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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Deaf education programs that use sign language as the native language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"BiBi" redirects here. For the South Korean singer, see <a href="/wiki/Bibi_(singer)" title="Bibi (singer)">Bibi (singer)</a>.</div> <p><b>Bilingual–Bicultural</b> or <b>Bi-Bi</b> <a href="/wiki/Deaf_education" title="Deaf education">deaf education</a> programs use <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> as the native, or first, language of <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">Deaf</a> children. In the United States, for example, Bi-Bi proponents state that <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) should be the natural first language for deaf children in the United States, although the majority of deaf and hard of hearing being born to hearing parents. In this same vein, the spoken or written language used by the majority of the population is viewed as a secondary language to be acquired either after or at the same time as the native language. </p><p>In Bi-Bi education, a signed language is the primary method of instruction. The bicultural aspect of Bi-Bi education emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a> and strives to create confidence in deaf students by exposing them to the Deaf community. </p><p>Various studies have found a correlation between ASL skill level and English literacy or reading comprehension. The most plausible explanation for this is that ASL skill level predicts English literacy level.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldin-Meadow_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldin-Meadow-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having a basis of American Sign Language can benefit the acquisition of the English language. In fact, bilingual children show more development in cognitive, linguistic, and meta-linguistic processes than their monolingual peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinz_1998_47–62_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinz_1998_47–62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>36% to 40% of residential and day schools for deaf students in the US report using Bi-Bi education programs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sweden and Denmark are two countries known for their bilingual–bicultural education of deaf children. Sweden passed a law in 1981 that mandated bilingualism as a goal of deaf education. Denmark recognized sign language as an equal language and espoused sign language as the primary method of instruction in schools for the deaf in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable example of schools utilizing the Bi-Bi method in the US include <a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Center_for_the_Deaf" title="The Learning Center for the Deaf">The Learning Center for the Deaf</a> in Massachusetts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilingual-Bicultural_Movement">Bilingual-Bicultural Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bilingual-Bicultural Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marie_Jean_Philip" title="Marie Jean Philip">Marie Jean Philip</a> was a pioneer in the Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi) movement.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, The Learning Center for Deaf Children in Framingham, Massachusetts, was able to convince Philip to begin a new career as Special Assistant to the Director for Implementation of Bilingual/Bicultural Policies. After two years, Philip agreed to take on the full-time position of Bilingual Bicultural Coordinator, which she held from 1988. Philip led the school into the Bi-Bi education system. </p><p>The Learning Center for the Deaf became the first Deaf school in the United States to officially adopt a Bilingual-Bicultural teaching philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schools in California,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indiana,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Maryland soon also officially adopted Bilingual-Bicultural teaching philosophies. </p><p>On September 24, 2018, Carey M. Ballard published a thirty-minute documentary film, <i>Bilingual-Bicultural Movement at The Learning Center for the Deaf</i>, which examines the history of the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bilingual–bicultural education is based on Cummins' Model of Linguistic Interdependence. In 1976, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cummins_(professor)" title="Jim Cummins (professor)">James Cummins</a> predicted that proficiency in a first language would correlate to competence in a second language because a single cognitive process underlies <a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">language acquisition</a> for both languages. After decades of using the <a href="/wiki/Oralism" title="Oralism">oral method</a> of education, some advocates sought a new method for teaching deaf students. Many schools then began to use systems of <a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Manually Coded English">Manually Coded English</a> (MCE) in an attempt to develop English in deaf students. After the perceived failure of Manually Coded English systems, some educators began using the bilingual–bicultural model.<sup id="cite_ref-Prinz_1998_47–62_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prinz_1998_47–62-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-emotional_impact">Socio-emotional impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Socio-emotional impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has shown links between sociocultural factors and students' educational success. Learning in their first language allows students to feel a sense of belonging, leading to their academic success, including development in their two languages.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bilingual teaching approach creates meaningful academic experiences for students when cultural factors are recognized.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cultural aspect of the bicultural bilingual approach enhances deaf students' experiences success in school.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school climate in a bicultural-bilingual setting gives students the opportunity to foster their academic, cognitive and socio-cultural skills in two languages. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a>, a former Soviet psychologist renowned for his study on social cognitive development, argued that the quality and quantity of children's play is contingent upon the language shared among children.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Piaget</a>, another psychologist renowned for his child development study, and Vygotsky agreed that language plays a significant role in cognitive and social development, because language competence significantly shapes play behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When deaf children are in a Bi-Bi setting where they have access to language and the full ability to communicate with their peers, they are developing and fine-tuning their cognitive and social skills. </p><p>A study on deaf children and <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a> (ToM), which is essentially the ability to put oneself in someone else's shoes, showed no differences in performance in theory of mind tasks between deaf children of deaf parents and their hearing peers.