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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_references_in_Chinese_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_references_in_Chinese_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Earliest references in Chinese texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_references_in_Chinese_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Account_of_Zhang_Qian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Account_of_Zhang_Qian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Account of Zhang Qian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Account_of_Zhang_Qian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Account of Zhang Qian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Account_of_Zhang_Qian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yuezhi_and_Xiongnu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuezhi_and_Xiongnu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Yuezhi and Xiongnu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuezhi_and_Xiongnu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exodus_of_the_Great_Yuezhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exodus_of_the_Great_Yuezhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Exodus of the Great Yuezhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exodus_of_the_Great_Yuezhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visit_of_Zhang_Qian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visit_of_Zhang_Qian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Visit of Zhang Qian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visit_of_Zhang_Qian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Chinese_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Chinese_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later Chinese accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Chinese_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kushana</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kushana-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kushana subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kushana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bactria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bactria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bactria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bactria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noin-Ula_carpets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noin-Ula_carpets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Noin-Ula carpets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noin-Ula_carpets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tillya_Tepe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillya_Tepe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Tillya Tepe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tillya_Tepe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Hindu_Kush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Hindu_Kush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In the Hindu Kush</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Hindu_Kush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kushan_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kushan_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kushan Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kushan_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_references_to_the_Lesser_Yuezhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_references_to_the_Lesser_Yuezhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later references to the Lesser Yuezhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_references_to_the_Lesser_Yuezhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_links_to_other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_links_to_other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Proposed links to other groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_links_to_other_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed links to other groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_links_to_other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yuezhi-Tocharian_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yuezhi-Tocharian_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Yuezhi-Tocharian hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yuezhi-Tocharian_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomadic_artifacts_in_Gansu_and_Ningxia_(5th-4th_century_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomadic_artifacts_in_Gansu_and_Ningxia_(5th-4th_century_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Nomadic artifacts in Gansu and Ningxia (5th-4th century BC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomadic_artifacts_in_Gansu_and_Ningxia_(5th-4th_century_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirenzigou_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirenzigou_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Shirenzigou culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirenzigou_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuezhi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="يوجيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوجيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yue%C3%A7ji" title="Yueçji – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yueçji" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="یوئه‌چی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوئه‌چی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa%CC%8Dt-chi" title="Goa̍t-chi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goa̍t-chi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Юеджи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юеджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Юэчжи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Юэчжи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCe-%C4%8D%E2%80%99" title="Jüe-č’ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jüe-č’" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%83%CE%AF" title="Γιουετσί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιουετσί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="یوئه‌چی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوئه‌چی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%94%EC%A7%80" title="월지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="월지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="युएझ़ी लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युएझ़ी लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იუეჩჟები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუეჩჟები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Юечжа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юечжа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kus%C3%A1nok" title="Kusánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kusánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%8D%D0%B6%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Юэжчи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юэжчи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="月氏" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyechji" title="Yuyechji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuyechji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%98%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="یوئیژی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوئیژی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iuechis" title="Iuechis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iuechis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Юэчжи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юэчжи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCe-%C4%8D%27" title="Jüe-č' – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jüe-č'" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhit" title="Yuezhit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yuezhit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yuezhi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="உயேசி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயேசி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%AF%D2%B7%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Йӯҷиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йӯҷиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCe%C3%A7iler" title="Yüeçiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüeçiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Юечжи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юечжи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%81%DA%98%DB%8C" title="یوہژی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوہژی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%87t_Chi" title="Nguyệt Chi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nguyệt Chi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="月氏" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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histories</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi culture</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Present Yuezi, Yuechi people, see <a href="/wiki/Chechi_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chechi clan">Chechi clan</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yuezhi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:260px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/238px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/357px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg/476px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_and_priest_over_fire_altar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="833" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Figures in the embroidered carpets of the <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a>, proposed to be Yuezhis (1st century BC – 1st century AD).<sup id="cite_ref-CAY_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAY-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YUESA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YUESA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LN_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_Embroidered_in_Wool_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Embroidered_in_Wool-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuezhi_migrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yuezhi_migrations.jpg/238px-Yuezhi_migrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yuezhi_migrations.jpg/357px-Yuezhi_migrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Yuezhi_migrations.jpg/476px-Yuezhi_migrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1539" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The migrations of the Yuezhi through Central Asia, from around 176 BC to 30 AD</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Some 100,000 to 200,000 horse archers, according to the <i>Shiji</i>, Chapter 123.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Hanshu</i> Chapter 96A records: 100,000 households, 400,000 people with 100,000 able to bear arms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(pre-2nd century BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(2nd century BC-1st century AD)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern India">Northern India</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(1st century AD-4th century AD)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201272_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Bactria in the 1st century AD)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wink_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nana_(Bactrian_goddess)" title="Nana (Bactrian goddess)">Kushan deities</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Yuezhi</b><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were an ancient people first described in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> histories as <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralists" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomadic pastoralists">nomadic pastoralists</a> living in an arid <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the <b>Greater Yuezhi</b><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>Lesser Yuezhi</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This started a complex domino effect that radiated in all directions and, in the process, set the course of history for much of Asia for centuries to come.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greater Yuezhi initially migrated northwest into the <a href="/wiki/Ili_River" title="Ili River">Ili Valley</a> (on the modern borders of China and Kazakhstan), where they reportedly displaced elements of the <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Sakas</a>. They were driven from the Ili Valley by the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> and migrated southward to <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> and later settled in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>. The Greater Yuezhi have consequently often been identified with peoples mentioned in classical European sources as having overrun the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, like the <i><a href="/wiki/Tukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukhara">Tókharoi</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Asii</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1st century BC, one of the five major Greater Yuezhi tribes in Bactria, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kushanas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushanas">Kushanas</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to subsume the other tribes and neighbouring peoples. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, at its peak in the 3rd century AD, stretched from <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> in the north to <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the south. The Kushanas played an important role in the development of trade on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">introduction of Buddhism to China</a>. </p><p>The Lesser Yuezhi migrated southward to the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>. Some are reported to have settled among the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, and to have been involved in the <a href="/wiki/Liang_Province_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Liang Province Rebellion">Liang Province Rebellion</a> (184–221 AD) against the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty#Eastern_Han" title="Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a>. Another group of Yuezhi is said to have founded the <a href="/wiki/City_state" class="mw-redirect" title="City state">city state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cumu%E1%B8%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumuḍa">Cumuḍa</a> (now known as <i>Kumul</i> and <a href="/wiki/Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a>) in the eastern Tarim. A fourth group of Lesser Yuezhi may have become part of the <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> state of the 4th century AD (although this remains controversial). </p><p>Many scholars believe that the Yuezhi were an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European peoples">Indo-European</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Narain_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narain-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some scholars have associated them with artifacts of extinct cultures in the Tarim Basin, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> and texts recording the <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian languages</a>, there is no evidence for any such link.