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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Dress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Theater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carpet_weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carpet_weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Carpet weaving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carpet_weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Y-DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y-DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Y-DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y-DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MtDNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MtDNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>MtDNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MtDNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenians</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 101 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-101" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">101 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armene" title="Armene – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Armene" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аерманцәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аерманцәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="أرمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenios" title="Armenios – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Armenios" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A1%DC%90_%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܥܡܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܡܐ ܐܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հայեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenios" title="Armenios – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Armenios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Армениял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Армениял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99nil%C9%99r" title="Ermənilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ermənilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="ارمنیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارمنیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="আর্মেনীয় জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্মেনীয় জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%80" title="Әрмәндәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әрмәндәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Армяне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Армяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Армяне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Армяне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Арменци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арменци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenis" title="Armenis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Armenis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Эрменсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрменсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9ni" title="Arméni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arméni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniere" title="Armeniere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armeniere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenier" title="Armenier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armenier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenijarje" title="Armenijarje – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Armenijarje" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenlased" title="Armeenlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armeenlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Αρμένιοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμένιοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Армянт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Армянт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_armenio" title="Pueblo armenio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo armenio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenoj" title="Armenoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armenoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniar" title="Armeniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armeniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مردم ارمنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم ارمنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9niens" title="Arméniens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arméniens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenen" title="Armenen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Armenen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airm%C3%A9anaigh" title="Airméanaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Airméanaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_armenio" title="Pobo armenio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo armenio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia-ng%C3%ACn" title="Armenia-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Armenia-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="아르메니아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르메니아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հայեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenci" title="Armenci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armenci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Armenia" title="Orang Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Сомихаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сомихаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="ארמנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארמנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Эрменлиле – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эрменлиле" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="სომხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Армяндар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Армяндар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermen%C3%AE" title="Ermenî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ermenî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Армяндар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Армяндар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Армани халкь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Армани халкь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenii" title="Armenii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Armenii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%93%C5%86i" title="Armēņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armēņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenier" title="Armeenier – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Armeenier" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Эрменияр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эрменияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%97nai" title="Armėnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armėnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armene" title="Armene – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Armene" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rm%C3%A9nyek" title="Örmények – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örmények" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Ерменци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерменци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniana_(vahoaka)" title="Armeniana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Armeniana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="სომეხეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სომეხეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86" title="ارمن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارمن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="ارمنی مردمون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارمنی مردمون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Armenia" title="Orang Armenia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Арменичууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Арменичууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="အာမေးနီးယန်းလူမျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာမေးနီးယန်းလူမျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%ABrs" title="Armeniërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armeniërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="アルメニア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルメニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Эрмалой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрмалой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenere" title="Armenere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Armenere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenarar" title="Armenarar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Armenarar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armanlar" title="Armanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Armanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارمنیان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارمنیان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniers" title="Armeniers – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Armeniers" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ormianie" title="Ormianie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ormianie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%AAnios" title="Armênios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Armênios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Армяне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армяне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Эрмээннэр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эрмээннэр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenies" title="Armenies – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Armenies" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen%C3%ABt" title="Armenët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Armenët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armenians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9ni" title="Arméni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arméni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenci" title="Armenci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Armenci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەرمەنییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەرمەنییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Јермени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јермени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenci" title="Armenci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Armenci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Urang Arménia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Arménia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenialaiset" title="Armenialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Armenialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenier" title="Armenier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Armenier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்மீனியர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்மீனியர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%BD%D3%99%D1%80" title="Әрмәннәр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әрмәннәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ชาวอาร์มีเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวอาร์มีเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Арманиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арманиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeniler" title="Ermeniler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ermeniler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вірмени – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірмени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="آرمینیائی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرمینیائی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenijalai%C5%BEed" title="Armenijalaižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Armenijalaižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Armenia" title="Người Armenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="亚美尼亚人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚美尼亚人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%8D_Arm%C3%A9n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Àwọn ọmọ Arméníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn ọmọ Arméníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="亞美尼亞人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞美尼亞人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermeni" title="Ermeni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ermeni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E4%BA%BA" title="亚美尼亚人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚美尼亚人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Armenia" title="Jolma Armenia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Armenia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to the Armenian Highlands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Армяне">the corresponding article</a> in Russian</b>.  <i><small>(August 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Consider <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Expand_Russian#Topics_and_categorization" title="Template:Expand Russian">adding a topic</a></b> to this template: there are already 986 articles in the <a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_translation_from_Russian_Wikipedia" title="Category:Articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia">main category</a>, and specifying<code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|topic=</code> will aid in categorization.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:Армяне]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ru|Армяне}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Armenians" title="Talk:Armenians">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Armenians<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy" style="font-style: normal;">Հայեր</span></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Armenian-language text"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayer</i></span></span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <b>8 million</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <b>11–16 million</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Armenia<span class="nowrap">     </span>2,961,514<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Russia</th><td class="infobox-data">1,182,388<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–2,900,000<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,366<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">France</th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<sup id="cite_ref-Thon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–750,000<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Georgia</th><td class="infobox-data">168,191<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>∟ Abkhazia</th><td class="infobox-data">41,864<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Azerbaijan</th><td class="infobox-data">50-1,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Lebanon</th><td class="infobox-data">150,000<sup id="cite_ref-Gibney_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibney-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iran</th><td class="infobox-data">120,000<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Germany</th><td class="infobox-data">90,000–110,000<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-Ukraine_2001_Census_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ukraine_2001_Census-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Brazil</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Greece</th><td class="infobox-data">80,000<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Argentina</th><td class="infobox-data">70,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan2003100_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan2003100-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Turkey</th><td class="infobox-data">60,000<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />300,000–5,000,000 <small>(<a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-Basyurt_Aksiyon_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basyurt_Aksiyon-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">68,855<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Uzbekistan</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000–70,000<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Poland</th><td class="infobox-data">40,000–80,000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Belgium</th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Spain</th><td class="infobox-data">40,000<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Bulgaria</th><td class="infobox-data">30,000<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Syria<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000–30,000<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Kazakhstan</th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<sup id="cite_ref-etno2020_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etno2020-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">22,526<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Kingdom</th><td class="infobox-data">18,000–20,000<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Iraq</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000 (2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United Arab Emirates</th><td class="infobox-data">8,000–10,000<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Netherlands</th><td class="infobox-data">5,689–8,374 (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Israel and Palestine</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000–10,000<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian Sign</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mostly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Apostolic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Evangelical</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Orthodox</a>) <br />Minorities:<br /><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Non-religious</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Sunni Islam</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian paganism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">neopaganism</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshin</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><span id="cnote_n"><b><a href="#ref_n">^</a></b></span> <b>n:</b> by legal nationality<br /><span id="cnote_m"><b><a href="#ref_m">^</a></b></span> <b>m:</b> by nationality, naturalisation and descendant background<br /></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Armenians</b> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">հայեր</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">hayer</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[hɑˈjɛɾ]</a></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> and nation native to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a> of West Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hewsen_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hewsen-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenians constitute the main population of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and constituted the main population of the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> until the <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a> of around five million people of full or partial Armenian ancestry living outside modern Armenia. The largest Armenian populations today exist in <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Germany" title="Armenians in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brazilians" title="Armenian Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentines" title="Armenian Argentines">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syria</a>, and Turkey. The present-day Armenian diaspora was formed mainly as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> with the exceptions of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet states</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc.gov_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has two <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a> spoken and written forms: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern Armenian</a>, today spoken mainly in Armenia, Artsakh, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, and the former Soviet republics; and <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western Armenian</a>, used in the historical <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> and, after the Armenian genocide, primarily in the Armenian diasporan communities. The unique <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a> was invented in 405 AD by <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a>. </p><p>Most Armenians adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Chalcedonian">non-Chalcedonian</a> Christian church, which is also the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a>. Christianity began to spread in Armenia soon after Jesus' death, due to the efforts of two of his apostles, <a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus">St. Thaddeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Bartholomew">St. Bartholomew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistofChrist_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistofChrist-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 4th century, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> became the first state to <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">adopt Christianity</a> as a state religion,<sup id="cite_ref-ncccusa_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ncccusa-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the first pilgrimages to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> where a <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Armenians in Israel and Palestine">community</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg/170px-Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg/255px-Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg/340px-Mkrtum_Hovnatanian._Hayk_Nahapet.