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{"work":{"id":92465905,"created_at":"2022-12-08T22:27:46.074-08:00","from_world_paper_id":222326496,"updated_at":"2024-11-30T15:59:16.912-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Society of Ethnobiology","ai_title_tag":"Bridging Ethnobiology and Political Ecology for Conservation","grobid_abstract":"Ethnobiology is increasingly recognized from within and outside of its boundaries as interdisciplinary. The Society of Ethnobiology defines the field as ''the scientific study of dynamic relationships among peoples, biota, and environments.'' Ethnobiologists are able to skillfully assess challenges of biocultural conservation across the divides of political ecology. They are situated to mediate between conservation programs that target biodiversity preservation with little concern for the needs of human communities, and those (such as the New Conservation movement) that privilege those needs. Ethnobiology also transcends the pervasive assumption in these fields that Western knowledge and economic goals should guide change. Because of ethnobiology's importance as a bridging discipline, it is important to ask what unifies ethnobiology. Is it common subject matter? Or, is there an underlying emphasis representing an ''ethnobiological perspective?'' Answers to these questions are explored here using content analysis and discourse-and-ideology analysis. We use the results to identify the unique roles ethnobiologists play in biocultural conservation. This analysis also proved useful in the systematic identification of four salient themes that unify ethnobiology-ethics in ethnobiology, shared environmental and cultural heritage, interdisciplinary science and non-science, and ecological understanding. How ethnobiologists conceive of themselves is critical for further enrichment of the field as interdisciplinary human-environmental scholarship, particularly in reference to biocultural conservation. Self-definition makes explicit the unique strengths of the field, which by its very nature integrates a sophisticated understanding of political ecology with appreciation of the value of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), social science, and the biological sciences.","publication_date":"2014,,","publication_name":"Journal of Ethnobiology","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"95467412"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ethnobiology, Political Ecology, and Conservation","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3377902]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":95467412,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Ethnobiology, Political Ecology, and Conservation”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/95467412/mini_magick20221209-1-1pslwv8.png?1670567379" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ethnobiology, Political Ecology, and Conservation</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3377902" href="https://unt.academia.edu/WaquarAhmed"><img alt="Profile image of Waquar Ahmed" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3377902/1138125/1425994/s65_waquar.ahmed.jpg" />Waquar Ahmed</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014, Journal of Ethnobiology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">29 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 92465905; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=92465905"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Ethnobiology is increasingly recognized from within and outside of its boundaries as interdisciplinary. The Society of Ethnobiology defines the field as ''the scientific study of dynamic relationships among peoples, biota, and environments.'' Ethnobiologists are able to skillfully assess challenges of biocultural conservation across the divides of political ecology. They are situated to mediate between conservation programs that target biodiversity preservation with little concern for the needs of human communities, and those (such as the New Conservation movement) that privilege those needs. Ethnobiology also transcends the pervasive assumption in these fields that Western knowledge and economic goals should guide change. Because of ethnobiology's importance as a bridging discipline, it is important to ask what unifies ethnobiology. Is it common subject matter? Or, is there an underlying emphasis representing an ''ethnobiological perspective?'' Answers to these questions are explored here using content analysis and discourse-and-ideology analysis. We use the results to identify the unique roles ethnobiologists play in biocultural conservation. This analysis also proved useful in the systematic identification of four salient themes that unify ethnobiology-ethics in ethnobiology, shared environmental and cultural heritage, interdisciplinary science and non-science, and ecological understanding. How ethnobiologists conceive of themselves is critical for further enrichment of the field as interdisciplinary human-environmental scholarship, particularly in reference to biocultural conservation. Self-definition makes explicit the unique strengths of the field, which by its very nature integrates a sophisticated understanding of political ecology with appreciation of the value of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), social science, and the biological sciences.