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable floatright mw-collapsible {{{class}}}" style="width:22em; font-size: 88%"> <caption>  Timeline of the Yuezhi <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> Before<br /><b>221 BCE</b> </th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Yuezhi are powerful near Dunhuang, near the western end of the <a href="/wiki/Hexi_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexi corridor">Hexi corridor</a>, and control the jade trade from the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim basin">Tarim basin</a>. Somewhere west are the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and further east near the <a href="/wiki/Ordos_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordos plateau">Ordos plateau</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> or their precursors.<br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <b>215 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Xiongnu are defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> and retreat northwards into the <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Plateau" title="Mongolian Plateau">Mongolian Plateau</a>.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <b>207 BCE </b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Xiongnu begin a campaign of raids against the Yuezhi.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> Circa<br /><b>176 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Xiongnu inflict a major defeat on the Yuezhi.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <b>173 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Yuezhi defeat the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <br /><b>165 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The majority of the Yuezhi begin migrating west to the <a href="/wiki/Ili_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili valley">Ili valley</a>; this faction is known later as the "Great Yuezhi". Most of the other faction, known as the "Lesser Yuezhi", settle on the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau">Tibetan plateau</a> and in the Tarim basin.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <b>132 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Wusun attack the Great Yuezhi, forcing them southward from the Ili valley.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <b>132–130 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> The Great Yuezhi migrate west, then south and settle in north-west <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> <b>128 BCE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> A Chinese envoy named <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> reaches the Great Yuezhi.</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid;"> Circa<br /><b>30 CE</b></th><td style="border-bottom:#dcdcdc 1px solid"> One of five tribes comprising the Great Yuezhi tribes, the Kushana, become dominant and form the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_references_in_Chinese_texts">Earliest references in Chinese texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Earliest references in Chinese texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg/260px-Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg/390px-Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg/520px-Yuezhi_map_210_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Circa 210 BC, the Yuezhi resided to the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Qin_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qin empire">Qin China</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Three pre-Han texts mention peoples who appear to be the Yuezhi, albeit under slightly different names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The philosophical tract <i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i> (73, 78, 80 and 81) mentions <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">nomadic pastoralists</a> known as the <i>Yúzhī</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Niúzhī</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who supplied <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> to the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The <i>Guanzi</i> is now generally believed to have been compiled around 26 BC, based on older texts, including some from the <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi state era</a> of the 11th to 3rd centuries BC. Most scholars no longer attribute its primary authorship to <a href="/wiki/Guan_Zhong" title="Guan Zhong">Guan Zhong</a>, a Qi official in the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The export of jade from the Tarim Basin, since at least the late 2nd millennium BC, is well-documented archaeologically. For example, hundreds of jade pieces found in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Fu_Hao" title="Tomb of Fu Hao">Tomb of Fu Hao</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span>) originated from the <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a> area, on the southern rim of the Tarim Basin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a265_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a265-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i>Guanzi</i>, the Yúzhī/Niúzhī, unlike the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>, did not engage in conflict with nearby Chinese states.</li> <li>The epic novel <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_King_Mu,_Son_of_Heaven" title="Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven">Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven</a></i> (early 4th century BC) also mentions a plain of <i>Yúzhī</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the northwest of the Zhou lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chapter 59 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_Zhou_Shu" title="Yi Zhou Shu">Yi Zhou Shu</a></i> (probably dating from the 4th to 1st century BC) refers to a <i>Yúzhī</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> people living to the northwest of the Zhou domain and offering horses as tribute. A late supplement contains the name <i>Yuèdī</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be a misspelling of the name <i>Yuèzhī</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in later texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In the 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> – widely regarded as the founder of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Chinese historiography</a> – describes how the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BC) bought jade and highly valued military <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> from a people that Sima Qian called the <i>Wūzhī</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by a man named Luo. The <i>Wūzhī</i> traded these goods for Chinese <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, which they then sold on to other neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenjamin200732_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin200732-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu20103–4_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu20103–4-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is probably the first reference to the Yuezhi as a lynchpin in trade on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a273_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a273-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in the 3rd century BC began to link Chinese states to Central Asia and, eventually, the Middle East, the Mediterranean and Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Account_of_Zhang_Qian">Account of Zhang Qian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Account of Zhang Qian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest detailed account of the Yuezhi is found in chapter 123 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Great_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Great Historian">Records of the Great Historian</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>, describing a mission of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> in the late 2nd century BC. Essentially the same text appears in chapter 61 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, though Sima Qian has added occasional words and phrases to clarify the meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both texts use the name <i>Yuèzhī</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of characters meaning "moon" and "clan" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several different <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanizations</a> of this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese-language</a> name have appeared in print. The Iranologist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Walter_Bailey" title="Harold Walter Bailey">H. W. Bailey</a> preferred <i>Üe-ṭşi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another modern Chinese pronunciation of the name is <i>Ròuzhī</i>, based on the thesis that the character <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9C%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:月">月</a> in the name is a scribal error for <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%82%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:肉">肉</a>; however Thierry considers this thesis "thoroughly wrong".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuezhi_and_Xiongnu">Yuezhi and Xiongnu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Yuezhi and Xiongnu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The account begins with the Yuezhi occupying the grasslands to the northwest of China at the beginning of the 2nd century BC: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yuezhi is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Yuezhi is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div id="annotation_182x65" style="position:absolute; 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left:140px; top:65px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Yuezhis" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuezhis"><span style="color:#FF0000"><i>YUEZHI</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_275x03" style="position:absolute; left:275px; top:03px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/BCE_200" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE 200"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">-200</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_95x75" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">GRECO<br />BACTRIANS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_79x67" style="position:absolute; left:79px; top:67px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PAR-<br />THIA</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x35" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:35px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SAKAS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_130x45" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:45px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Korgantas_culture" title="Korgantas culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Korgantas</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_115x27" style="position:absolute; left:115px; top:27px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sargat_culture" title="Sargat culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sargat</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_162x40" style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:40px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Pazyryk</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_175x29" style="position:absolute; left:175px; top:29px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Tagar</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_190x37" style="position:absolute; left:190px; top:37px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sagly-Bazhy_culture" title="Sagly-Bazhy culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sagly</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_180x47" style="position:absolute; left:180px; top:47px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandman_culture" title="Chandman culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Chandman</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_140x73" style="position:absolute; left:140px; top:73px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Shule</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_148x82" style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:82px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Khotan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Khotan</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x70" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:70px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Sha-<br />jing</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_250x63" style="position:absolute; left:250px; top:63px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">DONGHU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_51x136" style="position:absolute; left:51px; top:136px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sabaeans" title="Sabaeans"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SABEANS</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x74" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Ordos<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_210x110" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:110px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Dian<br />culture</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_285x80" style="position:absolute; left:285px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">JIN</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_183x72" style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:72px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">YUEZHI</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x63" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:63px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Subeshi</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_200x57" style="position:absolute; left:200px; top:57px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i>Wusun</i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_48x87" style="position:absolute; left:48px; top:87px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">SELEUCID<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_137x113" style="position:absolute; left:137px; top:113px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">MAURYA<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_235x94" style="position:absolute; left:235px; top:94px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">HAN<br />DYNASTY</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_225x50" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#4F311CFF;"><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">XIONGNU</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_02x100" style="position:absolute; left:02px; top:100px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">PTOLE-<br />MIES</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_05x131" style="position:absolute; left:05px; top:131px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>MEROË</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_5x45" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:45px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Scythians</b></i></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_42x50" style="position:absolute; left:42px; top:50px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><i><b>Sarma-<br />tians</b></i></span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Original location of the Yuezhi in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> circa 200 BCE, per Chinese sources (in black, <i>"between <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qilian_County" title="Qilian County">Qilian</a>"</i>). Alternate possible original location in red (<a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains), suggested by some authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Great Yuezhi was a nomadic horde. They moved about following their cattle, and had the same customs as those of the Xiongnu. As their soldiers numbered more than a hundred thousand, they were strong and despised the Xiongnu. In the past, they lived in the region between <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qilian_County" title="Qilian County">Qilian</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i>, 61</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The area between the <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a> lies in the western part of the modern Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, but no archaeological remains of the Yuezhi have yet been found in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have argued that "Dunhuang" should be <a href="/wiki/Dunhong" title="Dunhong">Dunhong</a>, a mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a>, and that Qilian should be interpreted as a name for the Tian Shan. They have thus placed the original homeland of the Yuezhi 1,000 km further northwest in the grasslands to the north of the Tian Shan (in the northern part of modern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors suggest that the area identified by Sima Qian was merely the core area of an empire encompassing the western part of the Mongolian plain, the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> and possibly much of central Asia, including the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukok_Plateau" title="Ukok Plateau">Ukok Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994169–172_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994169–172-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 3rd century the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> monarch <a href="/wiki/Touman" title="Touman">Touman</a> even sent his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu</a> as a hostage to the Yuezhi. The Yuezhi often attacked their neighbour the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> to acquire slaves and pasture lands. Wusun originally lived together with the Yuezhi in the region between Dunhuang and Qilian Mountain. The Yuezhi attacked the Wusuns, killed their monarch Nandoumi and took his territory. The son of Nandoumi, Kunmo fled to the Xiongnu and was brought up by the Xiongnu monarch. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg/440px-Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg/660px-Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg/880px-Noin-Ula_carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Figures in one of the embroidered carpets of the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a>, a luxury item probably imported from <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are thought to represent Yuezhis. 1st century BC - 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-CAY_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAY-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YUESA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YUESA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LN_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_Embroidered_in_Wool_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_Embroidered_in_Wool-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Gradually the Xiongnu grew stronger, and war broke out with the Yuezhi. There were at least four wars according to the Chinese accounts. The first war broke out during the reign of the Xiongnu monarch Touman (who died in 209 BC) who suddenly attacked the Yuezhi. The Yuezhi wanted to kill Modu, the son of the Xiongnu king Touman kept as a hostage to them, but Modu stole a good horse from them and managed to escape to his country. He subsequently killed his father and became ruler of the Xiongnu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200094_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200094-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that the Xiongnu did not defeat the Yuezhi in this first war. The second war took place in the 7th year of the Modu era (203 BC). In this war, a large area of the territory originally belonging to the Yuezhi was seized by the Xiongnu and the hegemony of the Yuezhi started to shake. The third war probably was in 176 BC (or shortly before), and the Yuezhi were badly defeated. </p><p>Shortly before 176 BC, led by one of Modu's tribal chiefs, the Xiongnu invaded Yuezhi territory in the <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> region and achieved a crushing victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Marshak_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Marshak-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009380–383_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009380–383-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modu boasted in a letter (174 BC) to the Han emperor<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that due to "the excellence of his fighting men, and the strength of his horses, he has succeeded in wiping out the Yuezhi, slaughtering or forcing to submission every number of the tribe." The son of Modu, <a href="/wiki/Laoshang_Chanyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laoshang Chanyu">Laoshang Chanyu</a> (ruled 174–166 BC), subsequently killed the king of the Yuezhi and, in accordance with nomadic traditions, "made a <a href="/wiki/Skull_cup" title="Skull cup">drinking cup</a> out of his skull." (<i>Shiji</i> 123.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The wife of the murdered king became the new monarch of Greater Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in about 173 BC, the Wusun were apparently defeated by the Yuezhi, who killed a Wusun king<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>o<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> known as Nandoumi.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Marshak_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Marshak-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith20096–7_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith20096–7-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exodus_of_the_Great_Yuezhi">Exodus of the Great Yuezhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exodus of the Great Yuezhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:302px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:300px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Regions_1st_century_BC(en).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Central Asia in the 1st century BC, and transitory location of the "Great Yuezhi"."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/300px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/450px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/600px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_71x96" style="position:absolute; left:71px; top:96px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_cartridge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Red_cartridge.png/65px-Red_cartridge.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Red_cartridge.png/98px-Red_cartridge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Red_cartridge.png/130px-Red_cartridge.png 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Regions_1st_century_BC(en).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/300px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/450px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png/600px-Western_Regions_1st_century_BC%28en%29.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="425" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Regions_1st_century_BC(en).png" title="File:Western Regions 1st century BC(en).png"> </a></div>Central Asia in the 1st century BC, and transitory location of the "Great Yuezhi".</div> </div></div> <p>After their defeat by the Xiongnu, the Yuezhi split into two groups. The Lesser or Little Yuezhi<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>q<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> moved to the "southern mountains", believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Qilian_Mountains" title="Qilian Mountains">Qilian Mountains</a> on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Plateau" title="Tibetan Plateau">Tibetan Plateau</a>, to live with the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994170_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994170-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The so-called Greater or Great Yuezhi<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>r<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began migrating north-west in about 165 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first settling in the <a href="/wiki/Ili_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Ili valley">Ili valley</a>, immediately north of the <a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> mountains, where they defeated the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Sai</a> (Sakas): "The Yuezhi attacked the king of the Sai who moved a considerable distance to the south and the Yuezhi then occupied his lands" (<i>Book of Han</i> 61 4B). This was "the first historically recorded movement of peoples originating in the high plateaus of Asia."<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 132 BC the <a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a>, in alliance with the Xiongnu and out of revenge from an earlier conflict, again managed to dislodge the Yuezhi from the Ili Valley, forcing them to move south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-Benjamin_Marshak_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benjamin_Marshak-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yuezhi passed through the neighbouring urban civilization of <a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Ferghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferghana">Ferghana</a>) and settled on the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>, in the region of northern <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visit_of_Zhang_Qian">Visit of Zhang Qian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Visit of Zhang Qian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZhangQianTravels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZhangQianTravels.jpg/225px-ZhangQianTravels.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZhangQianTravels.jpg/338px-ZhangQianTravels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZhangQianTravels.jpg/450px-ZhangQianTravels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A later mural (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 618</span>–712 AD) from the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a>, depicting the Chinese mission of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> to the Yuezhi in 126 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yuezhi were visited in <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> by a Chinese mission, led by <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> in 126 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sought an offensive alliance with the Yuezhi against the Xiongnu. His request for an alliance was denied by the Yuezhi, who now had a peaceful life in Transoxiana and had no interest in revenge. Zhang Qian, who spent a year in Transoxiana and <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, wrote a detailed account in <a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">the <i>Shiji</i></a>, which gives considerable insight into the situation in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zhang Qian also reported: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the Great Yuezhi live 2,000 or 3,000 <i>li</i> [832–1,247 kilometers] west of <i><a href="/wiki/Dayuan" title="Dayuan">Dayuan</a></i>, north of the <i>Gui</i> [<a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a> ] river. They are bordered on the south by <i><a href="/wiki/Daxia" title="Daxia">Daxia</a></i> [<a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>], on the west by <i>Anxi</i> [<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>], and on the north by <i><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></i> [beyond the middle <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a>/Syr Darya]. They are a nation of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a>, moving from place to place with their herds, and their customs are like those of the Xiongnu. They have some 100,000 or 200,000 archer warriors.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Shiji</i>, 123<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In a sweeping analysis of the physical types and cultures of Central Asia, Zhang Qian reports: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although the states from Dayuan west to Anxi (Parthia), speak rather different languages, their customs are generally similar and their languages mutually intelligible. The men have deep-set eyes and profuse beards and whiskers. They are skilful at commerce and will haggle over a fraction of a cent. Women are held in great respect, and the men make decisions on the advice of their women.