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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Indigenous government and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Okpako_Orere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Okpako_Orere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Okpako Orere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Okpako_Orere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urhobo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urhobo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Urhobo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urhobo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urhobo_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urhobo_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Urhobo calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urhobo_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="شعب أورهوبو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعب أورهوبو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobos" title="Urhobos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Urhobos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_urhobo" title="Pueblo urhobo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo urhobo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_(peuple)" title="Urhobo (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urhobo (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Urhobo" title="Mutanen Urhobo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Urhobo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Urhobo people" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Урхобовлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Урхобовлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Урхобо халкь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Урхобо халкь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Урхобо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Урхобо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="شعب اورهوبو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شعب اورهوبو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_pipul" title="Urhobo pipul – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Urhobo pipul" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urrobos" title="Urrobos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Urrobos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Урхобо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урхобо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Urhobo people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhobo" title="Urhobo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Urhobo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="烏爾霍博人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="烏爾霍博人" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group of Niger Delta, Nigeria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Urhobo_people" title="Special:EditPage/Urhobo people">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Urhobo_people" title="Talk:Urhobo people">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Urhobo_people" title="Special:EditPage/Urhobo people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Urhobo+people%22">"Urhobo people"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Urhobo+people%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Urhobo+people%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Urhobo+people%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Urhobo+people%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Urhobo+people%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreliable_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unreliable_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Some of this article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">listed sources</a> <b>may not be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Urhobo people<br /><i>Ihwo r' Urhobo</i></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7 million<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Okpe" title="Okpe">Okpe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uvwie" title="Uvwie">Uvwie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian pidgin">Nigerian pidgin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> 93%</li><li><a href="/wiki/Igbe_religion" title="Igbe religion">Igbe religion</a> 3%</li><li>Others 4%</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Urhobos</b> are a people located in southern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the major ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta State</a>. The people of this ethnic group speak the <a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their population is approximately 7 million.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Urhobo people live in a territory bounded by <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> 6° and 5°, 15° North and Longitudes 5°, 40° and 6°, 25° East<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa States</a> of Nigeria. Their neighbors are the <a href="/wiki/Isoko_South" title="Isoko South">Isoko</a> to the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsekiri">Itsekiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo people</a> to the north, the Ijaw to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani people</a> to the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ughelli_South" title="Ughelli South">Ughelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agbon_Kingdom" title="Agbon Kingdom">Agbon Kingdoms</a> are the oldest kingdoms in Urhobo land. The Ughelli and Agbor Kingdoms can be traced to about the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ughelli" title="Ughelli">Ughelli</a> oral tradition has it that the great ancestor and founding father of Ughelli (Ughene) was the second son of Oghwoghwa, a prince from Benin Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Okpe Kingdom is also one of the twenty four kingdoms in Urhobo land.