too late in the semester for him to give an academic course, he instead prepared eight lectures on "Questions of Modern Government", which he delivered in May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_20145–12_185-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_20145–12-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He earned money with paid speeches and with articles for magazines, and would end his eight years out of office having increased his savings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2856–857_186-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2856–857-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Yale, he wrote the treatise, <i>Our Chief Magistrate and His Powers</i> (1916).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198227_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198227-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg/220px-Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg/330px-Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg/440px-Taft_Harding_Robert_Lincoln_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4970" data-file-height="3776" /></a><figcaption>Taft (left) with President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Lincoln">Robert Lincoln</a> at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>, May 30, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft had been made president of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> Commission while still in office; when Democrats proposed removing him for one of their party, he quipped that unlike losing the presidency, such a removal would hurt. The architect, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bacon" title="Henry Bacon">Henry Bacon</a>, wanted to use Colorado-Yule marble, while southern Democrats urged using Georgia marble. Taft lobbied for the western stone, and the matter was submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission of Fine Arts">Commission of Fine Arts</a>, which supported Taft and Bacon. The project went forward; Taft would dedicate the Lincoln Memorial as chief justice in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201414_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201414-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, Taft was elected to a one-year term as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> (ABA), a trade group of lawyers. He removed opponents, such as Louis Brandeis and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a> dean <a href="/wiki/William_Draper_Lewis" title="William Draper Lewis">William Draper Lewis</a> (a supporter of the Progressive Party) from committees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201419–20_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201419–20-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft maintained a cordial relationship with Wilson. The former president privately criticized his successor on a number of issues, but made his views known publicly only on Philippine policy. Taft was appalled when, after Justice Lamar's death in January 1916, Wilson nominated Brandeis, whom the former president had never forgiven for his role in the Ballinger–Pinchot affair. When hearings led to nothing discreditable about Brandeis, Taft intervened with a letter signed by himself and other former ABA presidents, stating that Brandeis was not fit to serve on the Supreme Court. Nevertheless, the Democratic-controlled Senate confirmed Brandeis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201445,_57–69_190-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201445,_57–69-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft and Roosevelt remained embittered; they met only once in the first three years of the Wilson presidency, at a funeral at Yale. They spoke only for a moment, politely but formally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2859–860_191-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2859–860-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As president of the <a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a>, Taft hoped to prevent war through an international association of nations. With World War I raging in Europe, Taft sent Wilson a note of support for his foreign policy in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201447–49_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201447–49-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Wilson accepted Taft's invitation to address the league, and spoke in May 1916 of a postwar international organization that could prevent a repetition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201469–71_193-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201469–71-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft supported the effort to get Justice Hughes to resign from the bench and accept the Republican presidential nomination. Once this was done, Hughes tried to get Roosevelt and Taft to reconcile, as a united effort was needed to defeat Wilson. This occurred on October 3 in New York, but Roosevelt allowed only a handshake, and no words were exchanged. This was one of many difficulties for the Republicans in the campaign, and Wilson narrowly won reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2890–899_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2890–899-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1917, Taft demonstrated public support for the war effort by joining the Connecticut State Guard, a <a href="/wiki/State_defense_force" title="State defense force">state defense force</a> organized to carry out the state duties of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Army_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Army National Guard">Connecticut National Guard</a> while the National Guard served on active duty.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany in April 1917, Taft was an enthusiastic supporter; he was chairman of the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>' executive committee, which occupied much of the former president's time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201487–91_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201487–91-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1917, Wilson conferred military titles on executives of the Red Cross as a way to provide them with additional authority to use in carrying out their wartime responsibilities, and Taft was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, Taft took leave from Yale in order to serve as co-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a>, tasked with assuring good relations between industry owners and their workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_201493,_95_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_201493,_95-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1918, the new RNC chairman, <a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Will H. Hays</a>, approached Taft seeking his reconciliation with Roosevelt. While at the <a href="/wiki/Palmer_House_Hilton" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer House Hilton">Palmer House</a> in Chicago, Taft heard that Roosevelt was there having dinner, and after he walked in, the two men embraced to the applause of the room, but the relationship did not progress; Roosevelt died in January 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2014107–110_199-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2014107–110-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft later wrote, "Had he died in a hostile state of mind toward me, I would have mourned the fact all my life. I loved him always and cherish his memory."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren360_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren360-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Wilson proposed establishment of a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, Taft expressed public support. He was the leader of his party's activist wing, and was opposed by a small group of senators who vigorously opposed the League. Taft's flip-flop on whether <a href="/wiki/Reservation_(law)" title="Reservation (law)">reservations</a> to the Versailles Treaty were necessary angered both sides, causing some Republicans to call him a Wilson supporter and a traitor to his party. The Senate refused to ratify the Versailles pact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2014110–134_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2014110–134-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)"><span id="Chief_Justice_.281921.E2.80.931930.29"></span>Chief Justice (1921–1930)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">Taft Court</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment">Appointment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg/170px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg/255px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg/340px-William_Howard_Taft_as_Chief_Justice_SCOTUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5932" data-file-height="7908" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice Taft, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1921</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1920 election campaign, Taft supported the Republican ticket—Harding (by then a senator) and Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>; they were elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2949_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2949-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft was among those asked to come to the <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">president-elect's</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren G. Harding House">home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Ohio" title="Marion, Ohio">Marion, Ohio</a>, to advise him on appointments, and the two men conferred there on December 24, 1920. By Taft's later account, after some conversation, Harding casually asked if Taft would accept appointment to the Supreme Court; if Taft would, Harding would appoint him. Taft had a condition for Harding—having served as president, and having appointed two of the present associate justices and opposed Brandeis, he could accept only the chief justice position. Harding made no response, and Taft in a thank-you note reiterated the condition and stated that Chief Justice White had often told him he was keeping the position for Taft until a Republican held the White House. In January 1921, Taft heard through intermediaries that Harding planned to appoint him, if given the chance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2014166–168_203-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2014166–168-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White by then was in failing health, but made no move to resign when Harding was sworn in on March 4, 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2014168_204-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2014168-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft called on the chief justice on March 26, and found White ill, but still carrying on his work and not talking of retiring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2956_205-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2956-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White did not retire, dying in office on May 19, 1921. Taft issued a tribute to the man he had appointed to the center seat and waited and worried if he would be White's successor. Despite widespread speculation that Taft would be the pick, Harding made no quick announcement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2957–959_206-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2957–959-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft was lobbying for himself behind the scenes, especially with <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Gang" title="Ohio Gang">the Ohio politicians</a> who formed Harding's inner circle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345_207-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It later emerged that Harding had also promised former Utah senator <a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">George Sutherland</a> a seat on the Supreme Court and was waiting in the expectation that another place would become vacant.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrani_&_Wilson48–49_209-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrani_&_Wilson48–49-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harding was also considering a proposal by Justice <a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a> to crown his career by being chief justice for six months before retiring. Taft felt, when he learned of this plan, that a short-term appointment would not serve the office well, and that once confirmed by the Senate, the memory of Day would grow dim. After Harding rejected Day's plan, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Harry_Daugherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Daugherty">Harry Daugherty</a>, who supported Taft's candidacy, urged him to fill the vacancy, and he named Taft on June 30, 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2957–959_206-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2957–959-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate confirmed Taft the same day, 61–4, without any committee hearings and after a brief debate in <a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">executive session</a>. Taft drew the objections of three progressive Republicans and one southern Democrat.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2014170–171_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2014170–171-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was sworn in on July 11, he became the first and to date only person to serve both as president and chief justice.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commerce_Clause">Commerce Clause</h4></div> <p>The Supreme Court under Taft compiled a conservative record in <a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> jurisprudence. This had the practical effect of making it difficult for the federal government to regulate industry, and the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">Taft Court</a> also scuttled many state laws. The few liberals on the court—Brandeis, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a>, and (from 1925) <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a>—sometimes protested, believing orderly progress essential, but often joined in the majority opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason37–38_212-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason37–38-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The White Court had, in 1918, struck down an attempt by Congress to regulate child labor in <i><a href="/wiki/Hammer_v._Dagenhart" title="Hammer v. Dagenhart">Hammer v. Dagenhart</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason37_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason37-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress thereafter attempted to end child labor by imposing a tax on certain corporations making use of it. That law was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1922 in <i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._Drexel_Furniture_Co." title="Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.">Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.</a></i>, with Taft writing the court's opinion for an 8–1 majority.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held that the tax was not intended to raise revenue, but rather was an attempt to regulate matters reserved to the states under the <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Tenth Amendment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan90–91_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan90–91-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that allowing such taxation would eliminate the power of the states.<sup id="cite_ref-ANB_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One case in which Taft and his court upheld federal regulation was <i>Stafford v. Wallace</i>. Taft ruled for a 7–1 majority<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the processing of animals in <a href="/wiki/Feedlot" title="Feedlot">stockyards</a> was so closely tied to interstate commerce as to bring it within the ambit of Congress's power to regulate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan91–92_218-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan91–92-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A case in which the Taft Court struck down regulation that generated a dissent from the chief justice was <i><a href="/wiki/Adkins_v._Children%27s_Hospital" title="Adkins v. Children's Hospital">Adkins v. Children's Hospital</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress had decreed a minimum wage for women in the District of Columbia. A 5–3 majority of the Supreme Court struck it down. Justice Sutherland wrote for the majority that the recently ratified <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Nineteenth Amendment</a>, guaranteeing women the vote, meant that the sexes were equal when it came to bargaining power over working conditions; Taft, in dissent, deemed this unrealistic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan92_220-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan92-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft's dissent in <i>Adkins</i> was rare both because he authored few dissents, and because it was one of the few times he took an expansive view of the <a href="/wiki/Police_power_(United_States_constitutional_law)" title="Police power (United States constitutional law)">police power</a> of the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21049_221-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21049-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Powers_of_government">Powers of government</h4></div> <p>In 1922, Taft ruled for a unanimous court in <i><a href="/wiki/Balzac_v._Porto_Rico" title="Balzac v. Porto Rico">Balzac v. Porto Rico</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the <a href="/wiki/Insular_Cases" title="Insular Cases">Insular Cases</a>, <i>Balzac</i> involved a Puerto Rico newspaper publisher who was prosecuted for libel but denied a jury trial, a <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Sixth Amendment</a> protection under the constitution. Taft held that as Puerto Rico was not a territory designated for statehood, only such constitutional protections as Congress decreed would apply to its residents.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg/220px-1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg/330px-1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg/440px-1925_U.S._Supreme_Court_Justices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9218" data-file-height="7374" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. Supreme Court in 1925. Taft is seated in the bottom row, middle.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1926, Taft wrote for a 6–3 majority in <i><a href="/wiki/Myers_v._United_States" title="Myers v. United States">Myers v. United States</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that Congress could not require the president to get Senate approval before removing an appointee. Taft noted that there is no restriction of the president's power to remove officials in the Constitution. Although <i>Myers</i> involved the removal of a postmaster,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan94–95_225-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan94–95-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft in his opinion found invalid the repealed <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, for violation of which his presidential predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">had been impeached</a>, though acquitted by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft valued <i>Myers</i> as his most important opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21025_227-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21025-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, the court decided <i><a href="/wiki/McGrain_v._Daugherty" title="McGrain v. Daugherty">McGrain v. Daugherty</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A congressional committee investigating possible complicity of former Attorney General Daugherty in the <a href="/wiki/Teapot_Dome" class="mw-redirect" title="Teapot Dome">Teapot Dome</a> scandal subpoenaed records from his brother, Mally, who refused to provide them, alleging Congress had no power to obtain documents from him. Van Devanter ruled for a unanimous court against him, finding that Congress had the authority to conduct investigations as an auxiliary to its legislative function.