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Shiji</i>, 123<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993245_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993245-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amudaryamap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Amudaryamap.jpg/220px-Amudaryamap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Amudaryamap.jpg/330px-Amudaryamap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Amudaryamap.jpg/440px-Amudaryamap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Watershed of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya)</figcaption></figure> <p>Zhang Qian also described the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a> on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus River">Oxus River</a> (Chinese <i>Gui</i>) as a number of autonomous city-states under Yuezhi suzerainty:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994175_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994175-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Daxia is located over 2,000 li southwest of Dayuan, south of the Gui river. Its people cultivate the land and have cities and houses. Their customs are like those of Ta-Yuan. It has no great ruler but only a number of petty chiefs ruling the various cities. The people are poor in the use of arms and afraid of battle, but they are clever at commerce. After the Great Yuezhi moved west and attacked the lands, the entire country came under their sway. The population of the country is large, numbering some 1,000,000 or more persons. The capital is called the city of Lanshi and has a market where all sorts of goods are bought and sold.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Shiji</i>, 123<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993235_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993235-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Chinese_accounts">Later Chinese accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later Chinese accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next mention of the Yuezhi in Chinese sources is found in chapter 96A of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> (completed in AD 111), relating to the early 1st century BC. At this time, the Yuezhi are described as occupying the whole of Bactria, organized into five major tribes or <i>xīhóu</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>s<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990158_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990158-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tribes were known to the Chinese as: </p> <ul><li><i>Xiūmì</i> (休密) in Western <a href="/wiki/Wakh%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakhān">Wakhān</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zibak">Zibak</a>;</li> <li><i>Guìshuāng</i> (貴霜) in <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> and adjoining territories north of the <a href="/wiki/Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxus">Oxus</a>;</li> <li><i>Shuāngmí</i> (雙靡) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Shughnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shughnan">Shughnan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chitral" title="Chitral">Chitral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Xīdùn</i> (肸頓) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>, and;</li> <li><i>Dūmì</i> (都密) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:272px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_(full).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_%28full%29.jpg/167px-Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_%28full%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_%28full%29.jpg/251px-Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_%28full%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_%28full%29.jpg/334px-Kalchayan_Prince_warrior_%28full%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2662" data-file-height="4341" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:219px;max-width:219px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:272px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khalchayan_Prince,_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Khalchayan_Prince%2C_side_view.jpg/217px-Khalchayan_Prince%2C_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="217" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Khalchayan_Prince%2C_side_view.jpg/326px-Khalchayan_Prince%2C_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Khalchayan_Prince%2C_side_view.jpg/434px-Khalchayan_Prince%2C_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="2152" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Yuezhi Prince from <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>, 1st century BCE. He displays <a href="/wiki/Artificial_cranial_deformation" title="Artificial cranial deformation">artificial cranial deformation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BR_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BR-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At his feet, a lamellar armour with neck-guard, a trophy from the <a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a> Scythians.<sup id="cite_ref-SPL56_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPL56-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Arts_of_Uzbekistan" title="Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan">Museum of Arts of Uzbekistan</a>, nb 40.</div></div></div></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> (5th century CE) also records the visit of Yuezhi envoys to the Chinese capital in 2 BC, who gave oral teachings on <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> sutras to a student, suggesting that some Yuezhi already followed the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> faith during the 1st century BC (Baldev Kumar 1973). </p><p>Chapter 88 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i> relies on a report of <a href="/wiki/Ban_Yong" title="Ban Yong">Ban Yong</a>, based on the campaigns of his father <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a> in the late 1st century AD. It reports that one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi, the <i>Guishuang</i>, had managed to take control of the tribal confederation:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990159_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990159-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>More than a hundred years later, the <i>xihou</i> of Guishuang, named Qiujiu Que<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>t<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacked and exterminated the four other <i>xihou</i>. He set himself up as king of a kingdom called Guishuang (Kushan). He invaded Anxi (<a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a>) and took the Gaofu<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>u<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> region. He also defeated the whole of the kingdoms of Puda<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jibin.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>w<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qiujiu Que (Kujula Kadphises) was more than eighty years old when he died. His son, <i>Yan Gaozhen</i><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>x<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a>), became king in his place. He returned and defeated <a href="/wiki/Names_of_India#Tianzhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of India">Tianzhu</a> (Northwestern India) and installed a General to supervise and lead it. The Yuezhi then became extremely rich. All the kingdoms call [their king] the Guishuang (Kushan) king, but the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> call them by their original name, Da Yuezhi.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Book of the Later Han</i>, trans. John Hill<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200928–29_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200928–29-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A later Chinese annotation in Zhang Shoujie's <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> (quoting Wan Zhen 萬震 in <i>Nánzhōuzhì</i> 南州志 ["Strange Things from the Southern Region"], a now-lost 3rd-century text from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Wu kingdom</a>), describes the Kushans as living in the same general area north of India, in cities of Greco-Roman style, and with sophisticated handicraft. The quotes are dubious, as Wan Zhen probably never visited the Yuezhi kingdom through the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, though he might have gathered his information from the trading ports in the coastal south.<sup id="cite_ref-taishan_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taishan-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese sources continued to use the name Yuezhi and seldom used the Kushan (or <i>Guishuang</i>) as a generic term: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Great Yuezhi are located about seven thousand <i>li</i> [2,910 km] north of India. Their land is at a high altitude; the climate is dry; the region is remote. The king of the state calls himself "son of heaven". There are so many riding horses in that country that the number often reaches several hundred thousand. City layouts and palaces are quite similar to those of <a href="/wiki/Daqin" title="Daqin">Daqin</a> [the Roman Empire]. The skin of the people there is reddish white. People are skilful at horse archery. Local products, rarities, treasures, clothing, and upholstery are very good, and even India cannot compare with it.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wan Zhen (3rd century AD)<sup id="cite_ref-notes13_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notes13-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kushana">Kushana</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kushana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:541px;max-width:541px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Yuezhis in Bactria, on Noin-Ula carpets</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:240px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg/159px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg/239px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg/318px-Noin-Ula_nobleman_over_firealtar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="839" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi nobleman over firealtar, <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Noin-Ula">Noin-Ula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:240px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg/190px-Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg/285px-Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg/380px-Noin-Ula_horseman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="934" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi armoured horseman, <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Noin-Ula">Noin-Ula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:240px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg/180px-Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg/270px-Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg/360px-Noin-Ula_battle_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1274" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi (left) fighting a <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdian</a> behind a shield (right), <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Noin-Ula">Noin-Ula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Central Asian people who called themselves <i>Kushana</i>, were among the conquerors of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom during the 2nd century BC,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are widely believed to have originated as a dynastic clan or tribe of the Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of Bactria they settled came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a>. Because some inhabitants of Bactria became known as <i>Tukhāra</i> (Sanskrit) or <i>Tókharoi</i> (Τοχάριοι; Greek), these names later became associated with the Yuezhi. </p><p>The Kushana spoke <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian language">Eastern Iranian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tocharian_Online_Introduction_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tocharian_Online_Introduction-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bactria">Bactria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bactria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 3rd century BC, Bactria had been conquered by the Greeks under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and since settled by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic civilization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucids" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucids">Seleucids</a>. </p><p> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a> lasted until the 2nd century BC. The area came under pressure from various nomadic peoples and the Greek city of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_on_the_Oxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria on the Oxus">Alexandria on the Oxus</a> was apparently burnt to the ground in about 145 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1994100_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1994100-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Greco-Bactrian king, <a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a>, retreated and moved his capital to the Kabul Valley. In about 140–130 BC, the Greco-Bactrian state was conquered by the nomads and dissolved. The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentions this event in his account of the central Asian tribes he called "<a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>":<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All, or the greatest part of them, are nomads. The best known tribes are those who deprived the Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactriana</a>: the Asii, Pasiani, Tochari, and Sacarauli, who came from the country on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Jaxartes</a> [Syr Darya], opposite the Sacae and <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdiani</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Early Yuezhis coinage</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg/194px-Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg/291px-Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg/388px-Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="393" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi anonymous copy of a coin of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Heliocles" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocles">Heliocles</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg/190px-Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg/285px-Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg/380px-Yuezhi_copy_of_Heliocles_I_coin_with_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi anonymous of a coin of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Heliocles" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocles">Heliocles</a>, with original horse on the reverse</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg/193px-YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg/290px-YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg/386px-YUEZHI._Arseiles._Late_1st_century_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1631" data-file-height="783" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi ruler <a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a>. Late 1st century BCE</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg/191px-Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg/287px-Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg/382px-Coin_of_Sapadbizes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Yuezhi ruler <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a>. Late 1st century BCE</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Writing in the 1st century BC, the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Pompeius_Trogus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius Trogus">Pompeius Trogus</a> attributed the destruction of the Greco-Bactrian state to the Sacaraucae and the Asiani "kings of the Tochari".