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href="#Deities_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deities by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deities_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deities by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deities_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Illyris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illyris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Illyris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illyris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalmatia_and_Pannonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalmatia_and_Pannonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dalmatia and Pannonia</span> 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilirska_religija" title="Ilirska religija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ilirska religija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitologjia_ilire" title="Mitologjia ilire – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mitologjia ilire" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Илирска митологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Илирска митологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilirska_mitologija" title="Ilirska mitologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ilirska mitologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrisk_religion" title="Illyrisk religion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Illyrisk religion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious beliefs of the Illyrian peoples</div> <p><b>Illyrian religion</b> refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian peoples</a>, a group of tribes who spoke the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian languages</a> and inhabited part of the western <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> from at least the 8th century BC until the 7th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević200246–47_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević200246–47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The available written sources are very tenuous. They consist largely of personal and place names, and a few <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glosses</a> from Classical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still insufficiently studied, the most numerous traces of <a href="/wiki/Religious_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious practice">religious practices</a> of the pre-Roman era are those relating to <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">religious symbolism</a>. Symbols are depicted in every variety of ornament and reveal that the chief object of the prehistoric cult of the Illyrians was the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> worshipped in a widespread and complex religious system.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illyrian Sun-deity is figuratively represented on Iron Age plaques as the god of the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, also associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> altar where he throws lightning bolts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illyrian deities were mentioned in inscriptions on <a href="/wiki/Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="Statues">statues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments">monuments</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman period</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">interpreted</a> by Ancient writers through <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To these can be added a larger body of inscriptions from the south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italian</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic language</a>, which is generally considered to be related to <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this has been debated as mostly speculative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171842–1843_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171842–1843-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There appears to be no single most prominent god for all the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a>, and a number of deities evidently appear only in specific regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>, Illyrians believed in <a href="/wiki/Supernatural_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernatural powers">supernatural powers</a> and they attributed to the deities qualities that were reflected in <a href="/wiki/Everyday_life" title="Everyday life">everyday life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">natural abundance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Illyrian <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian cities">toponyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">anthroponyms</a> derived from animal names and reflected the beliefs in animals as <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythological</a> ancestors and protectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> was one of the most important animal <a href="/wiki/Totems" class="mw-redirect" title="Totems">totems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illyrians believed in the force of <a href="/wiki/Spell_(ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (ritual)">spells</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>, in the magic power of protective and beneficial <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a> which could avert the evil eye or the bad intentions of enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rich spectrum in religious beliefs and burial rituals that emerged in Illyria, especially during the Roman period, may reflect the variation in cultural identities in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain aspects of the deities and beliefs of the Illyrians stem ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian mythology">Thracian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a> beliefs, it constitutes part of <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythologies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeming2005xvii_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeming2005xvii-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> preserved traces of Illyrian religious symbolism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević197474_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević197474-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–235_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–235-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ancient Illyrian religion is one of the underlying sources from which <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian folk beliefs</a> have drawn nourishment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992280_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992280-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One can also find several traces of Illyrian cults in the religious and superstitious beliefs among south <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Slavic peoples</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević200275_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević200275-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cults">Cults</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cults from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> tradition—especially those that were associated with the fertility of the earth and with agriculture in general—continued to be practised throughout the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> in the Western Balkans. Those traditions included the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Mother">Earth Mother</a>, the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">sun</a>, and the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent worship">serpent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Šašel_Kos125_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Šašel_Kos125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early Iron Age, the Illyrian art was <a href="/wiki/Geometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric">geometric</a> and non-<a href="/wiki/Representation_(arts)" title="Representation (arts)">representational</a>, with the combination of <a href="/wiki/Concentric_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric circles">concentric circles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhomboid" title="Rhomboid">rhomboids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangles</a> and broken <a href="/wiki/Line_(geometry)" title="Line (geometry)">lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a severe type of art devoid of fantasy, intended for <a href="/wiki/Farmers" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers">farmers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">cattle breeders</a> or <a href="/wiki/Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Warriors">warriors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of figured ornament may reflect an apparent lack of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphic</a> cults during the early Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geometric art of the period, which reached its climax in the 8th century BC, seems to be the only common feature between the different Illyrian areas,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as artistic ornaments found after the 6th century BC rather show an outside influence, mainly from <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">archaic Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological evidence demonstrate the existence of two main <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cults</a> based upon two roughly defined geographic criteria: the cult of the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> appears to have occurred principally in the southern regions of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar symbols</a> predominated in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serpent as the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, protector of the <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> animal, could also be connected with the cult of the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sun">Sun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg/169px-HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg/254px-HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg/338px-HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithjavelins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="352" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;height:139px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg/135px-HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg/203px-HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg/270px-HallstattIllyrianCavalrywithAxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A swastika in clockwise motion on a detail of the reproduction of a 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/File:NHM_-_Vace_Relief_1.jpg" title="File:NHM - Vace Relief 1.jpg">bronze belt plaque</a> from <a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De" title="Vače">Vače</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Many of the symbols found throughout Illyria were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">Sun worship</a> was a cult common to Illyrian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Stipčević_1974_182,_186_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stipčević_1974_182,_186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early figurative evidence of the celestial cult in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> is provided by 6th century BCE plaques from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Shkodra">Lake Shkodra</a>, which belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribal area of what was referred in historical sources to as the <a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a> in later times. Each of those plaques portray simultaneously sacred representations of the sky and the sun, and symbolism of lightning and fire, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">sacred tree</a> and birds (eagles). In those plaques there is a mythological representation of the celestial deity: the Sun deity animated with a face and two wings, throwing lightning bolts into a fire altar, which in some plaques is held by two men (sometimes on two boats).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The solar deity was often depicted by Illyrians as an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> figure, the likes of the <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">serpents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Horses">horses</a>, or represented <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometrically</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a>, a concentric <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>. The latter, moving clockwise (卍), portrayed the solar movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Stipčević_1974_182,_186_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stipčević_1974_182,_186-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several bronze pendants widespread in the region have the shape of <a href="/wiki/Solar_symbol" title="Solar symbol">solar symbols</a> such as a simple disk without rays, with four rays which form a cross, and with more rays. There are pendants that have more circles placed concentrically from the center to the periphery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976233_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976233-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maximus_of_Tyre" title="Maximus of Tyre">Maximus of Tyre</a> (2nd century AD) reported that the <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a> worshipped the sun in the form of a small round disk fixed on the top of a pole.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sun-disk fixed on the top of a pole is also depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">coins</a> of the Illyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Liburnians" title="Liburnians">Liburnians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>, the sun-disk is depicted as a sun-boat borne across the firmament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg/220px-NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg/330px-NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg/440px-NHM_-_Bandin_Fahrzeug_mit_V%C3%B6geln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>Representation of the most common Illyrian solar symbols: birds and circles with eight rays, on a 6th-century BC <a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac</a> bronze chariot; height 16.8 cm, length 20.4 cm<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">Waterfowl</a> are among the most frequent solar symbols of the Illyrians, especially in the north. A great number of pendants with waterfowl shapes have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac plateau</a>, in the regions of the <a href="/wiki/Japodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Japodes">Japodes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Liburnia" title="Liburnia">Liburnia</a> and in the Illyrian regions of present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> were found two Illyrian temples with sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altars</a> associated with the sun-cult and erected on mountain peaks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of a widespread cult of the sun among <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a> suggests a common <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">ancient Balkan</a> religious practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological findings have shown that Illyrians and Thracians practiced <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">ritual sacrifices</a> to the sun in round <a href="/wiki/Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Temples">temples</a> built in high places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Illyrians, the <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> was an important sun symbol as it was considered a main <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificial animal</a> offered to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:48px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/48px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/72px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/96px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:48px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/48px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/72px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/96px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:48px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight-spoked_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Eight-spoked_wheel.svg/48px-Eight-spoked_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Eight-spoked_wheel.svg/72px-Eight-spoked_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Eight-spoked_wheel.svg/96px-Eight-spoked_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:48px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bullseye_(5_circles).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bullseye_%285_circles%29.svg/48px-Bullseye_%285_circles%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bullseye_%285_circles%29.svg/72px-Bullseye_%285_circles%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bullseye_%285_circles%29.svg/96px-Bullseye_%285_circles%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:48px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_bold_spiral.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Black_bold_spiral.svg/48px-Black_bold_spiral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Black_bold_spiral.svg/72px-Black_bold_spiral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Black_bold_spiral.svg/96px-Black_bold_spiral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="47" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:48px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauburu.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lauburu.svg/48px-Lauburu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lauburu.svg/72px-Lauburu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lauburu.svg/96px-Lauburu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="123" data-file-height="123" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Some of the geometric Illyrian cult symbols depicted on metal and ceramic ware.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1981205–259_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1981205–259-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Remnants of the cult of the sun have been preserved among the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> until the 20th century in agricultural and livestock cults, in craftsmanship, in calendar <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a>, in the oral folk traditions and in art, and in some forms they still continue today (see <a href="/wiki/Dielli_(Albanian_paganism)" title="Dielli (Albanian paganism)">Dielli</a>). The solar deity was worshipped in the family life cycle, in the cult of hearth and fire, of water and the mountains; in <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">oath swearing</a> but also as a source of livelihood, of health and fertility, or simply as a useful protective object.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant element of the sun-worship are the "fires of the year" (<i><a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">zjarret e vitit</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Bonfires" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonfires">Bonfires</a> take place in Albania on the peaks of mountains, on hills and near homes, on <a href="/wiki/Dita_e_Ver%C3%ABs" title="Dita e Verës">Summer Day</a> (beginning of March) or on June 24, sometimes in July, August or December 24.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Songs_of_the_Frontier_Warriors" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Songs of the Frontier Warriors">Albanian Songs of the Frontier Warriors</a>, different events are influenced by the sun. The "Mountains of the Sun" (<i>Bjeshkët e Diellit</i>) are the places where the heroes (<i>Kreshnikët</i>) operate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sun symbols are found in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in many decorative ornaments,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and until the 20th century, the cult of the sun was displayed on <a href="/wiki/Tattoos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattoos">tattoos</a> practiced among Albanians (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Christian_tattooing_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian tattooing in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Catholics in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serpent">Serpent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Serpent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png/101px-LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png/152px-LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png/202px-LabiaTan_Coin_of_Illyria.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett,_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg/187px-Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg/281px-Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg/374px-Amantia_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5491513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1181" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lembus" title="Lembus">Illyrian lembs</a> with <a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">figureheads</a> of serpents depicted on <a href="/wiki/Labeates" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeates">Labeatan</a> coins of the 2nd century BC; a serpent depicted on the reverse of an <a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantian</a> coin (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 BC</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The serpent cult was widespread among Illyrians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974186_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974186-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of the <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpent</a> was a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Virility" title="Virility">potency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the protector of the domestic hearth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Šašel_Kos125_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Šašel_Kos125-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mystic animal was connected with the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">cult of the ancestors</a> and with the magical–religious complex of the fertility of the earth and of the woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illyrian cult of the serpent is documented in ancient sources. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythological legend</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a>, who, having come to the Illyrians and died in their homeland, continued to live after their death in the form of serpents. Their son <a href="/wiki/Illyrios" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrios">Illyrios</a>, the eponymous hero of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> lineage, also had the form of a serpent, and as such he can be considered as the supreme <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> of the Illyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993113_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993113-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The importance of the serpent in the symbolic and religious system of the Illyrians is reflected in numerous archaeological discoveries in their settlements and <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolises</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serpent was used as a common terminal ornament for decorative items.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 3rd century BC <a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">silvered bronze belt buckle</a> found inside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Illyrian Tombs of Selça e Poshtme</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Ohrid</a> shows a scene of warriors and horsemen in combat, with a giant serpent as a protector <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> of one of the horsemen;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004166–167_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004166–167-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a very similar belt was found also in the necropolis of Gostilj near the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Scutari" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Scutari">Lake Scutari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Roman era statue of a local goddess of abundance was found in the locality of <a href="/wiki/Qesarat" title="Qesarat">Qesarat</a>; the goddess holds in her left hand a basket around which a snake is twisted. <a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figureheads</a> of serpents appear on the ships depicted on <a href="/wiki/Labeates" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeates">Labeatan</a> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">coins</a>, which were found in the town of Çinamak, near <a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs" title="Kukës">Kukës</a>. Other representations of the serpent are found in the Greek-Illyrian coins of <a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyrrhachion">Dyrrhachion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympe" title="Olympe">Olympe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> there were dedicated altars to the serpentine pair <i>Dracon</i> and <i>Dracaena</i>/<i>Dracontilla</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later times, the serpent was considered an obstacle to the <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> spiritual life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cult of the serpent has survived among <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and to the present days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–236_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–236-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the beliefs, rites, and practices of magic associated with this cult have been well preserved in rural settlements by the elders until the last decades of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004146–147_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004146–147-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The serpent is worshiped as a <a href="/wiki/Chthonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chthonic">chthonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Water deity">water deity</a>. It is also considered a healer and a totem protector of the family and the house.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004149–156_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004149–156-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, the serpent appears in many decorative symbols, in <a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthroponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthroponyms">anthroponyms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004157–163_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004157–163-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In southern <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> in particular, the serpent is found in carving, heraldry and anthroponyms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004162–163_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004162–163-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of the serpent left traces in numerous similar ritual manifestations within <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević197475_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević197475-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Sutomore" title="Sutomore">Sutomore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, on the former <a href="/wiki/Enchelei" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchelei">Encheleian</a> coast, the <i>blavor</i> ("snake-lizard") is considered a <a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">household protector</a>, and it is a sin to kill it. The word <i>blavor</i> is related to <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Vitore" title="Vitore"><i>bullar</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Balaur" title="Balaur">balaur</a></i>, which are pre-Slavic Balkanisms that show the continuity of the cult of the serpent among the peoples of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horseman">Horseman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Horseman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology#Horseman" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology § Horseman</a></div> <p>The horsemen was a common <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Palaeo-Balkan</a> hero.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1976278–279_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1976278–279-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 3rd-century BC <a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">silvered bronze belt buckle</a>, found inside the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Illyrian Tombs of Selça e Poshtme</a> near the western shore of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ohrid" title="Lake Ohrid">Lake Lychnidus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a> territory, depicts a scene of warriors and horsemen in combat, with a giant serpent as a protector <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a> of one of the horsemen; a very similar belt was found also in the necropolis of Gostilj near the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Scutari" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Scutari">Lake Scutari</a> in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a>, indicating a common hero-cult practice in those regions. Modern scholars suggest that the iconographic representation of the same mythological event includes the Illyrian cults of the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Serpent">serpent</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology#Horseman" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">horseman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1976278–279_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarašanin1976278–279-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECastiglioni201093–95_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECastiglioni201093–95-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG/180px-Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG/270px-Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG/360px-Izlo%C5%A1ci_Arheolo%C5%A1koga_muzeja_u_Zagrebu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A marble relief of a riding horseman of the Roman period, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_in_Zagreb" title="Archaeological Museum in Zagreb">Archaeological Museum in Zagreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The reliefs of the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_horseman" title="Thracian horseman">Thracian horseman</a> spread from the eastern Balkans into Illyria during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a>, appearing in the typical image of a hunter on horseback, riding from left to right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thracian horseman was portrayed on both <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funeral monuments</a>. A less used type of monument depicting a Thracian horseman was the <a href="/wiki/Medallion" class="mw-redirect" title="Medallion">medallion</a>, found also at <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampartumian197910_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampartumian197910-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deities_by_region">Deities by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deities by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study in the field of Illyrian religion is in several cases insufficient for a description even at the level of basic attributes of individual deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974193_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974193-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Illyrian Sun-deity, which was the chief cult object of the Illyrians, worshipped in a widespread and complex religious system, is figuratively represented on Iron Age plaques from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Shkodra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Shkodra">Lake Shkodra</a> as the god of the <a href="/wiki/Sky" title="Sky">sky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>, also associated with the <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> altar where he throws lightning bolts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main source of information about the deities of the Illyrians are inscriptions from the Roman period;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974193_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974193-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some deities are also named by Roman and Greek writers in equation with the classical <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> which they were familiar with. Based on the available list of deities, there seems to be no single or prominent god shared by all the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a>, and a number of deities evidently appear only in specific regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some derivatives and epithets of gods were more widespread among the different tribes: a lot of Illyrian personal names are similar to the Dardanian deity <a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Krahe_1946_199_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krahe_1946_199-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain Illyrian and Messapian goddesses (some of them borrowed from Greek) shared the title <i>Ana</i> or <i>Anna</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is plausibly interpreted as "Mother".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Illyrian names of the gods were not different in grammatical structures from the personal names reserved for humans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The onomastic evidence demonstrates a general division between several cultural provinces, which can sometimes overlap: the southern region of <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, the middle <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatian</a> provinces, and the northwestern regions of <a href="/wiki/Liburnia" title="Liburnia">Liburnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Illyrian gods are more scarcely attested in <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the pantheon may be extended to the <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygian</a> deities if one follows the generally accepted Illyro-Messapic theory that postulates an Illyrian migration towards southeastern Italy (present-day <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>) during the early first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illyris">Illyris</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Illyris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> (fifth or sixth century AD) mentioned a god named <a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Dei-pátrous</a>, worshiped in <a href="/wiki/Tymphaea" title="Tymphaea">Tymphaea</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sky_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Father">Sky Father</a> (<i>*<a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyēus-Ph<sub>2</sub>tḗr</a></i>) and a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the Vedic <a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyáuṣ Pitṛ́</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus Patēr</a> and Roman <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to linguist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Émile Benveniste</a>, the region of Tymphaea was inhabited by an Illyrian population that may have influenced the <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a> form copied by Hesychius as "Deipáturos" (Δειπάτυροϛ).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1969166_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1969166-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a> worshiped <i>Jupiter Parthinus</i> as a chief deity, identified with the chief Roman god <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hesychius recorded that the Illyrians believed in <a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">satyr</a>-like creatures called <i>Deuadai</i>, which has been interpreted as a diminutive of the inherited <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> word for a "god" (<i>*deywós</i>). Philologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krahe" title="Hans Krahe">Hans Krahe</a> argued that Satyros (Σάτυρος) may be of Illyrian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007293–294_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007293–294-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Redon</i> appears in inscriptions found in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_di_Leuca" title="Santa Maria di Leuca">Santa Maria di Leuca</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Lecce" title="Province of Lecce">Lecce</a>), and on coins minted by the Illyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissos</a>, suggesting that he was worshipped as the guardian deity of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201482–83_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201482–83-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably as a sea god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013348_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013348-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that Redon was always depicted on coins wearing a <a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">petasos</a> demonstrates a connection with travelling and sailing, which led historians to the conclusion that Redon was the deity protector of travellers and sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the inscriptions of Santa Maria di Leuca were carved by the crews of two Roman merchant ships manned by Illyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions mentioning Redon were also found on coins from the Illyrian cities of <a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra</a>, and even in archaeological findings from <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Dyrrhachium</a> after the establishment of a Roman colony there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name keeps on being used in the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Rodon" title="Cape of Rodon"><i>Kepi i Rodonit</i></a> ("Cape of Rodon"), a headland located near <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> which could be analysed as an Illyrian sanctuary dedicated to the god of the sailors in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013230_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013230-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a>, widely worshiped by <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> as the goddess of dawn, love, beauty, fertility, and women protection, is considered to have been an Illyrian love-goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker2005150,_155_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker2005150,_155-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a> found in Albanian to refer to "god, deity, sky" is considered by some scholars as a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather god</a> <i>*<a href="/wiki/Perkwunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Perkwunos">Perk<sup>w</sup>unos</a>,</i> deriving from the root <i>*per-</i> ("to strike"), and attached to the suffixes <i>-en-</i> and <i>-di/dei,</i> the Illyrian sky-god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007243_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007243-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997582_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997582-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would make it a possible Illyrian thunder god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007167_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007167-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a> was evidently deified as <a href="/wiki/Enji_(deity)" title="Enji (deity)">Enji</a>, which has been interpreted as a cognate of the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedic</a> fire god <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagliavini1963103_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagliavini1963103-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> descending from the root <i><a href="/wiki/H1n%CC%A5g%CA%B7nis" class="mw-redirect" title="H1n̥gʷnis">*H<sub>x</sub>n̩g<sup>w</sup>nis</a></i>, the Proto-Indo-European divinised fire.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enji, Prende and probably Perëndi are considered to have been worshiped by Illyrians until the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in the region, after which Enji was demoted to demonic status, but his name survived in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Thursday" title="Thursday">Thursday</a> (<i>enjte</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prende was similarly inherited as a root for <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a> (<i>premte</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Venera" title="Saint Venera">Saint Venera</a> (<i>Shënepremte</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2001257_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2001257-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Perëndi was retained as the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of God">name of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker2005150_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker2005150-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Illyrian god named <a href="/wiki/Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a> is mentioned in a dedication from <a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>) made by a Roman <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legatus</a> native of the Illyrian city of <a href="/wiki/Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Risinium</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>). The name is more scarcely attested on another inscription found in Risinium, engraved by the <i>Peripolarchoi</i>, the border guards of the city; and also in Santa Maria di Leuca, where <i>Medaurus</i> is the divine name given to a merchant ship.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portrayed as riding on horseback and carrying a lance, Medaurus was the protector deity of Risinium, with a monumental equestrian statue dominating the city from the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201481_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201481-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also possibly regarded as a war god among Illyrian soldiers fighting in the Roman legions along the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a> (166–180 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalmatia_and_Pannonia">Dalmatia and Pannonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dalmatia and Pannonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> were ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and grouped together within the province of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> from the creation of the empire in 27 BC until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> in 69–79 AD, during which they were separated into two different provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201926_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201926-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> in 193, Pannonians began to adopt Roman deities or put emphasis on local gods compatible with Roman cults.