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan95–96_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan95–96-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Individual_and_civil_rights">Individual and civil rights</h4></div> <p>In 1925, the Taft Court laid the groundwork for the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporation</a> of many of the guarantees of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> to be applied against the states through the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Gitlow_v._New_York" title="Gitlow v. New York">Gitlow v. New York</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Court, by a 6–2 vote with Taft in the majority, upheld Gitlow's conviction on criminal anarchy charges for advocating the overthrow of the government; his defense was freedom of speech. Justice <a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Sanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward T. Sanford">Edward T. Sanford</a> wrote the Court's opinion, and both majority and minority (Holmes, joined by Brandeis) assumed that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment's</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Freedom_of_speech" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">Free Speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Free_Press_Clause" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">Free Press</a> clauses were protected against infringement by the states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan96_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan96-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>aa<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a 1925 decision by the Taft Court striking down an Oregon law banning private schools. In a decision written by Justice <a href="/wiki/James_C._McReynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="James C. McReynolds">James C. McReynolds</a>, a unanimous court held that Oregon could regulate private schools, but could not eliminate them. The outcome supported the right of parents to control the education of their children, but also, since the <a href="/wiki/Lead_plaintiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead plaintiff">lead plaintiff</a> (the society) ran <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a>, struck a blow for religious freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERegan96_231-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERegan96-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>United States v. Lanza</i><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ab<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of a series of cases involving <a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_United_States" title="Prohibition in the United States">Prohibition</a>. Lanza committed acts allegedly in violation of both state and federal law, and was first convicted in Washington state court, then prosecuted in <a href="/wiki/Federal_district_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal district court">federal district court</a>. He alleged the second prosecution violated the <a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fifth Amendment</a>. Taft, for a unanimous court, allowed the second prosecution, holding that the state and federal governments were <a href="/wiki/Dual_sovereignty_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual sovereignty doctrine">dual sovereigns</a>, each empowered to prosecute the conduct in question.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2985–986_234-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2985–986-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1927 case <i><a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ac<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft wrote for a unanimous Court that included liberals Holmes, Brandeis and Stone. The ruling held the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">exclusion on account of race</a> of a child of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestry">Chinese ancestry</a> from a whites-only public school did not violate the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>. This allowed states to extend segregation in public schools to Chinese students.<sup id="cite_ref-236" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_political_influence">Administration and political influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_Time_cover_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Howard_Taft_Time_cover_1924.jpg/220px-William_Howard_Taft_Time_cover_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/William_Howard_Taft_Time_cover_1924.jpg/330px-William_Howard_Taft_Time_cover_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/William_Howard_Taft_Time_cover_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> cover, June 30, 1924</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft exercised the power of his position to influence the decisions of his colleagues, urging unanimity and discouraging dissents. Alpheus Mason, in his article on Chief Justice Taft for the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bar Association Journal">American Bar Association Journal</a></i>, contrasted Taft's expansive view of the role of the chief justice with the narrow view of presidential power he took while in that office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason38_237-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason38-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft saw nothing wrong with making his views on possible appointments to the Court known to the White House, and was annoyed to be criticized in the press. He was initially a firm supporter of President Coolidge after Harding's death in 1923, but became disillusioned with Coolidge's appointments to office and to the bench; he had similar misgivings about Coolidge's successor, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21057–1064_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21057–1064-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft advised the Republican presidents in office while he was chief justice to avoid "offside" appointments like Brandeis and Holmes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason37–38_212-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason37–38-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, by 1923, Taft was writing of his liking for Brandeis, whom he deemed a hard worker, and Holmes walked to work with him until age and infirmity required an automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2969_239-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2969-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believing that the Chief Justice should be responsible for the federal courts, Taft felt that he should have an administrative staff to assist him, and the chief justice should be empowered to temporarily reassign judges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason36_240-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason36-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also believed the federal courts had been ill-run. Many of the lower courts had lengthy backlogs, as did the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2973–974_241-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2973–974-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately on taking office, Taft made it a priority to confer with Attorney General Daugherty as to new legislation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren359_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren359-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made his case before congressional hearings, in legal periodicals and in speeches across the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScalia849–850_243-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScalia849–850-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Congress convened in December 1921, a bill was introduced for 24 new judges, to empower the Chief Justice to move judges temporarily to eliminate the delays, and to have him chair a body consisting of the senior appellate judge of each circuit. Congress objected to some aspects, requiring Taft to get the agreement of the senior judge of each involved circuit before assigning a judge, but it passed the bill in September 1922, and the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of Senior Circuit Judges</a> held its first meeting that December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2995–996_244-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2995–996-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court's docket was congested, swelled by war litigation and laws that allowed a party defeated in the circuit court of appeals to have the case decided by the Supreme Court if a constitutional question was involved. Taft believed an appeal should usually be settled by the circuit court, with only cases of major import decided by the justices. He and other Supreme Court members proposed legislation to make most of the Court's docket discretionary, with a case getting full consideration by the justices only if they granted a writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i>. To Taft's frustration, Congress took three years to consider the matter. Taft and other members of the Court lobbied for the bill in Congress, and the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judges' Bill</a> became law in February 1925. By late the following year, Taft was able to show that the backlog was shrinking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2996–1000_245-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2996–1000-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Taft became Chief Justice, the Court did not have its own building and met in the Capitol. Its offices were cluttered and overcrowded, but Fuller and White had been opposed to proposals to move the Court to its own building. In 1925, Taft began a fight to get the Court a building, and two years later Congress appropriated money to purchase the land, to the east of the Capitol. <a href="/wiki/Cass_Gilbert" title="Cass Gilbert">Cass Gilbert</a> had prepared plans for the building, and was hired by the government as architect. Taft had hoped to see the Court move into <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">the new building</a>, but it did not do so until 1935, after Taft's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren361–362_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren361–362-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declining_health_and_death">Declining health and death</h2></div> <p>Taft is remembered as the heaviest president; he was 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) tall and his weight peaked at 335–340 pounds (152–154 kg) toward the end of his presidency,<sup id="cite_ref-sotos1133_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sotos1133-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although by 1929 he weighed 244 pounds (111 kg). By the time Taft became chief justice in 1921, his health was starting to decline, and he carefully planned a fitness regimen, walking 3 miles (4.8 km) from his home to the Capitol each day. When he walked back, he would usually go by way of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Avenue" title="Connecticut Avenue">Connecticut Avenue</a> and use a particular crossing over <a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_(Potomac_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Creek (Potomac River)">Rock Creek</a>. After his death, the crossing was named the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Bridge" title="Taft Bridge">Taft Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2963–964,_1072_248-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2963–964,_1072-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft followed a weight loss program and hired the British doctor <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Edward_Yorke-Davies" title="Nathaniel Edward Yorke-Davies">N. E. Yorke-Davies</a> as a dietary advisor. The two men corresponded regularly for over twenty years, and Taft kept a daily record of his weight, food intake, and physical activity.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg/170px-Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg/255px-Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg/340px-Charles_Evans_Hughes-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Taft insisted that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> succeed him as chief justice.</figcaption></figure> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Hoover's inauguration</a> on March 4, 1929, Taft recited part of the oath incorrectly, later writing, "my memory is not always accurate and one sometimes becomes a little uncertain", misquoting again in that letter, differently.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His health gradually declined over the near-decade of his chief justiceship. Worried that if he retired his replacement would be chosen by President Herbert Hoover, whom he considered too progressive, he wrote his brother <a href="/wiki/Horace_Dutton_Taft" title="Horace Dutton Taft">Horace</a> in 1929, "I am older and slower and less acute and more confused. However, as long as things continue as they are, and I am able to answer to my place, I must stay on the court in order to prevent the Bolsheviki from getting control".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2963,_967_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2963,_967-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Death"></span>Taft insisted on going to Cincinnati to attend the funeral of his brother Charles, who died on December 31, 1929; the strain did not improve his own health. When the court reconvened on January 6, 1930, Taft had not returned to Washington, and two opinions were delivered by Van Devanter that Taft had drafted but had been unable to complete because of his illness. Taft went to <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>, for a rest, but by the end of January, he could barely speak and was hallucinating.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21077–1079_252-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21077–1079-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft was afraid that Stone would be made chief justice; he did not resign until he had secured assurances from Hoover that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a> would be chosen.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ad<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000349–350_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000349–350-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft resigned as chief justice on February 3, 1930. Returning to Washington after his resignation, Taft had barely enough physical or emotional strength to sign a reply to a letter of tribute from the eight associate justices. He died at his home in Washington, D.C., on March 8, 1930, at age 72, likely of heart disease, inflammation of the liver, and high blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21077–1079_252-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21077–1079-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg/250px-Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg/375px-Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg/500px-Taft_funeral_LCCN2016820348.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5235" data-file-height="4233" /></a><figcaption>The body of former President and Chief Justice William Howard Taft <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">lies in repose</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Taft <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state#United_States" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 11, he became the first president and first member of the Supreme Court to be buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arlington_257-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlington-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Earle_Fraser_(sculptor)" title="James Earle Fraser (sculptor)">James Earle Fraser</a> sculpted his grave marker out of <a href="/wiki/Stony_Creek_(Branford)" title="Stony Creek (Branford)">Stony Creek</a> granite.<sup id="cite_ref-Arlington_257-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlington-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_historical_view">Legacy and historical view</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_(16712956154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_%2816712956154%29.jpg/170px-President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_%2816712956154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_%2816712956154%29.jpg/255px-President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_%2816712956154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_%2816712956154%29.jpg/340px-President_William_Howard_Taft_Monument_%2816712956154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4805" data-file-height="7199" /></a><figcaption>Taft's headstone at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lurie argued that Taft did not receive the public credit for his policies that he should have. Few trusts had been broken up under Roosevelt (although the lawsuits received much publicity). Taft, more quietly than his predecessor, filed many more cases than did Roosevelt, and rejected his predecessor's contention that there was such a thing as a "good" trust. This lack of flair marred Taft's presidency; according to Lurie, Taft "was boring—honest, likable, but boring".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie196–197_259-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie196–197-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott Bomboy for the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a> wrote that despite being "one of the most interesting, intellectual, and versatile presidents ... a chief justice of the United States, a wrestler at Yale, a reformer, a peace activist, and a baseball fan ... today, Taft is best remembered as the president who was so large that he got stuck in the White House bathtub", a story that is not true.<sup id="cite_ref-ncc_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncc-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft similarly remains known for another physical characteristic—as the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_with_facial_hair" title="List of presidents of the United States with facial hair">president with facial hair</a> to date.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mason called Taft's years in the White House "undistinguished".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason36_240-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason36-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coletta deemed Taft to have had a solid record of bills passed by Congress, but felt he could have accomplished more with political skill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973259,_264–265_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973259,_264–265-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson noted that Taft's prepresidential federal service was entirely in appointed posts, and that he had never run for an important executive or legislative position, which would have allowed him to develop the skills to manipulate public opinion, as "the presidency is no place for on-the-job training".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198227_187-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198227-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Coletta, "in troubled times in which the people demanded progressive change, he saw the existing order as good."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973266_263-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973266-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inevitably linked with Roosevelt, who chose him to be president and took it away, Taft generally falls in the former's shadow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973260_264-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973260-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, a portrait of Taft as a victim of betrayal by his best friend is incomplete: as Coletta put it, "Was he a poor politician because he was victimized or because he lacked the foresight and imagination to notice the storm brewing in the political sky until it broke and swamped him?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973265_265-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973265-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adept at using the levers of power in a way his successor could not, Roosevelt generally got what was politically possible out of a situation. Taft was generally slow to act, and when he did, his actions often generated enemies, as in the Ballinger–Pinchot affair. Roosevelt was able to secure positive coverage in the newspapers; Taft was reticent talking to reporters, and, with no comment from the White House, hostile journalists filled the gaps with quotes from Taft opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973262–263_266-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973262–263-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt engraved in public memory the image of Taft as a <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>-like figure, with a narrow view of the presidency that made him unwilling to act for the public good. Anderson noted that Roosevelt's <i>Autobiography</i> (which placed this view in enduring form) was published after both men had left the presidency (in 1913), was intended in part to justify Roosevelt's splitting of the Republican Party, and contains not a single positive reference to the man Roosevelt had hand-picked as his successor. While Roosevelt was biased,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32_267-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was not alone: every major newspaper reporter of that time who left reminiscences of Taft's presidency was critical of him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973290_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973290-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft replied to his predecessor's criticism with his constitutional treatise on the powers of the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32_267-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft,_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/William_Howard_Taft%2C_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg/330px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/William_Howard_Taft%2C_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg/495px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/William_Howard_Taft%2C_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg/660px-William_Howard_Taft%2C_4c_%26_50c_issues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1478" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The first postage issue for Taft, a 4-cent stamp, was issued in 1930, the second, a 50-cent stamp, in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Taft was convinced history would vindicate him. After he left office, he was estimated to be in the middle of U.S. presidents by greatness, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rankings by historians</a> have largely sustained that verdict. Coletta noted that this places Taft alongside <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> and McKinley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973255–256_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973255–256-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lurie catalogued progressive innovations that took place under Taft, and argued that historians have overlooked them because Taft was not an effective political writer or speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie198_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie198-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gould, "the clichés about Taft's weight, his maladroitness in the White House, and his conservatism of thought and doctrine have an element of truth, but they fail to do justice to a shrewd commentator on the political scene, a man of consummate ambition, and a resourceful practitioner of the internal politics of his party."