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Pompeius and the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> (2nd century AD) record that the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> was mortally wounded in a war against the Tochari in 124 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several relationships between these tribes and those named in Chinese sources have been proposed, but remain contentious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After they settled in Bactria, the Yuezhi became <a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenized</a> to some degree – as shown by their adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> and by some remaining coins, minted in the style of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> kings, with the text in Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990161_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990161-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Noin-Ula_carpets">Noin-Ula carpets</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Noin-Ula carpets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Sergey Yatsenko, the carpets with vivid embroidered scenes discovered in <a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Noin-Ula">Noin-Ula</a> were made by the Yuezhi in <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a>, and were obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> through commercial exchange or tributary payment, as the Yuezhi may have remained tributaries of the Xiongnu for a long time following their defeat. Embroidered carpets were among the highest-prized luxury items for the Xiongnu. The figures depicted in the carpets are believed to reflect the clothing and customs of the Yuezhi while they were in Bactria in the 1st century BCE-1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tillya_Tepe">Tillya Tepe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tillya Tepe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg/220px-TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg/330px-TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg/440px-TillyaTepe_dagger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3783" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>A dagger excavated in <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The graves of <a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a>, complete with numerous artifacts, dated to the period between the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE, probably belonged to the Yuezhis/early Kushans after the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a> and before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DS16_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS16-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They correspond to a time when the Yuezhis had not yet encountered Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-DS16_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DS16-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Hindu_Kush">In the Hindu Kush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In the Hindu Kush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paropamisadae" title="Paropamisadae">Paropamisadae</a>) was ruled by the western <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Greek">Indo-Greek</a> king until the reign of <a href="/wiki/King_Hermaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a> (reigned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 90 BC</span>–70 BC). After that date, no Indo-Greek kings are known in the area. According to <a href="/wiki/Bopearachchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bopearachchi">Bopearachchi</a>, no trace of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Scythian">Indo-Scythian</a> occupation (nor coins of major Indo-Scythian rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Maues" title="Maues">Maues</a> or <a href="/wiki/Azes_I" title="Azes I">Azes I</a>) have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Paropamisade" class="mw-redirect" title="Paropamisade">Paropamisade</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a>. The Hindu Kush may have been subsumed by the Yuezhi, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2008)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> who by then had been dominated by <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactria">Greco-Bactria</a> for almost two centuries. </p><p>As they had done in Bactria with their copying of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> coinage, the Yuezhi copied the coinage of <a href="/wiki/King_Hermaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hermaeus">Hermeaus</a> on a vast scale, up to around 40 AD, when the design blends into the coinage of the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a>. Such coins may provide the earliest known names of Yuezhi <i><a href="/wiki/Yabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yabgu">yabgu</a></i> (a minor royal title, similar to prince), namely <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2008)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> and/or <a href="/wiki/Agesiles" title="Agesiles">Agesiles</a>, who both lived in or about 20 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kushan_Empire">Kushan Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kushan Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraios_coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraios_coin.jpg/290px-Heraios_coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraios_coin.jpg/435px-Heraios_coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Heraios_coin.jpg/580px-Heraios_coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>The first self-declared Kushan ruler <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> (1–30 AD) in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrian">Greco-Bactrian</a> style<br /><b>Obv:</b> Bust of Heraios, with Greek royal headband.<br /><b>Rev:</b> Horse-mounted King, crowned with a wreath by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> goddess of victory <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a>. Greek legend: TVPANNOVOTOΣ HΛOV – ΣΛNΛB – KOÞÞANOY "The Tyrant Heraios, Sanav (meaning unknown), of the Kushans"</figcaption></figure> <p>After that point, they extended their control over the northwestern area of the Indian subcontinent, founding the <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, which was to rule the region for several centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200984–85_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200984–85-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their change of name, most Chinese authors continued to refer to the Kushanas as the Yuezhi. </p><p>The Kushanas expanded to the east during the 1st century AD. The first Kushan emperor, <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a>, ostensibly associated himself with <a href="/wiki/King_Hermaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hermaeus">King Hermaeus</a> on his coins.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Kushanas integrated <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> into a pantheon of many deities and became great promoters of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, and their interactions with Greek civilization helped the <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandharan</a> culture and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> flourish. </p><p>During the 1st and 2nd centuries, the Kushan Empire expanded militarily to the north and occupied parts of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>, putting them at the center of the lucrative Central Asian commerce with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The Kushanas collaborated militarily with the Chinese against their mutual enemies. This included a campaign with the Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chao" title="Ban Chao">Ban Chao</a> against the Sogdians in 84 CE, when the latter were trying to support a revolt by the king of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>. In around AD 85,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Kushanas also assisted the Chinese in an attack on <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, east of the Tarim Basin. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg/220px-YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg/330px-YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg/440px-YuezhiKingAndAttendants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Possible Yuezhi king and attendants, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone_palette" title="Stone palette">stone palette</a>, 1st century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the military support provided to the Han, the Kushan emperor requested a marriage alliance with a <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> princess and sent gifts to the Chinese court in expectation that this would occur. After the Han court refused, a Kushan army 70,000 strong marched on Ban Chao in 86 AD. The army was apparently exhausted by the time it reached its objective and was defeated by the Chinese force. The Kushanas retreated and later paid tribute to the Chinese emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_He_of_Han_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor He of Han China">Han He</a> (89–106). </p><p>In about 120 AD, Kushan troops installed Chenpan—a prince who had been sent as a hostage to them and had become a favorite of the Kushan Emperor—on the throne of <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, thus expanding their power and influence in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200914,_43_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200914,_43-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There they introduced the <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brahmi</a> script, the Indian <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> language for administration, and <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>, which developed into <a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg/285px-Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg" decoding="async" width="285" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg/428px-Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg/570px-Buddha_triad_monk_layman_Guimet_MG21157.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4039" /></a><figcaption>Buddhist art <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>, depicting (left to right) a Kushan lay Buddhist, <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalokitesvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokitesvara">Avalokitesvara</a>, and a Kushan Buddhist monk.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following this territorial expansion, the Kushanas introduced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to northern and northeastern Asia, by both direct missionary efforts and the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major Kushan missionaries and translators included <a href="/wiki/Lokaksema_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Lokaksema (Buddhist monk)">Lokaksema</a> (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 147 CE</span>) and <a href="/wiki/Dharmaraksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmaraksa">Dharmaraksa</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 233</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 311</span>), both of whom were influential translators of the <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a> into Chinese. They went to China and established translation bureaus, thereby being at the center of the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> (chap. 3), it was recorded that in 229 AD, "The king of the Da Yuezhi [Kushanas], Bodiao 波調 (<a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a>), sent his envoy to present tribute, and His Majesty (Emperor <a href="/wiki/Cao_Rui" title="Cao Rui">Cao Rui</a>) granted him the title of King of the Da Yuezhi Intimate with the <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a> (Ch: 親魏大月氏王, <i>Qīn Wèi Dà Yuèzhī Wáng</i>)." </p><p>Soon afterwards, the military power of the Kushanas began to decline. The rival <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> of Persia extended its dominion into Bactria during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> around 230 CE. The Sasanians also occupied neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a> by 260 AD and made it into a <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the course of the 3rd and 4th centuries, the Kushan Empire was divided and conquered by the Sasanians, the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite">Hephthalite</a> tribes from the north,<sup id="cite_ref-lcwb2_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcwb2-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaudheya" title="Yaudheya">Yaudheya</a> empires from India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_references_to_the_Lesser_Yuezhi">Later references to the Lesser Yuezhi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later references to the Lesser Yuezhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraios_on_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Heraios_on_horse.jpg/220px-Heraios_on_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Heraios_on_horse.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Yuezhi horseman on the coinage of <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Xiao Yuezhi</i> refers to the less militarized Yuezhi who settled in northern China (following the migration of the Greater Yuezhi).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is used of peoples in locations as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> and the Tarim Basin. </p><p>Some of the Lesser Yuezhi settled among the <a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Huangzhong" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangzhong">Huangzhong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>, according to archaeologist Sophia-Katrin Psarras.