<sup id="cite_ref-Schick_de_Villiers_de_Villiers_Hoffmeister_2007_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schick_de_Villiers_de_Villiers_Hoffmeister_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that deaf children with deaf parents were advantaged in having acquired language from birth. Deaf children with hearing parents, whether they were educated using spoken English or ASL, showed delays in two ToM tasks, false beliefs and knowledge states.<sup id="cite_ref-Schick_de_Villiers_de_Villiers_Hoffmeister_2007_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schick_de_Villiers_de_Villiers_Hoffmeister_2007-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worth mentioning that not all deaf children born with hearing parents are linguistically disadvantaged because hearing parents can acquire sign language to communicate with their deaf children. </p><p>The primary cause of delays in theory of mind is the lack of access to conversations in the environmental, opportunities for incidental learning, and the difficulty in communicating about daily routines. Those create challenges in discussing thoughts, beliefs and intentions among deaf children lacking language.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When deaf children are exposed to natural and accessible language from an early age, they do not have delays in theory of mind reasoning and demonstrate a high capacity in understanding and reasoning about others' minds. Evidence have suggested that there is a correlation between having a strong theory of mind and a strong language foundation. It can be argued that the Bi-Bi approach provides deaf children with optimal access to language to support typical socio-emotional development. </p><p>Deaf children use sign to express themselves, discuss events, ask questions, and refer to things in their settings, just as hearing children use spoken language.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human brain is naturally wired to crave information and constant access to communication, and social settings with accessible language provide that.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier that Deaf children have the chance to naturally acquire sign language with constant language input, the better their cognitive and social skills, because they are able to receive information about actions, objects, experiences, and events in time.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Goldin-Meadow-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldin-Meadow_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldin-MeadowMayberry2001" class="citation journal cs1">Goldin-Meadow, Susan; Mayberry, Rachel I. 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"Language and Theory of Mind: A Study of Deaf Children". <i>Child Development</i>. <b>78</b> (2): 376–396. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.473.8685">10.1.1.473.8685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2007.01004.x">10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01004.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17381779">17381779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Development&rft.atitle=Language+and+Theory+of+Mind%3A+A+Study+of+Deaf+Children&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=376-396&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.473.8685%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17381779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8624.2007.01004.x&rft.aulast=Schick&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft.au=de+Villiers%2C+Peter&rft.au=de+Villiers%2C+Jill&rft.au=Hoffmeister%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2012" class="citation book cs1">Goldman, Alvin I. (2012). "Theory of Mind". In Margolis, Eric; Samuels, Richard; Stich, Stephen P. 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"Deafness, Conversation and Theory of Mind". <i>Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 459–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x">10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7782409">7782409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Child+Psychology+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Deafness%2C+Conversation+and+Theory+of+Mind&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=459-474&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7610.1995.tb01303.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7782409&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Candida+C.&rft.au=Siegal%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonSiegal2000" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Candida C.; Siegal, Michael (March 2000). "Insights into Theory of Mind from Deafness and Autism". <i>Mind and Language</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 123–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0017.00126">10.1111/1468-0017.00126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Language&rft.atitle=Insights+into+Theory+of+Mind+from+Deafness+and+Autism&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=123-145&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-0017.00126&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Candida+C.&rft.au=Siegal%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolterraCaselli1985" class="citation book cs1">Volterra, V.; Caselli, M.C.C. (1985). "From gestures and vocalizations to signs and words". In Stokoe, William C.; Volterra, Virginia (eds.). <i>SLR '83: Proceedings of the III International Symposium on Sign Language Research, Rome, June 22-26, 1983</i>. Linstok Press. pp. 1–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932130-08-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932130-08-2"><bdi>978-0-932130-08-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+gestures+and+vocalizations+to+signs+and+words&rft.btitle=SLR+%2783%3A+Proceedings+of+the+III+International+Symposium+on+Sign+Language+Research%2C+Rome%2C+June+22-26%2C+1983&rft.pages=1-9&rft.pub=Linstok+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-932130-08-2&rft.aulast=Volterra&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Caselli%2C+M.C.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarschark2001" class="citation report cs1">Marschark, Marc (June 2001). Language Development in Children Who Are Deaf: A Research Synthesis (Report). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED455620">ED455620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Language+Development+in+Children+Who+Are+Deaf%3A+A+Research+Synthesis&rft.date=2001-06&rft.aulast=Marschark&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithLandrySwank2000" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Karen E.; Landry, Susan H.; Swank, Paul R. (January 2000). "Does the Content of Mothers' Verbal Stimulation Explain Differences in Children's Development of Verbal and Nonverbal Cognitive Skills?". <i>Journal of School Psychology</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 27–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-4405%2899%2900035-7">10.1016/S0022-4405(99)00035-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+School+Psychology&rft.atitle=Does+the+Content+of+Mothers%27+Verbal+Stimulation+Explain+Differences+in+Children%27s+Development+of+Verbal+and+Nonverbal+Cognitive+Skills%3F&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=27-49&rft.date=2000-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0022-4405%2899%2900035-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Karen+E.&rft.au=Landry%2C+Susan+H.