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a>, the legendary founder of the Armenian nation. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Mkrtum_Hovnatanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkrtum Hovnatanian">Mkrtum Hovnatanian</a> (1779–1846)</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest attestations of the <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> <i>Armenia</i> date around the 6th century BC. In his trilingual <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> dated to 517 BC, <a href="/wiki/Darius_I_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I the Great">Darius I the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persia</a> refers to <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu"><i>Urashtu</i></a> (in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>) as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%B7%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%B4#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴">Armina</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴) and <i>Harminuya</i> (in Elamite). In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a>, <i>Armenios</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀρμένιος">Αρμένιοι</a></span></span>) is attested from about the same time, perhaps the earliest reference being a fragment attributed to <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> (476 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some have linked the name <i>Armenia</i> with the Early Bronze Age state of <i><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani (Armanum, Armi)</a></i> or the Late Bronze Age state of <i><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme (Shupria)</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Armini</i>, Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country", referring to the region of Shupria, to the immediate west of Lake Van.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskians</a>. The Urumu apparently settled in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">Sason</a>, lending their name to the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Urumu.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it in the same general area as Arme, near modern <a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Europeans">Indo-European-speaking people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between Armani and the later Arme-Shupria, if any, is undetermined. Additionally, their connections to Armenians is inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these regions. </p><p>It has also been speculated that the land of <i>Ermenen</i> (located in or near <i><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Minni</a></i>), mentioned by the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> in 1446 BCE, could be a reference to Armenia. </p><p>Armenians call themselves <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5" class="extiw" title="wikt:հայ">Hay</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">հայ</span>, pronounced [ˈhaj]; plural: հայեր, [haˈjɛɾ]). The name has traditionally been derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայկ</span>), the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and a great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, who, according to <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Khoren" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses of Khoren">Movses Khorenatsi (Moses of Khorene)</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Babylon">Babylonian king</a> Bel in <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">2492 BC</a> and established his nation in the <a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Armenia" title="Ararat, Armenia">Ararat</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also further postulated<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the name <i>Hay</i> comes from, or is related to, one of the two confederated, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> vassal states—<a href="/wiki/Hayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayasa">Hayasa</a>-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). Ultimately, <i>Hay</i> may derive from the <a href="/wiki/Proto_Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto Indo-European">Proto Indo-European</a> words <i>póti</i> (meaning "lord" or "master")<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>*h₂éyos</i>/<i>*áyos</i> (meaning "metal").<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Khorenatsi wrote that the word <i>Armenian</i> originated from the name Armenak or <a href="/wiki/Aram_(given_name)" title="Aram (given name)">Aram</a> (the descendant of Hayk).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Khorenatsi refers to both Armenia and Armenians as <i>Hayk‘</i> (Armenian: Հայք) (not to be confused with the aforementioned patriarch, Hayk).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origin of the Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hay_pers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hay_pers.jpg/220px-Hay_pers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hay_pers.jpg/330px-Hay_pers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hay_pers.jpg/440px-Hay_pers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>An Armenian tribute bearer carrying a metal vessel with griffin handles. <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, 5th century BC.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg/220px-Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg/330px-Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg/440px-Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption>A bas-relief at the <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, depicting Armenians bringing their famous wine to the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a> is classified as an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language</a>, its placement within the broader Indo-European language family is a matter of debate. Until fairly recently, scholars believed Armenian to be most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eric_P._Hamp" title="Eric P. Hamp">Eric P. Hamp</a> placed Armenian in the "Pontic Indo-European" (also called <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a> or Helleno-Armenian) subgroup of Indo-European languages in his 2012 Indo-European family tree.<sup id="cite_ref-hamp_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamp-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two possible explanations, not mutually exclusive, for a common origin of the Armenian and Greek languages. </p> <ul><li>In Hamp's view, the homeland of the proposed Graeco-Armenian subgroup is the northeast coast of the Black Sea and its hinterlands.<sup id="cite_ref-hamp_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamp-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He assumes that they migrated from there southeast through the Caucasus with the Armenians remaining after <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> while the pre-Greeks proceeded westward along the southern coast of the Black Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-hamp_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamp-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> (writing <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 440 BCE</span>), suggested that Armenians migrated from <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, a region that encompassed much of western and central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>: "the Armenians were equipped like Phrygians, being Phrygian colonists" (7.73) (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀρμένιοι δὲ κατά περ Φρύγες ἐσεσάχατο, ἐόντες Φρυγῶν ἄποικοι.</span></span></i>). This statement was interpreted by later scholars as meaning that Armenians spoke a language derived from <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>, a poorly attested Indo-European language. However, this theory has been discredited.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Greek writers believed that the Phrygians had originated in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, in an area adjoining Macedonia, from where they had emigrated to Anatolia during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>. This led later scholars to theorize that Armenians also originated in the Balkans. However, an Armenian origin in the Balkans, although once widely accepted, has been facing increased scrutiny in recent years due to discrepancies in the timeline and lack of genetic and archeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-hamp_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hamp-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martirosyan_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martirosyan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view that Armenians are native to the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> is supported by ancient Armenian historical accounts and legends, which place the <a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a> as the cradle of Armenian culture, as well as modern genetic research. In fact, some scholars have suggested that the Phrygians or the apparently related <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> people were originally from Armenia and moved westward.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Some linguists tentatively conclude that Armenian, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> were dialectally close to each other;<sup id="cite_ref-p._6_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p._6-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-public.iastate.edu_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-public.iastate.edu-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within this hypothetical dialect group, Proto-Armenian was situated between <a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Centum" class="mw-redirect" title="Centum">centum</a> subgroup) and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Satem" class="mw-redirect" title="Satem">satem</a> subgroup).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led some scholars to propose a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Armenian-Aryan</a> clade within the Indo-European language family from which the Armenian, Greek, Indo-Iranian, and possibly Phrygian languages all descend.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kim (2018), however, there is insufficient evidence for a cladistic connection between Armenian and Greek, and common features between these two languages can be explained as a result of contact. Contact is also the most likely explanation for morphological features shared by Armenian with Indo-Iranian and <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been suggested that the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti-Vanadzor culture</a> and sites such as the burial complexes at <a href="/wiki/Ashtarak" title="Ashtarak">Verin and Nerkin Naver</a> are indicative of an Indo-European presence in Armenia by the end of the 3rd millennium BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martirosyan_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martirosyan-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The controversial <a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a>, put forward by some scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gamkrelidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Gamkrelidze">Thomas Gamkrelidze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Ivanov_(philologist)" title="Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)">Vyacheslav V. Ivanov</a>, proposes that the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_origins" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European origins">Indo-European homeland</a> was around the Armenian Highland.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory was partially confirmed by the research of geneticist <a href="/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)" title="David Reich (geneticist)">David Reich</a> (et al. 2018), among others.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly Grolle (et al. 2018) supports not only a homeland for Armenians on the Armenian highlands, but also that the Armenian highlands are the homeland for the "pre-proto-Indo-Europeans".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large genetic study in 2022 showed that many Armenians are "direct patrilineal descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamnaya">Yamnaya</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic studies explain Armenian diversity by several mixtures of Eurasian populations that occurred between 3000 and 2000 BCE. But genetic signals of population mixture cease after 1200 BCE when Bronze Age civilizations in the Eastern Mediterranean world suddenly and violently collapsed. Armenians have since remained isolated and genetic structure within the population developed ~500 years ago when Armenia was divided between the Ottomans and the Safavid Empire in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-genetics_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genetics-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genetic study (Wang et al. 2018) supports the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous origin for Armenians</a> in a region south of the Caucasus which he calls "Greater Caucasus".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, several states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> (at the height of its power in the 14th century BCE), (<a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (South-Western historical Armenia, 1500–1300 BCE), and <a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a> (1500–1200 BCE). Soon after Hayasa-Azzi came <a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme-Shupria</a> (1300s–1190 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Nairi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi people">Nairi Confederation</a> (1200–900 BCE), and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Urartu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a> (860–590 BCE), who successively established their sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highland">Armenian Highland</a>. Each of the aforementioned nations and tribes participated in the ethnogenesis of the Armenian people.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> (669–627 BCE), the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian empire">Assyrian empire</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Luwianologist John D. Hawkins proposed that "Hai" people were possibly mentioned in the 10th century BCE <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a> inscriptions from <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Redgate" title="Elizabeth Redgate">A.E. Redgate</a> later clarified that these "Hai" people may have been Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Armenian_Empire.png/220px-Armenian_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Armenian_Empire.png/330px-Armenian_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Armenian_Empire.png/440px-Armenian_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(Antiquity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Armenia (Antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> at its greatest extent under <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> (95–55 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a>, established in the late 6th century BCE under the <a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid (Yervanduni) dynasty</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a>. The Orontids later ruled the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a>. At its zenith (95–65 BCE), under the imperial reign of <a href="/wiki/Tigran_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigran the Great">Tigran the Great</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad (Artashesian) dynasty</a>, the Kingdom of Armenia extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Armenia">Arsacid Kingdom of Armenia</a>, itself a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid dynasty of Parthia">Arsacid dynasty of Parthia</a>, was the first state to adopt Christianity as its religion (it had formerly been adherent to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian paganism">Armenian paganism</a>, which was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Boyce_p_84_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Boyce_p_84-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while later on adopting a few elements regarding identification of its pantheon with <a href="/wiki/Greek_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Mythology">Greco-Roman</a> deities).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early years of the 4th century, likely 301 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly in defiance of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a> it seems.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian-adhering land,<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Boyce_p_84_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Boyce_p_84-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the Christianisation, previously predominant Zoroastrianism and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian paganism">paganism</a> in Armenia gradually declined.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the period that an <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Armenians in Israel and Palestine">Armenian community</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>-Israel), leading to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later on, to further strengthen Armenian national identity, <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a>, in 405 CE. This event ushered the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Armenia">Golden Age of Armenia</a>, during which many foreign books and manuscripts were translated to Armenian by Mesrop's pupils. Armenia lost its sovereignty again in 428 CE to the rivaling <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Persian</a> empires, until the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> overran also the regions in which Armenians lived. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg/220px-MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg/330px-MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg/440px-MadridSkylitzesFol12vDetail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Proclamation of <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Armenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo the Armenian">Leo the Armenian</a> as <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> emperor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Keran_Gospel,_1272.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Queen_Keran_Gospel%2C_1272.jpg/220px-Queen_Keran_Gospel%2C_1272.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Queen_Keran_Gospel%2C_1272.jpg/330px-Queen_Keran_Gospel%2C_1272.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Queen_Keran_Gospel%2C_1272.jpg/440px-Queen_Keran_Gospel%2C_1272.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8496" data-file-height="12160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leo_II,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo II, King of Armenia">Leo II</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Queen_Keran_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Keran of Armenia">Guerane</a>. Armenian manuscript of Queen Keran gospel, 1272</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg/220px-Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg/330px-Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg/440px-Ptolemy_Cosmographia_1467_-_Central_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, <i>Cosmographia</i> (1467)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 885 CE the Armenians reestablished themselves as a sovereign kingdom under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia" title="Ashot I of Armenia">Ashot I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bagratuni_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagratuni Dynasty">Bagratid Dynasty</a>. A considerable portion of the Armenian nobility and peasantry fled the Byzantine occupation of Bagratid Armenia in 1045, and the subsequent invasion of the region by <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuk Turks">Seljuk Turks</a> in 1064. They settled in large numbers in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, an Anatolian region where Armenians were already established as a minority since Roman times. In 1080, they founded an independent <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Principality then Kingdom of Cilicia</a>, which became the focus of Armenian nationalism. The Armenians developed close social, cultural, military, and religious ties with nearby <a href="/wiki/Crusader_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader States">Crusader States</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but eventually succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> invasions. In the next few centuries, <a href="/wiki/Djenghis_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Djenghis Khan">Djenghis Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Timurids">Timurids</a>, and the tribal Turkic federations of the <a href="/wiki/Ak_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak Koyunlu">Ak Koyunlu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a> ruled over the Armenians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_history">Early modern history</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fenner,_Rest._Persis,_Parthia,_Armenia._1835_(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg/200px-Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg/300px-Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg/400px-Fenner%2C_Rest._Persis%2C_Parthia%2C_Armenia._1835_%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2223" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Persis, Parthia, Armenia. Rest Fenner, published in 1835.