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kingdom has been in existence before the arrival of the Portuguese in the 15th century. The Okpe Kingdom was established formally in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Okpe people are known to have migrated to found the present day <a href="/wiki/Sapele,_Nigeria" title="Sapele, Nigeria">Sapele</a> and the Orodje of Okpe still exercises authority over the land of Sapele.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_government_and_politics">Indigenous government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indigenous government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people are organized either by elders or by the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urhobo <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> governments have an <i>Ovie</i> (king), who is the highest political figure. The Ovie is the symbol of the kingdoms' culture and royal predecessors. His Councillors consist of the <i>Otota</i> (speaker), and the <i>Ohonvwore</i> or <i>Okakuro</i>, addressed collectively as <i>Ilorogun</i> (singular: <i>Olorogun</i>). Other title holders are the executioners (<i>Ikoikpokpo</i>), and the warriors (<i>Ogbu</i>). Other political titles are specific to the different kingdoms. The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system">judicial system</a> places a clear distinction between civil and criminal offenses. </p><p>The queen is called <i>Ovieya</i>, and her children are known as <i>Ọmọ Ovie</i>. Presently, this name is given to children without royal heritage. Some Urhobo cultural divisions adopted titles other than Ovie. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Okpe" title="Okpe">Okpe</a> call their traditional ruler <i>Orodje</i>, <a href="/wiki/Okere-Urhobo" title="Okere-Urhobo">Okere-Urhobo</a> call theirs <i>Orosuen</i>, <a href="/wiki/Agbarho" title="Agbarho">Agbarho</a> uses <i>Osuivie</i>, Orogun use <i>Okpara-Uku</i>" (mainly due to their proximity with <a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani people</a>), and the Urhobos in the <a href="/wiki/Olomu" title="Olomu">Olomu</a> Kingdom call their king <i>Ohworode</i>. Some southern Urhobo clans and communities also practice the Odio system, which is widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Isoko_region" title="Isoko region">Isoko region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png/485px-The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png" decoding="async" width="485" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png/728px-The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png/970px-The_States_of_the_Nigerian_Region_in_the_19th_Century.png 2x" data-file-width="2258" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>19th-century map of Nigeria; the Urhobo are marked "URHOBO".</figcaption></figure> <p>Urhobo territory consists of evergreen forests with many oil palm trees. The territory is covered by a network of streams, whose volume and flow are directly affected by the seasons. The <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> is traditionally from April to October, while the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> ranges from November to March.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Urhobo is geographically located within the Atlantic forest belt that spans from Senegal to Angola in Africa. Before the arrival of the Portuguese in the late 15th century, this area was known for its untouched and pristine environment, where the forest peoples lived without outside influences and developed their own forms of civilization. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This forest belt of western Africa was reached neither by ancient Christian influences, which had a large foothold in North Africa, nor by Islamic forces that came as far south as Hausa land by the eleventh century. While East Africa and even Central Africa were touched by Asian and Arab influences from across the Indian Ocean, as the amalgam of Swahili language bears out, no similar trans-Atlantic influences breached the forest belt until the Portuguese arrival in the late fifteenth century."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Professor Peter Palmer Ekeh, founder of the Urhobo Historical Society<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Studies in Urhobo Culture</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The majority of the Urhobo people reside in the southwestern states of Delta and Bayelsa in Nigeria, collectively known as the Niger Delta. Ofoni is an Urhobo community located in the Sagbama Local Government Area of Bayelsa State. It is approximately 40 kilometers by water from Sagbama.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Urhobos inhabit both small and major cities across regions and local government areas, including Ughelli, Warri, Abraka, Orerokpe, and Sapele. Notable Urhobo towns and cities include Effurun, Aladja, Ovwian, Orerokpe, Eku, Oghara, Evwreni, Agbara-Otor, Okpara Inland, Egini, Kokori, Olomu, Kiagbodo, Isiokoro, Jesse, Ogharaefe, Effurun-Otor, Ewu, Jeremi, Emadadja, Okwagbe, Ovu, Orogun, Otor-Udu, Ekpan, Jeddo, Uwheru, and Orhuwhorun, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following are local government areas where Urhobo traditional homes are located in <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo State</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiope_East" title="Ethiope East">Ethiope East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiope_West" title="Ethiope West">Ethiope West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okpe" title="Okpe">Okpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele,_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapele, Delta">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udu,_Nigeria" title="Udu, Nigeria">Udu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughelli_North" title="Ughelli North">Ughelli North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_region" title="Isoko region">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ughelli_South" title="Ughelli South">Ughelli South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvwie" title="Uvwie">Uvwie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warri_South" title="Warri