&rft.au=Swank%2C+Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209174615/http://saveourdeafschools.org/unlocking_the_curriculum.pdf">Unlocking the Curriculum: Principles for Achieving Access in Deaf Education</a> by Robert E. Johnson, Scott Liddell and Carol Erting, 1989.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1994" class="citation report cs1">Mason, David G. (March 1994). Bilingual/Bicultural Deaf Education Is Appropriate (Report). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED378720">ED378720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Bilingual%2FBicultural+Deaf+Education+Is+Appropriate&rft.date=1994-03&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mahshie, Shawn Neal. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saveourdeafschools.org/mahshie.pdf">Educating Deaf Children Bilingually--With Insights and Applications from Sweden and Denmark</a>. National government publication. Washington, D.C.: Pre-College Programs, Gallaudet University</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Annual International Multilingual, Multicultural Conference: Proceedings</i>. Dissemination Center for Bilingual Bicultural Education. April 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED086409">ED086409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annual+International+Multilingual%2C+Multicultural+Conference%3A+Proceedings&rft.pub=Dissemination+Center+for+Bilingual+Bicultural+Education&rft.date=1973-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosjean2001" class="citation journal cs1">Grosjean, Francois (2001). "The Right of the Deaf Child to Grow Up Bilingual". <i>Sign Language Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 110–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsls.2001.0003">10.1353/sls.2001.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26204832">26204832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144571937">144571937</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/31761">31761</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1297899667">1297899667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sign+Language+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Right+of+the+Deaf+Child+to+Grow+Up+Bilingual&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110-114&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144571937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26204832%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsls.2001.0003&rft.aulast=Grosjean&rft.aufirst=Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABilingual%E2%80%93bicultural+education" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4470068&view=1up&seq=11&skin=2021">Nothing More Nothing Less--A French-Canadian View of Bilingualism and Biculturalism</a> (1967)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template talk:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sign_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br />families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br /> Aboriginal</a><br /> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li> <li>Yan-nhaŋu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br /> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jordanian</li> <li>Lebanese</li> <li>Palestinian</li> <li>Syrian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fijian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a> <ul><li>Shanghai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a> <ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br /> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a> <ul><li>Yangon</li> <li>Mandalay</li></ul></li> <li>Cambodian</li> <li>Costa Rican</li> <li>Dominican</li> <li>Jamaican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li> <li>Oneida (OSL)</li> <li>Panamanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li> <li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br />(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ethiopian</li> <li>Chadian</li> <li>Ghanaian</li> <li>Guinean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li> <li>Moroccan</li> <li>Nigerian</li> <li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br /> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li> <li>Kosovar</li> <li>Serbian</li> <li>Slovenian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li> <li>Teknmál</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon_Sign_Language" title="Saigon Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br /> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li> <li>Beluchistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li> <li>Bombay</li> <li>Calcutta</li> <li>Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li> <li>North West Frontier Province</li> <li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li> <li><i>Chilmark</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan (Meemul Tziij)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Highland Maya</li> <li>Yucatec <ul><li>Chicán</li> <li>Nohkop</li> <li>Nohya</li> <li>Trascorral</li> <li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe</li> <li>Apsáalooke</li> <li>Arikara</li> <li>Chaticks si Chaticks</li> <li>Cheyenne</li> <li>Coahuilteco</li> <li>Dane-zaa</li> <li>Diné</li> <li>Hinono'eino</li> <li>Hiraacá</li> <li>Icāk</li> <li>Karankawa</li> <li>Liksiyu</li> <li>Maagiadawa</li> <li>Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk</li> <li>Nakota</li> <li>Ni Mii Puu</li> <li>Niimíipuu</li> <li>Niitsítapi</li> <li>Nųmą́khų́·ki</li> <li>Nʉmʉnʉʉ</li> <li>Omaha</li> <li>Palus</li> <li>Piipaash</li> <li>Ppáⁿkka</li> <li>Schitsu'umsh</li> <li>Shiwinna</li> <li>Sioux</li> <li>Taos</li> <li>Tickanwa•tic</li> <li>Tháumgá</li> <li>Tsuu T'ina</li> <li>Umatilla</li> <li>Wazhazhe</li> <li>Wichita</li> <li>Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e</li> <li>Wyandot</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A'aninin</li> <li>Kalispel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</a></li> <li>Nesilextcl'n</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuswap Sign Language (page does not exist)">Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</a></li> <li>Sqeliz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br /> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a> <ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li> <li>Inuit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li> <li>Kisindo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">M'bour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Naga_Sign_Language" title="Angami Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li> <li>West African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li> <li>Mofu-Gudur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Algeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dt>Cameroon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd> <dt>Ghana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd> <dt>Ivory Coast</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd> <dt>Mali</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd> <dt>Nigeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd> <dt>Senegal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd> <dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd> <dt>Tanzania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd> <dt>Uganda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd> <dt>Zambia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bengal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dt>Cambodia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd> <dt>Hong