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg/200px-AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg/300px-AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg/400px-AMBS_by_Karl_von_Spruner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1215" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Armenia, Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Assyria with Adjacent Regions, Karl von Spruner, published in 1865.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>From the early 16th century, both <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> fell under Iranian <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian geo-political rivalry that would last in Western Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires. From the mid 16th century with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a>, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> until the first half of the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Iranian Safavid, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> empires, while Western Armenia remained under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman</a> rule. In the late 1820s, the parts of historic Armenia under Iranian control centering on <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a> (all of Eastern Armenia) were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> following <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Iran's</a> forced ceding of the territories after its loss in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826-1828)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826-1828)</a> and the outcoming <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Armenia however, remained in Ottoman hands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg/200px-Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg/300px-Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg/400px-Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="3076" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">An Armenian woman from <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a> in national costume, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</a> between 1909 and 1912.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/200px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/300px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/400px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2731" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">About 1.5 million Armenians were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in 1915–1918.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of Armenians during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is widely considered a <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide</a>, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first wave of persecution was in the years 1894 to 1896, the second one culminating in the events of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> in 1915 and 1916. With <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in progress, the Ottoman Empire accused the (Christian) Armenians as liable to ally with <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>, and used it as a pretext to deal with the entire Armenian population as an enemy within their empire. </p><p>Governments of the Republic of Turkey since that time have consistently rejected charges of genocide, typically arguing either that those Armenians who died were simply in the way of a war, or that killings of Armenians were justified by their individual or collective support for the enemies of the Ottoman Empire. Passage of legislation in various foreign countries, condemning the persecution of the Armenians as genocide, has often provoked diplomatic conflict. (See <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_recognition" title="Armenian genocide recognition">recognition of the Armenian genocide</a>) </p><p>Following the breakup of the Russian Empire in the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">aftermath of World War I</a> for a brief period, from 1918 to 1920, Armenia was an <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">independent republic</a> plagued by socio-economic crises such as <a href="/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan" title="Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan">large-scale Muslim uprisings</a>. In late 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">communists</a> came to power following an invasion of Armenia by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>; in 1922, Armenia became part of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, later on forming the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (1936 to 21 September 1991). In 1991, Armenia declared independence from the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> and established the second Republic of Armenia. Also in 1991, the ethnic Armenian-majority Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (later the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a>), declared independence from Azerbaijan which lasted until 2023. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenia">Armenia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_distribution_map.png/300px-Armenian_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_distribution_map.png/450px-Armenian_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_distribution_map.png/600px-Armenian_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>Armenian presence in the early 20th century:<br /><small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#967117; color:black;"> </span> >50%</span><span class="nowrap">     </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA700; color:black;"> </span> 25–50%</span><span class="nowrap">     </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FBEC5D; color:black;"> </span> <25%</span></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Armenian settlement area today.</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png/220px-Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png/330px-Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png/440px-Armenians_in_the_Russian_Empire_in_1897.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Armenians in uyezds of the Russian Empire according to the 1897 census</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ormianie_mapa3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ormianie_mapa3.png/220px-Ormianie_mapa3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ormianie_mapa3.png/330px-Ormianie_mapa3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ormianie_mapa3.png/440px-Ormianie_mapa3.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Armenians in uyezds of the Russian Empire according to the 1916 census</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenians are believed to have had a presence in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highland">Armenian Highland</a> for over 4,000 years. According to legend, <a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a>, the patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation, led Armenians to victory over <a href="/wiki/Belus_(Assyrian)" title="Belus (Assyrian)">Bel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and settled in the Armenian Highland.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, with a population of 3.5 million (although more recent estimates place the population closer to 2.9 million), they constitute an overwhelming majority in Armenia, Armenians in the diaspora informally refer to them as <i>Hayastantsi</i>s (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">հայաստանցի</span>), meaning those that are from Armenia (that is, those born and raised in Armenia). They, as well as the Armenians of Iran and Russia, speak the Eastern dialect of the Armenian language. The country itself is secular as a result of Soviet domination, but most of its citizens identify themselves as Apostolic Armenian Christian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_population_by_country" title="Armenian population by country">Armenian population by country</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Armenian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption> Armenian population by country (in thousands): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;"> </span> Armenia</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B57900; color:black;"> </span> + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F2A800; color:black;"> </span> + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F9D493; color:black;"> </span> + 10,000</div> </div> </figcaption></figure> <p>While the largest <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> populations reside in <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Russia" title="Armenians in Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in the United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_France" title="Armenians in France">France</a>, and other countries, small Armenian trading and religious communities have existed outside Armenia for centuries. A <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Armenians in Israel and Palestine">prominent community</a> has continued since the 4th century in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, and one of the quarters of the walled <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is called the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/San_Lazzaro_degli_Armeni" title="San Lazzaro degli Armeni">Armenian Catholic monastic community</a> of 35 founded in 1717 exists on an island near <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, Italy. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">region of Western Armenia</a> was an influential part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1532%E2%80%931555)" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)">absorbed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the 16th century. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Armenian_population" title="Ottoman Armenian population">Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire</a> is estimated to have been between 1.5 and 2.5 million in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the modern Armenian diaspora consists of Armenians scattered throughout the world as a direct consequence of <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">massacres</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">genocide in the Ottoman Empire</a>. However, Armenian communities <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Georgia" title="Armenians in Georgia">Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Tbilisi" title="Armenians in Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syria</a> existed since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and the centuries prior to the genocide, additional communities were formed in <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Greece" title="Armenians in Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bulgaria" title="Armenians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Hungary" title="Armenians in Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Kievan Rus'</a> and the territories of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Poland" title="Armenians in Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Austria" title="Armenians in Austria">Austria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. There are also remnants of historic communities in <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Turkey" title="Armenians in Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Istanbul" title="Armenians in Istanbul">Istanbul</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Myanmar" title="Armenians in Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Belgium" title="Armenians in Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Armenians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Italy" title="Armenians in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel_and_Palestine" title="Armenians in Israel and Palestine">Israel-Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_of_Romania" title="Armenians of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Serbia" title="Armenians in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ethiopia" title="Armenians in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Middle_East" title="Armenians in the Middle East">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Egypt" title="Armenians in Egypt">Egypt</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> had an absolute Armenian majority until 2023. From 1991 to 2023, the region was governed by the Armenia-backed <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a>, a largely unrecognized breakway state. <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">After Azerbaijan defeated Artsakh in 2023</a> after <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">decades of conflict</a>, nearly the entire population <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">fled into Armenia</a>. </p><p>Within the diasporan Armenian community, there is an unofficial classification of the different <i>kinds</i> of Armenians. For example, Armenians who originate from Iran are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians"><i>Parskahay</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">պարսկահայ</span>), while Armenians from Lebanon are usually referred to as <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon"><i>Lipananahay</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">լիբանանահայ</span>). Armenians of the Diaspora are the primary speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western dialect</a> of the Armenian language. This dialect has considerable differences with Eastern Armenian, but speakers of either of the two variations can usually understand each other. Eastern Armenian in the diaspora is primarily spoken in Iran and European countries such as Ukraine, Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (where they form a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samtskhe-Javakheti">Samtskhe-Javakheti</a> province). In diverse communities (such as in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Canadians" title="Armenian Canadians">Canada</a>) where many different kinds of Armenians live together, there is a tendency for the different groups to cluster together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture of Armenia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion in Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian mythology</a></div> <p>Before Christianity, Armenians adhered to <a href="/wiki/Armenian_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian paganism">Armenian Indo-European native religion</a>: a type of indigenous polytheism that pre-dated the <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> period but which subsequently adopted several Greco-Roman and Iranian religious characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita,_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite,_200-100_BC,_British_Museum_(8167370318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg/220px-Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg/330px-Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg/440px-Head_and_left_hand_from_a_bronze_cult_statue_of_Anahita%2C_a_local_goddess_shown_here_in_the_guide_of_Aphrodite%2C_200-100_BC%2C_British_Museum_%288167370318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="4053" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Satala_Aphrodite" title="Satala Aphrodite">Bronze head</a> of goodness <a href="/wiki/Anahit" title="Anahit">Anahit</a> found from <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Minor">Armenia Minor</a>, today in <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 301 AD, Armenia adopted Christianity as a state religion, becoming the first state to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-HistofChrist_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistofChrist-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The claim is primarily based on the fifth-century work of <a href="/wiki/Agathangelos" title="Agathangelos">Agathangelos</a> titled "The History of the Armenians." <a href="/wiki/Agathangelos" title="Agathangelos">Agathangelos</a> witnessed at first hand the baptism of the Armenian King <a href="/wiki/Trdat_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Trdat III">Trdat III</a> (c. 301/314 A.D.) by St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trdat III decreed Christianity was the state religion.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/220px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/330px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/440px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a>, the mother church of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, was established in 301 AD.</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia established a Church that still exists independently of both the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches, having become so in 451 AD as a result of its stance regarding the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistofChrist_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistofChrist-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today this church is known as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, which is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> communion, not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> communion. During its later political eclipses, Armenia depended on the church to preserve and protect its unique identity. The original location of the Armenian Catholicosate is Echmiadzin. However, the continuous upheavals, which characterized the political scenes of Armenia, made the political power move to safer places. The Church center moved as well to different locations together with the political authority. Therefore, it eventually moved to <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Holy See of Cilicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prelacy_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prelacy-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_service,_Yerevan_(5211267961).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church_service%2C_Yerevan_%285211267961%29.jpg/220px-Church_service%2C_Yerevan_%285211267961%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church_service%2C_Yerevan_%285211267961%29.jpg/330px-Church_service%2C_Yerevan_%285211267961%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Church_service%2C_Yerevan_%285211267961%29.jpg/440px-Church_service%2C_Yerevan_%285211267961%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Church service, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia has, at times, constituted a Christian "island" in a mostly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> region. There are, however, a minority of ethnic Armenian Muslims, known as <a href="/wiki/Hamshenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamshenis">Hamshenis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Armenians">Crypto-Armenians</a>, although the former are often regarded as a distinct group or subgroup. In the late tsarist Caucasus, individual conversions of Muslims, Yazidis, Jews, and Assyrians into Armenian Christianity have been documented.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">history of the Jews in Armenia</a> dates back over 2,000 years. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> had close ties to European <a href="/wiki/Crusader_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusader States">Crusader States</a>. Later on, the deteriorating situation in the region led the bishops of Armenia to elect a Catholicos in Etchmiadzin, the original seat of the Catholicosate. In 1441, a new Catholicos was elected in Etchmiadzin in the person of Kirakos Virapetsi, while Krikor Moussapegiants preserved his title as Catholicos of Cilicia. Therefore, since 1441, there have been two Catholicosates in the Armenian Church with equal rights and privileges, and with their respective jurisdictions. The primacy of honor of the Catholicosate of Etchmiadzin has always been recognized by the Catholicosate of Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-Prelacy2_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prelacy2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg/220px-Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg/330px-Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg/440px-Tatev_Monastery_from_a_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1203" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Tatev_Monastery" title="Tatev Monastery">Tatev Monastery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the Armenian Apostolic Church remains the most prominent church in the Armenian community throughout the world, Armenians (especially in the diaspora) subscribe to any number of other Christian denominations. These include the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> (which follows its own liturgy but recognizes the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholic</a> Pope), the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a>, which started as a reformation in the Mother church but later broke away, and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a>, which was born in the Armenian Evangelical Church, but later broke apart from it. There are other numerous Armenian churches belonging to Protestant denominations of all kinds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigor_Narekatsi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Grigor_Narekatsi_1.jpg/220px-Grigor_Narekatsi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Grigor_Narekatsi_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a>, venerated as a saint in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Churches</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Through the ages many Armenians have collectively belonged to other faiths or Christian movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Paulicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulicians">Paulicians</a> which is a form of Gnostic and Manichaean Christianity. Paulicians sought to restore the pure Christianity of Paul and in c.660 founded the first congregation in Kibossa, Armenia. </p><p>Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Tondrakians" title="Tondrakians">Tondrakians</a>, who flourished in medieval Armenia between the early 9th century and 11th century. Tondrakians advocated the abolishment of the church, denied the immortality of the soul, did not believe in an afterlife, supported property rights for peasants, and equality between men and women. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Armenians or the Chalcedonian Armenians in the Byzantine Empire were called Iberians ("Georgians") or "Greeks". A notable Orthodox "Iberian" Armenian was the Byzantine General <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Pakourianos" title="Gregory Pakourianos">Gregory Pakourianos</a>. The descendants of these Orthodox and Chalcedonic Armenians are the <a href="/wiki/Hayhurum" title="Hayhurum">Hayhurum</a> of Greece and Catholic Armenians of Georgia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language_and_literature">Language and literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Armenian literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg/200px-Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg/300px-Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg/400px-Mesrop_Mashtots_1882_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a>, creator of modern Armenian alphabet</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg/200px-St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg/300px-St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg/400px-St.Movses_Khorenatsi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2287" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Movses_of_Khoren" class="mw-redirect" title="Movses of Khoren">Movses of Khoren</a>, called the "father of Armenian history"</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Armenian is a sub-branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family, and with some 8 million speakers one of the smallest surviving branches, comparable to <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> or the somewhat more widely spoken <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, with which it may be connected (see <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a>). Today, that branch has just one language – Armenian. </p><p>Five million Eastern Armenian speakers live in the Caucasus, Russia, and Iran, and approximately two to three million people in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> speak Western Armenian. According to US Census figures, there are 300,000 Americans who speak Armenian at home. It is in fact the twentieth most commonly spoken language in the United States, having slightly fewer speakers than <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, and slightly more than <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/170px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/255px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Sargis_Pitsak.jpg/340px-Sargis_Pitsak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>A 14th-century Armenian illuminated manuscript</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian literature dates back to 400 AD, when Mesrop Mashtots first invented the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a>. This period of time is often viewed as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of Armenian literature. Early Armenian literature was written by the "father of Armenian history", <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Chorene" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses of Chorene">Moses of Chorene</a>, who authored <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of Armenia">The History of Armenia</a></i>. The book covers the time-frame from the formation of the Armenian people to the fifth century AD. The nineteenth century beheld a great literary movement that was to give rise to modern Armenian literature. This period of time, during which Armenian culture flourished, is known as the Revival period (Zartonki sherchan). The Revivalist authors of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, almost identical to the Romanticists of Europe, were interested in encouraging Armenian nationalism. Most of them adopted the newly created Eastern or Western variants of the Armenian language depending on the targeted audience, and preferred them over classical Armenian (grabar). This period ended after the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, when Armenians experienced turbulent times. As Armenian history of the 1920s and of the Genocide came to be more openly discussed, writers like <a href="/wiki/Paruyr_Sevak" title="Paruyr Sevak">Paruyr Sevak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevork_Emin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gevork Emin">Gevork Emin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silva_Kaputikyan" title="Silva Kaputikyan">Silva Kaputikyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovhannes_Shiraz" title="Hovhannes Shiraz">Hovhannes Shiraz</a> began a new era of literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ani-Cathedral,_Ruine.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/220px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/330px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg/440px-Ani-Cathedral%2C_Ruine.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">Cathedral of Ani</a>, completed in 1001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg/170px-Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg/255px-Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg/340px-Khatchkar_at_Goshavank_Monastery_in_Armenia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2497" data-file-height="3729" /></a><figcaption>The famous <a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkar</a> at <a href="/wiki/Goshavank" title="Goshavank">Goshavank</a>, carved in 1291 by the artist Poghos</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Armenian churches were built on the orders of <a href="/wiki/St._Gregory_the_Illuminator" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Gregory the Illuminator">St. Gregory the Illuminator</a>, and were often built on top of pagan temples, and imitated some aspects of Armenian pre-Christian architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-tacentral_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tacentral-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg/220px-Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg/330px-Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg/440px-Zvartnots_img_6965.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Cathedral" title="Zvartnots Cathedral">Zvartnots Cathedral</a>, one of the most well-known cathedrals in Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>Classical and Medieval Armenian Architecture is divided into four separate periods. The first Armenian churches were built between the 4th and 7th century, beginning when Armenia converted to Christianity, and ending with the Arab invasion of Armenia. The early churches were mostly simple <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>, but some with side apses. By the fifth century the typical cupola cone in the center had become widely used. By the seventh century, centrally planned churches had been built and a more complicated <i>niched buttress</i> and radiating <i>Hrip'simé</i> style had formed. By the time of the Arab invasion, most of what we now know as classical Armenian architecture had formed. </p><p>From the 9th to 11th century, Armenian architecture underwent a revival under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty" title="Bagratuni dynasty">Bagratid</a> Dynasty with a great deal of building done in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a>, this included both traditional styles and new innovations. Ornately carved Armenian <a href="/wiki/Khachkars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khachkars">Khachkars</a> were developed during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-past_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-past-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many new cities and churches were built during this time, including a new capital at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> and a new Cathedral on <a href="/wiki/Akdamar_Island" title="Akdamar Island">Akdamar Island</a> to match. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Ani" title="Cathedral of Ani">Cathedral of Ani</a> was also completed during this dynasty. It was during this time that the first major monasteries, such as <a href="/wiki/Haghpat_Monastery" title="Haghpat Monastery">Haghpat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haritchavank_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Haritchavank Monastery">Haritchavank</a> were built. This period was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Seljuk</a> invasion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dress">Dress</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_dress" title="Armenian dress">Armenian dress</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theater">Theater</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theater of Armenia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport in Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Armenian_children.jpg/220px-Armenian_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Armenian_children.jpg/330px-Armenian_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Armenian_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>Armenian children at the UN Cup Chess Tournament in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Many types of sports are played in Armenia, among the most popular being <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, basketball, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">sambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>, and volleyball.<sup id="cite_ref-Sport_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sport-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since independence, the Armenian government has been actively rebuilding its sports program in the country. </p><p>During Soviet rule, Armenian athletes rose to prominence winning plenty of medals and helping the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by <a href="/wiki/Hrant_Shahinyan" title="Hrant Shahinyan">Hrant Shahinyan</a>, who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a> in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying: </p><p>"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."<sup id="cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmeniaNow.com-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In football, their most successful team was <a href="/wiki/FC_Ararat_Yerevan" title="FC Ararat Yerevan">Yerevan's FC Ararat</a>, which had claimed most of the Soviet championships in the 70s and had also gone to post victories against professional clubs like <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">FC Bayern Munich</a> in the Euro cup. Notable players include <a href="/wiki/Henrikh_Mkhitaryan" title="Henrikh Mkhitaryan">Henrikh Mkhitaryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youri_Djorkaeff" title="Youri Djorkaeff">Youri Djorkaeff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Boghossian" title="Alain Boghossian">Alain Boghossian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Eskandarian" title="Andranik Eskandarian">Andranik Eskandarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Teymourian" title="Andranik Teymourian">Andranik Teymourian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Manucharyan" title="Edgar Manucharyan">Edgar Manucharyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoren_Oganesian" title="Khoren Oganesian">Khoren Oganesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Simonyan" title="Nikita Simonyan">Nikita Simonyan</a>. </p><p>Armenians have also been successful in chess, which is the most popular mind sport in Armenia. Some of the most prominent chess players in the world are Armenian such as <a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosian" title="Tigran Petrosian">Tigran Petrosian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levon_Aronian" title="Levon Aronian">Levon Aronian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Garry_Kasparov" title="Garry Kasparov">Garry Kasparov</a> is half-Armenian through his mother. As a nation, Armenia won the <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">World Champion</a> in 2011 and the <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">World Chess Olympiad</a> on three occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenians have also been successful in weightlifting and <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, the latter having been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia. At the <a href="/wiki/Armenia_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Armenia at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in Atlanta, <a href="/wiki/Armen_Nazaryan" title="Armen Nazaryan">Armen Nazaryan</a> won the gold in the Men's <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a> Flyweight (52 kg) category and <a href="/wiki/Armen_Mkrtchyan" title="Armen Mkrtchyan">Armen Mkrtchyan</a> won the silver in Men's <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle</a> Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history. There are also successful Armenians in <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Abraham" title="Arthur Abraham">Arthur Abraham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vic_Darchinyan" title="Vic Darchinyan">Vic Darchinyan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg/170px-Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg/255px-Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg/340px-Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Chess Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Levon_Aronian" title="Levon Aronian">Levon Aronian</a> is a former <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> No. 2 rated player and the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history#Elo_system" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">fourth-highest rated player in history</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg/170px-Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg/255px-Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg/340px-Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigran Petrosyan">Tigran Petrosyan</a> 9th <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music of Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenian dance</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG/200px-Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG/300px-Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG/400px-Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg/200px-Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg/300px-Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg/400px-Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Armenian folk musicians and traditional Armenian dance</div></div></div></div> <p>Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by <a href="/wiki/Djivan_Gasparyan" title="Djivan Gasparyan">Djivan Gasparyan</a>'s well-known <a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">duduk</a> music, as well as light pop, and extensive <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>. </p><p>Instruments like the duduk, the <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">kanun</a> are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sayat_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayat Nova">Sayat Nova</a> are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian chant</a> which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. While under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet rule</a>, Armenian classical music composer <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khatchaturian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Khatchaturian">Aram Khatchaturian</a> became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the <a href="/wiki/Sabre_Dance" title="Sabre Dance">Sabre Dance</a> from his composition for the ballet <a href="/wiki/Gayane_(ballet)" title="Gayane (ballet)">Gayane</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_musician.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armenian_musician.jpg/160px-Armenian_musician.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armenian_musician.jpg/240px-Armenian_musician.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armenian_musician.jpg/320px-Armenian_musician.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matenadaran" title="Matenadaran">Matenadaran</a>, manuscript no. 346, p., 280a. Armenian musician with <a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flama" title="Bağlama">saz</a> in hand from Ancient Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Armenian genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-Genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hagopian" title="Richard Hagopian">Richard Hagopian</a> is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 40s and 50s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American <a href="/wiki/Big_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Band">Big Band</a> Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 60s and 70s with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Adiss_Harmandian" title="Adiss Harmandian">Adiss Harmandian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harout_Pamboukjian" title="Harout Pamboukjian">Harout Pamboukjian</a> performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia. Also with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sirusho" title="Sirusho">Sirusho</a>, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_French-Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French-Armenians">French-Armenian</a> singer and composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Aznavour" title="Charles Aznavour">Charles Aznavour</a>, pianist <a href="/wiki/Sahan_Arzruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahan Arzruni">Sahan Arzruni</a>, prominent opera sopranos such as <a href="/wiki/Hasmik_Papian" title="Hasmik Papian">Hasmik Papian</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bayrakdarian" title="Isabel Bayrakdarian">Isabel Bayrakdarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kasyan" title="Anna Kasyan">Anna Kasyan</a>. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band <a href="/wiki/System_of_a_Down" title="System of a Down">System of a Down</a> (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a> (whose father was Armenian). Ruben Hakobyan (Ruben Sasuntsi) is a well recognized Armenian ethnographic and patriotic folk singer who has achieved widespread national recognition due to his devotion to Armenian folk music and exceptional talent. In the Armenian diaspora, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Revolutionary Songs">Armenian Revolutionary Songs</a> are popular with the youth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpet_weaving">Carpet weaving</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_carpet" title="Armenian carpet">Armenian carpet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg/220px-Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg/330px-Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg/440px-Van_Armenian_Weavers.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Armenian girls, weaving carpets in Van, 1907, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Carpet-weaving is historically a major traditional profession for the majority of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian women">Armenian women</a>, including many Armenian families. Prominent Karabakh carpet weavers there were men too. The oldest extant <a href="/wiki/Armenian_carpet" title="Armenian carpet">Armenian carpet</a> from the region, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_(historic_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh (historic province)">Artsakh</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_carpet" title="Karabakh carpet">Karabakh carpet</a>) during the medieval era, is from the village of Banants (near <a href="/wiki/Gandzak,_Armenia" title="Gandzak, Armenia">Gandzak</a>) and dates to the early 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first time that the Armenian word for carpet, <i>kork</i>, was used in historical sources was in a 1242–1243 Armenian inscription on the wall of the Kaptavan Church in Artsakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakobyan._p._84_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common themes and patterns found on Armenian carpets were the depiction of dragons and eagles. They were diverse in style, rich in color and ornamental motifs, and were even separated in categories depending on what sort of animals were depicted on them, such as <i>artsvagorgs</i> (eagle-carpets), <i>vishapagorgs</i> (dragon-carpets) and <i>otsagorgs</i> (serpent-carpets).