South">Warri South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattani_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattani Province">Patani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagbama" title="Sagbama">Sagbama</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa State</a> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikpoba_Okha" title="Ikpoba Okha">Ikpoba Okha</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo State</a> )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhionmwon" title="Orhionmwon">Orhionmwon</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Edo_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Edo state">Edo state</a> ))</li></ul> <p>Urhobos also have large settlements in Ore, <a href="/wiki/Owo" title="Owo">Owo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Okitipupa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajegunle" title="Ajegunle">Ajegunle</a> and other places in <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos State</a>, Oro in <a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara State</a>, as well as other clusters across <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Okpako_Orere">Okpako Orere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Okpako Orere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on <a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">gerontocracy</a>, the Urhobos are governed by the eldest man in each Urhobo community locally known as the "Okpako Orere".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Okpako Orere is the eldest surviving male in each Urhobo community, who is also considered as the indigenous political head of the community. He is called Okpako Ewo by Isoko-speaking clans, and he is also referred to as Okaroro by Urhobo-speaking clans. His position is succeeded to on the basis of gerontocracy when he dies, and the next most senior elder of the community takes his office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Urhobos live very close to, and sometimes in boats on the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger River Delta">Niger river</a>. Most of their histories, mythologies, and philosophies are water-related. Annual fishing festivals include masquerades, fishing, swimming contests, and dancing, and have become part of the <a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo</a> heritage. An annual two-day festival called Ohworu takes place in [Evwreni], in the southern part of the Urhobo area. During this festival the Ohworhu water spirit and the Eravwe Oganga are displayed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg/220px-Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg/330px-Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg/440px-Victory_dance_of_Urhobo_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Victory dance of Urhobo people</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marriage in Urhobo culture requires prayers to the ancestors (<i>Erivwin</i>), and God (<i>Oghene</i>). The marriage <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a>, known as <i>Udi Arhovwaje,</i> takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Ancestor" title="Ancestor">ancestral</a> home of the bride or a patrilineal relation of the bride. </p><p>The groom goes with his relatives and friends to the bride's father's home, bringing gifts of drinks, salt, kola nuts and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> requested by the bride's family. Formal approval for marriage is given by the bride's parents, or whoever is representing the bride's family, as are the traditional rites of pouring <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, brought by the groom, as a <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> to the father's ancestors in order to bless them with health, children and wealth. After this marriage rite the husband can claim a refund of the money (bride price) should the marriage fail. It is believed that the ancestors witness the marriage, and only the physical body that is sent to the husband in the marriage, the <i>Erhi</i> (spirit double), remains in the family home. This explains why a woman is brought back to be buried in her family home when she dies. </p><p>In the ancestral home of the man, the wife is welcomed into the family by the eldest member. She is expected to confess all of her love affairs during and after her betrothal to her husband, if any, and is then absolved of them. She becomes a full member of her husband's family after this ritual, and is assumed to be protected by the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> (<i>Erivwin</i>). This ritual symbolizes an agreement between the wife and the <i>Erivwin</i>. </p><p>If the wife later becomes unfaithful, it is believed that she will be punished by the <i>Erivwin</i> – this could be the reason Urhobo women have an enduring reputation as loyal and faithful wives.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urhobo">Urhobo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Urhobo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Urhobo has always been a non-homogeneous linguistic entity. Since time immemorial, Urhobo has been colored by variation that occur on various levels. These variations manifest in the various Urhobo kingdoms. A specific dialect of Urhobo has broken off and become an individual ethnic nationality (<a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a>). Another dialect is prospecting at this option (Okpe). The main reason for this break-off is mainly because of crude oil revenue<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. James W. Welch once asserted that <a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a> is a dialect of Urhobo. For many years, most historians, linguists and cultural anthropologists are of the opinion that Isoko is just a dialect and a cultural unit of Urhobo. In fact, this was upheld by the British that these two ethnic groups were once referred to as the "Sobo" people. Later on, the Isokos were called the Eastern Urhobos. Till now, some people are of the belief that these two ethnic units are one due to similarities in culture, language, food and virtually everything. The Isoko and Urhobo names for most items are mostly the same. They greet the same way ( Urhobos say Migwor and Isokos say Digwor ), marriages are in the same tradition, traditional religion and philosophy is akin and even dressing is the same.