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974249_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974249-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sedatus" title="Sedatus">Sedatus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epona" title="Epona">Epona</a>, Mars <a href="/wiki/Latobius" title="Latobius">Latobius</a>, Jupiter Optimus Maximus Teutanus, and other non-Illyrian deities were thus introduced by Roman and Celtic foreigners in the region, and local religion is hardly traceable before the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974253_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974253-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cult_of_Silvanus">Cult of Silvanus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cult of Silvanus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Special:Redirect/file/Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_(with_iconography_of_Pan),_from_Split,_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD,_Split_Archaeological_Museum_(10421213174).jpg" title="Special:Redirect/file/Votive relief of Silvanus (with iconography of Pan), from Split, ca. 2nd-3rd century AD, Split Archaeological Museum (10421213174).jpg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_(with_iconography_of_Pan),_from_Split,_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD,_Split_Archaeological_Museum_(10421213174).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_%28with_iconography_of_Pan%29%2C_from_Split%2C_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_Split_Archaeological_Museum_%2810421213174%29.jpg/180px-Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_%28with_iconography_of_Pan%29%2C_from_Split%2C_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_Split_Archaeological_Museum_%2810421213174%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_%28with_iconography_of_Pan%29%2C_from_Split%2C_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_Split_Archaeological_Museum_%2810421213174%29.jpg/270px-Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_%28with_iconography_of_Pan%29%2C_from_Split%2C_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_Split_Archaeological_Museum_%2810421213174%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_%28with_iconography_of_Pan%29%2C_from_Split%2C_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_Split_Archaeological_Museum_%2810421213174%29.jpg/360px-Votive_relief_of_Silvanus_%28with_iconography_of_Pan%29%2C_from_Split%2C_ca._2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_Split_Archaeological_Museum_%2810421213174%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="4244" /></a><figcaption>Votive relief of Silvanus with iconography of Pan; from <a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split, Croatia</a>, c. 2nd–3rd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The cult of <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a>, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary deity</a> of the wild, woods and fields, was one of the most popular ritual traditions in Dalmatia and Pannonia during the Roman period.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silvanus was so familiar in the region that his name was often abbreviated on inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorcey199268_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorcey199268-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way he was portrayed in Dalmatia differed from the rest of the Roman Empire, with various elements common only with <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. Silvanus was depicted with attributes generally related to <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>, such as goat legs, horns, <i><a href="/wiki/Pan_flute" title="Pan flute">syrinx</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_crook" title="Shepherd's crook">pedum</a></i>, grapes or other fruits, and he was escorted by a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> and female companions (Diana and the <a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomina</a> were attributed to Silvanus in particular, such as <i>Domesticus</i> when he was portrayed as a bearded countryman with his watch-dog, holding the knife of a wine-grower or gardener. Under the name Silvanus Messor, he was the protector of the harvest, while the epithet <i>Silvestris</i>, often paired with Diana and the Nymphs, depicted the hunter and the rural woodland identity.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have interpreted those peculiarities from the point of the view that Silvanus was an indigenous deity resembling Pan, but recognized by Classical writers as 'Silvanus' through the eyes of <i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio romana">interpretatio romana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2017109_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2017109-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generally link the representations of Silvanus with an erect <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a> to pre-Roman fertility cults found earlier in the region, especially local <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ithyphallic" class="extiw" title="wikt:ithyphallic">ithyphallic</a> depictions of the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of Silvanus was also more frequent in the towns of the Dalmatian heartlands such as <a href="/wiki/Vrlika" title="Vrlika">Vrlika</a> than in the coastal Graeco-Roman colonies like <a href="/wiki/Narona" title="Narona">Narona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opposing view regards the cult of Silvanus in Dalmatia and Pannonia as a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italian</a> origin eventually adopted by Balkan populations living in Romanized areas during the second century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Silvanus with the Phrygian deity <a href="/wiki/Attis" title="Attis">Attis</a> also appears in Dalmatia and further north in <a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Silvanae, whose name is the feminine plural of <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a>, were featured on many dedications across <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. As most of them were found in the western Balkans rather than in Italy, they may have represented Illyrian <a href="/wiki/Nymphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphs">nymphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the hot springs of <a href="/wiki/Topusko" title="Topusko">Topusko</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia Superior</a>), sacrificial altars were dedicated to <i>Thana</i> and <i>Vidasus</i>, whose names invariably stand side by side as companions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vidasus is identified with Silvanus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244–45_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244–45-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his name may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> root *<i>wid<sup>h</sup>u</i>- ("tree, forest"), with a possible <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> in the Norse god <a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a>, who is said to live amid long grass and brushwood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007281_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007281-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thana, compared with the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a>, was the deity of forestry and hunting. Scholars have argued that Thana survived as <a href="/wiki/Zana_(mythology)" title="Zana (mythology)">Zana</a> of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian mythology">Albanian mythology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kuka_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuka-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that she can be traced today in the image of "mother Yana" within Serbian folklore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević197475_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević197475-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cult_of_Liber">Cult of Liber</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cult of Liber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, the Roman deity of wine, fertility and freedom <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> was worshipped with the attributes of Silvanus and those of <a href="/wiki/Terminus_(god)" title="Terminus (god)">Terminus</a>, the protector god of boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His cult was more widespread in the Balkan provinces than in Italy, with prominent centres of cult in <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narona" title="Narona">Narona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201968_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201968-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the islands of <a href="/wiki/Bra%C4%8D" title="Brač">Brattia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%8Dula" title="Korčula">Corcyra Nigra</a>, Liber was venerated under the epithet <i>Torcle(n)sis</i> as a god of the wine press.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201971_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201971-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certainly due to a mixing of local traditions under Hellenistic influence, he was often associated with <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>, the Greek god of wine, fertility and <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">religious ecstasy</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurium</a> was erected a statue of Liber-Dionysus-Bacchus, and a relief from <a href="/wiki/Omi%C5%A1" title="Omiš">Omiš</a> depicts him as an effeminate Dionysus wearing vine branches and holding a <a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201969_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201969-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another relief from <a href="/wiki/Livno" title="Livno">Livno</a> portrays him with a <a href="/wiki/Thyrsus" title="Thyrsus">thyrsus</a> and serpent, or with a vase and a dog, a possible <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with the Roman god of medicine <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201969_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201969-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A feminine version named Libera was also discovered in inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Hvar_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hvar (city)">Hvar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenica" title="Zenica">Zenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemun" title="Zemun">Zemun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humac,_Ljubu%C5%A1ki" title="Humac, Ljubuški">Humac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201971_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201971-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_deities">Other deities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tadenus was a Dalmatian deity bearing the identity or epithet of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> in inscriptions found near the source of the <a href="/wiki/Bosna_(river)" title="Bosna (river)">Bosna</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His identity is not known and the name may be of <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local ruler named Ionios appears on inscriptions carved on Dalmatian coins.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mythic dimensions have been highlighted by scholars, and it seems likely that he received his name from a mythical predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECambiČačeKirigin2002114_(note_45)_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECambiČačeKirigin2002114_(note_45)-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Delmatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmatae">Delmatae</a> also had Armatus as a war god in <a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two altars were dedicated to him under the name <i>Armatus Augustus</i> in Dalmatia, and while he was recorded under a Latin name, the deity was likely of native origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaninović2007219_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaninović2007219-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aecorna (or <i>Arquornia</i>) was a goddess worshipped exclusively in the Emona Basin, in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Nauportus" title="Nauportus">Nauportus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emona" title="Emona">Emona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>), where she was the most important divinity next to Jupiter.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earlier testimony of her cult appears in inscriptions dated 50–30 BC, and she is most likely of native origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201937–38_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201937–38-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy197474_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy197474-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aecorna has been interpreted as a lake goddess, or as a patroness of the river traffic along the <a href="/wiki/Ljubljanica" title="Ljubljanica">Ljubjanica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201937–38_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201937–38-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laburus was also a local deity worshipped in Emona.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946201_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946201-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His name was found on an altar erected at <a href="/wiki/Fu%C5%BEine,_Gorenja_Vas%E2%80%93Poljane" title="Fužine, Gorenja Vas–Poljane">Fužine</a>, in a dangerous site for navigation near the rapids of the Ljubjanica river. Laburus may thus have been a deity protecting the boatmen sailing through those perilous rapids.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201932_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201932-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oriental <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraic mysteries</a> became also widespread in <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> during the Roman period, with an important centre of cult in <a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Poetovio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974257_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974257-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liburnia_and_Istria">Liburnia and Istria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Liburnia and Istria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iutossica and Anzotica, the latter identified with <a href="/wiki/Venus_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (goddess)">Venus</a>, were worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Liburnia" title="Liburnia">Liburnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deities are known exclusively from <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, such as Nebres, Malesocus, Iria, or Boria, a mountain-god (from Illyrian <i>*bora</i>, "mountain").<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other local theonyms include Latra, Sentona, and the nymph Ica. In honour of Ica was erected a monument in the vicinity of a spring in <a href="/wiki/Plomin" title="Plomin">Flanona</a>, which still bears her name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a>, identified with <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, was worshiped among the <a href="/wiki/Iapydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapydes">Japodes</a> as the guardian deity of springs and seas. Altars were dedicated to him by tribal leaders at the Privilica spring sources near <a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87" title="Bihać">Bihać</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992246_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992246-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1st century AD, the Istrian goddess Heia was worshipped on the <a href="/wiki/Pag_(island)" title="Pag (island)">Pag Island</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> with the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Bona_Dea" title="Bona Dea">Bona Dea</a>. She is also attested in the towns of <a href="/wiki/Nesactium" title="Nesactium">Nesactium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelplace2019111_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelplace2019111-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moesia_Superior">Moesia Superior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moesia Superior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region of <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia Superior</a> showed a great variety of cultural beliefs, as it lay on the cultural frontier between the <a href="/wiki/Greek_East_and_Latin_West" title="Greek East and Latin West">Latin West and the Greek East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974254_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974254-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debated identity of tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanians</a>, interpreted as either Illyrian or Thracian,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy19745_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy19745-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonians</a>, likewise dwelling between the Dardanians and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rests upon the fact that they inhabited an Illyrian-Thracian contact zone where both cultures intertwined over a long period.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> deity <a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a> was worshipped in a region dominated by Thracian gods. The only trace left is a name carved on an altar dedicated by a <i>beneficiarus</i> ("a foreigner"). Variants like <i>Andia</i> or <i>Andio</i> were also common among the Dardanians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974254_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974254-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a lot of Illyrian personal names are found under the forms Andes, Andueia or Andena.<sup id="cite_ref-Krahe_1946_199_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krahe_1946_199-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonians</a> worshiped a god named Dualos, the equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. His name has been compared with <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <i>dej</i> ("drunk") and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <i>dwals</i> ("a madman"), reinforcing the association of the Paeonian deity with wine and intoxication.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apulia">Apulia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Apulia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygian tribes</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a>) all shared <a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a> as a common language until the Roman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> from the late 4th century BC onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Messapic was probably related to the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian languages</a> spoken on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, as both ancient sources and modern scholars have described an Illyrian migration into Italy early in the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997278_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997278-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pre-Roman religion of Iapygians appears as a substrate of indigenous elements mixed with <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Roman conquest probably accelerated the hellenisation of a region already influenced by contacts with <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Grecia</a>, a set of colonies Greeks had founded in southeastern Italy by the 8th century BC (<a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentum</a> in particular), after first incursions centuries earlier during the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> were thus worshiped in Apulia as <i>Aprodita</i> and <i>Athana</i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199–200_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199–200-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous Iapygian beliefs featured the curative powers of the waters at the <a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon"><i>herõon</i></a> of the god <a href="/wiki/Podalirius" title="Podalirius">Podalirius</a> and the fulfilling of oracles for anyone who slept wrapped in the skin of a sacrificed ewe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250_126-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPallottino199250-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menzanas was a local <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapian</a> deity whose name literally translates as "Lord of Horses". He was often worshipped under the epithet <i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Juppiter</a> Menzanas</i>, and horses were sacrificed to him by being thrown alive into a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997274_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997274-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboley2019138_(note_34)_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboley2019138_(note_34)-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally formed as <i>*mendyo-no-</i>, the name Menzanas derives from the root <i>*mendyo-</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Foal" title="Foal">foal</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attached to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> suffix <i>-nos</i> ("controller of, lord of").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007137,_146_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007137,_146-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cult of <i>Juppiter Menzanas,</i> known at least since <a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a> (c. 55 BC–20 AD), is probably a native custom eventually influenced by neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboley2019130_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboley2019130-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the native sky-god of the <a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zis_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zis (deity)">Zis</a> (or <i>Dis</i>), was likewise worshipped under the aspect of <i>Zis Menzanas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2005279_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2005279-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attested by the early 6th century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zis is not a loanword adapted from the Greek <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, but a parallel inheritance from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European</a> sky-god <i>*<a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyēus</a></i> (via an intermediate form <i>*dyēs</i>), and other cognates appear in Albanian <a href="/wiki/Zojz_(deity)" title="Zojz (deity)">Zojz</a>, Vedic <a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyáuṣ</a>, Latin <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jovis</a> (<i>*Djous</i>) and Illyrian <a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Dei(-pátrous)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarentine</a> god <i>Dís</i> (Δίς) has probably been borrowed from their neighbouring Messapians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goddess Venas (< <i>*wenos</i>), also an inherited deity (cognate with Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></i> or Old Indic <i>vánas</i> "desire"), is often invoked along with the sky-god Zis (<i>kla(o)hi Zis Venas</i>, "listen, Zis (and) Venas") and with an unknown god, Taotor (<i>Θautour</i>), probably related to the "tribe" or the "community" as his name stems from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> <i>*teutéh<sub>a</sub>-</i> ('people').