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":95467412,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92465905/Ethnobiology_Political_Ecology_and_Conservation"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":95467412,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/92465905/Ethnobiology_Political_Ecology_and_Conservation"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="92465905" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Ethnobiologists pursue research in cross-cultural contexts relating to human-environmental interactions and hold ecological understanding about environmental heritage in societies in which they live and do research. In this chapter, we summarize three case studies that explore the political ecological dimensions of ethnobiological research.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Political Ecology and Ethnobiology","attachmentId":46725005,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26427722/Political_Ecology_and_Ethnobiology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26427722/Political_Ecology_and_Ethnobiology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="7266577" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7266577/ETHNOBIOLOGY_FOR_A_DIVERSE_WORLD_DEFINING_NEW_DISCIPLINARY_TRAJECTORIES_MIXING_POLITICAL_ECOLOGY_WITH_ETHNOBIOLOGY">ETHNOBIOLOGY FOR A DIVERSE WORLD DEFINING NEW DISCIPLINARY TRAJECTORIES: MIXING POLITICAL ECOLOGY WITH ETHNOBIOLOGY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4337893" href="https://pdx.academia.edu/KimberleeChambers">Kimberlee Chambers</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ETHNOBIOLOGY FOR A DIVERSE WORLD DEFINING NEW DISCIPLINARY TRAJECTORIES: MIXING POLITICAL ECOLOGY WITH ETHNOBIOLOGY","attachmentId":33879101,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7266577/ETHNOBIOLOGY_FOR_A_DIVERSE_WORLD_DEFINING_NEW_DISCIPLINARY_TRAJECTORIES_MIXING_POLITICAL_ECOLOGY_WITH_ETHNOBIOLOGY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7266577/ETHNOBIOLOGY_FOR_A_DIVERSE_WORLD_DEFINING_NEW_DISCIPLINARY_TRAJECTORIES_MIXING_POLITICAL_ECOLOGY_WITH_ETHNOBIOLOGY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="37758480" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37758480/Connor_J_Cavanagh_2018_Political_ecologies_of_biopower_diversity_debates_and_new_frontiers_of_inquiry_Journal_of_Political_Ecology_25_402_425">Connor J Cavanagh. 2018. "Political ecologies of biopower: diversity, debates, and new frontiers of inquiry," Journal of Political Ecology 25: 402-425.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4548368" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JournalofPoliticalEcology">Journal of Political Ecology</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article reviews recent literature on the political ecologies of conservation and environmental change mitigation, highlighting the biopolitical stakes of many writings in this field. Although a large and apparently growing number of political ecologists engage the concept of biopower directly – in its Foucauldian, Agambenian, and various other formulations – recent writings across the humanities and social sciences by scholars utilizing an explicitly biopolitical lens provide us with an array of concepts and research questions that may further enrich writings within political ecology. Seeking to extend dialogue between scholars of biopolitics, of political ecology, and of both, then, this article surveys both new and shifting contours of the various ways in which contemporary political ecologies increasingly compel us to bring the very lives of various human and nonhuman populations, as Foucault once put it, "into the realm of explicit calculations." In doing so, 'new frontiers' of biopolitical inquiry are examined related to: i) species, varieties, or 'multiple modes' of governmentality and biopower; ii) critical (ecosystem) infrastructure, risk, and 'reflexive' biopolitics; iii) environmental history, colonialism, and the genealogies of biopower, and iv) the proliferation of related neologisms, such as ontopower and geontopower. Cet article est une revue de la littérature récente sur les écologies politiques de la conservation et de l'atténuation des changements environnementaux, qui met en évidence les enjeux biopolitiques de nombreux écrits dans ce domaine. De nombreux écologistes politiques engagent directement le concept de biopouvoir-dans ses formulations foucaldienne, agambénienne et diverses autres. Des écrits récents dans le domaine des sciences humaines et sociales, élaborés par des chercheurs utilisant une optique explicitement biopolitique, nous offrent un ensemble de concepts et de questions de recherche susceptibles d'enrichir davantage les écrits sur l'écologie politique. Cet article examine les différentes manières dont les écologies politiques contemporaines nous obligent à amener la vie de diverses populations humaines et non humaines, comme Foucault l'a dit, «dans le domaine des calculs explicites». Il élargit le dialogue entre les chercheurs en biopolitique et en écologie politique. Ce faisant, les «nouvelles frontières» de l'enquête biopolitique sont examinées concernant: 1) les espèces, les variétés ou les «modes multiples» de gouvernementalité et de biopouvoir; 2) infrastructure écosystémique critique, risque et biopolitique «réflexive»; 3) l'histoire environnementale, le colonialisme et les généalogies du biopouvoir; 4) la prolifération de concepts connexes, comme ontopower et geontopower." Este artículo hace una revisión de la literatura reciente sobre las ecologías políticas de la conservación y la mitigación del cambio ambiental; además, destaca los intereses en biopolítica de muchos escritos en este campo. A pesar de que un gran y aparentemente creciente número de autores en ecología política involucran el concepto de biopoder directamente-en sus formulaciones de acuerdo a Foucault, Agamben y otros-, escritos recientes de académicos en humanidades y ciencias sociales