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yuezhi and Qiang were said to be among members of the Auxiliary of Loyal Barbarians From Huangzhong that mutinied against the Han dynasty, in the <a href="/wiki/Liangzhou_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Liangzhou Rebellion">Liangzhou Rebellion</a> (184–221 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lushuihu" title="Lushuihu">Lushuihu</a> people, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> dynasty (397–439), have been theorized by modern researchers to be descendants of the Lesser Yuezhi that intermingled with the Qiang.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of the Lesser Yuezhi are said to have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie people</a>, who originated from <a href="/wiki/Yushe_County" title="Yushe County">Yushe County</a> in Shanxi.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories link the Jie more strongly to the Xiongnu, Kangju, or the Tocharian-speaking peoples of the Tarim. Led by <a href="/wiki/Shi_Le" title="Shi Le">Shi Le</a> (Emperor Ming of Later Zhao), the Jie people established the <a href="/wiki/Later_Zhao" title="Later Zhao">Later Zhao</a> dynasty (319–351). The Jie populations were later massacred by <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min" title="Ran Min">Ran Min</a> of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Ran_Min#Ran_Wei" title="Ran Min">Ran Wei dynasty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Wei%E2%80%93Jie_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Wei–Jie war">Ran Wei–Later Zhao war</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, the <i>Gar</i> or <i>mGar</i> – a clan name associated with <a href="/wiki/Blacksmiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacksmiths">blacksmiths</a> - may have been descended from the Lesser Yuezhi who resettled in Qiang in 162 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Chinese monk named Gao Juhui, who traveled to the Tarim Basin in the 10th century, described the <i>Zhongyun</i> (仲雲; Wade–Giles <i>Tchong-yun</i>) as descendants of the Lesser Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the city state of <a href="/wiki/Cumu%E1%B8%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumuḍa">Cumuḍa</a> (also <i>Cimuda</i> or <i>Cunuda</i>), south of <a href="/wiki/Lop_Nur" title="Lop Nur">Lop Nur</a> in the eastern Tarim.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Following the subsequent settlement of <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>-speaking people in the area, Cumuḍa became known as <i>Čungul</i>, <i>Xungul</i> and <i>Kumul</i>. Under subsequent Han Chinese influence, it became known as <a href="/wiki/Hami_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Hami City">Hami</a>.) </p><p>Whatever their fate may have been, the <i>Xiao Yuezhi</i> ceased to be identifiable by that name and appear to have been subsumed by other ethnicities, including <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyghur people">Uyghurs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_links_to_other_groups">Proposed links to other groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proposed links to other groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Sampul tapestry</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:424px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sampul_tapestry_(complete).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sampul_tapestry_%28complete%29.jpg/95px-Sampul_tapestry_%28complete%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sampul_tapestry_%28complete%29.jpg/143px-Sampul_tapestry_%28complete%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sampul_tapestry_%28complete%29.jpg/190px-Sampul_tapestry_%28complete%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Full length</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:424px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UrumqiWarrior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/UrumqiWarrior.jpg/189px-UrumqiWarrior.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/UrumqiWarrior.jpg/284px-UrumqiWarrior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/UrumqiWarrior.jpg/378px-UrumqiWarrior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Detail</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Probable Yuezhi soldier in red jacket and trousers, in the <a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a>. Embroidered in Hellenistic style, with motif of a <a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">centaur</a>, 1st century AD, Sampul, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Region_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Region Museum">Xinjiang Region Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The relationship between the Yuezhi and other Central Asian peoples is unclear. Based on claimed similarities of names, different scholars have linked them to several groups, but none of these identifications is widely accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mallory and Mair suggest that the Yuezhi and Wusun were among the nomadic peoples, at least some of whom spoke <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, who moved into northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> from the Central Asian steppe in the 2nd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000318_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000318-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Pulleyblank" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Pulleyblank">Edwin Pulleyblank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Markwart" title="Josef Markwart">Josef Markwart</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Torday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="László Torday (page does not exist)">László Torday</a>, suggest that the name <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iatioi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iatioi (page does not exist)">Iatioi</a></i>—a Central Asian people mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i> (AD 150)—may also be an attempt to render Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Jhutti_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jhutti-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been only limited scholarly support for a theory developed by <a href="/wiki/W._B._Henning" class="mw-redirect" title="W. B. Henning">W. B. Henning</a>, who proposed that the Yuezhi were descended from the <a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Guti</a> (or Gutians) and an associated, but little known tribe known as the <a href="/wiki/Tukri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tukri">Tukri</a>, who were native to the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> (modern Iran and Iraq), during the mid-3rd millennium BC. In addition to phonological similarities between these names and <i>*ŋʷjat-kje</i> and Tukhāra, Henning pointed out that the Guti could have migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the time that the Yuezhi entered the historical record in China, during the 1st millennium BC. However, the only material evidence presented by Henning, namely similar ceramic ware, is generally considered to be far from conclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-notes13_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notes13-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposed links with the <a href="/wiki/Aorsi" title="Aorsi">Aorsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asii" title="Asii">Asii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gushi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gushi culture">Gushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJhutti200322_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJhutti200322-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994171_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994171-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other groups have also gathered little support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yuezhi-Tocharian_hypothesis">Yuezhi-Tocharian hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Yuezhi-Tocharian hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When manuscripts dating from the 6th to 8th centuries AD written in two hitherto unknown Indo-European languages were discovered in the northern Tarim Basin, the early 20th-century linguist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W._K._M%C3%BCller" title="Friedrich W. K. Müller">Friedrich W. K. Müller</a> identified them with the enigmatic "<i>twγry</i> ("Toγari") language" used to translate Indian Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> texts and mentioned as the source of an <a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>) manuscript.<sup id="cite_ref-tokharian_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokharian-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITT_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITT-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Müller then proposed to connect the name "Toγari" (Togar/Tokar) to the <i>Tókharoi</i> people of <a href="/wiki/Tokharistan" title="Tokharistan">Tokharistan</a> (themselves associated with the Yuezhi) described in early Greek histories.<sup id="cite_ref-tokharian_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tokharian-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ITT_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITT-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He thus referred to the newly discovered languages as "<a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a>", which became the common name for both the languages of the Tarim manuscripts and the people who produced them.<sup id="cite_ref-Tocharian_Online_Introduction_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tocharian_Online_Introduction-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most historians have been rejecting the identification of the Tocharians of the Tarim with the <i>Tókharoi</i> of Bactria, mainly because they are not known to have spoken any languages other than Bactrian, a quite dissimilar <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian language">Eastern Iranian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201272_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201272-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997590_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997590-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars suggest that the Yuezhi/<a href="/wiki/Kushans" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushans">Kushanas</a> may previously have spoken Tocharian before shifting to Bactrian on their arrival in Bactria, an example of an invading or colonising elite <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">adopting a local language</a> (as also seen for the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Bactrians">Greeks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Turks</a> or the Arabs upon their successive settlements in Bactria).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990153_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990153-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while Tocharian contains some loanwords from Bactrian, there are no traces of Tocharian in Bactrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Tocharian_Online_Introduction_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tocharian_Online_Introduction-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> of the Yuezhi was put forward by <a href="/wiki/H._W._Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="H. W. Bailey">H. W. Bailey</a>, who claimed that they were referred to, in 9th and 10th century <a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Khotan Saka</a> Iranian texts, as the <i>Gara</i>. According to Bailey, the <i>Tu Gara</i> ("Great Gara") were the Great Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Τόχαροι <i>Tokharoi</i> (Latinised <i>Tochari</i>) in reference to the faction of the Kushans that conquered Bactria, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan" title="Classical Tibetan">Tibetan language</a> name <i>Gar</i> (or <i>mGar</i>), for the members of the Lesser Yuezhi who settled in the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>. </p><p>Hakan Aydemir, assistant professor at <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Medeniyet_University" title="Istanbul Medeniyet University">Istanbul Medeniyet University</a>, reconstructs the ethnonym *<i>Arki</i> ~ *<i>Yarki</i> which underlay Chinese transcriptions 月氏<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>y<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 月支<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>z<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as various other foreign transcriptions and <a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages#Tocharian_A_and_B" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian A</a> ethnonym <i>Ārśi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAydemir2019273_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydemir2019273-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aydemir suggests that *<i>Arki</i> ~ *<i>Yarki</i> is etymologically <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aydemir263_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aydemir263-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomadic_artifacts_in_Gansu_and_Ningxia_(5th-4th_century_BC)"><span id="Nomadic_artifacts_in_Gansu_and_Ningxia_.285th-4th_century_BC.29"></span>Nomadic artifacts in Gansu and Ningxia (5th-4th century BC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Nomadic artifacts in Gansu and Ningxia (5th-4th century BC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></div> <p>Numerous nomadic artifacts are attributed to the areas of southern <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> during the period of the 5th-4th century BC. They are quite similar to the works of the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a> further east, and reflect strong <a href="/wiki/Sakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakas">Scythian</a> influences.<sup id="cite_ref-NA24_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these <a href="/wiki/File:MET_2002_201_80_O1.jpg" title="File:MET 2002 201 80 O1.jpg">artifacts were sinicized</a> by the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin state</a> in China, probably also for nomadic consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-NA24_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomadic figures with long noses riding on a camel also appear regularly in southern Ningxia from the 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-NA24_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly, the <a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing culture</a> (700–100 BCE) of <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> has been proposed as a candidate for the origin of the Yuezhi.<sup id="cite_ref-SAK_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAK-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 772px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nomadic figure, typically with a long nose, on a Bactrian camel. Southern Ningxia, 4th century BC.