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lahona was the name of a Messapian deity worshipped as an epithet attached to Aphrodite: <i>ana aprodita lahona.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946201_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946201-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was featured in votive inscriptions found in <a href="/wiki/Ceglie_Messapica" title="Ceglie Messapica">Ceglie Messapica</a>, and the dedication has been translated either as "To the goddess Aphrodite Lahona",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone1989647_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone1989647-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as "Mother Aphrodite Lahona".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007140_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007140-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theonym <i>Thana</i>, attested on Messapian inscriptions, is also found on Dalmatian altars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisani1987506_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani1987506-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goddess Damatura (or <i>Damatira</i>) could be of Messapian origin rather than a borrowing from the Greek <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, with a form <i>dā-</i> ("earth", compare with <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i lang="sq">dhe</i>) attached to <i>-matura</i> ("mother") and akin to the Illyrian god <a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Dei-pátrous</a> (<i>dei-</i>, "sky", attached to -<i>pátrous,</i> "father").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007176_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007176-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisani1987501,_506_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani1987501,_506-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was supported by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vittore_Pisani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vittore Pisani (page does not exist)">Pisani</a> (1935) and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_I._Georgiev" title="Vladimir I. Georgiev">Georgiev</a> (1937), rejected by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Kretschmer</a> (1939),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently supported by <a href="/wiki/Eqrem_%C3%87abej" title="Eqrem Çabej">Çabej</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaban_Demiraj" title="Shaban Demiraj">Demiraj</a> (1997),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel199880_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel199880-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West</a> (2007),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007176_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007176-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes</a> (2009) and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_De_Simone_(linguist)" title="Carlo De Simone (linguist)">De Simone</a> (2017) rather see a borrowing from Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843_137-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West further notes that "the formal parallelism between [<i>Damatura</i> and <i>Deipaturos</i>] may favour their having been a pair, but evidence of the liaison is lacking."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007182_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007182-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanctuaries">Sanctuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perpetual_fire">Perpetual fire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Perpetual fire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewing_1426.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dewing_1426.jpg/300px-Dewing_1426.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Dewing_1426.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>A 3rd century BCE coin from Apollonia depicting the <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">perpetual fire of the nymphaion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">perpetual fire at Nymphaion sanctuary</a> was a place of worship in southern <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> that was renowned throughout <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> for its unique natural features. Placed around the lower <a href="/wiki/Ao%C3%B6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Aoös">Vjosë/Aoos</a> river near ancient <a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a>, and present-day <a href="/wiki/Selenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenica">Selenica</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, the area was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> since before <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">archaic colonial</a> times, and the site was likely already a place of worship because of its peculiar physical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001162–163_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001162–163-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to ancient literary accounts the fire of the sanctuary never went out before an ancient war fought between Apollonia and the Illyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPajón_Leyra2023131–134_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPajón_Leyra2023131–134-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It probably passed to Apollonia at the time of the Apollonian victory towards <a href="/wiki/Thronium_(Illyria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thronium (Illyria)">Thronium</a> (5th century B.C).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStocker2009298_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStocker2009298-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscriptions from Apollonia and Byllis mention the sanctuary, and coins from the same towns depict the eternal fire, as well as nymphs surrounding it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka1992125_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka1992125-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134–135_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134–135-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his description of the site <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> (1st century BCE – 1st century CE) reports that a fire arises from a stone, and underneath it exists a source of warm water and asphalt. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century CE), in his description based on the accounts of historian <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> (4th century BCE), reports that even if the fire is located in the middle of a thick forest, it is very pleasant because it does not damage the greenery that surrounds it and the always lit crater of the nymphaion is located near a source of cold water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny reports a public form of <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> according to which the welfare of the Apolloniates was connected to the steadiness of the fire spring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001162–163_146-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001162–163-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also gives the geographical position of the fire sanctuary: on the border of Apollonia, where the barbarians <a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a> lived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (2nd–3rd centuries CE) reports a description of the fire sanctuary including the practices related to the oracle provided by the great fire, giving a more detailed explanation of a private form of divination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001162_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001162-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dio also expressed in other accounts his wonder at the greenness and moistness of the site in spite of the presence of its fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001162_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001162-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fire sanctuary was associated with the cult of the nymphs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relief found near Byllis shows the nymphs and a cloth wrapped around the fire of the nymphaion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar scene is also represented on a 1st-century BCE silver coin of Apollonia that depicts three nymphs dancing around the fire of the nymphaion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001163_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001163-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of very ancient origin, the indigenous Illyrian cult of the nymphs influenced Apollonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992136_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992136-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuation of the cult of the nymphs in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman imperial</a> period in Apollonia is testified in a 2nd-century CE Greek inscription reporting Illyrian names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992135_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992135-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the natural home of the nymphs, the site was also considered a beautiful, lush spot attractive to <a href="/wiki/Satyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyrs">satyrs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001163_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001163-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opinion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to which the Illyrians apparently did not develop a uniform <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">cosmology</a> on which to center their <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious practices</a> is incompatible with the discovery of a monument representing a round labyrinth that was dedicated to the "Dardanian Goddess" from Smira. This monument provides evidence for cosmogonic and cosmologic knowledges among the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The labyrinth was realized based on the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">trinity</a>. There is used a numerological and geometric approach through a multidimensional holographic field, which illustrates the Dardanian perception of the cosmic order and the interconnection between the material world and the higher realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The absence of figured ornament during the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> may reflect an apparent lack of <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> among Illyrians in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most deeply rooted mythological tradition among the populations of northwestern Balkans was the legend of <a href="/wiki/Cadmus" title="Cadmus">Cadmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmonia" title="Harmonia">Harmonia</a>; other legends were those of Bato and of the <a href="/wiki/Cadmeians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadmeians">Cadmeians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The myth of the heroic pair Cadmus and Harmonia was strictly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Enchelei" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchelei">Enchelei</a> and the territory they inhabited: <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a> and Illyria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatičić19775_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatičić19775-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Baton.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_Baton.png/220px-King_Baton.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_Baton.png/330px-King_Baton.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/King_Baton.png/440px-King_Baton.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Coin from Apollonia bearing the inscription ΒΑΤΩΝ. The name Bato/Baton was very common among Illyrians, often related to legends, religion, and cults.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Roman times Bato was one of the most notable Illyrian names, which perhaps was originally a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_sacrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen sacrum">nomen sacrum</a></i>, and is outstandingly spread but condensed in Illyria, <a href="/wiki/Thebes_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebes (Greece)">Thebes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troad" title="Troad">Troas</a>, with the presence of a temple dedicated to him at <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, as recorded by <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>. In every region it is related to legends and religion, suggesting also an ancient cult.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a legendary account reported by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, cited by <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a> disappearance his carioteer Baton settled in Illyria, near the country of the Enchelei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157–158_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157–158-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The meanings of <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> personal names like <i>Veskleves</i> (<a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> "good-fame", i.e. "possessing good fame") have been interpreted as an indicator of an oral epic tradition among the Illyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993124_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993124-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007400_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007400-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a tradition reported by <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a>, the Illyrian king Epidamnos was the eponymous founder of the <a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">homonym city</a>. His grandson Dyrrhachos, son of Epidamnos' daughter Melissa and <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, founded a harbor that was called Dyrrhachion. According to this legend, when Dyrrhachus was attacked by his own brothers, the hero <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, who was promised part of the Illyrian land, came to his aid, but in the fight the hero killed by mistake Ionius, the son of his ally Dyrrhachos. During the funeral Heracles cast the body into the sea, thereafter named <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genealogy of the foundation of Dyrrhachium includes among the founders Illyrian men (the Illyrian king Epidamnos and his grandson Dyrrachos), Greek men (the Corinthian Falio, descendant of Heracles), heroes (Heracles who was given part of the lands) and gods (Poseidon, as father of Dyrrachos). The emergence of a mixed tradition with apparently divergent aspects (Heracles as a "god" and a Greek king on the one hand, Epidamnos and his grandson Dyrrachos as Illyrians on the other hand) was probably determined by the perception of a profane action carried out by the colonists, which only a new heroic and divine tradition could have justified. Considering the Hellenization process to which the Illyrian local aristocracies adhered early, this tradition can be conceivably considered as constructed both by the colonists and by the Hellenized <a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a> population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that the legend of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> was transmitted in Italy and Rome through Illyrian intermediacy. Similarly it can also be explained the unclear Latin form <i>Ulixes</i> of the name <a href="/wiki/Odysseus" title="Odysseus">Odysseus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer198840–41_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer198840–41-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totemism">Totemism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Totemism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illyrian <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totemism</a> is known almost exclusively from Illyrian <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes">tribal names</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Illyrian_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Illyrian cities">toponyms</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">anthroponyms</a>, which were taken from the animal and plant world, reflecting a close relation of Illyrian peoples to <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such cases include: <a href="/wiki/Enchelei" class="mw-redirect" title="Enchelei">Enchelei</a>, "people of the <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a>" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: <i>ngjalë</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: ἔγχελυς, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>anguilla</i>); <a href="/wiki/Taulanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Taulanti">Taulanti</a>, "people of the <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallow</a>" (cf. Albanian: <i>tallandyshe</i>, also reflected in the Greek translation χελῑδόν, <i>khelīdṓn</i>); <a href="/wiki/Delmatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delmatae">Delmatai</a>, "people of the <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>" (cf. Albanian: <i>delmë</i>); <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>, "people of the <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a>" (cf. Albanian: <i>dardhë</i>); <a href="/wiki/Peuceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuceti">Peuketi</a>, "people of the <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>" (cf. Ancient Greek: <i>πεύχη</i>, <i>peúkē</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">PIE</a>: <i>*pewḱ-</i>); <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a>, "city of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>" (cf. Albanian: <i>ulk</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">PIE</a>: <i>*wĺ̥k<sup>w</sup>os</i>); <a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a>, "city of the <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>" (the same root of Delmatai).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196–197_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196–197-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119_169-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many tribes believed in the protection of certain animals and plants, feeling also an ancestry link with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Totemism may translate the ancient social relationships and religious conceptions held by Illyrians and their predecessors, a set of traditions that was still alive during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman period">Roman period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magic_and_superstition">Magic and superstition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Magic and superstition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As recorded by ancient Roman writers, Illyrians believed in the force of <a href="/wiki/Spell_(ritual)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spell (ritual)">spells</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992243_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992243-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many examples of objects with the shape of <a href="/wiki/Phallus" title="Phallus">phallus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a>, and animal <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> are indicators of a belief in the protective and beneficial force of <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_and_afterlife">Burial and afterlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Burial and afterlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> both <a href="/wiki/Flat_graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Flat graves">flat graves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> were built. The tumulus-burial is considered to have been imported from the first <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European peoples">Indo-European</a> wave that spread throughout the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> towards the beginning of the Bronze Age. This form of burial practice, once it appeared, especially in central and southern <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a>, continued without interruption throughout the Late Bronze Age and the Early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, becoming in this period a specific component of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> ethnic tradition. During the Bronze Age until the beginning of the Iron Age, the most common funerary practice was to lay out the body in a contracted position, a tradition continued from <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom of burial in tumuli in the contracted position, which appeared also in southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, suggest a movement of Illyrian peoples from the eastern <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> shore at the beginning of the first millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982235_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982235-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">Cremation</a>, on the other hand, was very rare, however it was not discontinuous by the Middle Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Iron Age, during the late 6th and early 5th century BC, the increase in cremation graves in the <a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac culture</a> has been interpreted as a possible collapse of the tribal structure which led to changes in the prevailing religious belief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199244_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199244-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift from <a href="/wiki/Inhumation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhumation">inhumation</a> to cremation is thought to be an evidence of the arrival of new people from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199254_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199254-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, cremation became a more common rite among northern Illyrians, while inhumation persisted as the dominant rite in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gradual transition from the rite of cremation to that of inhumation during the Roman period can be interpreted as a sign of greater concern for the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rich spectrum in religious beliefs and burial rituals that emerged in Illyria, especially during the Roman period, is an indicator of the variation in cultural identities in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian religion</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In the ethnological tradition the totem of the Albanians and especially northern Albanians is the snake.".