que utilizan explícitamente un lente biopolítico, proveen de una variedad de conceptos y preguntas de investigación que pueden enriquecer escritos de la ecología política. En la búsqueda por ampliar el diálogo entre académicos de biopolítica, ecología política, y dentro de ambos, este artículo explora nuevos y cambiantes contornos de las diferentes formas en que las ecologías políticas contemporáneas nos obligan cada vez más, a presentar las vidas de varias poblaciones humanas y no humanas, como Foucault planteó alguna vez, "en el dominio de cálculos explícitos." De este modo, 'nuevas fronteras' de investigación biopolítica son examinadas en relación a: i) especies, variedades, o 'múltiples modos' de gubernamentalidad y biopoder; ii) infraestructura (ecosistémica) crítica, riesgo, y biopolíticas 'reflexivas'; iii) historia ambiental, colonialismo, y las genealogías del biopoder, y iv) la proliferación de neologismos relacionados, tales como ontopoder y geontopoder.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Connor J Cavanagh. 2018. \"Political ecologies of biopower: diversity, debates, and new frontiers of inquiry,\" Journal of Political Ecology 25: 402-425.","attachmentId":57754113,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37758480/Connor_J_Cavanagh_2018_Political_ecologies_of_biopower_diversity_debates_and_new_frontiers_of_inquiry_Journal_of_Political_Ecology_25_402_425","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37758480/Connor_J_Cavanagh_2018_Political_ecologies_of_biopower_diversity_debates_and_new_frontiers_of_inquiry_Journal_of_Political_Ecology_25_402_425"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="108005376" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/108005376/New_ecological_anthropology">New ecological anthropology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="52672399" href="https://umich.academia.edu/ConradKottak">Conrad P Kottak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Anthropologist, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The New Ecological Anthropology Older ecologies have been remiss in the narrowness of their spatial and temporal horizons, their functionalist assumptions, and their apolitical character. Suspending functionalist assumptions and an emphasis upon (homeo)stasis, "the new ecological anthropology" is located at the intersection of global, national, regional, and local systems, studying the outcome of the interaction of multiple levels and multiple factors. It blends theoretical and empirical research with applied, policy-directed, and critical work in what Rappaport called an "engaged" anthropology; and it is otherwise attuned to the political aspects and implications of ecological processes. Carefully laying out a critique of previous ecologies by way of announcing newer approaches, the article insists on the need to recognize the importance of culture mediations in ecological processes rather than treating culture as epiphenomenal and as a mere adaptive tool. It closes with a discussion of the methodologies appropriate to the new ecological anthropology. / "the new ecology, " political ecology, applied or engaged anthropology, linkages methodology]</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New ecological anthropology","attachmentId":106507225,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108005376/New_ecological_anthropology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/108005376/New_ecological_anthropology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="47167518" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47167518/Field_Environmental_Philosophy_and_Biocultural_Conservation">Field Environmental Philosophy and Biocultural Conservation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11101879" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArangoXimena">Ximena Arango</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Ethics, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Field Environmental Philosophy and Biocultural Conservation","attachmentId":66404473,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47167518/Field_Environmental_Philosophy_and_Biocultural_Conservation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47167518/Field_Environmental_Philosophy_and_Biocultural_Conservation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="123013525" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/123013525/Ecology_and_the_social_sciences">Ecology and the social sciences</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="309083747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JeremyPhillipson">Jeremy Phillipson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Applied Ecology, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">1. The urgency and complexity of current environmental problems require ecologists to engage in cross-disciplinary research with social scientists, among others. 2. This study explores what ecologists expect from such cross-disciplinary engagements, through a review of editorial statements in key ecological journals and an empirical survey of ecologists working with social scientists. 3. Ecologists were found to have different perspectives on collaborating with social scientists depending upon whether they had an instrumental or non-instrumental outlook on the role of social sciences. 4. Ecologists are also pursuing other approaches to incorporate human dimensions into their work, including engaging end-users and stakeholders in their research; and enlarging the scope of ecology to include human subjects/objects in their research focus. 