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Urhobo nation is made up of twenty-four sub-groups, including the largest, <a href="/wiki/Okpe" title="Okpe">Okpe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urhobo_calendar">Urhobo calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Urhobo calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Urhobo <i>Okpo</i> (week) is made up of four days, based on regulated market cycles, religious worship, marriages and other community life. The four days are <i>Edewo</i>, <i>Ediruo</i>, <i>Eduhre</i> and <i>Edebi</i>. Edewo and Eduhre are sacred days to divinities, spirits and ancestors. Most markets are held on these days. On <i>Edewo</i>, ancestors are venerated. Most traditional religious rituals are held on <i>Eduhre</i>. </p><p>Spirits are believed to be active in the farmlands and forests on <i>Edewo</i> and <i>Eduhre</i>. Therefore, farmers rarely work on these days so as not to disturb the spirits. </p><p>Urhobo months are called <i>Emeravwe</i> and are made up of 28 days. Most of the annual festivals are held during the months of <i>Asa</i>, <i>Eghwre</i>, <i>Orianre</i> and <i>Urhiori</i>. These are the months of harvest, when farming activity is at its lowest, so most farmers are free to partake. These are also months to honor the gods of the land, as well as spiritual forces that brought a good harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The very popular <b>Banga Soup</b> also known as <a href="/wiki/Amiedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiedi">Amiedi</a> originated from the Urhobo tribe. It is a soup made from <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">palm kernel</a>. This prestigious soup can be eaten with <b>Starch</b> (<i>Usi), made from the <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> plant.</i> It is heated and stirred into a thick mound with added <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> to give the starch its unique orange-yellow colour. Banga soup and starch have gone on to become a continental favourite. Other notable delicacies from the Urhobo tribe are <i><a href="/wiki/Ukhodo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukhodo">Ukhodo</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> and unripe <a href="/wiki/Plantain_(cooking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantain (cooking)">plantain</a> dish prepared with either <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, poultry, or fish, and spiced with <a href="/wiki/Lemon_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon grass">lemon grass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Owo_soup" title="Owo soup">Oghwevwri</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Owo_soup" title="Owo soup">Oghwo soup</a>), and starch (<i>Usi</i>) also have their origins from the Urhobo tribe. <i><b>Oghwevwri</b> (<a href="/wiki/Owo_soup" title="Owo soup">Oghwo Soup</a>)</i> is composed of smoked or dried fish, bush meat, unique spices, potash and oil palm juice. Other culinary delicacies include <i>Iriboto</i>, <i>Iriboerhanrhe</i>,<i>Ugbagba</i> and <i>Okpariku</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main focus of Urhobo traditional religion is the adoration of "<b>Ọghẹnẹ</b>" (Almighty God), the supreme deity, and recognition of Edjo and Erhan (divinities). Some of these divinities could be regarded as personified attributes of Ọghẹnẹ. The Urhobo also worship God with <i>Orhen</i> (white chalk). If an Urhobo feels oppressed by someone, he appeals to Ọghẹnẹ, who he believes to be an impartial judge, to adjudicate between him and his opponent. Oghene is the fundamental factor and manifestation of all divinities. Urhobo divinities can be classified into four main categories, which probably coincide with historical development. These categories are Guardian divinities, War divinities, Prosperity divinities and Fertility and Ethical divinities. </p><p><i>Erivwin</i>, which is the cult of ancestors and predecessors (<i>Esemo</i> and <i>Iniemo</i>), is another important element. The dead are believed to be living, and looked upon as active members who watch over the affairs of their family. Urhobos believe in the duality of man, i.e., that man consists of two beings: physical body (<i>Ugboma</i>) and spiritual body (<i>Erhi</i>). </p><p>It is the <i>Erhi</i> that declares man's destiny and controls the self-realization of man's destiny before he incarnates into the world. <i>Erhi</i> also controls the overall well-being (<i>Ufuoma</i>) of the man. Ọghẹnẹ is like a monarch who sets his seal on the path of destiny. </p><p>In the spirit world, <i>Erivwin</i>, man's destiny is ratified and sealed. In the final journey of the <i>Erhi</i>, after transition, the Urhobo believe the physical body, <i>Ugboma</i>, decays while the <i>Ehri</i> is indestructible and joins the ancestors in <i>Erivwin</i>. The elaborate and symbolic burial rites are meant to prepare the departed <i>Erhi</i> for happy re-union with the ancestors. </p><p>Despite this age-old and complex belief system, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is fast becoming an acceptable religion in most Urhobo communities. Many belong to <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and new <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> denominations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Epha</i> divination, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></i> and practiced by many <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> ethnic groups, is practiced with strings of <a href="/wiki/Cowrie-shell_divination" title="Cowrie-shell divination">cowries</a>. There are 1,261 <i>ejo</i> (deities), including the one-handed, one-legged mirror-holding whirlwind-god Aziza.