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_20143–4_272-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_20143–4-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anderson deemed Taft's success in becoming both president and chief justice "an astounding feat of inside judicial and Republican party politics, played out over years, the likes of which we are not likely to see again in American history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345_207-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taft has been rated among the greatest of the chief justices;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989xviii_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989xviii-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> noted that this was "not so much on the basis of his opinions, perhaps because many of them ran counter to the ultimate sweep of history".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScalia849_274-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScalia849-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A successor as chief justice, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, concurred: "In Taft's case, the symbol, the tag, the label usually attached to him is 'conservative.' It is certainly not of itself a term of opprobrium even when bandied by the critics, but its use is too often confused with 'reactionary.'"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren360_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren360-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commentators agree that Taft's most significant contribution as chief justice was his advocacy for reform of the high court, urging and ultimately gaining improvement in the Court's procedures and facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren360_200-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren360-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason37_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason37-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989201_275-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989201-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mason cited enactment of the Judges' Bill of 1925 as Taft's major achievement on the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason37_214-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason37-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Anderson, as chief justice, Taft "was as aggressive in the pursuit of his agenda in the judicial realm as Theodore Roosevelt was in the presidential".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000352_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000352-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG/220px-William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG/330px-William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG/440px-William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Taft's boyhood home in Cincinnati</figcaption></figure> <p>The house in Cincinnati in which Taft was born is now the <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">William Howard Taft National Historic Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-277" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taft was one of the first Gold Medal Honorees of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="National Institute of Social Sciences">National Institute of Social Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert</a> was a significant political figure, becoming <a href="/wiki/Senate_Majority_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Majority Leader">Senate Majority Leader</a> and three times a major contender for the Republican nomination for president. A conservative, each time he was defeated by a candidate backed by the more liberal <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Establishment">Eastern Establishment</a> wing of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ae<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ROBERTANB_280-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ROBERTANB-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lurie concluded his account of William Taft's career: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>While <a href="/wiki/National_Cherry_Blossom_Festival#History_of_the_cherry_trees" title="National Cherry Blossom Festival">the fabled cherry trees</a> in Washington represent a suitable monument for Nellie Taft, there is no memorial to her husband, except perhaps the magnificent home for his Court—one for which he eagerly planned. But he died even before ground was broken for the structure. As he reacted to his overwhelming defeat for reelection in 1912, Taft had written that "I must wait for years if I would be vindicated by the people  ... I am content to wait." Perhaps he has waited long enough.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie200_281-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie200-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv/290px--William_Taft_video_montage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="218" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="William_Taft_video_montage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:William_Taft_video_montage.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d8/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv/William_Taft_video_montage.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWilliam_Taft_video_montage.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Collection of film clips of the president</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="124" data-mwtitle="Taft_-_The_Farmer_and_the_Republican_Party.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Taft_-_The_Farmer_and_the_Republican_Party.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Taft_-_The_Farmer_and_the_Republican_Party.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/05/Taft_-_The_Farmer_and_the_Republican_Party.ogg/Taft_-_The_Farmer_and_the_Republican_Party.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Speech: "The Farmer and the Republican Party", Kansas City, Missouri, 1908</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography of William Howard Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Taft on U.S. postage stamps</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vice President Sherman died in office. As this was prior to the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fifth Amendment</a> in 1967, a vacancy in the office of vice president was not filled until the next election and inauguration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1889 Ohio Misc. Lexis 119, 10 Ohio Dec. reprint 181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alphonso Taft died in 1891 in California, retired because of illness contracted during his diplomatic postings. See <a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">79 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reporter" title="Federal Reporter">F.</a> 561 (6th Cir. 1897)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. v. Voight</i>, 176 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 498 (1900). Only Justice Harlan dissented from the opinion for the Court written by Justice <a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">George Shiras</a>. See <a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">85 F. 271 (6th Cir. 1898)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">175 U.S. 211 (1899)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His son, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, would also become a general and famously fight in the Philippines.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fuller's longevity was a source of frustration and some humor in the Roosevelt White House. Secretary Root originated a running joke that Fuller would be found alive and clinging to his seat on the Day of Judgment, and would then have to be shot. See <a href="#CITEREFAnderson_2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In one of which Secretary Knox was said to be a major stockholder. See <a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Son of the late president</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hughes was 67 when he began his second period on the court, as chief justice succeeding Taft.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The others being <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Fiske_Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan Fiske Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "Bull Moose Party", named by Roosevelt's comment he felt as strong as a young bull moose</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherman was the last American vice president to die in office.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taft's eight electoral votes set a record for futility by a Republican candidate matched by <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> in 1936.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland was appointed to the high court in 1922.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Republicans were <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a> of California, <a href="/wiki/William_E._Borah" class="mw-redirect" title="William E. Borah">William E. Borah</a> of Idaho and La Follette of Wisconsin. The Democrat was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a> of Georgia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">247 U.S. 251 (1918)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">259 U.S. 20 (1922). Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">John H. Clarke</a> dissented without opinion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">258 U.S. 495 (1922) Justice Day did not participate and Justice <a href="/wiki/James_C._McReynolds" class="mw-redirect" title="James C. McReynolds">James C. McReynolds</a> dissented without opinion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">261 U.S. 525 (1923)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">258 U.S. 298 (1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 272 U.S. 52 (1926)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">273 U.S. 135 (1927)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">268 U.S. 652 (1925)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">268 U.S. 510 (1925)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">260 U.S. 377 (1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">275 U.S. 78 (1927)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone was made chief justice in 1941 by President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dewey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dewey">Thomas Dewey</a> in 1948 and <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> in 1952</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJost1993" class="citation book cs1">Jost, Kenneth (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_48uAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Supreme Court A to Z</i></a>. CQ Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608717446" title="Special:BookSources/9781608717446"><bdi>9781608717446</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214012337/https://books.google.com/books?id=_48uAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+birthday+facts+about+President+and+Chief+Justice+William+Howard+Taft&rft.pub=National+Constitution+Center&rft.date=2018-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstitutioncenter.org%2Fblog%2F10-fascinating-facts-about-president-and-chief-justice-william-howard-taft-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonSterbenz2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, Abby; Sterbenz, Christina (December 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-most-powerful-members-of-skull-and-bones-2015-12">"The 13 most powerful members of "Skull and Bones"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028042707/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-most-powerful-members-of-skull-and-bones-2015-12">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+13+most+powerful+members+of+%22Skull+and+Bones%22&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft.au=Sterbenz%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-10-most-powerful-members-of-skull-and-bones-2015-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTobit-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTobit_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0915.html">"Obituary: Taft Gained Peaks in Unusual Career"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. March 9, 1930. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701100451/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0915.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Taft+Gained+Peaks+in+Unusual+Career&rft.date=1930-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbday%2F0915.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie8_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_149–53-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_149–53_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_154–55-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_154–55_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_157–58-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_157–58_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie10–11-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie10–11_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_163–67-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_163–67_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 63–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_195–105-16"><span 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1110–114-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1110–114_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 110–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen_201827-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen_201827_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen_2018">Rosen 2018</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1120–123-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1120–123_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 120–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie28–30-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie28–30_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 28–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie36–38-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie36–38_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1143-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1143_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197323-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197323_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1148_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1150–153-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1150–153_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 150–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John E. Noyes, "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." <i>Villanova Law Review</i> 56 (2011): 535+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081308/https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr">Archived</a> July 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> covers his career in international law and arbitration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanney2018" class="citation book cs1">Ranney, James Taylor (2018). <i>World Peace Through Law. Replacing War with the Global Rule of Law</i>. 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(1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/154866388.pdf">"The Move to Institutions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cardozo_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardozo Law Review">Cardozo Law Review</a></i>. <b>8</b>: 879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Move+to+Institutions&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=879&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F154866388.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John P. Campbell, "Taft, Roosevelt, and the Arbitration Treaties of 1911." <i>Journal of American History</i> 53.2 (1966): 279–298. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894200">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035221/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894200">Archived</a> March 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1159–162-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1159–162_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 159–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie41–42-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie41–42_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 41–42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie44-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie44_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirmerShalom1987" class="citation book cs1">Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TXE73VWcsEEC"><i>The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance</i></a>. 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"Marked severities" in Philippine warfare. An analysis of the law and facts bearing on the action and utterances of President Roosevelt and Secretary Root</i></a>. Harvard University. Boston, G.H. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1251–255_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 251–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_19736–7-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_19736–7_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie64-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie64_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie70–71-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie70–71_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris380-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1261_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie67-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie67_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1293–295,_301-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1293–295,_301_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 293–295, 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinger269,_274-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMinger269,_274_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMinger">Minger</a>, pp. 269, 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMinger281–282-64"><span 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href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 348–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197315–16_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris529-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris529_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris">Morris</a>, p. 529.