Kong</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a></dd> <dt>India</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naga_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></dd> <dt>Indonesia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd> <dt>Iran</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></dd> <dt>Iraq</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd> <dt>Israel</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd> <dt>Korea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd> <dt>Kazakhstan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd> <dt>Laos</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd> <dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd> <dt>Maldives</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd> <dt>Mongolia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd> <dt>Nepal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd> <dt>Saudi Arabia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd> <dt>Sri Lanka</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd> <dt>Taiwan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd> <dt>Tajikistan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Tibet</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd> <dt>Thailand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></dd> <dt>Vietnam</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Armenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd> <dt>Austria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd> <dt>Azerbaijan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd> <dt>Belgium</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd> <dt>Croatia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd> <dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Sign Language (page does not exist)">Faroese (Teknmál)</a></dd> <dt>Estonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd> <dt>Finland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd> <dt>France</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd> <dt>Germany</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd> <dt>Greece</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd> <dt>Hungary</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd> <dt>Iceland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd> <dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd> <dt>Kosovo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd> <dt>Latvia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd> <dt>Lithuania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd> <dt>Moldova</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd> <dt>North Macedonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd> <dt>Northern Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd> <dt>Norway</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd> <dt>Poland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd> <dt>Russia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Slovenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd> <dt>Spain</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd> <dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd> <dt>Switzerland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd> <dt>Turkey</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd> <dt>Ukraine</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br />Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></dd> <dt>Belize</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></dd> <dt>Canada</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfoot</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd> <dt>Cayman</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd> <dt>Costa Rica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd> <dt>Cuba</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd> <dt>Greenland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd> <dt>Guatemala</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dt>Haiti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd> <dt>Honduras</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd> <dt>Mexico</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd> <dt>Nicaragua</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a></dd> <dt>Panama</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd> <dt>El Salvador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Salvadoran_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Salvadoran Sign Language (page does not exist)">Old Salvadoran</a></dd> <dt>United States</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfeet</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Cheyenne</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd> <dd>Navajo</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo Family</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland Indigenous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd> <dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd> <dt>New Zealand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd> <dt>Papua New Guinea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd> <dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd> <dt>Bolivia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></dd> <dt>Chile</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd> <dt>Colombia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd> <dt>Ecuador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd> <dt>Paraguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd> <dt>Peru</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd> <dt>Venezuela</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br /> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chilmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">Home sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASLwrite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/60px-ASLwrite.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/90px-ASLwrite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/120px-ASLwrite.png 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br /> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br /> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign-language_films" title="Category:Sign-language films">Films (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language_television_shows" title="Category:Sign language television shows">Television shows (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Aron_Borg" title="Pär Aron Borg">Pär Aron Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Abbé de l'Épée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac_(horse_racing)" title="Tic-tac (horse racing)">Tic-tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>. <p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. </p> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilingual–bicultural_education&oldid=1220337717">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bilingual–bicultural_education&oldid=1220337717</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deafness" title="Category:Deafness">Deafness</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaf_culture" title="Category:Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bilingual_education" title="Category:Bilingual education">Bilingual education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_for_the_deaf" title="Category:Education for the deaf">Education for the deaf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language" title="Category:Sign language">Sign language</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 April 2024, at 04:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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