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The suffix -n- has reflexes in other Indo-European divine names like <i>*peruh<sub>x</sub>nos</i> 'the one with the thunder stone', or <i><a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun/Perunŭ</a></i>, the Slavic thunder god. The suffix <i>-di/dei</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> *<a href="/wiki/Dyeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyeus">Dyēus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Closely related to Albanian <i>mëz</i>, <i>mënd</i>; ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">PIE</a> <i>*mend-/mond-</i> (perhaps <i>*mn̥d-</i>), "to suckle, feed, breast".<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević200246–47-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević200246–47_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević2002">Stipčević 2002</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997288–89_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 288–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest200715-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest200715_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 15: "For the ancient Thracian and Illyrian peoples the source material is extremely scanty. It consists largely of personal and place names, a few glosses from Classical sources, and one or two inscriptions. To these can be added a larger body of inscriptions from south-east Italy in the Messapic language, which is generally considered to be Illyrian..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 182: "The most numerous traces of religious practices from the pre-Roman period are those which relate to religious symbolism. The finds of an extraordinarily large number of pendants having a symbolic meaning offer rich, until now insufficiently utilized, material for research into the little-known spiritual world of the prehistoric IIlyrians, also research for the purpose of identifying the spiritual currents which flowed from various sides and at different periods into the western Balkans. It is these tiny pendants and graphically presented symbols on clay or metal objects which reveal to us the chief object of the cult of the prehistoric Illyrians — the Sun."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 244: "Symbolic forms appear in every variety of ornament. Most common of all is that of the sun, to which were related birds, serpents, horses and the swastika, which is seen to represent the solar movement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 182: "...all were connected with sun-worship, proving how very widespread it was. Such symbolic designs as swastikas, spirals or even horse-shaped pendants, images of birds, serpents, etc., reveal details of the very complex Illyrian Sun cult."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrahaj200716–18_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrahaj2007">Brahaj 2007</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992245_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199268_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 68: "...the Messapian language recorded on more than 300 inscriptions is in some respects similar to Balkan Illyrian. This link is also reflected in the material culture of both shores of the southern Adriatic. Archaeologists have concluded that there was a phase of Illyrian migration into Italy early in the first millennium BC."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall201418-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall201418_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171842–1843-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171842–1843_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, p. 1842–1843.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974197_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976235_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1976">Stipčević 1976</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974182_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014249_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014">Brandt, Ingvaldsen & Prusac 2014</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeming2005xvii-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeming2005xvii_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeeming2005">Leeming 2005</a>, p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević197474-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević197474_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 74: "Ethnologists, too, studying the very rich and as yet insufficiently known Albanian ethnographical material, have found in it a series of elements which have descended directly from prehistoric Illyrian heritage. Particularly numerous are traces of Illyrian costume in present-day Albanian national costume, just as there are Illyrian traces in Albanian ornaments and in religious symbolism, folk dances, music anthroponymy, toponymy, etc."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–235-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–235_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1976">Stipčević 1976</a>, pp. 234–235: "Il fatto che questo simbolo lo troviamo connesso con l'altro simbolo solare — il cerchio, nelle necropoli medioevali in Albania può avere un significato solo, quello cioè del contenuto simbolico identico tra questi oggetti, un fatto che può servire da argomento in favore della tesi per la continuità spirituale tra gli Illiri preistorici e le genti albanesi dell'alto Medioevo. Altri simboli religiosi illirici e albanesi, studiati dal punto di vista che ci interessa in questa sede, non potranno non apportare nuove prove per la continuità spirituale illiro-albanese. Tra questi ricorderemo quello che possiamo senz'altro considerare il più importante di tutti — il serpente."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 288: "Ancient Illyrian religion is one of the underlying sources from which Albanian legend and folklore have drawn nourishment."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992280-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992280_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 280: "...the Albanian culture, as fascinating and varied as any in that quarter of Europe, is an inheritance from the several languages, religions and ethnic groups known to have inhabited the region since prehistoric times, among whom were the Illyrians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević200275-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević200275_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević2002">Stipčević 2002</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982234–235_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982">Boardman & Sollberger 1982</a>, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Šašel_Kos125-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Šašel_Kos125_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Šašel_Kos125_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 125: "Serpent symbols appeared as ornamentation as early as the Stone Age, along with statuettes of snakes and serpent goddesses, and it is apparent that the snake, wherever it appeared, influenced the conceptions of primitive man who, as is indicated by finds, saw in it on the one hand the protector of the domestic hearths, and on the other a chthonic diety [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] conferring fertility."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 197; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 197: "Theirs is a severe kind of art, intended for cattle breeders and tillers of soil or warriors. It is an art devoid of phantasy, just as unchangeable throughout the centuries as the lives of those who created it and for whom it was created. Some isolated attempts at artistic deviation did not break the barriers of the dominating geometrical formulae."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 247: "llyrian taste in artistic ornament was non-representational and geometric, with combinations of triangles, diamonds and diagonal lines incised on metal objects and pottery. The absence of figured ornament may reflect the apparent lack of mythology or anthropomorphic cults."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 197: "The geometric art of the early Iron Age did not possess marked differences between one Illyrian area and another, as happened in the subsequent centuries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992247_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 186: "The fact that the cult of the serpent seems to have existed exclusively in southern Illyria (one very rarely finds the serpent image in the northern regions) has enabled us to delineate with considerable clarity — however vaguely divided — two separate religious entities. In the southern one the cult of the serpent, in all its varied and rich manifestations, had a dominant role, and in the northern, the waterfowl and other symbols of the sun predominated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974191_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stipčević_1974_182,_186-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stipčević_1974_182,_186_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stipčević_1974_182,_186_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, pp. 182, 186; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976233-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976233_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1976">Stipčević 1976</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 244; <a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 77–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1976">Stipčević 1976</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200477–79_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 77–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1981205–259-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1981205–259_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1981">Stipčević 1981</a>, pp. 205–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta200468–70_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 68–70; <a href="#CITEREFDurham2004">Durham 2004</a>, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974186-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974186_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 245; <a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 166–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993113-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993113_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004166–167-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004166–167_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993125_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–236-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1976234–236_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1976">Stipčević 1976</a>, pp. 234–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004146–147-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004146–147_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 146–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004149–156-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004149–156_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, pp. 149–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinani, Shaban. "Rikodifikimi i shenjës në romanin "Dranja". Një vështrim Antropologjik". In: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmIVOGu0WWEC&q=%22the+totem+of+albanians%22">Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925–1992) gewidmet</a></i>. Herausgegeben von Bardhyl Demiraj. 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<a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrahe1946199_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrahe1946">Krahe 1946</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1969">Benveniste 1969</a>, p. 168; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199270_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 254; <a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 288–89; <a href="#CITEREFSmall2014">Small 2014</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams2006">Mallory & Adams 2006</a>, pp. 408–409; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1969166-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenveniste1969166_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenveniste1969">Benveniste 1969</a>, p. 166: "In this region occupied by an ancient Illyrian population some part of the Illyrian heritage has survived in the Dorian dialect: the form Deipaturos may be a vocative of Illyrian origin."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrahe1946">Krahe 1946</a>, p. 203; <a href="#CITEREFCeka2013">Ceka 2013</a>, p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007293–294-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007293–294_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 293–294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201482–83-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201482–83_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik2014">Dyczek et al. 2014</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013348-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013348_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka2013">Ceka 2013</a>, p. 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013230,_348_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka2013">Ceka 2013</a>, pp. 230, 348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka2013">Ceka 2013</a>, pp. 230, 348; <a href="#CITEREFDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik2014">Dyczek et al. 2014</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka2013230-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka2013230_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka2013">Ceka 2013</a>, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker2005150,_155-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker2005150,_155_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurker2005">Lurker 2005</a>, pp. 150, 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007243-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007243_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 243: "The <b>Albanian</b> Perëndi 'Heaven', 'God', has been analysed as a compound of which the first element is related to <i>perunŭ</i> and the second to <i>*dyeus</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997582-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997582_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 582: "It is argued that the underlying meaning here is not oak but rather that the Norse and Baltic forms are from <i>*per-kw-</i>, an extension on the root <i>*per-</i> 'strike' [...] These would then be related to <i>*peruh<sub>x</sub>nos</i> 'the one with the thunder stone' [...], and possibly Albanian <i>peren-di.</i>.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, pp. 408–409; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007167-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007167_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagliavini1963103-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagliavini1963103_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagliavini1963">Tagliavini 1963</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 203; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagliavini1963">Tagliavini 1963</a>, p. 103; <a href="#CITEREFLurker2005">Lurker 2005</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2001257-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2001257_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2001">Elsie 2001</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELurker2005150-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELurker2005150_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLurker2005">Lurker 2005</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, pp. 244–245; <a href="#CITEREFDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik2014">Dyczek et al. 2014</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201481-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik201481_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik2014">Dyczek et al. 2014</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka2013">Ceka 2013</a>, p. 414; <a href="#CITEREFDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik2014">Dyczek et al. 2014</a>, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201926-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos201926_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos2019">Šašel Kos 2019</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974249-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974249_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974253-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974253_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 251; <a href="#CITEREFDzino2017">Dzino 2017</a>, pp. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorcey199268-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorcey199268_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDorcey1992">Dorcey 1992</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzino2017">Dzino 2017</a>, pp. 108, 111; <a href="#CITEREFMatijašičTassaux2019">Matijašič & Tassaux 2019</a>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 252; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2017109-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2017109_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzino2017">Dzino 2017</a>, pp. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, p. 250; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatijašičTassaux201987_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatijašičTassaux2019">Matijašič & Tassaux 2019</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974">Mócsy 1974</a>, pp. 251–252; <a href="#CITEREFDorcey1992">Dorcey 1992</a>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 288: "Another name is Silvanae, the feminine plural corresponding to Silvanus, god of the forest. Most of the dedications to them, however, come not from Italy but from Pannonia, and they may represent Illyrian rather than Italian nymphs."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974194_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244–45-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992244–45_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, pp. 244–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007281-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007281_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuka-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kuka_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuka1984" class="citation book cs1">Kuka, Benjamin (1984). <i>Questions of the Albanian Folklore</i>. 8 Nëntori.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Questions+of+the+Albanian+Folklore&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Kuka&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton1996" class="citation book cs1">Burton, Philip (1996). <i>The Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. 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Lindsay) : <i>Et Sallentini, apud quos Menzanae Iovi dicatus uiuos conicitur in ignem</i> [En témoignent aussi les Sallentins qui jettent vivant dans les flammes un cheval consacré à Jupiter Menzanas].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPokorny1959">Pokorny 1959</a>, p. 729; <a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, pp. 260, 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007137,_146-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007137,_146_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 137, 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamboley2019130-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamboley2019130_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamboley2019">Lamboley 2019</a>, p. 130: "Le culte de Juppiter Menzanas mentionné par Festus renvoie assez clairement à un culte indigène antérieur connu au moins de Verrius Flaccus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen2005279-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen2005279_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarchesini2009139_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarchesini2009">Marchesini 2009</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKrahe1946">Krahe 1946</a>, p. 204; <a href="#CITEREFGruen2005">Gruen 2005</a>, p. 279; <a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, pp. 166–167; <a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, p. 1843; <a href="#CITEREFSøborg2020">Søborg 2020</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone20171843_137-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone2017">De Simone 2017</a>, p. 1843.