[106][104]"><img alt="Nomadic figure, typically with a long nose, on a Bactrian camel. Southern Ningxia, 4th century BC.[106][104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg/150px-MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg/225px-MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg/300px-MET_2002_201_83_O1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nomadic figure, typically with a long nose, on a <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactrian</a> camel. Southern <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a>, 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NA24_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harness ornament in the shape of a coiled wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern Ningxia and southeastern Gansu, 5th-4th century BC.[107][104]"><img alt="Harness ornament in the shape of a coiled wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern Ningxia and southeastern Gansu, 5th-4th century BC.[107][104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg/125px-%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg/188px-%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg/251px-%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E8%BB%8A%E9%A6%AC%E9%A3%BE-Harness_Ornament_in_the_Shape_of_a_Coiled_Wolf_MET_2002_201_61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Harness ornament in the shape of a coiled wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, 5th-4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NA24_130-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belt plaque in the shape of a standing wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern Ningxia and southeastern Gansu, and related to the Scythian styles of Pazyryk. 4th century BC.[108][104]"><img alt="Belt plaque in the shape of a standing wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern Ningxia and southeastern Gansu, and related to the Scythian styles of Pazyryk. 4th century BC.[108][104]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg/150px-%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg/225px-%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg/300px-%E7%8B%BC%E7%B4%8B%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%B8%B6%E9%A3%BE-Belt_Plaque_in_the_Shape_of_a_Standing_Wolf_MET_DT5398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belt plaque in the shape of a standing wolf, characteristic of nomadic artifacts of southern <a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>, and related to the Scythian styles of <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a>. 4th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NA24_130-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_(10095596513).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze horse ornament (Shajing culture 700-100 BCE)"><img alt="Bronze horse ornament (Shajing culture 700-100 BCE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_%2810095596513%29.jpg/116px-Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_%2810095596513%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_%2810095596513%29.jpg/174px-Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_%2810095596513%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_%2810095596513%29.jpg/232px-Shajing_Culture_Bronze_Ornament_%2810095596513%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bronze horse ornament (<a href="/wiki/Shajing_culture" title="Shajing culture">Shajing culture</a> 700-100 BCE)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shirenzigou_culture">Shirenzigou culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shirenzigou culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shirenzigou_panorama.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shirenzigou_panorama.png/220px-Shirenzigou_panorama.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shirenzigou_panorama.png/330px-Shirenzigou_panorama.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Shirenzigou_panorama.png/440px-Shirenzigou_panorama.png 2x" data-file-width="2103" data-file-height="1473" /></a><figcaption>Surroundings of the <a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou" class="mw-redirect" title="Shirenzigou">Shirenzigou</a> archaeological site in <a href="/wiki/Barkol_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkol County">Barkol County</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou culture</a></div> <p>Looking at the archaeological and genetic evidence, another area of origin on the northeastern border of the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> has also been proposed: the Yuegongtai-Xiheigou (岳公台-西黑沟) archaeological sites, corresponding to the <a href="/wiki/Shirenzigou_culture" title="Shirenzigou culture">Shirenzigou culture</a> and Barkol culture in the <a href="/wiki/Barkol_Kazakh_Autonomous_County" title="Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County">Barkol County</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>. This would have positionned the Yuezhi between the <a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a> to their west, the <a href="/wiki/Yanbulaq_culture" title="Yanbulaq culture">Yanbulaq culture</a> to their east, the aftermaths of the <a href="/wiki/Chemurchek_culture" title="Chemurchek culture">Chemurchek culture</a> to the north, and a wide desertical area to south about a thousand kilometers away from the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a> of China.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Extant</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Extinct</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Hypothetical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Grammar</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Other</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></span> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> <p><i>Eastern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a><br /></dt></dl> <p><i>Pontic Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> <p><i>Northern/Eastern Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> <p><i>South Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Steppe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> <p><i>Caucasus</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> <p><i>India</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></span>) <br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> <p><i>Indo-Aryans</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranians</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> <p><i>East Asia</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> <p><i>Europe</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> <p><i>Indo-Aryan</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> <p><i>Iranian</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Reconstructed</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><i>Historical</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></span></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> <p><i>Others</i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <p><i><a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a></i><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Practices</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><i>Scholars</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Institutes</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><i>Publications</i></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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Afghanistan">Pre-Islamic period of Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">月氏</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yuèzhī, Ròuzhī or Rùzhī</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Yüeh<sup>4</sup>-chih<sup>1</sup>, Jou<sup>4</sup>-chih<sup>1</sup> or Ju<sup>4</sup>-chih<sup>1</sup></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dà Yuèzhī</i> 大月氏</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Xiǎo Yuèzhī</i> 小月氏</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greek <i>Τοχάροι</i>; Sanskrit <i>Tukhāra</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or <i>Asioi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">貴霜</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guìshuāng</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">禺氏 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a>: *ŋʷjo-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">牛氏 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">OC</a>: *ŋʷjə-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">禺知 (OC: *ŋʷjo-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">禺氏 (OC: *ŋʷjo-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">月氐 (OC: *ŋʷjat-tij)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">月氏 (OC: *ŋʷjat-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">烏氏 (OC: *ʔa-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">月氏 (OC: *ŋʷjat-kje)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>kunmi</i> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">昆彌</span> or <i>kunmo</i> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">昆莫</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">難兜靡</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Xiao Yuezhi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dà Yuèzhī</i>, 大月氏</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch:翖侯, "Allied Prince"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch: 丘就卻, Kujula Kadphises</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch:高附, <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch: 濮達</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch: 罽賓, <a href="/wiki/Kapi%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapiśa">Kapiśa</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gandh%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhāra">Gandhāra</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ch:閻高珍</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> *<i>ŋwat-tēɦ</i> ~<i>[ŋ]ʷat-tēɦ</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Later Han Chinese</a> *<i>ŋyat-tśe</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CAY-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAY_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAY_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBettsViczianyJiaCastro2019" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-407-9</bdi></a>. <q>In Noin-Ula (Noyon Uul), Mongolia, the remarkable elite Xiongnu tombs have revealed textiles that are linked to the pictorial tradition of the Yuezhi: the decorative faces closely resemble the <a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a> portraits, while the local ornaments have integrated elements of Graeco-Roman design. These artifacts were most probably manufactured in Bactria</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Ancient+Xinjiang%2C+Western+China%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Silk+Roads&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-407-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Vicziany%2C+Marika&rft.au=Jia%2C+Peter+Weiming&rft.au=Castro%2C+Angelo+Andrea+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxUSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri-Paul_Francfort" title="Henri-Paul Francfort">Francfort, Henri-Paul</a> (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45042820">"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"</a>. <i>Journal des Savants</i>: 26–27, Fig.8 <i>"Portrait royal diadémé Yuezhi"</i> ("Diademed royal portrait of a Yuezhi").</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Savants&rft.atitle=Sur+quelques+vestiges+et+indices+nouveaux+de+l%27hell%C3%A9nisme+dans+les+arts+entre+la+Bactriane+et+le+Gandh%C4%81ra+%28130+av.+J.-C.-100+apr.+J.-C.+environ%29&rft.pages=26-27%2C+Fig.8+%27%27%22Portrait+royal+diad%C3%A9m%C3%A9+Yuezhi%22%27%27+%28%22Diademed+royal+portrait+of+a+Yuezhi%22%29&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45042820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YUESA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YUESA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YUESA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Considered as Yuezhi-Saka or simply Yuezhi in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolos'makFrancfortTsepova2015" class="citation journal cs1">Polos'mak, Natalia V.; Francfort, Henri-Paul; Tsepova, Olga (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26358181">"Nouvelles découvertes de tentures polychromes brodées du début de notre ère dans les "tumuli" n o 20 et n o 31 de Noin-Ula (République de Mongolie)"</a>. <i>Arts Asiatiques</i>. <b>70</b>: 3–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Farasi.2015.1881">10.3406/arasi.2015.1881</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-3958">0004-3958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26358181">26358181</a>. <q>p.3: "These tapestries were apparently manufactured in Bactria or in Gandhara at the time of the Saka-Yuezhi rule, when these countries were connected with the Parthian empire and the "Hellenized East." They represent groups of men, warriors of high status, and kings and/ or princes, performing rituals of drinking, fighting or taking part in a religious ceremony, a procession leading to an altar with a fire burning on it, and two men engaged in a ritual."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+Asiatiques&rft.atitle=Nouvelles+d%C3%A9couvertes+de+tentures+polychromes+brod%C3%A9es+du+d%C3%A9but+de+notre+%C3%A8re+dans+les+%22tumuli%22+n+o+20+et+n+o+31+de+Noin-Ula+%28R%C3%A9publique+de+Mongolie%29&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=3-32&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=0004-3958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26358181%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Farasi.2015.1881&rft.aulast=Polos%27mak&rft.aufirst=Natalia+V.&rft.au=Francfort%2C+Henri-Paul&rft.au=Tsepova%2C+Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26358181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LN-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LN_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LN_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNehru2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nehru, Lolita (14 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-iranica-online/*-COM_215?lang=en">"KHALCHAYAN"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica Online</i>. Brill. <q>About "<a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a>", "site of a settlement and palace of the nomad Yuezhi": "Representations of figures with faces closely akin to those of the ruling clan at Khalchayan (PLATE I) have been found in recent times on woollen fragments recovered from a nomad burial site near Lake Baikal in Siberia, Noin Ula, supplementing an earlier discovery at the same site), the pieces dating from the time of Yuezhi/Kushan control of Bactria. Similar faces appeared on woollen fragments found recently in a nomad burial in south-eastern Xinjiang (<a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampula</a>), of about the same date, manufactured probably in Bactria, as were probably also the examples from Noin Ula."