<sup id="cite_ref-Hakobyan._p._84_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rug mentioned in the Kaptavan inscriptions is composed of three arches, "covered with vegatative ornaments", and bears an artistic resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Illuminated manuscripts">illuminated manuscripts</a> produced in Artsakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Hakobyan._p._84_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art of carpet weaving was in addition intimately connected to the making of curtains as evidenced in a passage by <a href="/wiki/Kirakos_Gandzaketsi" title="Kirakos Gandzaketsi">Kirakos Gandzaketsi</a>, a 13th-century Armenian historian from Artsakh, who praised Arzu-Khatun, the wife of regional prince Vakhtang Khachenatsi, and her daughters for their expertise and skill in weaving.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenian carpets were also renowned by foreigners who traveled to Artsakh; the Arab geographer and historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> noted that, among other works of art, he had never seen such carpets elsewhere in his life.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khorovats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Khorovats.jpg/170px-Khorovats.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Khorovats.jpg/255px-Khorovats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Khorovats.jpg/340px-Khorovats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khorovats" title="Khorovats">Khorovats</a> is a favorite Armenian dish.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Khorovats" title="Khorovats">Khorovats</a>, an Armenian-styled barbecue, is arguably the favorite Armenian dish. <a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash</a> is a very popular Armenian flat bread, and Armenian paklava is a popular dessert made from filo dough. Other famous Armenian foods include the <a href="/wiki/Kabob" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabob">kabob</a> (a skewer of marinated roasted meat and vegetables), various dolmas (minced lamb, or beef meat and rice wrapped in grape leaves, cabbage leaves, or stuffed into hollowed vegetables), and <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a>, a rice dish. Also, <a href="/wiki/Ghapama" title="Ghapama">ghapama</a>, a rice-stuffed pumpkin dish, and many different salads are popular in Armenian culture. Fruits play a large part in the Armenian diet. <a href="/wiki/Apricots" class="mw-redirect" title="Apricots">Apricots</a> (<i>Prunus armeniaca</i>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Plum" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Plum">Armenian Plum</a>) have been grown in Armenia for centuries and have a reputation for having an especially good flavor. <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">Peaches</a> are popular as well, as are grapes, <a href="/wiki/Figs" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, and melons. Preserves are made from many fruits, including cornelian cherries, young walnuts, sea buckthorn, mulberries, sour cherries, and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Institutions">Institutions</h2></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/National_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="National Church">National Church</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_General_Benevolent_Union" title="Armenian General Benevolent Union">Armenian General Benevolent Union</a> (AGBU) founded in 1906 and the largest Armenian non-profit organization in the world, with educational, cultural and humanitarian projects on all continents</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>, founded in 1890. It is generally referred to as the <i>Dashnaktsutyun</i>, which means <i>Federation</i> in Armenian. The ARF is the strongest worldwide Armenian political organization and the only diasporan Armenian organization with a significant political presence in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazkayin" title="Hamazkayin">Hamazkayin</a>, an Armenian cultural and educational society founded in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> in 1928, and responsible for the founding of Armenian secondary schools and institutions of higher education in several countries</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a>, representing small communities of Armeno-Catholics in different countries around the world, as well as important monastic and cultural institutions in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li>Homenetmen, an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Scouting" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Scouting">Armenian Scouting</a> and athletic organization founded in 1910 with a worldwide membership of about 25,000</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Relief_Society" title="Armenian Relief Society">Armenian Relief Society</a>, founded in 1910</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_(%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%28%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpeg/220px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%28%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%28%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpeg/330px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%28%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%28%D0%90%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Armenian family from <a href="/wiki/Karabakh" title="Karabakh">Karabakh</a>, first half of 20th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</h3></div> <p>A 2012 study found that haplogroups R1b, J2, and T were the most notable haplogroups among Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristian2012_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristian2012-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="MtDNA">MtDNA</h3></div> <p>Most notable mtDNA haplogroups among the Armenian samples are H, U, T, J, K and X while the rest of remaining Mtdna of the Armenians are HV, I, X, W, R0 and N.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Armenians" title="Lists of Armenians">Lists of Armenians</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Ukraine" title="Armenians in Ukraine">Ukrainian Armenians</a> is estimated to be far lower due to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, as these are pre-war figures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Syrian Armenians</a> is difficult to estimate due to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>. Many fled to <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and the West respectively.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_West_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in West Asia">Ethnic groups in West Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemshin peoples">Hemshin peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Armenians" title="Hidden Armenians">Hidden Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_ethnic_enclaves" title="List of Armenian ethnic enclaves">List of Armenian ethnic enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Armenians">Prehistory of the Armenians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Different sources: <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDennis_J.D._Sandole2007" class="citation book cs1">Dennis J.D. Sandole (24 January 2007). <i>Peace and Security in the Postmodern World: The OSCE and Conflict Resolution</i>. Routledge. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134145713" title="Special:BookSources/9781134145713"><bdi>9781134145713</bdi></a>. <q>The nearly 3 million Armenians in Armenia (and 3–4 million in the Armenian Diaspora worldwide) 'perceive' the nearly 8 million Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan as 'Turks.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+Security+in+the+Postmodern+World%3A+The+OSCE+and+Conflict+Resolution&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-01-24&rft.isbn=9781134145713&rft.au=Dennis+J.D.+Sandole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGoldrickGiordanoGarcia-Preto2005" class="citation book cs1">McGoldrick, Monica; Giordano, Joe; Garcia-Preto, Nydia, eds. (18 August 2005). <i>Ethnicity and Family Therapy, Third Edition</i> (3 ed.). Guilford Press. p. 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606237946" title="Special:BookSources/9781606237946"><bdi>9781606237946</bdi></a>. <q>The impact of such a horror on a group who presently number approximately 6 million, worldwide, is incalculable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Family+Therapy%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=439&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=2005-08-18&rft.isbn=9781606237946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargsyanBalabanyanHankinson2006" class="citation book cs1">Sargsyan, Gevorg; Balabanyan, Ani; Hankinson, Denzel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcrisistostab00sarg/page/18"><i>From Crisis to Stability in the Armenian Power Sector: Lessons Learned from Armenia's Energy Reform Experience</i></a> (illustrated ed.). World Bank Publications. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821365908" title="Special:BookSources/9780821365908"><bdi>9780821365908</bdi></a>. <q>The country's estimated 3–6 million diaspora represent a major source of foreign direct investment in the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Crisis+to+Stability+in+the+Armenian+Power+Sector%3A+Lessons+Learned+from+Armenia%27s+Energy+Reform+Experience&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780821365908&rft.aulast=Sargsyan&rft.aufirst=Gevorg&rft.au=Balabanyan%2C+Ani&rft.au=Hankinson%2C+Denzel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcrisistostab00sarg%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_G._Sharp2011" class="citation book cs1">Arthur G. Sharp (15 September 2011). <i>The Everything Guide to the Middle East: Understand the people, the politics, and the culture of this conflicted region</i>. Adams Media. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440529122" title="Special:BookSources/9781440529122"><bdi>9781440529122</bdi></a>. <q>Since the newly independent Republic of Armenia was declared in 1991, nearly 4 million of the world's 6 million Armenians have been living on the eastern edge of their Middle Eastern homeland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Everything+Guide+to+the+Middle+East%3A+Understand+the+people%2C+the+politics%2C+and+the+culture+of+this+conflicted+region&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Adams+Media&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.isbn=9781440529122&rft.au=Arthur+G.+Sharp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">different sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_Voss2007" class="citation book cs1">Von Voss, Huberta (2007). <i>Portraits of Hope: Armenians in the Contemporary World</i>. New York: Berghahn Books. p. xxv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845452575" title="Special:BookSources/9781845452575"><bdi>9781845452575</bdi></a>. <q>...there are some 8 million Armenians in the world...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+Hope%3A+Armenians+in+the+Contemporary+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781845452575&rft.aulast=Von+Voss&rft.aufirst=Huberta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2008" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Jeri (2008). <i>The Armenian genocide</i>. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781404218253" title="Special:BookSources/9781404218253"><bdi>9781404218253</bdi></a>. <q>In contrast to its population of 3.2 million, approximately 8 million Armenians live in other countries of the world, including large communities in the America and Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781404218253&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Jeri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuntram_H._Herb,_David_H._Kaplan2008" class="citation book cs1">Guntram H. Herb, David H. Kaplan (2008). <i>Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview: A Global Historical Overview</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 1705. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851099085" title="Special:BookSources/9781851099085"><bdi>9781851099085</bdi></a>. <q>A nation of some 8 million people, about 3 million of whom live in the newly independent post-Soviet state, Armenians are constantly battling not to lose their distinct culture, identity and the newly established statehood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nations+and+Nationalism%3A+A+Global+Historical+Overview%3A+A+Global+Historical+Overview&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=1705&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781851099085&rft.au=Guntram+H.+Herb%2C+David+H.+Kaplan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._SaundersVlad_Strukov2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Saunders; Vlad Strukov (2010). <i>Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation</i>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810854758" title="Special:BookSources/9780810854758"><bdi>9780810854758</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810854758&rft.au=Robert+A.+Saunders&rft.au=Vlad+Strukov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilander2008" class="citation book cs1">Philander, S. George (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of global warming and climate change</i>. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412958783" title="Special:BookSources/9781412958783"><bdi>9781412958783</bdi></a>. <q>An estimated 60 percent of the total 8 million Armenians worldwide live outside the country...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+global+warming+and+climate+change&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781412958783&rft.aulast=Philander&rft.aufirst=S.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._SaundersVlad_Strukov2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Saunders; Vlad Strukov (2010). <i>Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation</i>. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810874602" title="Special:BookSources/9780810874602"><bdi>9780810874602</bdi></a>. <q>Worldwide, there are more than 8 million Armenians; 3.2 million reside in the Republic of Armenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810874602&rft.au=Robert+A.+Saunders&rft.au=Vlad+Strukov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121025510/https://www.armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf">Archived</a> 21 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> հոկտեմբերի 12-21-ը Հայաստանի Հանրապետությունում անցկացված մարդահամարի արդյունքները (The results of the census conducted in October 2011 in the Republic of Armenia). pp. 6–7. <span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ministry of Culture of Armenia <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc">"The ethnic minorities in Armenia. Brief information"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010143439/http://mincult.am/datas/media/azg.poqr.%20ev%20xorhurd%20mshak.nax.%20(1).doc">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. As per the most recent census in 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mincult.am/national_minority.html">"National minority"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216082403/http://mincult.am/national_minority.html">Archived</a> 16 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls">"Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации"</a> [National makeup of the population of the Russian Federation] <span class="cs1-format">(Excel)</span> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federal_State_Statistics_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federal State Statistics Service">Russian Federal State Statistics Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105043245/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Russian+Federal+State+Statistics+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gks.ru%2Ffree_doc%2Fnew_site%2Fpopulation%2Fdemo%2Fper-itog%2Ftab5.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._SaundersVlad_Strukov2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Saunders; Vlad Strukov (2010). <i>Historical dictionary of the Russian Federation</i>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5475-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-5475-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Russian+Federation&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5475-8&rft.au=Robert+A.+Saunders&rft.au=Vlad+Strukov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/2011AmericanCommunitySurveyAncestry"><i>Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2011 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates</i></a>. United States Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+ancestry+categories+tallied+for+people+with+one+or+more+ancestry+categories+reported+2011+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F2011AmericanCommunitySurveyAncestry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilliken2007" class="citation news cs1">Milliken, Mary (12 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-armenians-idUSN1144509820071012">"Armenian-American clout buys genocide breakthrough"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105223335/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/10/12/us-usa-armenians-idUSN1144509820071012">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Armenian-American+clout+buys+genocide+breakthrough&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft.aulast=Milliken&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-armenians-idUSN1144509820071012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anca.org/press_releases/press_releases.php?prid=1365">"Barack Obama on the Importance of US-Armenia Relations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Committee_of_America" title="Armenian National Committee of America">Armenian National Committee of America</a>. 19 January 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6DSOLhXIG?url=http://www.anca.org/press_releases/press_releases.php?prid=1365">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barack+Obama+on+the+Importance+of+US-Armenia+Relations&rft.pub=Armenian+National+Committee+of+America&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anca.org%2Fpress_releases%2Fpress_releases.php%3Fprid%3D1365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Thon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thon_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThon2012" class="citation book cs1">Thon, Caroline (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniansinhambu0000thon"><i>Armenians in Hamburg: an ethnographic exploration into the relationship between diaspora and success</i></a></span>. Berlin: LIT Verlag Münster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniansinhambu0000thon/page/25">25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90226-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90226-9"><bdi>978-3-643-90226-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenians+in+Hamburg%3A+an+ethnographic+exploration+into+the+relationship+between+diaspora+and+success&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90226-9&rft.aulast=Thon&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniansinhambu0000thon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2008" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Tony (2008). <i>Denial: history betrayed</i>. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Pub. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85482-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85482-4"><bdi>978-0-522-85482-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denial%3A+history+betrayed&rft.place=Carlton%2C+Victoria&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Pub.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85482-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205175903/http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">"National Statistics Office of Georgia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/Census_release_ENG_2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Statistics+Office+of+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeostat.ge%2Fcms%2Fsite_images%2F_files%2Fenglish%2Fpopulation%2FCensus_release_ENG_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus.delfi.lv/news/daily/abroad/v-abhazii-obyavili-dannye-perepisi-naseleniya.d?id=42015926"><bdi lang="ru">В Абхазии объявили данные переписи населения</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Delfi_(web_portal)" title="Delfi (web portal)">Delfi</a></i> (in Russian). 29 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190728183140/https://rus.delfi.lv/news/daily/abroad/v-abhazii-obyavili-dannye-perepisi-naseleniya.d?id=42015926">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Delfi&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2011-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.delfi.lv%2Fnews%2Fdaily%2Fabroad%2Fv-abhazii-obyavili-dannye-perepisi-naseleniya.d%3Fid%3D42015926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span> (According to the 2011 census).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibney-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibney_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibney2005" class="citation book cs1">Gibney, Matthew J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/13"><i>Immigration and asylum: from 1900 to the present</i></a>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immigrationasylu00matt/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-796-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-796-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-796-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+asylum%3A+from+1900+to+the+present&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-796-2&rft.aulast=Gibney&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimmigrationasylu00matt%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVardanyan2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vardanyan, Tamara (21 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2376"><bdi lang="hy">Իրանահայ համայնք. ճամպրուկային տրամադրություններ</bdi></a> [The Iranian-Armenian community] (in Armenian). <a href="/wiki/Noravank_Foundation" title="Noravank Foundation">Noravank Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519010713/http://www.noravank.am/arm/issues/detail.php?ELEMENT_ID=2376">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84.