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone1989647-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Simone1989647_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Simone1989">De Simone 1989</a>, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007140-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007140_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani1987506-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisani1987506_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPisani1987">Pisani 1987</a>, p. 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007176-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007176_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007176_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 176: "The ∆α-, however, cannot be explained from Greek. But there is a Messapic Damatura or Damatira, and she need not be dismissed as a borrowing from Greek; she matches the Illyrian Deipaturos both in the agglutination and in the transfer to the thematic declension (-os, -a). (It is noteworthy that sporadic examples of a thematically declined ∆ημήτρα are found in inscriptions.) Damater/ Demeter could therefore be a borrowing from Illyrian. An Illyrian Dā- may possibly be derived from *D<sup>h</sup>ǵ<sup>h</sup>(e)m-."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009324_142-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPisani1987501,_506-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPisani1987501,_506_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPisani1987">Pisani 1987</a>, pp. 501, 506.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrel199880-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrel199880_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrel1998">Orel 1998</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStocker2009298_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStocker2009">Stocker 2009</a>, p. 298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka1992125-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka1992125_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka1992">Ceka 1992</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134–135-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134–135_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnamali1992">Anamali 1992</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992134_151-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnamali1992">Anamali 1992</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001162-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001162_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001162_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson2001">Larson 2001</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECeka1992125–126_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCeka1992">Ceka 1992</a>, pp. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarson2001163-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001163_154-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarson2001163_154-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarson2001">Larson 2001</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992136-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992136_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnamali1992">Anamali 1992</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992135-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamali1992135_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnamali1992">Anamali 1992</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200822–23_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukriu200823_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShukriu2008">Shukriu 2008</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 113: "Of all the known legends connected to the northwestern Balkans, the one which was most deeply rooted among the population is the legend of the Theban heroic pair, Cadmus and Harmonia... In her opinion the legends of Cadmus, of Bato, and of the Cadmeians among the Enchelei..." p. 123: The popularity of the legend of Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria was also manifested in other ways, in particular in the sphere of artistic creation." p. 124: "Bato, one of the most significant Illyrian names in the period of the Roman Empire, was originally, as is shown by Katičić, probably <i>nomen sacrum</i>...The name is unusually distributed, concentrated in Illyria, Thebes (or rather Argos), and Troas, everywhere connected to legends and religion which indicates ancient cult and religious relations..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatičić19775-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatičić19775_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatičić1977">Katičić 1977</a>, p. 5: "Die Encheleer erscheinen in der ältesten Landeskunde des östlichen Ufers der Adria, an sie knüpft sich der Mythos vom Ende des Kadmos und d er Harmonia. Bald ist es, als verträten sie in ältester Zeit für die Griechen das illyrische Volkstum schlechthin, manchmal erscheinen sie als eigene Volksgruppe n eben den Illyriern , meistens aber werden sie als einer unter den illyrischen Stämmen erwähnt. Das griechische Schrifttum kennt sie aber nicht nur als Bewohner der fernen adriatischen Gestade und der Täler im balkanischen F estland, es kennt sie auch im vertrauten Böotien, als Nachbarn Thebens, die eine Rolle in seiner Frühgeschichte gespielt haben. Encheleer werden demnachin allen Gegenden erwähnt, wo Kadmos und Harmonia verweilt haben: sowohl in Böotien, als auch im illyrischen. Lande. Die Verbindung des Heroenpaares mit diesem Volke erweist sich, dadurch als noch enger. Das Volk der Encheler hat somit zweifellos eine zen tra le Stellung in der ältesten illyrischen Geschichte."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 124: "Bato, one of the most significant Illyrian names in the period of the Roman Empire, was originally, as is shown by Katičić, probably <i>nomen sacrum</i>; Pausanias mentions that he had a temple in Argos (II 23, 2), and it is very probable that he was also honoured as a hero in Harpya. The name is unusually distributed, concentrated in Illyria, Thebes (or rather Argos), and Troas, everywhere connected to legends and religion which indicates ancient cult and religious relations, which in Katičić's opinion extended far beyond linguistic and ethnic boundaris."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157–158-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157–158_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanes2008">Cabanes 2008</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993124-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993124_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 124: "The name would also correspond to compound names of the type of Veskleves, which R. Katičić defined as names whose meanings indicate an oral epic tradition among the Illyrians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWest2007400-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWest2007400_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWest2007">West 2007</a>, p. 400: "There is a striking abundance of names containing the element <i>*klewes-</i> 'fame' or <i>*kluto-</i> 'famous', sometimes identical with poetic epithets or corresponding to poetic phrases. In the Rigveda we find, among others: Suśrávas- 'of good fame' (1. 53. 9 f., also as an epithet); compare Avestan Haosravah- (Yt. 5. 49, al.), which later became Xusrav (Chosroes); Greek <i>Εὐκλεής</i>; Illyrian Vescleves-."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECabanes2008157_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCabanes2008">Cabanes 2008</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952_166-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESassi2018951–952_166-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSassi2018">Sassi 2018</a>, pp. 951–952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer198840–41-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer198840–41_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1988">Palmer 1988</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119_169-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠašel_Kos1993119_169-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFŠašel_Kos1993">Šašel Kos 1993</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196–197-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStipčević1974196–197_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992243-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992243_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 243: "At the more spiritual level Illyrians were certainly much taken with the force of spells or the evil eye. Pliny's story that there were among Illyrians those 'who could gaze with the evil eye, cast a spell and even kill someone' (N//7.16) is repeated in the following century by Aulus Gellius (9.4, 8) in his compendium of table-talk among Roman intellectuals."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStipčević1974">Stipčević 1974</a>, p. 182; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982235-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoardmanSollberger1982235_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982">Boardman & Sollberger 1982</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199244-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199244_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes199254-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes199254_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, pp. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992242_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnamali1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ABnder_Anamali" title="Skënder Anamali">Anamali, Skënder</a> (1992). "Santuari di Apollonia". In Stazio, Attilio; Ceccoli, Stefania (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L0jAQAAIAAJ"><i>La Magna Grecia e i grandi santuari della madrepatria: atti del trentunesimo Convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia</i></a>. Atti del Convegno di studi sulla Magna Grecia (in Italian). Vol. 31. Istituto per la storia e l'archeologia della Magna Grecia. pp. 127–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Santuari+di+Apollonia&rft.btitle=La+Magna+Grecia+e+i+grandi+santuari+della+madrepatria%3A+atti+del+trentunesimo+Convegno+di+studi+sulla+Magna+Grecia&rft.series=Atti+del+Convegno+di+studi+sulla+Magna+Grecia&rft.pages=127-136&rft.pub=Istituto+per+la+storia+e+l%27archeologia+della+Magna+Grecia&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Anamali&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L0jAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2009). Beek, Lucien van (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw7KxwEACAAJ"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Greek</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32186-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32186-1&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw7KxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenveniste1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Benveniste" title="Émile Benveniste">Benveniste, Émile</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KX_0jwEACAAJ"><i>Dictionary of Indo-European Concepts and Society</i></a> (2016 ed.). Hau Books (University of Chicago Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9861325-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9861325-9-9"><bdi>978-0-9861325-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Indo-European+Concepts+and+Society&rft.edition=2016&rft.pub=Hau+Books+%28University+of+Chicago+Press%29&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-9861325-9-9&rft.aulast=Benveniste&rft.aufirst=%C3%89mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKX_0jwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanSollberger1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Boardman, John; Sollberger, E. (1982). J. Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History: The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C.</i></a> Vol. III (part 1) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521224969" title="Special:BookSources/0521224969"><bdi>0521224969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History%3A+The+Prehistory+of+the+Balkans%3B+and+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+world%2C+tenth+to+eighth+centuries+B.C.&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0521224969&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sollberger%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXljf8JqmkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrahaj2007" class="citation book cs1">Brahaj, Jaho (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1RpOwAACAAJ"><i>Flamuri i Kombit Shqiptar: origjina, lashtësia</i></a>. Enti Botues "Gjergj Fishta". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789994338849" title="Special:BookSources/9789994338849"><bdi>9789994338849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flamuri+i+Kombit+Shqiptar%3A+origjina%2C+lasht%C3%ABsia&rft.pub=Enti+Botues+%22Gjergj+Fishta%22&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789994338849&rft.aulast=Brahaj&rft.aufirst=Jaho&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1RpOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandtIngvaldsenPrusac2014" class="citation book cs1">Brandt, J. Rasmus; Ingvaldsen, HÎkon; Prusac, Marina (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_LNiBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA249"><i>Death and Changing Rituals: Function and meaning in ancient funerary practices</i></a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-639-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78297-639-4"><bdi>978-1-78297-639-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+Changing+Rituals%3A+Function+and+meaning+in+ancient+funerary+practices&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78297-639-4&rft.aulast=Brandt&rft.aufirst=J.+Rasmus&rft.au=Ingvaldsen%2C+H%C3%8Ekon&rft.au=Prusac%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_LNiBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabanes2008" class="citation book cs1">Cabanes, Pierre (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3C9b4FvpEwC&pg=PA157">"Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic"</a>. In Tsetskhladze Gocha R. (ed.). <i>Greek Colonisation: An Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15576-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15576-3"><bdi>978-90-04-15576-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Colonisation+in+the+Adriatic&rft.btitle=Greek+Colonisation%3A+An+Account+of+Greek+Colonies+and+Other+Settlements+Overseas&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15576-3&rft.aulast=Cabanes&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3C9b4FvpEwC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambiČačeKirigin2002" class="citation book cs1">Cambi, Nenad; Čače, Slobodan; Kirigin, Branko, eds. 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Split (Državni Hidrografski Institut): Kniževni Krug. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-163-154-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-163-154-9"><bdi>978-953-163-154-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+influence+along+the+East+Adriatic+Coast&rft.place=Split+%28Dr%C5%BEavni+Hidrografski+Institut%29&rft.pub=Kni%C5%BEevni+Krug&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-953-163-154-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQeKAAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastiglioni2010" class="citation book cs1">Castiglioni, Maria Paola (2010). <i>Cadmos-serpent en Illyrie: itinéraire d'un héros civilisateur</i>. 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Tirana: Migjeni. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789928407467" title="Special:BookSources/9789928407467"><bdi>9789928407467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians+to+the+Albanians&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=Migjeni&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789928407467&rft.aulast=Ceka&rft.aufirst=Neritan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeka1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ceka, Neritan (1992). "Santuari dell'area illirico-epirotica". 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Ausonius Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4"><bdi>978-2-35613-260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultes+f%C3%A9minins+dans+l%27Adriatique+romaine+%3A+autour+de+Bona+Dea&rft.btitle=Les+cultes+polyth%C3%A9istes+dans+l%27Adriatique+romaine&rft.pub=Ausonius+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-260-4&rft.aulast=Delplace&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fausonius%2F6831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Simone1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_De_Simone_(linguist)" title="Carlo De Simone (linguist)">De Simone, Carlo</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vntOAAAAYAAJ">"Gli Studi Recenti sulla Lingua Messapica"</a>. In Ampolo, Carmine (ed.). <i>Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens</i> (in Italian). Libri Scheiwiller. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876441325" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876441325"><bdi>978-8876441325</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gli+Studi+Recenti+sulla+Lingua+Messapica&rft.btitle=Italia+Omnium+Terrarum+Parens&rft.pub=Libri+Scheiwiller&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-8876441325&rft.aulast=De+Simone&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvntOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Simone2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlo_De_Simone_(linguist)" title="Carlo De Simone (linguist)">De Simone, Carlo</a> (2017). "Messapic". 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004167971" title="Special:BookSources/9789004167971"><bdi>9789004167971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin+and+the+other+Italic+Languages&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004167971&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecZ1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorcey1992" class="citation book cs1">Dorcey, Peter F. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1YzWMQecwH4C"><i>The Cult of Silvanus: A Study in Roman Folk Religion</i></a>. 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I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850439397" title="Special:BookSources/1850439397"><bdi>1850439397</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+the+Albanians%3A+Selected+Articles+and+Letters%2C+1903%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1850439397&rft.aulast=Durham&rft.aufirst=Edith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyczekKolendoŁajtarPlóciennik2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dyczek, Piotr; Kolendo, Jerzy; Łajtar, Adam; Plóciennik, Tomasz; Rzepkowski, Krzysztof (2014). "Une inscription métrique de Lambaesis (CIL, VIII, 2581 ; F. Buecheler, Carmina Latina epigraphica, 1527) et la statue du dieu illyrien Médaure". <i>Antiquités Africaines</i> (in French). <b>50</b> (1): 73–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fantaf.2014.1560">10.3406/antaf.2014.1560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquit%C3%A9s+Africaines&rft.atitle=Une+inscription+m%C3%A9trique+de+Lambaesis+%28CIL%2C+VIII%2C+2581+%3B+F.+Buecheler%2C+Carmina+Latina+epigraphica%2C+1527%29+et+la+statue+du+dieu+illyrien+M%C3%A9daure&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-84&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fantaf.2014.1560&rft.aulast=Dyczek&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft.au=Kolendo%2C+Jerzy&rft.au=%C5%81ajtar%2C+Adam&rft.au=Pl%C3%B3ciennik%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Rzepkowski%2C+Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzino2017" class="citation book cs1">Dzino, Danijel (2017). "The Cult of Silvanus in the Central Adriatic Islands". In Anna Kouremenos (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oi1lDwAAQBAJ"><i>Insularity and identity in the Roman Mediterranean</i></a>. Oxbow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785705830" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785705830"><bdi>978-1785705830</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+Silvanus+in+the+Central+Adriatic+Islands&rft.btitle=Insularity+and+identity+in+the+Roman+Mediterranean&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1785705830&rft.aulast=Dzino&rft.aufirst=Danijel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doi1lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC"><i>A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7"><bdi>1-85065-570-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Albanian+Religion%2C+Mythology+and+Folk+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85065-570-7&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_IXHrXIsYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarašanin1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garašanin, Milutin V. (1976). 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Altertumswiss</i> (in German). pp. 199–204. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54995190">54995190</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190307184806/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e552/842b520d682d11bb5ee9defc5a1075443d2a.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+illyrische+Naniengebung+%28Die+G%C3%B6tternamen%29&rft.btitle=Jarhb%C3%BCcher+f.+d.