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197316–18-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 183–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973276–278-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973276–278_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_1973">Anderson 1973</a>, pp. 276–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie102–103-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie102–103_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 102–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197356–58-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197356–58_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197360–65-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197360–65_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 60–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973102–108-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973102–108_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_1973">Anderson 1973</a>, pp. 102–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197365–71-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197365–71_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 65–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973141–152-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973141–152_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 141–152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2593–595-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2593–595_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 593–595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973185,_190-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973185,_190_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 185, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973271_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_1973">Anderson 1973</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200470-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200470_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton_2004">Burton 2004</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200472-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200472_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton_2004">Burton 2004</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris20091–2_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarris2009">Harris 2009</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200466–67-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200466–67_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton_2004">Burton 2004</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973187–190-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973187–190_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 187–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200467–69-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200467–69_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton_2004">Burton 2004</a>, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973186–187-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973186–187_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 186–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes109-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes109_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes_and_Scholes">Scholes and Scholes</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes21–23-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes21–23_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes_and_Scholes">Scholes and Scholes</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973250–255-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_1973250–255_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_1973">Anderson 1973</a>, pp. 250–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes126–129-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes126–129_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes_and_Scholes">Scholes and Scholes</a>, pp. 126–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973194–195-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973194–195_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 194–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973196-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973196_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes217–221-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes217–221_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes_and_Scholes">Scholes and Scholes</a>, pp. 217–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973198–199-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973198–199_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 198–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973199–200-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973199–200_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes19–21-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScholes_and_Scholes19–21_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScholes_and_Scholes">Scholes and Scholes</a>, pp. 19–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton_200482–83-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurton_200482–83_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurton_2004">Burton 2004</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973168–169-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973168–169_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973154–157-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973154–157_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 154–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973157–159_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 157–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie145–147-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie145–147_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 145–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie149-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie149_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973160–163-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973160–163_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 160–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197377–82-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197377–82_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 77–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1483–485-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1483–485_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, pp. 483–485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197385–86,_89-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197385–86,_89_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 85–86, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197389–92_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 89–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1510-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_1510_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_1">Pringle vol 1</a>, p. 510.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie113-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie113_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 113.</span> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlan1983" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Louis R. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGueFlVwZ7QC"><i>Booker T. Washington : Volume 2: The Wizard Of Tuskegee, 1901–1915</i></a>. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972909-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972909-8"><bdi>978-0-19-972909-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505043841/https://books.google.com/books?id=RGueFlVwZ7QC">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Booker+T.+Washington+%3A+Volume+2%3A+The+Wizard+Of+Tuskegee%2C+1901%E2%80%931915&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972909-8&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Louis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGueFlVwZ7QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197330-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197330_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katherine D. Moran, "Catholicism and the Making of the US Pacific." <i>Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i> 12.4 (2013): 434–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_197328-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_197328_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000332-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000332_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie121-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie121_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie123–127-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie123–127_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 123–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie127–128-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie127–128_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 127–128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000339–340-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000339–340_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_2000">Anderson 2000</a>, pp. 339–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730115701/http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj">"Biographical Dictionary of the Federal Judiciary"</a>. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj">the original</a> on July 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Federal+Judiciary&rft.pub=Federal+Judicial+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fpublic%2Fhome.nsf%2Fhisj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span> Searches run from page, "select research categories" then check "court type" and "nominating president", then select the court type and also William H. 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href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstre2021" class="citation journal cs1">Istre, Logan Stagg (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1537781420000079/type/journal_article">"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 2–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781420000079">10.1017/S1537781420000079</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-7814">1537-7814</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225450487">225450487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.atitle=Bench+over+Ballot%3A+The+Fight+for+Judicial+Supremacy+and+the+New+Constitutional+Politics%2C+1910%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-23&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225450487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1537-7814&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537781420000079&rft.aulast=Istre&rft.aufirst=Logan+Stagg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1537781420000079%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy110–113_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/02/why-william-howard-taft-was-probably-never-stuck-in-his-bathtub/">the original</a> on May 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2012/06/the-transformation-of-american-democracy-teddy-roosevelt-the-1912-election-and-the-progressive-party">the original</a> on October 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Principles+Series+Report+%2343+on+Political+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+American+Democracy%3A+Teddy+Roosevelt%2C+the+1912+Election%2C+and+the+Progressive+Party&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.au=Milkis%2C+Sidney+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Freports%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-transformation-of-american-democracy-teddy-roosevelt-the-1912-election-and-the-progressive-party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2818-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2818_178-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, p. 818.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2832–835-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2832–835_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 832–835.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie169–171-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie169–171_180-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 169–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2836–841-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2836–841_183-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 836–841.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2008132,_176-184"><span 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href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 957–959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345_207-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000345_207-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrani_&_Wilson48–49-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrani_&_Wilson48–49_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrani_&_Wilson">Trani & Wilson</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_2014170–171-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_2014170–171_211-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould_2014">Gould 2014</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason37–38-212"><span 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Edward (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greenbag.org/v18n2/v18n2_articles_white.pdf">"The lost episode of <i>Gong Lum v. Rice</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Green Bag</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 191–205. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302073645/http://www.greenbag.org/v18n2/v18n2_articles_white.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Green+Bag&rft.atitle=The+lost+episode+of+Gong+Lum+v.+Rice&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=191-205&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=G.+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenbag.org%2Fv18n2%2Fv18n2_articles_white.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason38-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason38_237-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21057–1064-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_21057–1064_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 1057–1064.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2969-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2969_239-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, p. 969.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason36-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason36_240-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason36_240-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMason">Mason</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2973–974-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2973–974_241-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 973–974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren359-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren359_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren">Warren</a>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScalia849–850-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScalia849–850_243-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScalia">Scalia</a>, pp. 849–850.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2995–996-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2995–996_244-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 995–996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2996–1000-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2996–1000_245-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 996–1000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren361–362-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarren361–362_246-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren">Warren</a>, pp. 361–362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sotos1133-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sotos1133_247-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSotos2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sotos, John G. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1081865">the original</a> on January 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chest&rft.atitle=Taft+and+Pickwick&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1133-1142&rft.date=2003-09&rft.issn=0012-3692&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12970047&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1378%2Fchest.124.3.1133&rft.aulast=Sotos&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.publications.chestnet.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D1081865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2963–964,_1072-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPringle_vol_2963–964,_1072_248-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPringle_vol_2">Pringle vol 2</a>, pp. 963–964, 1072.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivins,_RobertaMarland,_Hilary2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bivins, Roberta; Marland, Hilary (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146684">"Weighting for Health: Management, Measurement and Self-surveillance in the Modern Household"</a>. <i>Social History of Medicine</i>. <b>29</b> (4): 757–780. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fshm%2Fhkw015">10.1093/shm/hkw015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146684">5146684</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27956758">27956758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Weighting+for+Health%3A+Management%2C+Measurement+and+Self-surveillance+in+the+Modern+Household&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=757-780&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5146684%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27956758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fshm%2Fhkw015&rft.au=Bivins%2C+Roberta&rft.au=Marland%2C+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5146684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendat2012" class="citation book cs1">Bendat, Jim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Js6TR0cNF4C"><i>Democracy's Big Day: The Inauguration of Our President</i></a>. iUniverse. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Js6TR0cNF4C&pg=PA36">36–38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935278-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935278-48-1"><bdi>978-1-935278-48-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407161322/http://books.google.com/books?id=1Js6TR0cNF4C">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=millercenter.org&rft.atitle=William+Taft%3A+Life+After+the+Presidency+%7C+Miller+Center&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Ftaft%2Flife-after-the-presidency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/lying-state-honor">"Lying in State or in Honor"</a>. US Architect of the Capitol (AOC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518015734/https://www.aoc.gov/nations-stage/lying-state-honor">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lying+in+State+or+in+Honor&rft.pub=US+Architect+of+the+Capitol+%28AOC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aoc.gov%2Fnations-stage%2Flying-state-honor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arlington-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_257-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arlington_257-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206043942/http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/william_taft.html">"Biography of William Howard Taft, President of the United States and Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court"</a>. <i>Historical Information</i>. Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.org/historical_information/william_taft.html">the original</a> on December 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Information&rft.atitle=Biography+of+William+Howard+Taft%2C+President+of+the+United+States+and+Chief+Justice+of+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.org%2Fhistorical_information%2Fwilliam_taft.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresko2011" class="citation news cs1">Gresko, Jessica (May 25, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806121422/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/03/supreme-court-at-arlingto_n_668450.html">"Supreme Court at Arlington: Justices are Chummy Even in Death"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/03/supreme-court-at-arlingto_n_668450.html">the original</a> on August 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+at+Arlington%3A+Justices+are+Chummy+Even+in+Death&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.aulast=Gresko&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2010%2F08%2F03%2Fsupreme-court-at-arlingto_n_668450.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie196–197-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie196–197_259-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2017" class="citation news cs1">Coe, Alexis (September 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/opinion/william-howard-taft-bathtub.html">"William Howard Taft Is Still Stuck in the Tub"</a>. Opinion. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103222021/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/15/opinion/william-howard-taft-bathtub.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=William+Howard+Taft+Is+Still+Stuck+in+the+Tub&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fwilliam-howard-taft-bathtub.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan_D._Peterkin2001" class="citation book cs1">Allan D. Peterkin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pdN3PnqOwMC"><i>One thousand beards: a cultural history of facial hair</i></a>. Arsenal pulp press. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551521077" title="Special:BookSources/9781551521077"><bdi>9781551521077</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307041110/https://books.google.com/books?id=7pdN3PnqOwMC">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+thousand+beards%3A+a+cultural+history+of+facial+hair&rft.pages=36-37&rft.pub=Arsenal+pulp+press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781551521077&rft.au=Allan+D.+Peterkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pdN3PnqOwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973259,_264–265-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973259,_264–265_262-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 259, 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973266-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973266_263-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973260-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973260_264-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973265-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973265_265-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973262–263-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973262–263_266-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 262–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32_267-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_198230–32_267-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_1982">Anderson 1982</a>, pp. 30–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973290-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973290_268-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Specialized Catologue of U.S. Stamps, 2024, pp. 90, 108–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973255–256-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1973255–256_270-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1973">Coletta 1973</a>, pp. 255–256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie198-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie198_271-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould_20143–4-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGould_20143–4_272-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGould_2014">Gould 2014</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989xviii-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989xviii_273-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1989">Coletta 1989</a>, p. xviii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScalia849-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScalia849_274-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScalia">Scalia</a>, p. 849.