+%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6+%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80&rft.pub=Noravank+Foundation&rft.date=2007-06-21&rft.aulast=Vardanyan&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noravank.am%2Farm%2Fissues%2Fdetail.php%3FELEMENT_ID%3D2376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargsyan2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sargsyan, Babken (8 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenialiberty.org/content/article/2279357.html">"Գերմանիաիի հայ համայնքը [Armenian community of Germany]"</a> (in Armenian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220846/http://www.armenialiberty.org/content/article/2279357.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%AB+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8+%5BArmenian+community+of+Germany%5D&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft.aulast=Sargsyan&rft.aufirst=Babken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenialiberty.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2279357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ukraine_2001_Census-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ukraine_2001_Census_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2"><i>The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue</i></a>, Kiev: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+distribution+of+the+population+by+nationality+and+mother+tongue&rft.place=Kiev&rft.pub=State+Statistics+Committee+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fnationality_population%2Fnationality_1%2Fs5%2F%3Fbotton%3Dcens_db%26box%3D5.1W%26k_t%3D00%26p%3D20%26rz%3D1_1%26rz_b%3D2_1%2520%26n_page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/comunidade-armenia-prospera-no-brasil-mas-nao-abandona-luta-pela-memoria-do-massacre-15908325">Comunidade armênia prospera no Brasil, mas não abandona luta pela memória do massacre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610033244/http://oglobo.globo.com/mundo/comunidade-armenia-prospera-no-brasil-mas-nao-abandona-luta-pela-memoria-do-massacre-15908325">Archived</a> 10 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. By Breno Salvador. <i><a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a></i>, 24 April 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianweekly.com/2015/06/03/federal-senate-of-brazil-recognizes-armenian-genocide/">"Federal Senate of Brazil Recognizes Armenian Genocide"</a>. Armenian Weekly. 3 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714132430/http://armenianweekly.com/2015/06/03/federal-senate-of-brazil-recognizes-armenian-genocide/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Federal+Senate+of+Brazil+Recognizes+Armenian+Genocide&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianweekly.com%2F2015%2F06%2F03%2Ffederal-senate-of-brazil-recognizes-armenian-genocide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedevyan2011" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bedevyan, Astghik (18 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenialiberty.org/content/article/2279357.html">"Հունաստանի հայ համայնքը պատրաստվում է Հայաստանի նախագահի հետ հանդիպմանը [Armenian community of Greece preparing for the meeting with the Armenian president]"</a> (in Armenian). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> Armenian Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220846/http://www.armenialiberty.org/content/article/2279357.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A8+%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%D5%A7+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB+%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%BF+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A8+%5BArmenian+community+of+Greece+preparing+for+the+meeting+with+the+Armenian+president%5D&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft.aulast=Bedevyan&rft.aufirst=Astghik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenialiberty.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2279357.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan2003100-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyvazyan2003100_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAyvazyan2003">Ayvazyan 2003</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=161291">"Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman" title="Today's Zaman">Today's Zaman</a></i>. 15 December 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110520084230/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?load=detay&link=161291">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Foreign+Ministry%3A+89%2C000+minorities+live+in+Turkey&rft.date=2008-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2FnewsDetail_getNewsById.action%3Fload%3Ddetay%26link%3D161291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basyurt_Aksiyon-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basyurt_Aksiyon_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasyurt2005" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Basyurt, Erhan (26 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110052648/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-12945-26-anneannem-bir-ermeniymis.html">"Anneannem bir Ermeni'ymiş! [My Grandmother is Armenian]"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aksiyon" title="Aksiyon">Aksiyon</a></i> (in Turkish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-12945-26-anneannem-bir-ermeniymis.html">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>. <q>300 bin rakamının abartılı olduğunu düşünmüyorum. Bence daha da fazladır. Ama, bu konu maalesef akademik bir çabaya dönüşmemiş. Keşke akademisyen olsaydım ve sırf bu konu üzerinde bir çalışma yapsaydım.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aksiyon&rft.atitle=Anneannem+bir+Ermeni%27ymi%C5%9F%21+%5BMy+Grandmother+is+Armenian%5D&rft.date=2005-12-26&rft.aulast=Basyurt&rft.aufirst=Erhan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksiyon.com.tr%2Faksiyon%2Fhaber-12945-26-anneannem-bir-ermeniymis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielyan2011" class="citation news cs1">Danielyan, Diana (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110053116/http://hayernaysor.am/en/%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%9E%D6%80-%D5%A7-%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Azg": Is the awakening of Islamized Armenians in Turkey possible?"</a>. <i>Hayern Aysor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hayernaysor.am/en/%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D5%9E%D6%80-%D5%A7-%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5/">the original</a> on 10 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2013</span>. <q>Dagch says according to different calculations, there are 3–5 million Islamized Armenians in Turkey</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hayern+Aysor&rft.atitle=%22Azg%22%3A+Is+the+awakening+of+Islamized+Armenians+in+Turkey+possible%3F&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.aulast=Danielyan&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhayernaysor.am%2Fen%2F%25D5%25A1%25D5%25A6%25D5%25A3-%25D5%25B0%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BE%25D5%25B8%25D5%259E%25D6%2580-%25D5%25A7-%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D6%2581%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D5%25AC-%25D5%25A9%25D5%25B8%25D6%2582%25D6%2580%25D6%2584%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033701"><i>Canada National Household Survey</i></a>, Statistics Canada, 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221221045015/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810033701">archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada+National+Household+Survey&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww150.statcan.gc.ca%2Ft1%2Ftbl1%2Fen%2Ftv.action%3Fpid%3D9810033701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span>. Of those, 38,010 reported single and 30,835 mixed Armenian ancestry.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarutyunyan2009" class="citation book cs1">Harutyunyan, Gagik (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noravank.am/upload/pdf/1.book.pdf"><i>ՀԱՅԿԱԿԱՆ ՏԵՂԵԿԱՏՎԱԿԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՅՆՔԱՅԻՆ ՌԵՍՈՒՐՍՆԵՐԸ ՀԵՏԽՈՐՀՐԴԱՅԻՆ ԵՐԿՐՆԵՐՈՒՄ</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Noravankʻ. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789939900070" title="Special:BookSources/9789939900070"><bdi>9789939900070</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190818055417/http://www.noravank.am/upload/pdf/1.book.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D4%B1%D5%85%D4%BF%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D5%8F%D4%B5%D5%82%D4%B5%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%8F%D5%8E%D4%B1%D4%BF%D4%B1%D5%86+%D5%80%D4%B1%D5%84%D4%B1%D5%85%D5%86%D5%94%D4%B1%D5%85%D4%BB%D5%86+%D5%8C%D4%B5%D5%8D%D5%88%D5%92%D5%90%D5%8D%D5%86%D4%B5%D5%90%D4%B8+%D5%80%D4%B5%D5%8F%D4%BD%D5%88%D5%90%D5%80%D5%90%D4%B4%D4%B1%D5%85%D4%BB%D5%86+%D4%B5%D5%90%D4%BF%D5%90%D5%86%D4%B5%D5%90%D5%88%D5%92%D5%84&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Noravank%CA%BB&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9789939900070&rft.aulast=Harutyunyan&rft.aufirst=Gagik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noravank.am%2Fupload%2Fpdf%2F1.book.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/77/poland">"Diaspora – Poland"</a>. <i>diaspora.gov.am</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230421160615/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/77/poland">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=diaspora.gov.am&rft.atitle=Diaspora+%E2%80%93+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaspora.gov.am%2Fen%2Fpages%2F77%2Fpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poland.mfa.am/en/community-overview/#:~:text=It+is+estimated+that+there,-called+%27old+emigration%27.">"About Community"</a>. <i>poland.mfa.am</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424165945/https://poland.mfa.am/en/community-overview/#:~:text=It+is+estimated+that+there,-called+%27old+emigration%27.">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=poland.mfa.am&rft.atitle=About+Community&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoland.mfa.am%2Fen%2Fcommunity-overview%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIt%2Bis%2Bestimated%2Bthat%2Bthere%2C-called%2B%2527old%2Bemigration%2527.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Poland+is+going+to+establish+trilateral+business+contacts+with...-a0377154717">"Poland is going to establish trilateral business contacts with Armenia and Iran. – Free Online Library"</a>. <i>www.thefreelibrary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425160944/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Poland+is+going+to+establish+trilateral+business+contacts+with...-a0377154717">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thefreelibrary.com&rft.atitle=Poland+is+going+to+establish+trilateral+business+contacts+with+Armenia+and+Iran.+%E2%80%93+Free+Online+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FPoland%2Bis%2Bgoing%2Bto%2Bestablish%2Btrilateral%2Bbusiness%2Bcontacts%2Bwith...-a0377154717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1lurer.am/hy/2020/02/22/">"Բելգիայում հայերի ներկայությունն անփոխարինելի է. Բրյուսելի քաղաքապետ"</a>. <i>1lurer</i>. 22 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1lurer&rft.atitle=%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6+%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB+%D5%A7.+%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB+%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF&rft.date=2020-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1lurer.am%2Fhy%2F2020%2F02%2F22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331221826/http://spain.mfa.am/en/community-overview/">"Armenian Diaspora in Spain"</a>. <i>Embassy of Armenia to Spain</i>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spain.mfa.am/en/community-overview/">the original</a> on 31 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+Armenia+to+Spain&rft.atitle=Armenian+Diaspora+in+Spain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspain.mfa.am%2Fen%2Fcommunity-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/54/bulgaria">"Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022151/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/54/bulgaria">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Diaspora+Affairs&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaspora.gov.am%2Fen%2Fpages%2F54%2Fbulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalbandian2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nalbandian, Naira (26 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190829121517/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30130087.html">"Սիրիայում մոտ 25–28 հազար հայ է մնացել, առաջնահերթ են սոցիալական խնդիրները․ դեսպան"</a>. <i>«Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» Ռադիոկայան</i> (in Armenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azatutyun.am/a/30130087.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C2%AB%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF+%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%2F%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%C2%BB+%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.atitle=%D5%8D%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BF+25%E2%80%9328+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5+%D5%A7+%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%AC%2C+%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9+%D5%A5%D5%B6+%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D5%AD%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8%E2%80%A4+%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft.aulast=Nalbandian&rft.aufirst=Naira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azatutyun.am%2Fa%2F30130087.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/51/syria">"Syria"</a>. <i>Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022153/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/51/syria">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Diaspora+Affairs&rft.atitle=Syria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaspora.gov.am%2Fen%2Fpages%2F51%2Fsyria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etno2020-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etno2020_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200527204929/https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258">"Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2020 года"</a>. Комитет по статистике Министерства национальной экономики Республики Казахстан. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.kz/api/getFile/?docId=ESTAT355258">the original</a> on 27 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+2020+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.kz%2Fapi%2FgetFile%2F%3FdocId%3DESTAT355258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry?WebID=10&BMID=20">"Ancestry | Australia | Community profile"</a>. <i>profile.id.com.au</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032219/https://profile.id.com.au/australia/ancestry?WebID=10&BMID=20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=profile.id.com.au&rft.atitle=Ancestry+%7C+Australia+%7C+Community+profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprofile.id.com.au%2Faustralia%2Fancestry%3FWebID%3D10%26BMID%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accc.org.uk/the-community/">"The Community / Համայնքի"</a>. <i>Armenian Community Council of the UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022151/https://www.accc.org.uk/the-community/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Community+Council+of+the+UK&rft.atitle=The+Community+%2F+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.accc.org.uk%2Fthe-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/ahmed-iqbal-ullah-education-trust-supports-armenian-exhibition/">"Ahmed Iqbal Ullah Education Trust supports Armenian exhibition"</a>. <i>The University of Manchester</i>. 20 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022151/https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/ahmed-iqbal-ullah-education-trust-supports-armenian-exhibition/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+University+of+Manchester&rft.atitle=Ahmed+Iqbal+Ullah+Education+Trust+supports+Armenian+exhibition&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchester.ac.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fnews%2Fahmed-iqbal-ullah-education-trust-supports-armenian-exhibition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/92/greatbritain">"United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621022150/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/92/greatbritain">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Diaspora+Affairs&rft.atitle=United+Kingdom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaspora.gov.am%2Fen%2Fpages%2F92%2Fgreatbritain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/41/uae">"Diaspora – United Arab Emirates"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diaspora+%E2%80%93+United+Arab+Emirates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaspora.gov.am%2Fen%2Fpages%2F41%2Fuae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624">"CBS Statline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/en/dataset/37325eng/table?ts=1570590894624">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+Statline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fen%2Fdataset%2F37325eng%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1570590894624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468">"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari"</a> (in Dutch). Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 22 July 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528100807/https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T#/CBS/nl/dataset/37325/table?ts=1584306247468">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolking%3B+geslacht%2C+leeftijd%2C+generatie+en+migratieachtergrond%2C+1+januari&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28CBS%29&rft.date=2021-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.cbs.nl%2Fstatline%2F%23%2FCBS%2Fnl%2Fdataset%2F37325%2Ftable%3Fts%3D1584306247468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish_Virtual_Library-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_Virtual_Library_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-s-the-armenian-quarter">"The Armenian Quarter in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706031430/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jerusalem-s-the-armenian-quarter">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Quarter+in+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjerusalem-s-the-armenian-quarter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/45/israel">"Israel"</a>. <i>The Office of the High Commissioner for Diaspora Affairs</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505065029/http://diaspora.gov.am/en/pages/45/israel">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Diaspora+Affairs&rft.atitle=Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiaspora.gov.am%2Fen%2Fpages%2F45%2Fisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hewsen-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hewsen_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hewsen">Hewsen, Robert H.