+Altertumswiss&rft.pages=199-204&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54995190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Krahe&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2Fe552%2F842b520d682d11bb5ee9defc5a1075443d2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamboley2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lamboley, Jean-Luc (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ausonius/6837">"Les cultes de l'Adriatique méridionale à l'époque républicaine"</a>. In Christiane, Delplace; Tassaux, Francis (eds.). <i>Les cultes polythéistes dans l'Adriatique romaine</i> (in French). Ausonius Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4"><bdi>978-2-35613-260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Les+cultes+de+l%27Adriatique+m%C3%A9ridionale+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+r%C3%A9publicaine&rft.btitle=Les+cultes+polyth%C3%A9istes+dans+l%27Adriatique+romaine&rft.pub=Ausonius+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-260-4&rft.aulast=Lamboley&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fausonius%2F6837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2001" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Jennifer Lynn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ww3m1vSRtsC"><i>Greek Nymphs: Myth, Cult, Lore</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514465-9"><bdi>978-0-19-514465-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Nymphs%3A+Myth%2C+Cult%2C+Lore&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514465-9&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ww3m1vSRtsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeming2005" class="citation book cs1">Leeming, David (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem"><i>The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195156692" title="Special:BookSources/0195156692"><bdi>0195156692</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0195156692&rft.aulast=Leeming&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000leem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurker2005" class="citation book cs1">Lurker, Manfred (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtj0wSsw1JcC"><i>The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons</i></a>. Routledge, Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-64351-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-64351-8"><bdi>0-203-64351-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Gods+and+Goddesses%2C+Devils+and+Demons&rft.pub=Routledge%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-203-64351-8&rft.aulast=Lurker&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtj0wSsw1JcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, James P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Q._Adams" title="Douglas Q. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzU3RIV2BWIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation cs2">Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tF5wAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i></a>, Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF5wAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchesini2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marchesini, Simona (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CmAqAQAAIAAJ"><i>Le lingue frammentarie dell'Italia antica: manuale per lo studio delle lingue preromane</i></a> (in Italian). U. 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Ausonius Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4"><bdi>978-2-35613-260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liber+et+Silvanus&rft.btitle=Les+cultes+polyth%C3%A9istes+dans+l%27Adriatique+romaine&rft.pub=Ausonius+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-260-4&rft.aulast=Matija%C5%A1i%C4%8D&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Tassaux%2C+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fausonius%2F6822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy1974" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ"><i>Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75424-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-75424-4"><bdi>978-1-317-75424-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pannonia+and+Upper+Moesia%3A+A+History+of+the+Middle+Danube+Provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-1-317-75424-4&rft.aulast=M%C3%B3csy&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLP9RAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrel1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Orel" title="Vladimir Orel">Orel, Vladimir E.</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJQYAQAAIAAJ"><i>Albanian Etymological Dictionary</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11024-3"><bdi>978-90-04-11024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11024-3&rft.aulast=Orel&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJQYAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallottino1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pallottino" title="Massimo Pallottino">Pallottino, Massimo</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf2_kHAs22sC">"The Beliefs and Rites of the Apulians, an Indigenous People of Southeastern Italy"</a>. 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06455-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06455-0"><bdi>978-0-226-06455-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Beliefs+and+Rites+of+the+Apulians%2C+an+Indigenous+People+of+Southeastern+Italy&rft.btitle=Roman+and+European+Mythologies&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06455-0&rft.aulast=Pallottino&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf2_kHAs22sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPajón_Leyra2023" class="citation book cs1">Pajón Leyra, Irene (2023). "Islands and their marvels as structural principle in the so-called historiographical section of the <i>De mirabilibus auscultationibus</i>". In Stefan Schorn, Robert Mayhew (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rPnZEAAAQBAJ"><i>Historiography and Mythography in the Aristotelian Mirabilia</i></a>. Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humanities. Taylor & Francis. pp. 10–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003437819-2">10.4324/9781003437819-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000986105" title="Special:BookSources/9781000986105"><bdi>9781000986105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islands+and+their+marvels+as+structural+principle+in+the+so-called+historiographical+section+of+the+De+mirabilibus+auscultationibus&rft.btitle=Historiography+and+Mythography+in+the+Aristotelian+Mirabilia&rft.series=Rutgers+University+Studies+in+Classical+Humanities&rft.pages=10-31&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003437819-2&rft.isbn=9781000986105&rft.aulast=Paj%C3%B3n+Leyra&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrPnZEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1988" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Leonard Robert (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O7z4Sl-SgFEC"><i>The Latin Language</i></a>. 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Paideia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8839403922" title="Special:BookSources/8839403922"><bdi>8839403922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistica+e+filologia%3A+atti+del+VII+Convegno+internazionale+di+linguisti+tenuto+a+Milano+nei+giorni+12-14+settembre+1984&rft.pub=Paideia&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=8839403922&rft.aulast=Pisani&rft.aufirst=Vittore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVE4tAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPokorny1959" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pokorny" title="Julius Pokorny">Pokorny, Julius</a> (1959). George Starostin; A. 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Ausonius Éditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35613-260-4"><bdi>978-2-35613-260-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sacred+Places+and+Epichoric+Gods+in+the+Southern+Alpine+Area&rft.btitle=Les+cultes+polyth%C3%A9istes+dans+l%27Adriatique+romaine&rft.pub=Ausonius+%C3%89ditions&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-2-35613-260-4&rft.aulast=%C5%A0a%C5%A1el+Kos&rft.aufirst=Marjeta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fausonius%2F6810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSassi2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sassi, Barbara (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pul.uclouvain.be/book/?gcoi=29303100688210">"Sulle faglie il mito fondativo: i terremoti a Durrës (Durazzo, Albania) dall'Antichità al Medioevo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Presses Universitaires de Louvain, with the support of Centre d'étude des Mondes antiques (CEMA) of the Université catholique de Louvain. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87558-692-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87558-692-6"><bdi>978-2-87558-692-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sulle+faglie+il+mito+fondativo%3A+i+terremoti+a+Durr%C3%ABs+%28Durazzo%2C+Albania%29+dall%27Antichit%C3%A0+al+Medioevo&rft.btitle=Multa+per+aequora.+Il+polisemico+significato+della+moderna+ricerca+archeologica.+Omaggio+a+Sara+Santoro&rft.series=Fervet+Opus+4%2C+Vol.+2%2C+part+VII%3A+Archeologia+dei+Balcani&rft.pub=Presses+Universitaires+de+Louvain%2C+with+the+support+of+Centre+d%27%C3%A9tude+des+Mondes+antiques+%28CEMA%29+of+the+Universit%C3%A9+catholique+de+Louvain&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-2-87558-692-6&rft.aulast=Sassi&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpul.uclouvain.be%2Fbook%2F%3Fgcoi%3D29303100688210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukriu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Shukriu, Edi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013175840/https://dspace.aab-edu.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/6/01-2008-EN-03-Edi_Shukriu-anglisht.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Prehistory and Antique History of Kosova"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Thesis Kosova</i>. <b>1</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.aab-edu.net/bitstream/handle/123456789/6/01-2008-EN-03-Edi_Shukriu-anglisht.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thesis+Kosova&rft.atitle=Prehistory+and+Antique+History+of+Kosova&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Shukriu&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.aab-edu.net%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F6%2F01-2008-EN-03-Edi_Shukriu-anglisht.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2014" class="citation book cs1">Small, Alastair (2014). "Pots, Peoples and Places in Fourth-Century B.C.E. Apulia". In Carpenter, T. H.; Lynch, K. M.; Robinson, E. G. D. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WmSnBAAAQBAJ"><i>The Italic People of Ancient Apulia: New Evidence from Pottery for Workshops, Markets, and Customs</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99270-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-99270-1"><bdi>978-1-139-99270-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pots%2C+Peoples+and+Places+in+Fourth-Century+B.C.E.+Apulia&rft.btitle=The+Italic+People+of+Ancient+Apulia%3A+New+Evidence+from+Pottery+for+Workshops%2C+Markets%2C+and+Customs&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-139-99270-1&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWmSnBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSøborg2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Søborg, Tobias Mosbæk (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzBdzgEACAAJ"><i>Sigmatic Verbal Formations in Anatolian and Indo-European: A Cladistic Study</i></a> (Thesis). University of Copenhagen, Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sigmatic+Verbal+Formations+in+Anatolian+and+Indo-European%3A+A+Cladistic+Study&rft.inst=University+of+Copenhagen%2C+Department+of+Nordic+Studies+and+Linguistics&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=S%C3%B8borg&rft.aufirst=Tobias+Mosb%C3%A6k&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzBdzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević1976" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Stipčević">Stipčević, Aleksandar</a> (1976). "Simbolismo illirico e simbolismo albanese: appunti introduttivi". <i>Iliria</i> (in Italian). <b>5</b>: 233–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Filiri.1976.1234">10.3406/iliri.1976.1234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iliria&rft.atitle=Simbolismo+illirico+e+simbolismo+albanese%3A+appunti+introduttivi&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=233-236&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Filiri.1976.1234&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević1974" class="citation book cs1">Stipčević, Aleksandar (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLcWAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Illyrians: history and culture</i></a> (1977 ed.). Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815550525" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815550525"><bdi>978-0815550525</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians%3A+history+and+culture&rft.edition=1977&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0815550525&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLcWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stipčević, Aleksandar (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxcGmwEACAAJ"><i>Kultni simboli kod Ilira: grada i prilozi sistematizaciji</i></a> (in Croatian). Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kultni+simboli+kod+Ilira%3A+grada+i+prilozi+sistematizaciji&rft.pub=Akademija+Nauka+i+Umjetnosti+Bosne+i+Hercegovine&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxcGmwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStipčević2002" class="citation book cs1">Stipčević, Aleksandar (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wANBcgAACAAJ"><i>Ilirët: Historia, Jeta, Kultura, Simbolet e Kultit</i></a>. Tirana, Albania: Toena. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-1-609-6" title="Special:BookSources/99927-1-609-6"><bdi>99927-1-609-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilir%C3%ABt%3A+Historia%2C+Jeta%2C+Kultura%2C+Simbolet+e+Kultit&rft.place=Tirana%2C+Albania&rft.pub=Toena&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=99927-1-609-6&rft.aulast=Stip%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwANBcgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocker2009" class="citation book cs1">Stocker, Sharon R. 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Morcelliana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+di+parole+pagane+e+cristiane+attraverso+i+tempi&rft.pub=Morcelliana&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Tagliavini&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQEsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTirta2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). <i>Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë</i> (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9"><bdi>99927-938-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitologjia+nd%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%AB&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=99927-938-9-9&rft.aulast=Tirta&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">West, Martin L.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC"><i>Indo-European Poetry and Myth</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199280759" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199280759"><bdi>978-0199280759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Poetry+and+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199280759&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZXrJA_5LKlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Wilkes" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Wilkes">Wilkes, John J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C"><i>The Illyrians</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaninović2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zaninović, Marin (2007) [1965]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fL0WAQAAMAAJ"><i>Ilirsko pleme Delmati</i></a> (in Croatian). Ogranak Matice hrvatske Šibenik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789536163922" title="Special:BookSources/9789536163922"><bdi>9789536163922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilirsko+pleme+Delmati&rft.pub=Ogranak+Matice+hrvatske+%C5%A0ibenik&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789536163922&rft.aulast=Zaninovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfL0WAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illyrian_religion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCambi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Cambi, Nenad (2022) [2013]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://godisnjak.anubih.ba/index.php/godisnjak/article/view/123">"Romanization of the Western Illyricum from Religious Point of View"</a>. <i>Godišnjak Centra Za balkanološka Ispitivanja</i>. <b>42</b> (42): 71–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5644%2FGodisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-42.22">10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-42.22</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Godi%C5%A1njak+Centra+Za+balkanolo%C5%A1ka+Ispitivanja&rft.atitle=Romanization+of+the+Western+Illyricum+from+Religious+Point+of+View&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=71-88&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5644%2FGodisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-42.22&rft.aulast=Cambi&rft.aufirst=Nenad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgodisnjak.anubih.ba%2Findex.php%2Fgodisnjak%2Farticle%2Fview%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalileyev2017" class="citation book cs1">Falileyev, Alexander (2017). "Divine names from Latin inscriptions of Istria: some considerations". In Ralph Haeussler; Anthony C. King (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39598872"><i>Celtic religions in the Roman period: personal, local, and global</i></a>. Vol. 20. Aberystwyth: Celtic Studies Publications. pp. 419–440.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Divine+names+from+Latin+inscriptions+of+Istria%3A+some+considerations&rft.btitle=Celtic+religions+in+the+Roman+period%3A+personal%2C+local%2C+and+global&rft.place=Aberystwyth&rft.pages=419-440&rft.pub=Celtic+Studies+Publications&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Falileyev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39598872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerri2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferri, Naser (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://godisnjak.anubih.ba/index.php/godisnjak/article/view/143">"Vjerovanja i štovanje bogova u predkršćanskoj Dardaniji"</a> [Cults and Beliefs in Pre-Christian Dardania]. <i>Godišnjak Centra za balkanološka ispitivanja</i> (in Bosnian) (41). Akademija Nauka i Umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine: 135–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5644%2FGodisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40.8">10.5644/Godisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Godi%C5%A1njak+Centra+za+balkanolo%C5%A1ka+ispitivanja&rft.atitle=Vjerovanja+i+%C5%A1tovanje+bogova+u+predkr%C5%A1%C4%87anskoj+Dardaniji&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=135-158&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5644%2FGodisnjak.CBI.ANUBiH-40.8&rft.aulast=Ferri&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgodisnjak.anubih.ba%2Findex.php%2Fgodisnjak%2Farticle%2Fview%2F143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitz1998" class="citation book cs1">Fitz, J., ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/08400/08475/08475.pdf"><i>Religious and cults in Pannonia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Székesfehérvár: FEJÉR MEGYEI MÚZEUMOK IGAZGATÓSÁGA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+and+cults+in+Pannonia&rft.place=Sz%C3%A9kesfeh%C3%A9rv%C3%A1r&rft.pub=FEJ%C3%89R+MEGYEI+M%C3%9AZEUMOK+IGAZGAT%C3%93S%C3%81GA&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F08400%2F08475%2F08475.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippertMatzinger2021" class="citation book cs1">Lippert, Andreas; Matzinger, Joachim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0N9SEAAAQBAJ"><i>Die Illyrer: Geschichte, Archäologie und Sprache</i></a>. Kohlhammer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783170377103" title="Special:BookSources/9783170377103"><bdi>9783170377103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Illyrer%3A+Geschichte%2C+Arch%C3%A4ologie+und+Sprache&rft.pub=Kohlhammer+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9783170377103&rft.aulast=Lippert&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft.au=Matzinger%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0N9SEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1951" class="citation journal cs1">Mayer, Anton (1951). "Die Illyrischen Götter. Vidasus Und Thana". <i>Glotta</i>. <b>31</b> (3/4): 235–243. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265615">40265615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=Die+Illyrischen+G%C3%B6tter.+Vidasus+Und+Thana&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=235-243&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40265615%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed: May 7, 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerinić2016" class="citation book cs1">Perinić, Ljubica (2016). <i>The Nature and Origin of the Cult of Silvanus in the Roman Provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia</i>. Archaeopress. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv177tjgv">10.2307/j.ctv177tjgv</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+and+Origin+of+the+Cult+of+Silvanus+in+the+Roman+Provinces+of+Dalmatia+and+Pannonia&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctv177tjgv&rft.aulast=Perini%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed 3 Jan. 2023.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoro1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Santoro, Ciro (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emeroteca.provincia.brindisi.it/Archivio%20Storico%20Pugliese/1988/Articoli/IlLessicoDelDivino.pdf"><i>Il lessico del "divino" e della religione messapica</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Quaderni dell'Archivio storico pugliese (in Italian). Vol. 31. Società di storia per la Puglia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+lessico+del+%22divino%22+e+della+religione+messapica&rft.series=Quaderni+dell%27Archivio+storico+pugliese&rft.pub=Societ%C3%A0+di+storia+per+la+Puglia&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Santoro&rft.aufirst=Ciro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femeroteca.provincia.brindisi.it%2FArchivio%2520Storico%2520Pugliese%2F1988%2FArticoli%2FIlLessicoDelDivino.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠašel_KosMarco_SimónSchörner2023" class="citation book cs1">Šašel Kos, Marjeta; Marco Simón, Francisco; Schörner, Günther (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fKKtEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22iutossica%22&pg=PA117">"Pre-Roman Deities along the North-Eastern Adriatic: Continuity, Transformation, Identification"</a>. In Ralph Haeussler; Anthony King (eds.). <i>Religious Individualisation: Archaeological, Iconographic and Epigraphic Case Studies from the Roman World</i>. Oxbow Books. pp. 108–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fjj.1791896.11">10.2307/jj.1791896.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-965-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78925-965-0"><bdi>978-1-78925-965-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.1791896.11">jj.1791896.11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pre-Roman+Deities+along+the+North-Eastern+Adriatic%3A+Continuity%2C+Transformation%2C+Identification&rft.btitle=Religious+Individualisation%3A+Archaeological%2C+Iconographic+and+Epigraphic+Case+Studies+from+the+Roman+World&rft.pages=108-26&rft.pub=Oxbow+Books&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.1791896.