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989201-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColetta_1989201_275-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColetta_1989">Coletta 1989</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000352-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson_2000352_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnderson_2000">Anderson 2000</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1986" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Antoinette J. (December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wiho/adhi/adhi1.htm">"Chapter 1: The Property: Its Development and Historical Associations"</a>. <i>William Howard Taft National Historic Site: An Administrative History</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305200147/http://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/wiho/adhi/adhi1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+Howard+Taft+National+Historic+Site%3A+An+Administrative+History&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Property%3A+Its+Development+and+Historical+Associations&rft.date=1986-12&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Antoinette+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fwiho%2Fadhi%2Fadhi1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702153336/http://www.socialsciencesinstitute.org/gold-medal-honorees">"Gold Medal Honorees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Social_Sciences" title="National Institute of Social Sciences">National Institute of Social Sciences</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialsciencesinstitute.org/gold-medal-honorees">the original</a> on July 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Medal+Honorees&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Social+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialsciencesinstitute.org%2Fgold-medal-honorees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ROBERTANB-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ROBERTANB_280-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRae2000" class="citation book cs1">Rae, Nicol C. (February 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lookitupbookofpr00blas_2"><i>Taft, Robert Alphonso</i></a></span>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-80358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-80358-4"><bdi>978-0-679-80358-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taft%2C+Robert+Alphonso&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000-02&rft.isbn=978-0-679-80358-4&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Nicol+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flookitupbookofpr00blas_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurie200-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurie200_281-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurie">Lurie</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_further_reading">Sources and further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography of William Howard Taft</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson_1973" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Donald F. (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamhowardtaf00ande"><i>William Howard Taft: A Conservative's Conception of the Presidency</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0786-4"><bdi>978-0-8014-0786-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Howard+Taft%3A+A+Conservative%27s+Conception+of+the+Presidency&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-0786-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamhowardtaf00ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson_1982" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 1982). "The Legacy of William Howard Taft". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547774">27547774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+William+Howard+Taft&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27547774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Anderson, Judith Icke. <i>William Howard Taft, an Intimate History</i> (1981)</li> <li>Ballard, Rene N. "The Administrative Theory of William Howard Taft." <i>Western Political Quarterly</i> 7.1 (1954): 65–74 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/443062">online</a>.</li> <li>Burns, Adam David. "Imperial vision: William Howard Taft and the Philippines, 1900–1921.". (PhD dissertation, University of Edinburgh, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/4506/Burns2010.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Burton" title="David H. Burton">Burton, David H.</a> (2004). <i>William Howard Taft, Confident Peacemaker</i>. Philadelphia: Saint Joseph's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916101-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916101-51-0"><bdi>978-0-916101-51-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Howard+Taft%2C+Confident+Peacemaker&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Saint+Joseph%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-916101-51-0&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burton, David H. <i>Taft, Roosevelt, and the limits of friendship</i> (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/taftrooseveltlim0000burt%7Conline">[1]</a>.</li> <li>Butt, Archibald W. <i>Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide</i> (2 vols. 1930), valuable primary source. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taftrooseveltint0000butt/page/n7/mode/2up">vol 1 online</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taftrooseveltint0002butt/page/n5/mode/2up">vol 2 online</a></li> <li>Coletta, Paolo E. "William Howard Taft." in <i>The Presidents: A Reference History</i> (1997)</li> <li>Coletta, Paolo E. "The Election of 1908" in Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. and Fred L Israel, eds., <i>History of American Presidential Elections: 1789–1968</i> (1971) 3: 2049–2131. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofamerica0003unse_m6b2">online</a></li> <li>Coletta, Paolo E. "The Diplomacy of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft", in Gerald K. Haines and J. Samuel Walker, eds., <i>American Foreign Relations: A Historiographical Review</i> (Greenwood, 1981)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta_1989" class="citation book cs1">Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1989). <i>William Howard Taft: A Bibliography</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Meckler Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Howard+Taft%3A+A+Bibliography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Meckler+Corporation&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColetta_1973" class="citation book cs1">Coletta, Paolo Enrico (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwill0000cole"><i>The Presidency of William Howard Taft</i></a></span>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700600960" title="Special:BookSources/9780700600960"><bdi>9780700600960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+William+Howard+Taft&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780700600960&rft.aulast=Coletta&rft.aufirst=Paolo+Enrico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofwill0000cole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Collin, Richard H. "Symbiosis versus Hegemony: New Directions in the Foreign Relations Historiography of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft." <i>Diplomatic History</i> 19#3 (1995): 473–497 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24912399">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">Dean, John W.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12I6tyg8no4C"><i>Warren Harding</i></a> (Kindle ed.). Henry Holt and Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6956-3"><bdi>978-0-8050-6956-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warren+Harding&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Co&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6956-3&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12I6tyg8no4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Delahaye, Claire. "The New Nationalism and Progressive Issues: The Break with Taft and the 1912 Campaign", in Serge Ricard, ed., <i>A Companion to Theodore Roosevelt</i> (2011) pp 452–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120083904/a-companion-to-theodore-roosevelt">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214050242/https://www.questia.com/library/120083904/a-companion-to-theodore-roosevelt">Archived</a> December 14, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ellis, L. Ethan. <i>Reciprocity, 1911: A Study in Canadian-American Relations</i> (Yale UP, 1939)</li> <li>Goodwin, Doris Kearns. <i>The bully pulpit: Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Golden Age of journalism</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781416547860">online</a></li> <li>Gould, Lewis L. <i>The William Howard Taft Presidency</i> (University Press of Kansas, 2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould_2014" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2014). <i>Chief Executive to Chief Justice:Taft Betwixt the White House and Supreme Court</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2001-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2001-2"><bdi>978-0-7006-2001-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chief+Executive+to+Chief+Justice%3ATaft+Betwixt+the+White+House+and+Supreme+Court&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2001-2&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould_2008" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2008). <i>Four Hats in the Ring: The 1912 Election and the Birth of Modern American Politics</i>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1564-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1564-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1564-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Hats+in+the+Ring%3A+The+1912+Election+and+the+Birth+of+Modern+American+Politics&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1564-3&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_L._Gould" title="Lewis L. Gould">Gould, Lewis L.</a> "Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, and the Disputed Delegates in 1912: Texas as a Test Case." <i>Southwestern Historical Quarterly</i> 80.1 (1976): 33–56 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30238426">online</a>.</li> <li>Hahn, Harlan. "The Republican Party Convention of 1912 and the Role of Herbert S. Hadley in National Politics." <i>Missouri Historical Review</i> 59.4 (1965): 407–423. Taft was willing to compromise with Missouri Governor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Hadley" title="Herbert S. Hadley">Herbert S. Hadley</a> as presidential nominee; TR said no.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2009" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Charles H. III; Sadler, Louis R. (2009). <i>The Secret War in El Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906–1920</i>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4652-0"><bdi>978-0-8263-4652-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+in+El+Paso%3A+Mexican+Revolutionary+Intrigue%2C+1906%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4652-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Charles+H.+III&rft.au=Sadler%2C+Louis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, Joshua David (2008). <i>Theodore Roosevelt: Preacher of Righteousness</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14514-4"><bdi>978-0-300-14514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt%3A+Preacher+of+Righteousness&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14514-4&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Joshua+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hechler, Kenneth W. <i>Insurgency: Personalities and Politics of the Taft Era</i> (1940), on Taft's Republican enemies in 1910.</li> <li>Hindman, E. James. "The General Arbitration Treaties of William Howard Taft." <i>The Historian</i> 36.1 (1973): 52–65 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24443896">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIstre2021" class="citation journal cs1">Istre, Logan Stagg (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-gilded-age-and-progressive-era/article/abs/bench-over-ballot-the-fight-for-judicial-supremacy-and-the-new-constitutional-politics-19101916/F1FA1BB38A34244B8F1E1DBD595F1F08">"Bench over Ballot: The Fight for Judicial Supremacy and the New Constitutional Politics, 1910–1916"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 2–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537781420000079">10.1017/S1537781420000079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Gilded+Age+and+Progressive+Era&rft.atitle=Bench+over+Ballot%3A+The+Fight+for+Judicial+Supremacy+and+the+New+Constitutional+Politics%2C+1910%E2%80%931916&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-23&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537781420000079&rft.aulast=Istre&rft.aufirst=Logan+Stagg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-gilded-age-and-progressive-era%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fbench-over-ballot-the-fight-for-judicial-supremacy-and-the-new-constitutional-politics-19101916%2FF1FA1BB38A34244B8F1E1DBD595F1F08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Korzi, Michael J., "William Howard Taft, the 1908 Election, and the Future of the American Presidency", <i>Congress and the Presidency</i>, 43 (May–August 2016), 227–54.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurie" class="citation book cs1">Lurie, Jonathan (2011). <i>William Howard Taft: Progressive Conservative</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51421-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51421-7"><bdi>978-0-521-51421-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Howard+Taft%3A+Progressive+Conservative&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51421-7&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manners, William. <i>TR and Will: A Friendship That Split the Republican Party</i> (1969) covers 1910 to 1912.</li> <li>Mason, Alpheus T. <i>Bureaucracy Convicts Itself: The Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1910</i> (1941)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinger" class="citation journal cs1">Minger, Ralph Eldin (August 1961). "Taft's Missions to Japan: A Study in Personal Diplomacy". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 279–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3636924">10.2307/3636924</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636924">3636924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Taft%27s+Missions+to+Japan%3A+A+Study+in+Personal+Diplomacy&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-294&rft.date=1961-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3636924&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3636924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Minger&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Eldin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)" title="Edmund Morris (writer)">Morris, Edmund</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theodorerex00edmu"><i>Theodore Rex</i></a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55509-6"><bdi>978-0-394-55509-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Rex&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55509-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheodorerex00edmu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, John (1995). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Back to the Constitution': Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft and Republican Party Division 1910–1912". <i>Irish Journal of American Studies</i>. <b>4</b>: 109–126. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30003333">30003333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Back+to+the+Constitution%27%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%2C+William+Howard+Taft+and+Republican+Party+Division+1910%E2%80%931912&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=109-126&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30003333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Noyes, John E. "William Howard Taft and the Taft Arbitration Treaties." <i>Villanova Law Review</i> 56 (2011): 535+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=vlr">online</a> covers his career in international law and arbitration.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavord" class="citation journal cs1">Pavord, Andrew C. (Summer 1996). "The Gamble for Power: Theodore Roosevelt's Decision to Run for the Presidency in 1912". <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 633–647. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551622">27551622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Presidential+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Gamble+for+Power%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt%27s+Decision+to+Run+for+the+Presidency+in+1912&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=633-647&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27551622%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pavord&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ponder, Stephen. "'Nonpublicity' and the Unmaking of a President: William Howard Taft and the Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy of 1909–1910." <i>Journalism History</i> 19.4 (1994): 111–120.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle_vol_1" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Pringle" title="Henry F. Pringle">Pringle, Henry F.</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.164430/page/n4"><i>The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography</i></a>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+William+Howard+Taft%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.164430%2Fpage%2Fn4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span>, detailed coverage, to 1910</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle_vol_2" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Henry F. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.212134"><i>The Life and Times of William Howard Taft: A Biography</i></a>. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+William+Howard+Taft%3A+A+Biography&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Henry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.212134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span> vol 2 covers the presidency after 1910 & Supreme Court</li> <li><i>Republican campaign text-book 1912</i> (1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicancampa00repu">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen_2018" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Jeffrey (2018). <i>William Howard Taft: The American Presidents Series</i>. New York: Time Books, Henry Holt & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Howard+Taft%3A+The+American+Presidents+Series&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Time+Books%2C+Henry+Holt+%26+Co.&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schambra, William. "The Election of 1912 and the Origins of Constitutional Conservatism." in <i>Toward an American Conservatism</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013). 95–119.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholes_and_Scholes" class="citation book cs1">Scholes, Walter V; Scholes, Marie V. (1970). <i>The Foreign Policies of the Taft Administration</i>. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0094-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-0094-5"><bdi>978-0-8262-0094-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policies+of+the+Taft+Administration&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-0094-5&rft.aulast=Scholes&rft.aufirst=Walter+V&rft.au=Scholes%2C+Marie+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schultz, L. Peter. "William Howard Taft: A constitutionalist's view of the presidency." <i>Presidential Studies Quarterly</i> 9#4 (1979): 402–414 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27547512">online</a>.</li> <li>Solvick, Stanley D. "William Howard Taft and the Payne-Aldrich Tariff." <i>Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i> 50#3 (1963): 424–442 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902605">online</a>.</li> <li>Taft, William Howard. <i>The Collected Works of William Howard Taft</i> (8 vol. Ohio University Press, 20012004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/s?i=stripbooks&rh=p_28%3A%27The+Collected+Works+of+William+Howard+Taft%22&s=relevanceexprank&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&unfiltered=1&ref=sr_adv_b">excerpts</a>.</li> <li>Taft, William H. <i>Four Aspects of Civic Duty; and, Present Day Problems</i> ed. by David H. Burton and A. E. Campbell (Ohio UP, 2000).</li> <li>Taft, William Howard. <i>Present Day Problems: A Collection of Addresses Delivered on Various Occasions</i> (Best Books, 1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eG6ahBv9-iEC&dq=William+Howard+Taft&pg=PA1">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrani_&_Wilson" class="citation book cs1">Trani, Eugene P.; Wilson, David L. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofwarr00tran"><i>The Presidency of Warren G. Harding</i></a>. American Presidency. The Regents Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0152-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0152-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-0152-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Warren+G.+Harding&rft.series=American+Presidency&rft.pub=The+Regents+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0152-3&rft.aulast=Trani&rft.aufirst=Eugene+P.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofwarr00tran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court">Supreme Court</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson_2000" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Donald F. (Winter 2000). "Building National Consensus: The Career of William Howard Taft". <i>University of Cincinnati Law Review</i>. <b>68</b>: 323–356.