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Urhobo_people" title="Special:EditPage/Urhobo people">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg/220px-Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg/330px-Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg/440px-Ben_Okri_in_Tallinn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="1479" /></a><figcaption>Author <a href="/wiki/Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufuoma_McDermott" title="Ufuoma McDermott">Ufuoma McDermott</a>, Nigerian actress and model<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufuoma_Onobrakpeya" title="Ufuoma Onobrakpeya">Ufuoma Onobrakpeya</a> Nigerian artist<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Aghogho_Brume" title="Fred Aghogho Brume">Fred Aghogho Brume</a>, senator and industrialist<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Dafinone" title="David Dafinone">David Dafinone</a>, Accountant, politician<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mofe_Damijo" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Mofe Damijo">Richard Mofe Damijo</a>, actor and politician<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Eghagha" title="Harris Eghagha">Harris Eghagha</a>, career soldier and diplomat<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._Ejaife" title="M. G. Ejaife">M. G. Ejaife</a>, Urhobo nationalist, first republic Senator and the first principal of Urhobo College<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ejoor" title="David Ejoor">David Ejoor</a>, retired Nigerian army and governor of the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Mid-Western_Region,_Nigeria" title="Mid-Western Region, Nigeria">Mid-Western Region</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Esiri" title="Justus Esiri">Justus Esiri</a>, actor<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabel_Evwierhoma" title="Mabel Evwierhoma">Mabel Evwierhoma</a>, Professor of Theatre Arts, University of Abuja<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Ibru" title="Felix Ibru">Felix Ibru</a>, Nigerian architect, senator and governor<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ibru" title="Michael Ibru">Michael Ibru</a>, Nigerian pioneer industrialist<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudiaga_Odje" title="Mudiaga Odje">Akpomudiago Odje</a>, Senior Advocate and Officer of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanure_Ojaide" title="Tanure Ojaide">Tanure Ojaide</a>, poet and writer<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing_Okagbare" title="Blessing Okagbare">Blessing Okagbare</a>, IAAC silver medalist and Olympic bronze medalist<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Okpewho" title="Isidore Okpewho">Isidore Okpewho</a>, scholar and novelist<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Okri" title="Ben Okri">Ben Okri</a>, poet and novelist<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Onobrakpeya" title="Bruce Onobrakpeya">Bruce Onobrakpeya</a>, visual artist, sculptor and painter<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Onosode" title="Gamaliel Onosode">Gamaliel Onosode</a>, administrator and politician<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igho_Sanomi" title="Igho Sanomi">Igho Sanomi</a>, businessman<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onigu_Otite" title="Onigu Otite">Onigu Otite</a>, Professor of Sociology (retired)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ibori" title="James Ibori">James Ibori</a>, Former Governor of <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta state</a> (1999–2007)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adego_Erhiawarie_Eferakeya" title="Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya">Adego Erhiawarie Eferakeya</a> Nigerian Politician<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akpor_Pius_Ewherido" title="Akpor Pius Ewherido">Akpor Pius Ewherido</a> Nigerian Politician<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovie_Omo-Agege" title="Ovie Omo-Agege">Ovie Omo-Agege</a> Deputy Senate President of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Nigeria_Official_Gazette" title="Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette">Federal republic of Nigeria</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fejiro_Okiomah" title="Fejiro Okiomah">Fejiro Okiomah</a> American football player<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igosave" title="Igosave">Igosave</a>, comedian<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Oborevwori" title="Sheriff Oborevwori">Sheriff Oborevwori</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta state</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Meriodere_Urhobo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gideon Meriodere Urhobo">Gideon Meriodere Urhobo</a>, Founder of God's Kingdom Society,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agbassa" title="Agbassa">Agbassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warri_Crisis" title="Warri Crisis">Warri Crisis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Urhobo">"Urhobo | people | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Urhobo+%7C+people+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FUrhobo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper,_Hannah" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1186477102"><i>Searching for observational studies: what does citation tracking add to PubMed? A case study in depression and coronary heart disease</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1186477102">1186477102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+observational+studies%3A+what+does+citation+tracking+add+to+PubMed%3F+A+case+study+in+depression+and+coronary+heart+disease&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1186477102&rft.au=Kuper%2C+Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1186477102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplegroups.org/explore/PeopleGroupDetails.aspx?peid=14152#topmenu">"PeopleGroups.org - Urhobo of Nigeria"</a>. <i>peoplegroups.