5. Synthesis and applications. Ecologists face strategic choices when incorporating human/social dimensions in their work-whether engagement with stakeholders, enlargement of ecology as a life science, or active exchange with the social sciences. The choice depends on the stance taken on the place of humans in nature. Each strategy poses specific challenges for ecologists relating respectively to: the justification of how and which stakeholders to engage; the avoidance of naïve borrowings of terms and methods from the social sciences; and the training needed for working in interdisciplinary teams.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ecology and the social sciences","attachmentId":117548994,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/123013525/Ecology_and_the_social_sciences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/123013525/Ecology_and_the_social_sciences"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="41035044" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41035044/Towards_a_political_ecology_of_applied_anthropology">Towards a political ecology of applied anthropology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136511064" href="https://wcu.academia.edu/JimVeteto">Jim Veteto</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Neoliberal economic frameworks threaten the ability of marginalized people worldwide to grow, harvest, and access sufficient healthy food because they deny traditional collective seed ownership and preclude subsistence as a viable livelihood. Many internationally-oriented counter-responses work to reframe intellectual property law in favor of traditional farmers. In the United States, various grassroots agricultural biodiversity conservation projects designed to re-establish the control of open-pollinated seeds within communities have emerged with similar intent. This article situates and explores the role of open-pollinated seeds and agricultural biodiversity conservation strategies in local food sovereignty. The authors direct applied research projects that collaboratively document and disseminate open-pollinated seed varieties throughout the Southeastern United States with a specific focus on the Ozark Highlands and Appalachian Mountains. The research methods represent an activist anthropology-participant observation and ethnographic interviewing while collaboratively growing and sharing seed varieties with local farmers, gardeners, seed-savers, and activists-with the explicit purpose of forging more sustainable, integrated, and sovereign local food systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards a political ecology of applied anthropology","attachmentId":61311089,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41035044/Towards_a_political_ecology_of_applied_anthropology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41035044/Towards_a_political_ecology_of_applied_anthropology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="38697967" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38697967/THE_ROUTLEDGE_HANDBOOK_OF_POLITICAL_ECOLOGY">THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL ECOLOGY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="942356" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlejandraCuevas">Alejandra Cuevas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology presents a comprehensive and authoritative examination of the rapidly growing field of political ecology. Located at the intersection of geography, anthropology, sociology, and environmental history, political ecology is one of the most vibrant and conceptually diverse fields of inquiry into nature-society relations within the social sciences. With contributions from over 50 leading scholars, the Handbook presents a systematic overview of political ecology's origins, practices, and core concerns, and aims to advance both ongoing and emerging debates. While there are numerous edited volumes, textbooks, and monographs under the heading "political ecology" these have tended to be either collections of empirically based (mostly case study) research on a given theme, or broad overviews of the field aimed at undergraduate audiences. The Routledge Handbook of Political Ecology is the first systematic, comprehensive overview of the field. With authors from North and South America, Europe, Australia, and elsewhere, the Handbook provides a state-of-the-art examination of political ecology; addresses ongoing and emerging debates in this rapidly evolving field; and charts new agendas for research, policy, and activism. The Handbook opens with several chapters that critically reflect on political ecology and situate it within the broader scope of nature-society scholarship. These are followed by a section on the practice of political ecology: ethics, methods, activism, and policy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF POLITICAL ECOLOGY","attachmentId":58780956,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38697967/THE_ROUTLEDGE_HANDBOOK_OF_POLITICAL_ECOLOGY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38697967/THE_ROUTLEDGE_HANDBOOK_OF_POLITICAL_ECOLOGY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="363814" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/363814/Applied_Biodiversity_Science_Bridging_Ecology_Culture_and_Governance_for_Effective_Conservation">Applied Biodiversity Science: Bridging Ecology, Culture, and Governance for Effective Conservation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="278244" href="https://tamu.academia.edu/AmandaStronza">Amanda Stronza</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Interciencia, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Applied Biodiversity 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