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cincinnati+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Building+National+Consensus%3A+The+Career+of+William+Howard+Taft&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=323-356&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Crowe, Justin. "The forging of judicial autonomy: Political entrepreneurship and the reforms of William Howard Taft." <i>Journal of Politics</i> 69.1 (2007): 73–87 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://political-science.williams.edu/files/Crowe-The-Forging-of-Judicial-Autonomy-JOP-69.1.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Fish, Peter G. "William Howard Taft and Charles Evans Hughes: Conservative Politicians as Chief Judicial Reformers." <i>The Supreme Court Review 1975</i> (1975): 123–145 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1041&context=faculty_scholarship">online</a>.</li> <li>Lurie, Jonathan. <i>The Chief Justiceship of William Howard Taft, 1921–1930</i> (U of South Carolina Press, 2019).</li> <li>Mason, Alpheus T. <i>The Supreme Court From Taft to Burger</i> (2nd ed. 1980)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation journal cs1">Mason, Alpheus Thomas (January 1969). "President by Chance, Chief Justice by Choice". <i>American Bar Association Journal</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 35–39. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25724643">25724643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=President+by+Chance%2C+Chief+Justice+by+Choice&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-39&rft.date=1969-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25724643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Alpheus+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Post, Robert. "Judicial Management and Judicial Disinterest: The Achievements and Perils of Chief Justice William Howard Taft." <i>Journal of Supreme Court History</i> (1998) 1: 50–78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5654&context=fss_papers">online</a>.</li> <li>Post, Robert C. "Chief Justice William Howard Taft and the concept of federalism." <i>Constitutional Commentary</i> 9 (1992): 199+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1937&context=concomm">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan" class="citation book cs1">Regan, Richard J. (2015). <i>A Constitutional History of the U.S. Supreme Court</i>. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2721-4"><bdi>978-0-8132-2721-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Constitutional+History+of+the+U.S.+Supreme+Court&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2721-4&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rooney, William H., and Timothy G. Fleming. "William Howard Taft, the Origin of the Rule of Reason, and the Actavis Challenge." <i>Columbia Business Law Review</i> (2018) 1#1: 1–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.library.columbia.edu/index.php/CBLR/article/download/1212/284">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalia" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia, Antonin</a> (1989). "Originalism: The Lesser Evil". <i>University of Cincinnati Law Review</i>. <b>57</b>: 849–864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cincinnati+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Originalism%3A+The+Lesser+Evil&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=849-864&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Scalia&rft.aufirst=Antonin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Starr, Kenneth W. "The Supreme Court and Its Shrinking Docket: The Ghost of William Howard Taft." <i>Minnesota Law Review</i> 90 (2005): 1363–1385 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=mlr">online</a>.</li> <li>Starr, Kenneth W. "William Howard Taft: The Chief Justice as Judicial Architect." <i>U. of Cincinnati Law Review</i> 60 (1991): 963+.</li> <li>Taft, William Howard. "The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Under the Act of February 13, 1925." <i>The Yale Law Journal </i> 35.1 (1925): 1–12.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren, Earl</a> (January 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8607&context=ylj">"Chief Justice William Howard Taft"</a>. <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>67</b> (3): 353–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F793882">10.2307/793882</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/793882">793882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+William+Howard+Taft&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-362&rft.date=1958-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F793882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F793882%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D8607%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilensky1965" class="citation book cs1">Wilensky, Norman N. (1965). <i>Conservatives in the Progressive Era: The Taft Republicans of 1912</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatives+in+the+Progressive+Era%3A+The+Taft+Republicans+of+1912&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Wilensky&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Howard+Taft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>William Howard Taft</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Taft" class="extiw" title="wikt:Taft">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" class="extiw" title="c:William Howard Taft">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" class="extiw" title="q:William Howard Taft">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Howard_Taft" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William Howard Taft">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official">Official</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/wiho">William Taft National Historic Site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060425045902/http://www.nps.gov/wiho/">Archived</a> April 25, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speeches">Speeches</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#taft">Text of a number of Taft speeches</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130192554/http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#taft">Archived</a> January 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123170621/http://vvl.lib.msu.edu/list.php?view_keywords=keyword_Taft,%20William">Audio clips of Taft's speeches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/willtaft1912">William Taft Edison Recordings Campaign - 1912</a>, audio recording</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/t/william_howard_taft/index.html">William Howard Taft</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/taft/index.html">William Howard Taft: A Resource Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307035641/https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/taft/index.html">Archived</a> March 7, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070811134330/http://www.millercenter.virginia.edu/index.php/academic/americanpresident/taft">Extensive essay on William Howard Taft and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and the First Lady</a> – Miller Center of Public Affairs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151620-1/life-portrait-william-howard-taft">"Life Portrait of William Howard Taft"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225140100/https://www.c-span.org/video/?151620-1%2Flife-portrait-william-howard-taft%20">Archived</a> December 25, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a></i>, September 6, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/15taft/15taft.htm"><i>"Growing into Public Service: William Howard Taft's Boyhood Home",</i> a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408042834/http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/15taft/15taft.htm">Archived</a> April 8, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3382">Works by William Howard Taft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%20Howard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Taft%2C%20W%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Howard%20Taft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22William%20Taft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Howard%20Taft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22W%2E%20Howard%20Taft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%20Howard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taft%2C%20W%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taft%2C%20W%2E%20Howard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22William%20Taft%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Howard%20Taft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20title%3A%22William%20Taft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Howard%20Taft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22W%2E%20H%2E%20Taft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%20Howard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%20H%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22William%20Taft%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Taft%2C%20William%22%29%20OR%20%28%221857-1930%22%20AND%20Taft%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about William Howard Taft</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11296">Works by William Howard Taft</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1138324/">William Howard Taft</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35648#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Howard_Taft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:William_Howard_Taft" title="Template talk:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:William_Howard_Taft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:William Howard Taft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Howard_Taft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">10th</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> (1921–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">27th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1909–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">3rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Provisional Governor of Cuba</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War#Secretary_of_War_(1789–1947)" title="United States Secretary of War">42nd</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> (1904–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> (1901–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States#List_of_solicitors_general" title="Solicitor General of the United States">6th</a> <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> (1890–1892)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Presidency_(1909–1913)">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Inauguration of William Howard Taft">1909 inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Adoption" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Income Tax amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payne%E2%80%93Aldrich_Tariff_Act" title="Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act">Payne–Aldrich Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeks_Act" title="Weeks Act">Weeks Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Federal Corrupt Practices Act">Federal Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Ship_Act_of_1910" title="Wireless Ship Act of 1910">Wireless Ship Act of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Fur_Seal_Convention_of_1911" title="North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911">North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mann%E2%80%93Elkins_Act" title="Mann–Elkins Act">Mann–Elkins Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1912" title="Radio Act of 1912">Radio Act of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Secrets_Act_of_1911" title="Defense Secrets Act of 1911">Defense Secrets Act of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchot%E2%80%93Ballinger_controversy" title="Pinchot–Ballinger controversy">Pinchot–Ballinger controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Economy_and_Efficiency" title="Commission on Economy and Efficiency">Commission on Economy and Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">United States Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch#Presidential_first_pitches" title="Ceremonial first pitch">Ceremonial first pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1912 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1912</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Inauguration_and_appointments">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_William_Howard_Taft#United_States_Supreme_Court_Justices" title="List of federal judges appointed by William Howard Taft">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_Office#Taft_Oval_Office:_1909–33" title="Oval Office">First Oval Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidential transition of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Justice,<br />Supreme Court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Chief_Justice_(1921–1930)">Supreme Court career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1925" title="Judiciary Act of 1925">Judiciary Act of 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Creation of the Supreme Court Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">Taft Court cases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government of the Philippine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Philippines Civil Governor, 1901–1904</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Occupation_of_Cuba#Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Occupation of Cuba">1906–1909 Occupation of Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_to_Enforce_Peace" title="League to Enforce Peace">League to Enforce Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Labor_Board_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="National War Labor Board (1918–1919)">National War Labor Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_and_education">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_National_Historic_Site" title="William Howard Taft National Historic Site">Birthplace, home, and historic site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodbury_Point" title="Woodbury Point">Woodbury Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Bridge" title="Taft Bridge">Taft Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Bibliography of William Howard Taft">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft,_Montana" title="Taft, Montana">Taft, Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(New_York_City)" title="William Howard Taft High School (New York City)">High school (New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(Chicago)" title="William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_Charter_High_School" title="William Howard Taft Charter High School">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_High_School_(San_Antonio)" title="William Howard Taft High School (San Antonio)">San Antonio)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 Republican National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taft_family" title="Taft family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Herron_Taft" title="Helen Herron Taft">Helen Herron Taft</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Robert Alphonso Taft</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Taft_Manning" title="Helen Taft Manning">Helen Taft Manning</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft_II" title="Charles Phelps Taft II">Charles Phelps Taft II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft_III" title="William Howard Taft III">William Howard Taft III</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taft_Jr." title="Robert Taft Jr.">Robert Alphonso Taft Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Taft" title="Seth Taft">Seth Taft</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Alphonso Taft</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Taft" title="Louise Taft">Louise Taft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Phelps_Taft" title="Charles Phelps Taft">Charles Phelps Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Waters_Taft" title="Henry Waters Taft">Henry Waters Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Dutton_Taft" title="Horace Dutton Taft">Horace Dutton Taft</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rawson_Taft" title="Peter Rawson Taft">Peter Rawson Taft</a> (paternal grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Possum" title="Billy Possum">Billy Possum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Wayne" title="Pauline Wayne">Pauline Wayne</a> (cow)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_(miniseries)" title="Theodore Roosevelt (miniseries)">Theodore Roosevelt</a></i> (2022 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">← Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Howard_Taft" title="Category:William Howard Taft">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Judge of the Superior Court of Cincinnati </b><br />1887–1890 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Furman_Hunt" title="Samuel Furman Hunt">Samuel Furman Hunt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Orlow_W._Chapman" title="Orlow W. Chapman">Orlow W. Chapman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">Solicitor General of the United States</a> </b><br />1890–1892 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Aldrich" title="Charles H. Aldrich">Charles H. Aldrich</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New seat</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit</a></span> </b><br />1892–1900 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Franklin_Severens" title="Henry Franklin Severens">Henry Franklin Severens</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> </b><br />1921–1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Gould_Schurman" title="Jacob Gould Schurman">Jacob Gould Schurman</a></div><i><b>as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Schurman_Commission" title="Schurman Commission">Schurman Commission</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> </b><br />1900–1901 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission" title="Philippine Commission">Philippine Commission</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">Arthur MacArthur Jr.</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a> </b><br />1901–1904 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Adna Chaffee</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Himself</div><i><b>as Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Taft_Commission" title="Taft Commission">Taft Commission</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission" title="Philippine Commission">Philippine Commission</a> </b><br />1901–1903 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States Secretary of War</a> </b><br />1904–1908 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Estrada_Palma" title="Tomás Estrada Palma">Tomás Estrada Palma</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">President of Cuba</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Cuba" title="List of colonial governors of Cuba">Governor of Cuba</a><br />Acting </b><br />1906 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Magoon" title="Charles Edward Magoon">Charles Edward Magoon</a><br />Acting</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> </b><br />1909–1913 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a>, <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a><br />in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> </b><br />1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Wesley_Evans" title="Hiram Wesley Evans">Hiram Wesley Evans</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_covers_of_Time_magazine_(1920s)" title="List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)">Cover of <i>Time</i></a> </b><br />June 30, 1924 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stillman_Rockefeller" title="James Stillman Rockefeller">James Stillman Rockefeller</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_William_Howard_Taft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_William_Howard_Taft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to William Howard Taft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and<br />presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency<br />timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Template talk:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful_major_party_pres_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Unsuccessful major party pres candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> (<a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>, <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> (<a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>, <a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a>, <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Lawson_White" title="Hugh Lawson White">Hugh Lawson White</a> (<a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> (<a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McClellan_1864_presidential_campaign" title="George McClellan 1864 presidential campaign">1864</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Horatio Seymour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour_1868_presidential_campaign" title="Horatio Seymour 1868 presidential campaign">1868</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley_1872_presidential_campaign" title="Horace Greeley 1872 presidential campaign">1872</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden_1876_presidential_campaign" title="Samuel Tilden 1876 presidential campaign">1876</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock_1880_presidential_campaign" title="Winfield Scott Hancock 1880 presidential campaign">1880</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland_1888_presidential_campaign" title="Grover Cleveland 1888 presidential campaign">1888</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William J. Bryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1896_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1896 presidential campaign">1896</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1900_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1900 presidential campaign">1900</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan_1908_presidential_campaign" title="William