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peoplegroups.org&rft.atitle=PeopleGroups.org+-+Urhobo+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeoplegroups.org%2Fexplore%2FPeopleGroupDetails.aspx%3Fpeid%3D14152%23topmenu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guardian.ng/opinion/orodje-okpe-ten-years-on-an-ancestral-throne/">"Orodje Okpe: Ten years on an ancestral throne"</a>. <i>The Guardian Nigeria</i>. 2017-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Orodje+Okpe%3A+Ten+years+on+an+ancestral+throne&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguardian.ng%2Fopinion%2Forodje-okpe-ten-years-on-an-ancestral-throne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Where is agbon located? – JanetPanic.com". <i>janetpanic.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=janetpanic.com&rft.atitle=Where+is+agbon+located%3F+%E2%80%93+JanetPanic.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emmason247.com.ng/blog/the-origin-and-history-of-ughelli-kingdom/WRZIIWbVeI/">"The Origin and History of Ughelli Kingdom"</a>. <i>www.emmason247.com.ng</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Akpor Pius Ewherido"</a>. <i>Vanguard News</i>. 2019-07-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanguard+News&rft.atitle=DELTA+POLITICS%3A+How+providence+smiled+on+Senator+Ovie+Omo-Agege&rft.date=2021-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanguardngr.com%2F2021%2F04%2Fdelta-politics-how-providence-smiled-on-senator-ovie-omo-agege%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110133019/https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml">"Geoblocking"</a>. <i>www.eurosport.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurosport.com/geoblocking.shtml">the original</a> on January 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eurosport.com&rft.atitle=Geoblocking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurosport.com%2Fgeoblocking.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunnewsonline.com/im-my-own-competition-igosave-speaks-about-success-of-comedy-concert/">"I'm my own competition…Igosave speaks about success of comedy concert"</a>. <i>The Sun Nigeria</i>. 2021-11-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+Nigeria&rft.atitle=I%27m+my+own+competition%E2%80%A6Igosave+speaks+about+success+of+comedy+concert&rft.date=2021-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnewsonline.com%2Fim-my-own-competition-igosave-speaks-about-success-of-comedy-concert%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelstv.com/2023/10/02/gov-oborevwori-blames-poor-federal-roads-for-tanker-explosion-in-delta/">"Gov Oborevwori Blames Poor Federal Roads For Delta Tanker Explosion"</a>. <i>Channels News</i>. 2023-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Channels+News&rft.atitle=Gov+Oborevwori+Blames+Poor+Federal+Roads+For+Delta+Tanker+Explosion&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelstv.com%2F2023%2F10%2F02%2Fgov-oborevwori-blames-poor-federal-roads-for-tanker-explosion-in-delta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ed5015.tripod.com/JwGKSGodsKingdomSociety170.html">"God's Kingdom Society, Gideon Urhobo, and Jehovah's Witnesses"</a>. <i>ed5015.tripod.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ed5015.tripod.com&rft.atitle=God%27s+Kingdom+Society%2C+Gideon+Urhobo%2C+and+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fed5015.tripod.com%2FJwGKSGodsKingdomSociety170.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urhobo_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230927145656/https://edoworld.net/HISTORY_OF_URHOBO_PEOPLE.html">"HISTORY OF URHOBO PEOPLE"</a>. EdoWorld.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edoworld.net/HISTORY_OF_URHOBO_PEOPLE.html">the original</a> on 2023-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HISTORY+OF+URHOBO+PEOPLE&rft.pub=EdoWorld.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedoworld.net%2FHISTORY_OF_URHOBO_PEOPLE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrhobo+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_people" title="Anaang people">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afusari" class="mw-redirect" title="Afusari">Afusari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede" class="mw-redirect" title="Igede">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bille_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bille tribe">Bille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_people" title="Engenni people">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibani_tribe" title="Ibani tribe">Ibani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Rivers_State)" title="Kula tribe (Rivers State)">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoro_tribe" title="Nkoro tribe">Nkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_people" title="Nkoroo people">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Obolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuku_people" title="Kamuku people">Kamuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilba_people" title="Kilba people">Kilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_people" title="Kofyar people">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_people" title="Longuda people">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_people" title="Mumuye people">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_people" title="Tera people"> Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_people" title="Tangale people"> Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_people" title="Tarok people">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_people" title="Waja people"> Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak%C3%B6_people" title="Yakö people">Yakö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_people" title="Ijebu people">Ijebu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2993629#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85123834">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120840420">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120840420">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007551045605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029156106">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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