</a> "The Geography of Armenia" in <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, pp. 1–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc.gov-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc.gov_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/">"Armenian Rarities Collection"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307021523/https://www.loc.gov/collections/armenian-rarities/about-this-collection/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The lands of the Armenians were for millennia located in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Anatolia">Eastern Anatolia</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, and into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountain range</a>. First mentioned almost contemporaneously by a Greek and Persian source in the 6th century BC, modern DNA studies have shown that <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">the people themselves had already been in place for many millennia</a>. Those people the world know as Armenians call themselves <i>Hay</i> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">their country</a> <i>Hayots' ashkharh</i>–the land of the Armenians, today known as Hayastan. Their language, <i><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Hayeren</a></i> (Armenian) constitutes a separate and unique branch of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European linguistic family tree</a>. A spoken language until <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianity became the state religion</a> in 314 AD, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">a unique alphabet was created</a> for it in 407, both for the propagation of the new faith and to avoid assimilation into the <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literary world</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Armenian+Rarities+Collection&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fcollections%2Farmenian-rarities%2Fabout-this-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Administration-and-social-conditions#ref481320">"Armenia: Ancient and premodern Armenia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426135102/https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/Administration-and-social-conditions#ref481320">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>. <q>The Armenians, an Indo-European people, first appear in history shortly after the end of the 7th century BCE[, d]riving some of the ancient population to the east of Mount Ararat [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Armenia%3A+Ancient+and+premodern+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FArmenia%2FAdministration-and-social-conditions%23ref481320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress2023" class="citation news cs1">Press, Associated (30 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/30/almost-all-ethnic-armenians-have-left-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan">"Almost all ethnic Armenians have left Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Almost+all+ethnic+Armenians+have+left+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2023-09-30&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Associated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fsep%2F30%2Falmost-all-ethnic-armenians-have-left-nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hovannisian-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hovannisian_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hovannisian_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a>, <i>The Armenian people from ancient to modern times: the fifteenth century to the twentieth century</i>, Volume 2, p. 421, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-people">"Armenian (people) | Description, Culture, History, & Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426130529/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Armenian-people">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenian+%28people%29+%26%23124%3B+Description%2C+Culture%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArmenian-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistofChrist-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HistofChrist_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistofChrist_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HistofChrist_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastings2000" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, Adrian (2000). <i>A World History of Christianity</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 289. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-4875-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-4875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-4875-8&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ncccusa-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ncccusa_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncccusa.org/news/01news36a.html">"Armenia first nation to adopt Christianity as a state religion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106104636/http://www.ncccusa.org/news/01news36a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia+first+nation+to+adopt+Christianity+as+a+state+religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncccusa.org%2Fnews%2F01news36a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Davis, Joyce M. (July 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/magazine/jerusalems-armenian-quarter-30548/">"Jerusalem's Armenian Quarter"</a>. <i>ONE Magazine</i>. Catholic Near East Welfare Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621214853/https://cnewa.org/magazine/jerusalems-armenian-quarter-30548/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ONE+Magazine&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%27s+Armenian+Quarter&rft.date=1992-07&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joyce+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnewa.org%2Fmagazine%2Fjerusalems-armenian-quarter-30548%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι</span></span> (The Armenians border on the <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybes</a> to the south)". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahin2001" class="citation book cs1">Chahin, Mark (2001). <i>The Kingdom of Armenia</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. fr. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1452-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Armenia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=fr.+203&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1452-0&rft.aulast=Chahin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbp_Inc.2013" class="citation book cs1">Ibp Inc. 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International Business Publications, USA. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438773827" title="Special:BookSources/9781438773827"><bdi>9781438773827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+Country+Study+Guide+Volume+1+Strategic+Information+and+Developments&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=9781438773827&rft.au=Ibp+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WqaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. <i>The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic</i>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies.</i> Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. p. 184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184415/https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">Archived</a> 9 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. <i>The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic</i>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. pp. 166–167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184415/https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">Archived</a> 9 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Archi, Alfonso (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34915656">"Egypt or Iran in the Ebla Texts?"</a>. <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>85</b>: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815194611/https://www.academia.edu/34915656">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Egypt+or+Iran+in+the+Ebla+Texts%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Archi&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34915656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kroonen, Guus; Gojko Barjamovic; Michaël Peyrot (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1240524">"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian"</a>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1240524">10.5281/zenodo.1240524</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629152739/https://zenodo.org/record/1240524">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Linguistic+supplement+to+Damgaard+et+al.+2018%3A+Early+Indo-European+languages%2C+Anatolian%2C+Tocharian+and+Indo-Iranian&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1240524&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=Guus%3B+Gojko+Barjamovic%3B+Micha%C3%ABl+Peyrot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1240524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Razmik Panossian, The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7">978-0-231-13926-7</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafael Ishkhanyan, "Illustrated History of Armenia", Yerevan, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Bauer. <i>Armenia: Past and Present</i> (1981), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrosyan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Petrosyan, Armen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3657764">"Towards the Origins of the Armenian People: The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review (in English)"</a>. <i>Journal for the Society of Armenian Studies</i>. <b>16</b>: 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180224/https://www.academia.edu/3657764/Towards_the_Origins_of_the_Armenian_People_The_Problem_of_Identification_of_the_Proto_Armenians_A_Critical_Review_in_English_">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Society+of+Armenian+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+the+Origins+of+the+Armenian+People%3A+The+Problem+of+Identification+of+the+Proto-Armenians%3A+A+Critical+Review+%28in+English%29&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Petrosyan&rft.aufirst=Armen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3657764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartirosyan2010" class="citation book cs1">Martirosyan, Hrach (2010). <i>Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon</i>. 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Journal of Language Relationship. 2019. p. 240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jolr.ru/files/(271)jlr2019-17-3-4(233-245).pdf">https://www.jolr.ru/files/(271)jlr2019-17-3-4(233-245).pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324071401/https://www.jolr.ru/files/%28271%29jlr2019-17-3-4%28233-245%29.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmen_Petrosyan2007" class="citation book cs1">Armen Petrosyan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3657764"><i>The Problem Of Identification Of The Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seeking+the+First+Speakers+of+Indo-European+Language&rft.pub=Harvard+Magazine&rft.date=2022-08-25&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.harvardmagazine.com%2F2022%2F08%2Findo-european-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-genetics-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-genetics_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberMezzavillaXueComas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Mezzavilla, Massimo; Xue, Yali; Comas, David; Gasparini, Paolo; Zalloua, Pierre; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820045">"Genetic evidence for an origin of the Armenians from Bronze Age mixing of multiple populations"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>24</b> (6): 931–936. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F015396">10.1101/015396</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.206">10.1038/ejhg.2015.206</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4820045">4820045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26486470">26486470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+for+an+origin+of+the+Armenians+from+Bronze+Age+mixing+of+multiple+populations&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=931-936&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820045%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26486470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2015.206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F015396%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Mezzavilla%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Xue%2C+Yali&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Gasparini%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4820045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWade2015" class="citation news cs1">Wade, Nicholas (10 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/science/study-backs-5th-century-historians-date-for-founding-of-armenia.html?_r=0">"Date of Armenia's Birth, Given in 5th Century, Gains Credence"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200519014046/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/11/science/study-backs-5th-century-historians-date-for-founding-of-armenia.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Date+of+Armenia%27s+Birth%2C+Given+in+5th+Century%2C+Gains+Credence&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=Wade&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F11%2Fscience%2Fstudy-backs-5th-century-historians-date-for-founding-of-armenia.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wang, Chuan-Chao (2018), <i>The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia", Michigan, 1968, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html">History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527052930/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html">Archived</a> 27 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>; Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia, v. 12, Yerevan 1987; Artak Movsisyan, "Sacred Highland: Armenia in the spiritual conception of the Near East", Yerevan, 2000; Martiros Kavoukjian, "The Genesis of Armenian People", Montreal, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, John (November 2003). "The Achaemenid Period in Northern Iraq". L'archéologie de l'empire achéménide (Paris, France): 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins1972" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkins, J. D. (1972). "Building Inscriptions of Carchemish: The Long Wall of Sculpture and Great Staircase". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>22</b>: 87–114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642555">10.2307/3642555</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642555">3642555</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191397893">191397893</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Building+Inscriptions+of+Carchemish%3A+The+Long+Wall+of+Sculpture+and+Great+Staircase&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=87-114&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191397893%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642555%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642555&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedgate2007" class="citation journal cs1">Redgate, A. E. (2007). "Reviewed work: The Pre-History of the Armenians, Gabriel Soultanian". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 173–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X07000195">10.1017/S0041977X07000195</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40378911">40378911</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163000249">163000249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+The+Pre-History+of+the+Armenians%2C+Gabriel+Soultanian&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173-175&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163000249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40378911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X07000195&rft.aulast=Redgate&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_Boyce_p_84-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Boyce_p_84_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Boyce_p_84_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&dq=armenians+zoroastrianism+christianity&pg=PA84"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221110954/https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84&dq=armenians+zoroastrianism+christianity&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAWoVChMIi5zf656SxgIVgbMsCh1xBQB1#v=onepage&q=armenians%20zoroastrianism%20christianity&f=false">Archived</a> 21 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Psychology Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415239028" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415239028">978-0415239028</a> p 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"The conversion of Armenia to Christianity was probably the most crucial step in its history. It turned Armenia sharply away from its Iranian past and stamped it for centuries with an intrinsic character as clear to the native population as to those outside its borders, who identified Armenia almost at once as the first state to adopt Christianity"</i>. (Nina Garsoïan in <i>Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>, ed. R.G. Hovannisian, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, Volume 1, p.81).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">traditionally dated to 301 following <a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Chamchian" title="Mikayel Chamchian">Mikayel Chamchian</a> (1784). 314 is the date favored by mainstream scholarship, so Nicholas Adontz (1970), p.82, following the research of Ananian, and Seibt <i>The Christianization of Caucasus (Armenia, Georgia, Albania) </i> (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> 19 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Psychology Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415239028" title="Special:BookSources/0415239028">0415239028</a> p 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charl Wolhuter, Corene de Wet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>International Comparative Perspectives on Religion and Education</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018194514/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_4AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">Archived</a> 18 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> AFRICAN SUN MeDIA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1920382372" title="Special:BookSources/1920382372">1920382372</a>. 1 March 2014 p 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2010" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Natasha (2010). Kostick, Conor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPGBQAAQBAJ"><i>The Crusades and the Near East: Cultural Histories</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136902475" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136902475"><bdi>978-1136902475</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018194514/https://books.google.com/books?id=HAPGBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades+and+the+Near+East%3A+Cultural+Histories&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1136902475&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHAPGBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Rayfield. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&dq=shah+ismail+conquered+wester+and+eastern+armenia&pg=PA165"><i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518230604/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&pg=PA165&dq=shah+ismail+conquered+wester+and+eastern+armenia&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=wGNWVfTKD8WksgGwtYGAAQ&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=shah%20ismail%20conquered%20wester%20and%20eastern%20armenia&f=false">Archived</a> 18 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reaktion Books, 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1780230702" title="Special:BookSources/1780230702">1780230702</a> p 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven R. Ward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&dq=shah+ismail+conquer+armenia&pg=PA43"><i>Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518230520/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43&dq=shah+ismail+conquer+armenia&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=ymRWVdvgHYGUsgH_jICYCQ&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=shah%20ismail%20conquer%20armenia&f=false">Archived</a> 18 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Georgetown University Press, 8 January 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1626160325" title="Special:BookSources/1626160325">1626160325</a> p 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan2004" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (10 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&q=treaty+of+zuhab+confirms+amasya&pg=PA47"><i>Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135798376" title="Special:BookSources/9781135798376"><bdi>9781135798376</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324071402/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&q=treaty+of+zuhab+confirms+amasya&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenians%3A+Past+and+Present+in+the+Making+of+National+Identity&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-10&rft.isbn=9781135798376&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Kurkchiyan%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8WRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Bzuhab%2Bconfirms%2Bamasya%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy C. Dowling <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160903022939/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728&dq=russo+persian+war+1804-1813&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=QnOXVJXpCcz7UPevhPAK&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=russo%20persian%20war%201804-1813&f=false">Archived</a> 3 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pp 728 ABC-CLIO, 2 December 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1598849484" title="Special:BookSources/1598849484">1598849484</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust_Encyclopedia-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust_Encyclopedia_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-overview">"The Armenian Genocide (1915–16): Overview"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504203406/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-armenian-genocide-1915-16-overview">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+%281915%E2%80%9316%29%3A+Overview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-armenian-genocide-1915-16-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/news/armenian-genocide-remembrance-day/">"Armenian Genocide Remembrance Day"</a>. <i>Auschwitz Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230505065029/https://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/news/armenian-genocide-remembrance-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Auschwitz+Institute&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide+Remembrance+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitzinstitute.org%2Fnews%2Farmenian-genocide-remembrance-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vahan Kurkjian, "History of Armenia", Michigan, 1968, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html">History of Armenia by Vahan Kurkjian</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120527052930/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Asia/Armenia/_Texts/KURARM/home.html">Archived</a> 27 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Armenian-Genocide">"Armenian Genocide | History, Causes, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 3 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311030548/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35323/Armenian-massacres">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide+%7C+History%2C+Causes%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FArmenian-Genocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhojoyan2009" class="citation news cs1">Khojoyan, Sara (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101063955/https://www.armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t">"Armenian in Istanbul: Diaspora in Turkey welcomes the setting of relations and waits more steps from both countries"</a>. ArmeniaNow.