Jennings Bryan 1908 presidential campaign">1908</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Alton B. Parker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker_1904_presidential_campaign" title="Alton B. Parker 1904 presidential campaign">1904</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">James M. Cox</a> (<a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">John W. Davis</a> (<a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Smith_1928_presidential_campaign" title="Al Smith 1928 presidential campaign">1928</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Alf Landon</a> (<a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Wendell Willkie</a> (<a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a>, <a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Adlai Stevenson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_1960_presidential_campaign" title="Richard Nixon 1960 presidential campaign">1960</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">1964</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Hubert Humphrey 1968 presidential campaign">1968</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_McGovern_1972_presidential_campaign" title="George McGovern 1972 presidential campaign">1972</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford_1976_presidential_campaign" title="Gerald Ford 1976 presidential campaign">1976</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Jimmy Carter 1980 presidential campaign">1980</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale_1984_presidential_campaign" title="Walter Mondale 1984 presidential campaign">1984</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Michael Dukakis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Michael Dukakis 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush_1992_presidential_campaign" title="George H. W. Bush 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Bob Dole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bob Dole 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Kerry_2004_presidential_campaign" title="John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2008_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2008 presidential campaign">2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney_2012_presidential_campaign" title="Mitt Romney 2012 presidential campaign">2012</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton_2016_presidential_campaign" title="Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign">2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2020_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign">2020</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris_2024_presidential_campaign" title="Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign">2024</a>)</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_presidential_candidates_by_year" title="Category:United States presidential candidates by year">All presidential candidates</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidents</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_third-party_and_independent_performances_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of third-party and independent performances in United States presidential elections">Third-party candidates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecArm" title="Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecArm" title="Template talk:USSecArm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecArm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_war_and_the_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">United States secretaries of war</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">Department<br />of War</a><br />(1789–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">B. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">W. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buell_Porter" title="Peter Buell Porter">P. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eaton_(politician)" title="John Eaton (politician)">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Poinsett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Porter" title="James Madison Porter">J. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crawford" title="George W. Crawford">G. Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Magill_Conrad" title="Charles Magill Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">J. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aaron_Rawlins" title="John Aaron Rawlins">Rawlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Belknap" title="William W. Belknap">Belknap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">A. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">R. Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crowninshield_Endicott" title="William Crowninshield Endicott">Endicott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redfield_Proctor" title="Redfield Proctor">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Elkins" title="Stephen B. Elkins">Elkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Lamont" title="Daniel S. Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_A._Alger" title="Russell A. Alger">Alger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">W. Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindley_Miller_Garrison" title="Lindley Miller Garrison">Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_D._Baker" title="Newton D. Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Weeks" title="John W. Weeks">Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Assistant Secretary of War">Assistant secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Scott" title="Thomas A. Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_H._Watson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter H. Watson (page does not exist)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tucker_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tucker (politician) (page does not exist)">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wolcott" title="Christopher Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Anderson_Dana" title="Charles Anderson Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eckert" title="Thomas Eckert">Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Grant" title="Lewis A. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Doe" title="Joseph Doe">Doe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_de_Rue_Meiklejohn" title="George de Rue Meiklejohn">Meiklejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cary_Sanger" title="William Cary Sanger">Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_Oliver" title="Robert Shaw Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moulton_Ingraham" title="William Moulton Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Crowell" title="Benedict Crowell">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_Williams" title="William Reid Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Mayhew_Wainwright" title="J. Mayhew Wainwright">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">D. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_MacNider" title="Hanford MacNider">MacNider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burton_Robbins" title="Charles Burton Robbins">Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hurley" title="Patrick J. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Huff_Payne" title="Frederick Huff Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hines_Woodring" title="Harry Hines Woodring">Woodring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">L. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCloy" title="John J. McCloy">McCloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_C._Petersen" title="Howard C. Petersen">Petersen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Under Secretary of War">Under secretaries<br />of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Assistant_Secretary_of_War.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Army" title="United States Department of the Army">Department<br />of the Army</a><br />(1947–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Secretary of the Army">Secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Royall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Pace" title="Frank Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Stevens" title="Robert T. Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilber_M._Brucker" title="Wilber M. Brucker">Brucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_Jacob_Stahr_Jr." title="Elvis Jacob Stahr Jr.">Stahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Frederick_Froehlke" title="Robert Frederick Froehlke">Froehlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Callaway" title="Bo Callaway">Callaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Richard_Hoffmann" title="Martin Richard Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Alexander_Jr." title="Clifford Alexander Jr.">C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Otho_Marsh_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Otho Marsh Jr.">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo_D._West_Jr." title="Togo D. West Jr.">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Caldera" title="Louis Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._White" title="Thomas E. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Harvey" title="Francis J. Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._McHugh" title="John M. McHugh">McHugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fanning" title="Eric Fanning">Fanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Wormuth" title="Christine Wormuth">Wormuth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Army" title="United States Under Secretary of the Army">Under secretaries<br />of the Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_Jr." title="William Henry Draper Jr.">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Gray_(politician)" title="Gordon Gray (politician)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Voorhees" title="Tracy Voorhees">Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_S._Alexander" title="Archibald S. Alexander">A. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bendetsen" title="Karl Bendetsen">Bendetsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_D._Johnson" title="Earl D. Johnson">E. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slezak" title="John Slezak">Slezak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Finucane" title="Charles C. Finucane">Finucane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_M._Milton_II" title="Hugh M. Milton II">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ailes" title="Stephen Ailes">Ailes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ignatius" title="Paul Ignatius">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Rogers_Resor" title="Stanley Rogers Resor">Resor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._McGiffert" title="David E. McGiffert">McGiffert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Beal" title="Thaddeus Beal">Beal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._BeLieu" title="Kenneth E. BeLieu">BeLieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_R._Staudt" title="Herman R. Staudt">Staudt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._LaBerge" title="Walter B. LaBerge">LaBerge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Ambrose" title="James R. Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_P._W._Stone" title="Michael P. W. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Shannon" title="John W. Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_R._Reeder" title="Joe R. Reeder">Reeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Walker" title="Robert M. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_D._Rostker" title="Bernard D. Rostker">Rostker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_R._Dahlberg" title="Gregory R. Dahlberg">Dahlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Brownlee" title="Les Brownlee">Brownlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Geren" title="Pete Geren">Geren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_M._Ford" title="Nelson M. Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Westphal" title="Joseph W. Westphal">Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Carson" title="Brad Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Murphy_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Patrick Murphy (Pennsylvania politician)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._McPherson" title="James E. McPherson">McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabe_Camarillo" title="Gabe Camarillo">Camarillo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_solicitors_general" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSolGen" title="Template:USSolGen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSolGen" title="Template talk:USSolGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSolGen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSolGen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_solicitors_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">United States solicitors general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_F._Phillips" title="Samuel F. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Goode_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Goode (Virginia politician)">Goode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_A._Jenks" title="George A. Jenks">Jenks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlow_W._Chapman" title="Orlow W. Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Aldrich" title="Charles H. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Maxwell_Jr." title="Lawrence Maxwell Jr.">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_Conrad" title="Holmes Conrad">Conrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_K._Richards" title="John K. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Hoyt_(Solicitor_General)" title="Henry M. Hoyt (Solicitor General)">Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Wheaton_Bowers" title="Lloyd Wheaton Bowers">Bowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Lehmann" title="Frederick William Lehmann">Lehmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marshall_Bullitt" title="William Marshall Bullitt">Bullitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_King" title="Alexander Campbell King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Frierson" title="William L. Frierson">Frierson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Beck" title="James M. Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes_Jr." title="Charles Evans Hughes Jr.">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Thacher" title="Thomas D. Thacher">Thacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Crawford_Biggs" title="James Crawford Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fahy" title="Charles Fahy">Fahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Perlman" title="Philip Perlman">Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Cummings_Jr." title="Walter J. Cummings Jr.">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sobeloff" title="Simon Sobeloff">Sobeloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lee_Rankin" title="J. Lee Rankin">Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Griswold" title="Erwin Griswold">Griswold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._McCree" title="Wade H. McCree">McCree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_E._Lee" title="Rex E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fried" title="Charles Fried">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_S._Days_III" title="Drew S. Days III">Days</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dellinger" title="Walter Dellinger">Dellinger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_P._Waxman" title="Seth P. Waxman">Waxman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Underwood" title="Barbara Underwood">Underwood</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Clement" title="Paul Clement">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_G._Garre" title="Gregory G. Garre">Garre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Kneedler" title="Edwin Kneedler">Kneedler</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neal_Katyal" title="Neal Katyal">Katyal</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Verrilli_Jr." title="Donald B. Verrilli Jr.">Verrilli</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ian_Heath_Gershengorn" title="Ian Heath Gershengorn">Gershengorn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noel_Francisco" title="Noel Francisco">Francisco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wall_(lawyer)" title="Jeff Wall (lawyer)">Wall</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Francisco" title="Noel Francisco">Francisco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Wall_(lawyer)" title="Jeff Wall (lawyer)">Wall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Prelogar" title="Elizabeth Prelogar">Prelogar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fletcher_(attorney)" title="Brian Fletcher (attorney)">Fletcher</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Prelogar" title="Elizabeth Prelogar">Prelogar</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Justice"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Acting officeholders shown in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Template talk:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS Justices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Chief_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">1789–1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Jay Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">1795</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rutledge Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">1796–1800</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Ellsworth Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">1801–1835</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Marshall Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">1836–1864</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taney Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">1864–1873</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Chase Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">1874–1888</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Waite Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Fuller" title="Melville Fuller">Melville Fuller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">1888–1910</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Fuller Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Court_(justices)" title="White Court (justices)">1910–1921</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the White Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">1921–1930</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Taft Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">1930–1941</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Hughes Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan F. Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">1941–1946</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Stone Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">1946–1953</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Vinson Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">1953–1969</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Warren Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">1969–1986</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Burger Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">1986–2005</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Rehnquist Court">cases</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">2005–present</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">cases</a></i>)</li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd flatlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Associate_justices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ol><li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">J. Rutledge</a>* (1790–1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">Cushing</a> (1790–1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">Wilson</a> (1789–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">Blair</a> (1790–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">Iredell</a> (1790–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)" title="Thomas Johnson (judge)">T. Johnson</a> (1792–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">Paterson</a> (1793–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">S. Chase</a> (1796–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Washington</a> (1798–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Moore" title="Alfred Moore">Moore</a> (1800–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)" title="William Johnson (judge)">W. Johnson</a> (1804–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston" title="Henry Brockholst Livingston">Livingston</a> (1807–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Todd" title="Thomas Todd">Todd</a> (1807–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall" title="Gabriel Duvall">Duvall</a> (1811–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Story</a> (1812–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Thompson</a> (1823–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trimble" title="Robert Trimble">Trimble</a> (1826–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a> (1829–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Baldwin</a> (1830–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">Wayne</a> (1835–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Barbour</a> (1836–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">Catron</a> (1837–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">McKinley</a> (1838–1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel" title="Peter V. Daniel">Daniel</a> (1842–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Nelson</a> (1845–1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a> (1845–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Grier</a> (1846–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis" title="Benjamin Robbins Curtis">Curtis</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">Campbell</a> (1853–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a> (1858–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne" title="Noah Haynes Swayne">Swayne</a> (1862–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Miller</a> (1862–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)" title="David Davis (Supreme Court justice)">Davis</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Field</a> (1863–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">Strong</a> (1870–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Bradley</a> (1870–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Hunt</a> (1873–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan" title="John Marshall Harlan">J. M. Harlan</a> (1877–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods" title="William Burnham Woods">Woods</a> (1881–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Matthews</a> (1881–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Gray" title="Horace Gray">Gray</a> (1882–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Blatchford</a> (1882–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar">L. Lamar</a> (1888–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_J._Brewer" title="David J. Brewer">Brewer</a> (1890–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown" title="Henry Billings Brown">Brown</a> (1891–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr." title="George Shiras Jr.">Shiras</a> (1892–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">H. Jackson</a> (1893–1895)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">E. White</a>* (1894–1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Peckham</a> (1896–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a> (1898–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> (1902–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a> (1903–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a> (1906–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Harmon_Lurton" title="Horace Harmon Lurton">Lurton</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>* (1910–1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Van Devanter</a> (1911–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rucker_Lamar" title="Joseph Rucker Lamar">J. Lamar</a> (1911–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> (1912–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a> (1914–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Brandeis</a> (1916–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">Clarke</a> (1916–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a> (1922–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(judge)" title="Pierce Butler (judge)">Butler</a> (1923–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a> (1923–1930)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a>* (1925–1941)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Roberts" title="Owen Roberts">O. Roberts</a> (1930–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a> (1932–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Black</a> (1937–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Forman_Reed" title="Stanley Forman Reed">Reed</a> (1938–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Frankfurter</a> (1939–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">Douglas</a> (1939–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a> (1940–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a> (1941–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">R. Jackson</a> (1941–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge" title="Wiley Rutledge">W. Rutledge</a> (1943–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Burton" title="Harold H. Burton">Burton</a> (1945–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Clark</a> (1949–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton" title="Sherman Minton">Minton</a> (1949–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">J. M. Harlan II</a> (1955–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan</a> (1956–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a> (1957–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Stewart</a> (1958–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_White" title="Byron White">B. White</a> (1962–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Goldberg</a> (1962–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Fortas</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">T. Marshall</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun</a> (1970–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell_Jr." title="Lewis F. Powell Jr.">Powell</a> (1972–1987)</li> <li><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a>* (1972–1986)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens</a> (1975–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a> (1981–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a> (1986–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1988–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">Souter</a> (1990–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a> (1991–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a> (1993–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a> (1994–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a> (2006–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a> (2010–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a> (2017–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a> (2018–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a> (2020–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">K. Jackson</a> (2022–present)</li></ol> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeff;color:black;">*<i>Also served as Chief Justice of the United States</i></span></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_governors-general_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Governors-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:American Governors-General of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Governors-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:American Governors-General of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Governors-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Governors-General of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_governors-general_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">American <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governors-general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>1898–1935</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">Military government</a> <br /> (1898–1902)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Merritt" title="Wesley Merritt">Merritt</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Elwell_Stephen_Otis" title="Elwell Stephen Otis">Otis</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacArthur_Jr." title="Arthur MacArthur Jr.">MacArthur</a></span></li> <li><span class="smallcaps"><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_(1905%E2%80%931935).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the Insular Philippine Islands"><img alt="Arms of the Insular Philippine Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines_%281905%E2%80%931935%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Government">Insular Government</a> <br /> (1901–1935)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Ide" title="Henry Clay Ide">Ide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Smith" title="James Francis Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Forbes" title="William Cameron Forbes">Forbes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newton_W._Gilbert" title="Newton W. Gilbert">Gilbert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison" title="Francis Burton Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Yeater" title="Charles Yeater">Yeater</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Gilmore" title="Eugene Allen Gilmore">Gilmore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Allen_Gilmore" title="Eugene Allen Gilmore">Gilmore</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_F._Davis" title="Dwight F. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_C._Butte" title="George C. Butte">Butte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Jr." title="Theodore Roosevelt Jr.">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="smallcaps">Smallcaps</span> indicate military governors</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting governors</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:T_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template:T Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:T_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Template talk:T Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:T_Roosevelt_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:T Roosevelt cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Theodore_Roosevelt_(1901–1909)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">John Hay</a> (1901–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Robert Bacon</a> (1909)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/100px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/150px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg/200px-President_Theodore_Roosevelt%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="3751" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Lyman J. Gage</a> (1901–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">L. M. Shaw</a> (1902–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a> (1904–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Edward_Wright" title="Luke Edward Wright">Luke Edward Wright</a> (1908–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1906–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Charles Emory Smith</a> (1901–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Henry Clay Payne</a> (1902–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wynne" title="Robert Wynne">Robert Wynne</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1905–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">John Davis Long</a> (1901–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">William Henry Moody</a> (1902–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Morton_(politician)" title="Paul Morton (politician)">Paul Morton</a> (1904–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Charles Joseph Bonaparte</a> (1905–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Victor H. Metcalf</a> (1906–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_H._Newberry" title="Truman H. Newberry">Truman H. Newberry</a> (1908–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_A._Hitchcock_(Interior)" title="Ethan A. Hitchcock (Interior)">Ethan A. Hitchcock</a> (1901–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James Rudolph Garfield</a> (1907–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1901–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce_and_Labor" title="United States Department of Commerce and Labor">Secretary of Commerce and Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">George B. Cortelyou</a> (1903–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Metcalf" title="Victor H. Metcalf">Victor H. Metcalf</a> (1904–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_(politician)" title="Oscar Straus (politician)">Oscar Straus</a> (1906–1909)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Republican Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential<br />tickets</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national<br />conventions</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential<br />primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />leaders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>,<br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference<br />chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by<br />state and<br />territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated <br /> organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taft_cabinet" title="Template:Taft cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taft_cabinet" title="Template talk:Taft cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taft_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taft cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_William_Howard_Taft_(1909–1913)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a> (1909–1913)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/100px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/150px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/William_Howard_Taft.jpg/200px-William_Howard_Taft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">Franklin MacVeagh</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_M._Dickinson" title="Jacob M. Dickinson">Jacob M. Dickinson</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1911–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">George W. Wickersham</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Frank Harris Hitchcock</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">George von Lengerke Meyer</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Ballinger" title="Richard A. Ballinger">Richard A. Ballinger</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_L._Fisher" title="Walter L. Fisher">Walter L. Fisher</a> (1911–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Secretary_of_Agriculture)" title="James Wilson (Secretary of Agriculture)">James Wilson</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce_and_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor">Secretary of Commerce and Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nagel" title="Charles Nagel">Charles Nagel</a> (1909–1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1904)_1908_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1912)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1908 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1908 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1908 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1904)_1908_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1912)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">← 1904</a>) <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">→ 1912</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Philander C. Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Foraker" title="Joseph B. Foraker">Joseph B. Foraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">L. M. Shaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">William Jennings Bryan</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">John W. Kern</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Gray_(Delaware_politician)" title="George Gray (Delaware politician)">George Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Johnson" title="John Albert Johnson">John Albert Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Hanford" title="Ben Hanford">Ben Hanford</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene W. Chafin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FFC14E;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Independence_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Independence Party">Independence Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Hisgen" title="Thomas L. Hisgen">Thomas L. Hisgen</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Temple_Graves" title="John Temple Graves">John Temple Graves</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ACE1AF;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Watson" title="Thomas E. Watson">Thomas E. Watson</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Williams_(American_politician)" title="Samuel Williams (American politician)">Samuel Williams</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1908 elections:</b> <a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1908 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_and_1909_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1908 and 1909 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1912 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1908)_1912_United_States_presidential_election_(→_1916)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">← 1908</a>) <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">→ 1916</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Champ Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Judson Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Oscar Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Eugene Foss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Howard Taft</a></b> (incumbent)</li> <li><b>Vice President:</b> <s><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a></s> (incumbent; nominated but died before election)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._La_Follette" title="Robert M. La Follette">Robert M. La Follette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #B63434;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive Party</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/1912_Progressive_National_Convention" title="1912 Progressive National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Johnson" title="Hiram Johnson">Hiram Johnson</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><b><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist Party</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>President: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Eugene V. Debs</a></b></li> <li><b>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Emil Seidel</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._Chafin" title="Eugene W. Chafin">Eugene W. Chafin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_S._Watkins" title="Aaron S. Watkins">Aaron S. Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DD051D;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Reimer" title="Arthur E. Reimer">Arthur E. Reimer</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/August_Gillhaus" title="August Gillhaus">August Gillhaus</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Other 1912 elections</b>: <a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_and_1913_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1912 and 1913 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><b>Garfield</b> (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>W. H. Taft</b> (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover"><b>H. Hoover</b> (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower"><b>Eisenhower</b> (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson"><b>Johnson</b> (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan"><b>Reagan</b> (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford"><b>Ford</b> (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush"><b>Bush</b> (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase"><b>Chase</b> (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison"><b>Harrison</b> (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor"><b>Taylor</b> (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln"><b>Lincoln</b> (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley"><b>McKinley</b> (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding"><b>Harding</b> (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><b>Roosevelt</b> (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy"><b>Kennedy</b> (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the<br />US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren"><b>Warren</b> (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger"><b>Burger</b> (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist"><b>Rehnquist</b> (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Bold</b>: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35648#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35648#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35648#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083858600">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59091219">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31956/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyWP4tPFPxQh4rwKPKrv3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118801198">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022244">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952971c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11952971c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00681211">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Taft, William Howard <1857-1930>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV160502">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35247009">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005306693&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1343263">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06938228X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5006858">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810630110005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/264628">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007310867705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520785606706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14776690">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05210736?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/660d9a87-13f2-4688-8741-210d439a9d48">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102307">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/880877">Trove</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1287168">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118801198.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118801198">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027504654">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582634">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w64n9tkk">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n58jbk">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Howard_Taft&oldid=1259586798">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Howard_Taft&oldid=1259586798</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:William_Howard_Taft" 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