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fjj.1791896.11&rft.isbn=978-1-78925-965-0&rft.aulast=%C5%A0a%C5%A1el+Kos&rft.aufirst=Marjeta&rft.au=Marco+Sim%C3%B3n%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6rner%2C+G%C3%BCnther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfKKtEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522iutossica%2522%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŢentea2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ţentea, Ovidiu (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=481173">"ASPECTS OF THE CULT OF SILVANUS AT ALBURNUS MAIOR"</a>. <i>Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai - Historia</i>. <b>61</b> (1): 136–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Universitatis+Babe%C5%9F-Bolyai+-+Historia&rft.atitle=ASPECTS+OF+THE+CULT+OF+SILVANUS+AT+ALBURNUS+MAIOR&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=136-151&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=%C5%A2entea&rft.aufirst=Ovidiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D481173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllyrian+religion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zotović, Radmila (2023). “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bathinvs.com/ejournal/index.php/acta/article/view/2023-12-28">Silvanov Kult Na području istočnog Dela Rimske Provincije Dalmacije</a>" [Sylvan Cult on the Eastern Territory of the Roman Province of Dalmatia]. In: <i>Journal of BATHINVS Association ACTA ILLYRICA</i> ISSN 2744-1318, no. 7 (December):151-66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2023.151">https://doi.org/10.54524/2490-3930.2023.151</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Illyrians" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Illyrians" title="Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Illyrians" title="Template talk:Illyrians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Illyrians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Illyrians" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Docleatae" class="mw-redirect" title="Docleatae">Docleatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atintanians" title="Atintanians">Atintanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baridustae" title="Baridustae">Baridustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassanitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Breuci">Breuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatae" title="Dalmatae">Dalmatae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariotes" title="Tariotes">Tariotes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galabri" title="Galabri">Galabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunatae" title="Thunatae">Thuantai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Eneti" title="Illyrian Eneti">Eneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabaei" title="Grabaei">Grabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapodes" title="Iapodes">Iapodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Dauni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peuceti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaei" title="Mazaei">Mazaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narensi" class="mw-redirect" title="Narensi">Narensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osseriates" title="Osseriates">Osseriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penestae_(tribe)" title="Penestae (tribe)">Penestae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirustae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirustae">Pirustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardiatae" title="Sardiatae">Sardiatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siculotae" title="Siculotae">Siculotae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abroi" title="Abroi">Abroi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agron_of_Illyria" title="Agron of Illyria">Agron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I Dicorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artas_of_Messapia" title="Artas of Messapia">Artas of Messapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astius" title="Astius">Astius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audata" title="Audata">Audata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballaios" title="Ballaios">Ballaios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraliris" title="Baraliris">Baraliris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis" title="Bardylis">Bardylis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardylis_II" title="Bardylis II">Bardylis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bato_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Bato (Dardanian chieftain)">Bato Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bircenna" title="Bircenna">Bircenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caeria" title="Caeria">Caeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravantius" title="Caravantius">Caravantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celer_(magister_officiorum)" title="Celer (magister officiorum)">Celer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleitus_(son_of_Bardylis)" title="Cleitus (son of Bardylis)">Cleitus Dardani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynane" title="Cynane">Cynane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dando_the_Illyrian" title="Dando the Illyrian">Dando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_of_Pharos" title="Demetrius of Pharos">Demetrius of Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutherius_and_Antia" title="Eleutherius and Antia">Eleutherius and Antia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulon" title="Epulon">Epulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etuta" title="Etuta">Etuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavianus_(prefect_of_Egypt)" title="Flavianus (prefect of Egypt)">Flavianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaurus" title="Galaurus">Galaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentius" title="Gentius">Gentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucias_of_Taulantii" title="Glaucias of Taulantii">Glaucias of Taulantii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_I" title="Grabos I">Grabos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabos_II" title="Grabos II">Grabos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Sirmium" title="Irenaeus of Sirmium">Irenaeus of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longarus" title="Longarus">Longarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellinus_Comes" title="Marcellinus Comes">Marcellinus Comes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monounios" title="Monounios">Monounios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monunius_(Dardanian_chieftain)" title="Monunius (Dardanian chieftain)">Monunius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilos" title="Mytilos">Mytilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Patrician" title="Peter the Patrician">Peter the Patrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Ardiaean)" title="Pinnes (Ardiaean)">Pinnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plator" title="Plator">Plator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_I" title="Pleuratus I">Pleuratus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_II" title="Pleuratus II">Pleuratus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleuratus_III" title="Pleuratus III">Pleuratus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurias" title="Pleurias">Pleurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scerdilaidas" title="Scerdilaidas">Scerdilaidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirras" title="Sirras">Sirras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuta" title="Teuta">Teuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triteuta" title="Triteuta">Triteuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autariatae" title="Autariatae">Autariatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchelean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_kingdom" title="Illyrian kingdom">Illyrian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Geography</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">cities/settlements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Acruvium (Kotor)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad_Acroceraunia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ad Acroceraunia (page does not exist)">Ad Acroceraunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Quintum" title="Ad Quintum">Ad Quintum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantia" title="Amantia">Amantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andetrium" title="Andetrium">Andetrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatreia" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipatreia">Antipatreia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arduba" title="Arduba">Arduba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnissa,_Illyria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnissa, Illyria (page does not exist)">Arnissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Aspalathos (Split)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bargulum" title="Bargulum">Bargulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassania" title="Bassania">Bassania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budva" title="Budva">Bouthoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brundisium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bushat" title="Bushat">Bushat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byllis" title="Byllis">Byllis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinna_(Dardania)" title="Chinna (Dardania)">Chinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysondyon" title="Chrysondyon">Chrysondyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creonion" title="Creonion">Creonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damastion" title="Damastion">Damastion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neretva#Cultural_and_historical_significance" title="Neretva">Lower Neretva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardana_Fortress" title="Dardana Fortress">Dardana Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delminium" title="Delminium">Delminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a> (Lower Neretva)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimale" title="Dimale">Dimale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doclea_(Illyria)" title="Doclea (Illyria)">Doclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doracium" title="Doracium">Doracium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresnik_archaeological_site" title="Dresnik archaeological site">Dresnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duboc_Fortress" title="Duboc Fortress">Duboc</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dukat,_Albania" title="Dukat, Albania">Dukat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Dyrrhachium/Epidamnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enkelana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enkelana (page does not exist)">Enkelana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicaria" title="Epicaria">Epicaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenium" title="Eugenium">Eugenium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertus" title="Gertus">Gertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedum_castellum" title="Hedum castellum">Hedum castellum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq" title="Maliq">Hija e Korbit</a></li> <li>Iader or Idassa (<a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinna_(Illyria)" title="Kinna (Illyria)">Kinna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodrion" title="Kodrion">Kodrion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kratul" title="Kratul">Kratul</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lissus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lofkënd (page does not exist)">Lofkënd</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Lychnidus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matohasanaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matohasanaj (page does not exist)">Matohasanaj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medun" title="Medun">Meteon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Mursa (Osijek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nareste" title="Nareste">Nareste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikadin_(archaeological_site)" title="Nikadin (archaeological site)">Nikadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikaia,_Illyria" title="Nikaia, Illyria">Nikaia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klos,_Mallakast%C3%ABr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klos, Mallakastër (page does not exist)">Klos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneum" title="Oneum">Oneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oria,_Apulia" title="Oria, Apulia">Oria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Oricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeste" title="Palaeste">Palaeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthus" title="Parthus">Parthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelion_(Illyria)" title="Pelion (Illyria)">Pelion</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Persqopi_Castle" title="Persqopi Castle">Persqopi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petra_(Illyria)" title="Petra (Illyria)">Petra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituntium" title="Pituntium">Pituntium</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec" title="Pogradec">Pogradec</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pogradec_Castle" title="Pogradec Castle">Castle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pula" title="Pula">Pola (Pula)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)" title="Poslishte (archaeological site)">Poslishte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promona" title="Promona">Promona</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabije (page does not exist)">Rabije</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizon" title="Rhizon">Rhizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia,_Liburnia" title="Salvia, Liburnia">Salvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Scampa (Elbasan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selc%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Selcë e Poshtme">Selcë e Poshtme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesarethus" title="Sesarethus">Sesarethus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setovia" title="Setovia">Setovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Scodra (Shkodër)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilurium" title="Tilurium">Tilurium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogir" title="Trogir">Tragurion (Trogir)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triport,_Vlor%C3%AB" title="Triport, Vlorë">Triport</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangonj_Pass" title="Cangonj Pass">Tsangon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugento" title="Ugento">Ugento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcinj" title="Ulcinj">Ulkinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uscana" title="Uscana">Uscana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zg%C3%ABrdhesh" title="Zgërdhesh">Zgërdhesh</a></i> (? <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrian_art" title="Category:Illyrian art">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bosnian_cultural_group" title="Central Bosnian cultural group">Central Bosnian cultural group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_coinage" title="Illyrian coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_stele" title="Daunian stele">Daunian stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_education" title="Illyrian education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_fibulae" title="Illyrian fibulae">Fibulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasinac-Mati_culture" title="Glasinac-Mati culture">Glasinac-Mati culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradist%C3%AB_belt-plate" title="Gradistë belt-plate">Gradistë belt-plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Saraceno" title="Mount Saraceno">Monte Saraceno woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">Pileus</a></li> <li>Pottery <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daunian_pottery" title="Daunian pottery">Daunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapian_pottery" title="Messapian pottery">Messapian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peucetian_pottery" title="Peucetian pottery">Peucetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleto_Map" title="Soleto Map">Soleto Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_brooch" title="Spectacle brooch">Spectacle brooch</a></li> <li>Tombs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tombs_in_Boka-P%C3%ABr%C3%A7eva" title="Illyrian tombs in Boka-Përçeva">Boka-Përçeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tombs_of_Selca_e_Poshtme" title="Royal Tombs of Selca e Poshtme">Selca e Poshtme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa masks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Belt-Plate" title="Vače Belt-Plate">Vače Belt-Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Va%C4%8De_Situla" title="Vače Situla">Vače Situla</a></li> <li>Tattooing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Albanian traditional tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicanje" title="Sicanje">Sicanje</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Religion and mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinus" title="Andinus">Andinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindus_(Illyrian_god)" title="Bindus (Illyrian god)">Bindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deipaturos" title="Deipaturos">Deipaturos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zojz_(deity)" title="Zojz (deity)">Zojz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="En (deity)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medaurus" title="Medaurus">Medaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per%C3%ABndi" title="Perëndi">Perëndi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prende" title="Prende">Prende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomorr" title="Tomorr">Tomorr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(fire_sanctuary)" title="Nymphaion (fire sanctuary)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_warfare" title="Illyrian warfare">Warfare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_weaponry" title="Illyrian weaponry">weaponry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_invasion_of_Epirus" title="Illyrian invasion of Epirus">Illyrian invasion of Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Balkan_campaign" title="Alexander's Balkan campaign">Alexander's Balkan campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pelium" title="Siege of Pelium">Siege of Pelium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">Dardanian–Bastarnic war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasions_of_Epidamnus" title="Invasions of Epidamnus">Invasions of Epidamnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman_Wars" title="Illyro-Roman Wars">Illyro-Roman Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">Roman-Macedonian wars</a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erigon_Valley" title="Battle of Erigon Valley">Erigon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyncestis" title="Battle of Lyncestis">Lyncestis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paxos" title="Battle of Paxos">Paxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharos" title="Battle of Pharos">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Phoenice" title="Battle of Phoenice">Phoenice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Dalmatian_wars" title="Roman–Dalmatian wars">Roman–Dalmatian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Batonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desilo" title="Desilo">Desilo shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_type_helmet" title="Illyrian type helmet">Helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembus" title="Lembus">Lembus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibyna" title="Sibyna">Sibyna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sica" title="Sica">Sica</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Issa" title="Siege of Issa">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Medion" title="Siege of Medion">Medion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oricum" title="Siege of Oricum">Oricum</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Illyrian_vocabulary" title="Proposed Illyrian vocabulary">Proposed vocabulary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Roman period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_emperors" title="Illyrian emperors">Illyrian emperors</a></li> <li>Dioceses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Prefectures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Provinces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Delmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(Roman_province)" title="Epirus (Roman province)">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Superior">Moesia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illyrology" title="Illyrology">Illyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Illyria-related_lists" title="Category:Illyria-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrians" title="List of Illyrians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_tribes_in_Illyria" title="List of ancient tribes in Illyria">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Illyrian_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of Illyrian peoples and tribes">Illyrian tribes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_settlements_in_Illyria" title="List of settlements in Illyria">Settlements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Illyrian_history" title="Timeline of Illyrian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Illyrians" title="Category:Illyrians">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a><br /> (existing and <br />extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">Modern pagan<br />movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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