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianow.com/news/10672/armenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t">the original</a> on 1 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Armenian+in+Istanbul%3A+Diaspora+in+Turkey+welcomes+the+setting+of+relations+and+waits+more+steps+from+both+countries&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.aulast=Khojoyan&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianow.com%2Fnews%2F10672%2Farmenian_in_istanbul_diaspora_in_t&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge Ancient History. vol. 12, p. 486. London: Cambridge University Press, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerzian2014" class="citation book cs1">Terzian, Shelley (2014). Wolhuter, Charl; de Wet, Corene (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_4AwAAQBAJ"><i>International Comparative Perspectives on Religion and Education</i></a>. African Sun Media. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1920382377" title="Special:BookSources/978-1920382377"><bdi>978-1920382377</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615132252/https://books.google.com/books?id=y4_4AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Religion+and+Education&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=African+Sun+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1920382377&rft.aulast=Terzian&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy4_4AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/agathangelos/en/AGATHANGELOS.html">"<b>Agathangelos</b>, History of St. Gregory and the Conversion of Armenia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930174742/http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/agathangelos/en/AGATHANGELOS.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agathangelos%2C+History+of+St.+Gregory+and+the+Conversion+of+Armenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vehi.net%2Fistoriya%2Farmenia%2Fagathangelos%2Fen%2FAGATHANGELOS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agathangelos, History of the Armenians, Robert W. Thomson, State University of New York Press, 1974</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prelacy-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prelacy_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080403151557/http://www.armenianprelacy.ca/history2.htm">"A Migrating Catholicosate"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianprelacy.ca/history2.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianprelacy.ca/history3.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacred+Geometry+and+Armenian+Architecture+%7C+Armenia+Travel%2C+History%2C+Archeology+%26+Ecology+%7C+TourArmenia+%7C+Travel+Guide+to+Armenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tacentral.com%2Farchitecture.asp%3Fstory_no%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-past-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-past_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armenia, Past and Present; Elisabeth Bauer, Jacob Schmidheiny, Frederick Leist, 1981</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sport-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sport_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Armenia&page=2">"Sport in Armenia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119081004/http://www.worldinfozone.com/country.php?country=Armenia&page=2">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+in+Armenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldinfozone.com%2Fcountry.php%3Fcountry%3DArmenia%26page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmeniaNow.com-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenianow.com/features/6903/ambassadors_in_sport_independent">"Ambassadors in Sport?: Independent Armenia far below the glory of Soviet times on the pitch, mat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArmeniaNow" title="ArmeniaNow">ArmeniaNow</a>. 15 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074613/https://www.armenianow.com/features/6903/ambassadors_in_sport_independent">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambassadors+in+Sport%3F%3A+Independent+Armenia+far+below+the+glory+of+Soviet+times+on+the+pitch%2C+mat&rft.pub=ArmeniaNow&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianow.com%2Ffeatures%2F6903%2Fambassadors_in_sport_independent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg">"Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. 18 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024030523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+the+cleverest+nation+on+earth&rft.pub=BBC+World+Service&rft.date=2009-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp004j7zg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakobyan1990" class="citation book cs1">Hakobyan, Hravard H. (1990). <i>The Medieval Art of Artsakh</i>. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Parberakan. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8079-0195-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-8079-0195-8"><bdi>978-5-8079-0195-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Art+of+Artsakh&rft.place=Yerevan%2C+Armenian+SSR&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Parberakan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-5-8079-0195-8&rft.aulast=Hakobyan&rft.aufirst=Hravard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hakobyan._p._84-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hakobyan._p._84_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hakobyan._p._84_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hakobyan._p._84_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakobyan. <i>Medieval Art of Artsakh</i>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Armenian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Kirakos_Gandzaketsi" title="Kirakos Gandzaketsi">Kirakos Gandzaketsi</a>. <i>Պատմություն Հայոց </i> (<i>History of Armenia</i>). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Academy of Sciences">Armenian Academy of Sciences</a>, 1961, p. 216, as cited in Hakobyan. <i>Medieval Art of Artsakh</i>, p. 84, note 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlubabyan1975" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bagrat_Ulubabyan" title="Bagrat Ulubabyan">Ulubabyan, Bagrat A.</a> (1975). <i>Խաչենի իշխանությունը, X-XVI դարերում (The Principality of Khachen, From the 10th to 16th Centuries)</i> (in Armenian). Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB+%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8%2C+X-XVI+%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%28The+Principality+of+Khachen%2C+From+the+10th+to+16th+Centuries%29&rft.place=Yerevan%2C+Armenian+SSR&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Armenian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ulubabyan&rft.aufirst=Bagrat+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristian2012-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kristian2012_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerreraLoweryHaddenCalderon2012" class="citation journal cs1">Herrera KJ, Lowery RK, Hadden L, Calderon S, Chiou C, Yepiskoposyan L, Regueiro M, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286660">"Neolithic patrilineal signals indicate that the Armenian plateau was repopulated by agriculturalists"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>20</b> (3): 313–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.192">10.1038/ejhg.2011.192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3286660">3286660</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22085901">22085901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Neolithic+patrilineal+signals+indicate+that+the+Armenian+plateau+was+repopulated+by+agriculturalists&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=313-20&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3286660%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22085901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fejhg.2011.192&rft.aulast=Herrera&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=Lowery%2C+RK&rft.au=Hadden%2C+L&rft.au=Calderon%2C+S&rft.au=Chiou%2C+C&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+L&rft.au=Regueiro%2C+M&rft.au=Underhill%2C+PA&rft.au=Herrera%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3286660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaryanDerenkoHovhannisyanMalyarchuk2017" class="citation journal cs1">Margaryan A, Derenko M, Hovhannisyan H, Malyarchuk B, Heller R, Khachatryan Z, Avetisyan P, Badalyan R, Bobokhyan A, Melikyan V, Sargsyan G, Piliposyan A, Simonyan H, Mkrtchyan R, Denisova G, Yepiskoposyan L, Willerslev E, Allentoft M (10 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.05.087">"Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>27</b> (13): 2023–2028. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017CBio...27E2023M">2017CBio...27E2023M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.05.087">10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.087</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28669760">28669760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23400138">23400138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Eight+Millennia+of+Matrilineal+Genetic+Continuity+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=2023-2028&rft.date=2017-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.05.087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23400138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28669760&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017CBio...27E2023M&rft.aulast=Margaryan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Derenko%2C+M&rft.au=Hovhannisyan%2C+H&rft.au=Malyarchuk%2C+B&rft.au=Heller%2C+R&rft.au=Khachatryan%2C+Z&rft.au=Avetisyan%2C+P&rft.au=Badalyan%2C+R&rft.au=Bobokhyan%2C+A&rft.au=Melikyan%2C+V&rft.au=Sargsyan%2C+G&rft.au=Piliposyan%2C+A&rft.au=Simonyan%2C+H&rft.au=Mkrtchyan%2C+R&rft.au=Denisova%2C+G&rft.au=Yepiskoposyan%2C+L&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+E&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2017.05.087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324071402/https://www.researchgate.net/figure/mtDNA-Haplogroups_fig6_318033931">"Figure 2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/mtDNA-Haplogroups_fig6_318033931">the original</a> on 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Figure+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FmtDNA-Haplogroups_fig6_318033931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>General</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/copyright-and-contributors/">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/"><i>The World Factbook</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/countries-areas/"><i>U.S. Bilateral Relations Fact Sheets</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Bilateral+Relations+Fact+Sheets&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fcountries-areas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The categorization of Armenian churches in Los Angeles used information from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/news/exhibits/armenian/">Sacred Transformation: Armenian Churches in Los Angeles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629124025/http://www.usc.edu/schools/sppd/news/exhibits/armenian/">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> a project of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">USC</a> School of Policy, Planning, and Development.</li> <li>Some of the information about the history of the Armenians comes from the multi-volume <i>History of the Armenian People,</i> Yerevan, Armenia, 1971.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Armenians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Armenians">Armenians</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrosyan2006" class="citation journal cs1">Petrosyan, Armen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3657764">"Towards the Origins of the Armenian People. The Problem of Identification of the Proto-Armenians: A Critical Review"</a>. <i>Journal of the Society for Armenian Studies</i>. <b>16</b>: 25–66. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-9301">0747-9301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Armenian+Studies&rft.atitle=Towards+the+Origins+of+the+Armenian+People.+The+Problem+of+Identification+of+the+Proto-Armenians%3A+A+Critical+Review&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=25-66&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0747-9301&rft.aulast=Petrosyan&rft.aufirst=Armen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3657764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>I. M. Diakonoff, <i>The Pre-History of the Armenian People</i> (revised, trans. Lori Jennings), Caravan Books, New York (1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-039-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88206-039-2">978-0-88206-039-2</a>.</li> <li>George A. Bournoutian, <i>A History of the Armenian People</i>, 2 vol. (1994)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a>, ed. (September 1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0"><i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times</i></a>, vol. I – The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10169-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-10169-5"><bdi>978-0-312-10169-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997-09&rft.isbn=978-0-312-10169-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianpeoplefr00rich_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1997" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a>, ed. (September 1997), <i> The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times </i>, vol. II – Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-10168-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-10168-6"><bdi>0-312-10168-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+The+Armenian+People+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times+&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997-09&rft.isbn=0-312-10168-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedgate1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Redgate" title="Elizabeth Redgate">Redgate, Anne Elizabeth</a> (1999), <i>The Armenians</i> (1st ed.), Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-22037-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-22037-2"><bdi>0-631-22037-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-22037-2&rft.aulast=Redgate&rft.aufirst=Anne+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Ziolkowska-Boehm" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm">Aleksandra Ziolkowska-Boehm</a>, <i>The Polish Experience through World War II: A Better Day Has Not Come</i>, Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7819-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7819-5">978-0-7391-7819-5</a></li> <li>Russell D. Gray and Quentin D. Atkinson, "Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin", Nature, 426, 435–439 (2003)</li> <li>George A. Bournoutian, <i>A Concise History of the Armenian People</i> (Mazda, 2003, 2004).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyvazyan2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayvazyan, Hovhannes (2003). <bdi lang="hy">Հայ Սփյուռք հանրագիտարան</bdi> [<i>Encyclopedia of Armenian Diaspora</i>] (in Armenian). Vol. 1. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89700-020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89700-020-3"><bdi>978-5-89700-020-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5+%D5%8D%D6%83%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BC%D6%84+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pub=Armenian+Encyclopedia+publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-5-89700-020-3&rft.aulast=Ayvazyan&rft.aufirst=Hovhannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStopka2016" class="citation book cs1">Stopka, Krzysztof (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eeq-DQAAQBAJ"><i>Armenia Christiana: Armenian Religious Identity and the Churches of Constantinople and Rome (4th-15th century)</i></a>. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323395553" title="Special:BookSources/9788323395553"><bdi>9788323395553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+Christiana%3A+Armenian+Religious+Identity+and+the+Churches+of+Constantinople+and+Rome+%284th-15th+century%29&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Jagiellonian+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788323395553&rft.aulast=Stopka&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Deeq-DQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcarian2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marcarian, Mônica Nalbandian (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fissn.2763-650X.i6p109-115">"Diáspora armênia no Brasil"</a>. <i>Revista de Estudos Orientais</i> (6): 109–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11606%2Fissn.2763-650X.i6p109-115">10.11606/issn.2763-650X.i6p109-115</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Estudos+Orientais&rft.atitle=Di%C3%A1spora+arm%C3%AAnia+no+Brasil&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=109-115&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11606%2Fissn.2763-650X.i6p109-115&rft.aulast=Marcarian&rft.aufirst=M%C3%B4nica+Nalbandian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11606%252Fissn.2763-650X.i6p109-115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenians" class="Z3988"></span> - on Brazil's Armenian diaspora.</li></ul> <dl><dt>UCLA conference series proceedings</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> conference series titled "Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces" is organized by the Holder of the Armenian Educational Foundation Chair in Modern Armenian History. The conference proceedings are edited by <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a>. Published in Costa Mesa, CA, by Mazda Publishers, they are: </p> <ol><li><i>Armenian Van/Vaspurakan</i> (2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44774992">44774992</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Baghesh/Bitlis and Taron/Mush</i> (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48223061">48223061</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Tsopk/Kharpert</i> (2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50478560">50478560</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Karin/Erzerum</i> (2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52540130">52540130</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia</i> (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56414051">56414051</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Tigranakert/Diarbekir and Edessa/Urfa</i> (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67361643">67361643</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Cilicia</i> (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/185095701">185095701</a></li> <li><i>Armenian Pontus: the Trebizond-Black Sea communities</i> (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/272307784">272307784</a></li></ol> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armenia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Armenia">Ethnic groups in Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Armenia" title="Greeks in Armenia">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelis_in_Armenia" title="Israelis in Armenia">Israelis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Armenia" title="Russians in Armenia">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Armenia" title="Ukrainians in Armenia">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia" title="Yazidis in Armenia">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Ethnic groups in the</a> <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus#Language_families_indigenous_to_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasian</a><br /><i>(areal)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urums" title="Urums">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">in Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79797#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79797#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/814767/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085933-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85007306">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936986z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936986z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575411">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arméni"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117340&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arménky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1134483&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX529700">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646956">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=34713">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenians&oldid=1258124957">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenians&oldid=1258124957</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian_people" title="Category:Armenian people">Armenian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Armenia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Armenia">Ethnic groups in Armenia</a></li><li><a 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