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+Online&rft.atitle=KHALCHAYAN&rft.date=2020-12-14&rft.aulast=Nehru&rft.aufirst=Lolita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-iranica-online%2F%2A-COM_215%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_Embroidered_in_Wool-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_Embroidered_in_Wool_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_Embroidered_in_Wool_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolosmak2012" class="citation journal cs1">Polosmak, Natalia V. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scfh.ru/en/papers/history-embroidered-in-wool/">"History Embroidered in Wool"</a>. <i>SCIENCE First Hand</i>. <b>31</b> (N1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCIENCE+First+Hand&rft.atitle=History+Embroidered+in+Wool&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=N1&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Polosmak&rft.aufirst=Natalia+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscfh.ru%2Fen%2Fpapers%2Fhistory-embroidered-in-wool%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-We_Drank_Soma,_We_Became_Immortal…_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolosmak2010" class="citation journal cs1">Polosmak, Natalia V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scfh.ru/en/papers/we-drank-soma-we-became-immortal-/">"We Drank Soma, We Became Immortal…"</a>. <i>SCIENCE First Hand</i>. <b>26</b> (N2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCIENCE+First+Hand&rft.atitle=We+Drank+Soma%2C+We+Became+Immortal%E2%80%A6&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=N2&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Polosmak&rft.aufirst=Natalia+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscfh.ru%2Fen%2Fpapers%2Fwe-drank-soma-we-became-immortal-%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993234_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1993">Watson 1993</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hulsewé, A.F.P. and Loewe, M.A.N. <i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 B.C.-A.D. 23: An Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty</i>. Leiden. E. J. Birll. 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-05884-2">90-04-05884-2</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen201272-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201272_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen201272_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHansen2012">Hansen 2012</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBopearachchi200745_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBopearachchi2007">Bopearachchi 2007</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wink-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wink_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1997" class="citation book cs1">Wink, André (1997). <i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slavic Kings and the Islamic conquest, 11th–13th centuries</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10236-1"><bdi>90-04-10236-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+Slavic+Kings+and+the+Islamic+conquest%2C+11th%E2%80%9313th+centuries&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10236-1&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2022" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Riaz (2022). <i>The Stone Tower: Ptolemy, the Silk Road, and a 2,000-Year-Old Riddle</i>. Delhi: Penguin Viking. pp. 73–81 (Ch.7, Migration of the Yuezhi). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670093625" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670093625"><bdi>978-0670093625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stone+Tower%3A+Ptolemy%2C+the+Silk+Road%2C+and+a+2%2C000-Year-Old+Riddle&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=73-81+%28Ch.7%2C+Migration+of+the+Yuezhi%29&rft.pub=Penguin+Viking&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0670093625&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Narain-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Narain_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, pp. 152–155 "[W]e must identify them [Tocharians] with the Yueh-chih of the Chinese sources... [C]onsensus of scholarly opinion identifies the Yueh-chih with the Tokharians... [T]he Indo-European ethnic origin of the Yuehchih = Tokharians is generally accepted... Yueh-chih = Tokharian people... Yueh-chih = Tokharians..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoux1997">Roux 1997</a>, p. 90 "They are, by almost unanimous opinion, Indo-Europeans, probably the most oriental of those who occupied the steppes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000283–284_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, pp. 283–284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on Benjamin (2007), except where otherwise stated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanhaiHuiWenkan2015" class="citation book cs1">Lanhai, Wei; Hui, Li; Wenkan, Xu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318897882">"The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi"</a>. <i>Tocharian Texts in Context: International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road Culture, June 25-29th, 2013</i>. Hempen. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-944312-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-944312-26-2"><bdi>978-3-944312-26-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+separate+origins+of+the+Tocharians+and+the+Yuezhi&rft.btitle=Tocharian+Texts+in+Context%3A+International+Conference+on+Tocharian+Manuscripts+and+Silk+Road+Culture%2C+June+25-29th%2C+2013&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Hempen&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-944312-26-2&rft.aulast=Lanhai&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Hui%2C+Li&rft.au=Wenkan%2C+Xu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F318897882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThierry2005-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThierry2005_25-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThierry2005">Thierry 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Les Saces", Iaroslav Lebedynsky, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87772-337-2" title="Special:BookSources/2-87772-337-2">2-87772-337-2</a>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liu Jianguo (2004). <i>Distinguishing and Correcting the pre-Qin Forged Classics</i>. Xi'an: Shaanxi People's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-224-05725-8" title="Special:BookSources/7-224-05725-8">7-224-05725-8</a>. pp. 115–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a265-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a265_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2001a">Liu 2001a</a>, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenjamin200732-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenjamin200732_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBenjamin2007">Benjamin 2007</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu20103–4-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu20103–4_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2010">Liu 2010</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a273-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a273_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2001a">Liu 2001a</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewe1979" class="citation book cs1">Loewe, Michael A.N. (1979). "Introduction". In Hulsewé, Anthony François Paulus (ed.). <i>China in Central Asia: The Early Stage: 125 BC – AD 23; an Annotated Translation of Chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty</i>. Brill. pp. 1–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05884-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-05884-2"><bdi>978-90-04-05884-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=China+in+Central+Asia%3A+The+Early+Stage%3A+125+BC+%E2%80%93+AD+23%3B+an+Annotated+Translation+of+Chapters+61+and+96+of+the+History+of+the+Former+Han+Dynasty&rft.pages=1-70&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-90-04-05884-2&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bailey_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. W. Bailey, <i>Indo-Scythian Studies: Being Khotanese Texts</i> (vol. 7). Cambridge, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 6–7, 16, 101, 116, 121, 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001a267–268_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2001a">Liu 2001a</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994169–172-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994169–172_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994">Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994</a>, pp. 169–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-academia.edu-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-academia.edu_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri-Paul_Francfort" title="Henri-Paul Francfort">Francfort, Henri-Paul</a> (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45042820">"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"</a>. <i>Journal des Savants</i>: 26–27, Fig.8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Savants&rft.atitle=Sur+quelques+vestiges+et+indices+nouveaux+de+l%27hell%C3%A9nisme+dans+les+arts+entre+la+Bactriane+et+le+Gandh%C4%81ra+%28130+av.+J.-C.-100+apr.+J.-C.+environ%29&rft.pages=26-27%2C+Fig.8&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45042820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200094-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200094_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjamin_Marshak-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_Marshak_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_Marshak_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_Marshak_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Benjamin" title="Craig Benjamin">Benjamin, Craig</a> (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.org/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html">"The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia"</a>. <i>Transoxiana Webfestschrift</i>. <b>1</b> (Ēran ud Anērān). Transoxiana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transoxiana+Webfestschrift&rft.atitle=The+Yuezhi+Migration+and+Sogdia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=%C4%92ran+ud+An%C4%93r%C4%81n&rft.date=2003-10&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transoxiana.org%2FEran%2FArticles%2Fbenjamin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009380–383-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith2009380–383_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, pp. 380–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuev2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yury_Zuev" title="Yury Zuev">Zuev, Yu. A.</a> (2002). <i>Early Türks: Essays on History and Ideology</i>. Almaty. p. 15. <q>...Maodun proudly informed emperor Han: . . . Due to the favor of the Sky, the commanders and soldiers were in sound condition, and the horses were strong, which allowed me to destroy Uechji, who were exterminated or surrendered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+T%C3%BCrks%3A+Essays+on+History+and+Ideology&rft.place=Almaty&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Zuev&rft.aufirst=Yu.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7061" class="extiw" title="s:zh:漢書/卷061">Book of Han, vol. 61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a>, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3699/page/777/mode/1up"><i>The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia</i></a>. Vol. 2. The Institute for the Study of Man in collaboration with The University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications. p. 777. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941694-63-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941694-63-6"><bdi>978-0-941694-63-6</bdi></a>. <q>Among the Greater Yuezhi it appears that a lady was appointed to be the ruling queen on at least one occasion. "Zhang Qian zhuan" 張騫傳 (Biography of Zhang Qian) in the <i>History of the Han</i> records that after the king of the Greater Yuezhi was killed by the Xiongnu, his wife was appointed to be the queen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bronze+Age+and+Early+Iron+Age+Peoples+of+Eastern+Central+Asia&rft.pages=777&rft.pub=The+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Man+in+collaboration+with+The+University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-941694-63-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.pahar.3699%2Fpage%2F777%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith20096–7-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith20096–7_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994170-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994170_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994">Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chavannes (1907) "Les pays d'occident d'après le <i>Heou Han chou</i>". <i>T'oung pao</i>, ser.2:8, p. 189, n. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rene_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/27"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/27">27–28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006"><i>Silk Road, North China</i></a>, C. Michael Hogan, The Megalithic Portal, A. Burnham, ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993233–236_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1993">Watson 1993</a>, pp. 233–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993245-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993245_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1993">Watson 1993</a>, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994175-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994175_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994">Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1993235-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1993235_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1993">Watson 1993</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990158-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990158_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagar1992" class="citation book cs1">Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&q=Chitral&pg=PA162"><i>Foreign Influence on Ancient India</i></a>. Northern Book Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7211-028-4"><bdi>978-81-7211-028-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Influence+on+Ancient+India&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-028-4&rft.aulast=Sagar&rft.aufirst=Krishna+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UA4rkm9MgkC%26q%3DChitral%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill (2004), pp. 29, 318–350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalchayan#prettyPhoto%5bcontent%5d/0/"><i>KHALCHAYAN – Encyclopaedia Iranica</i></a>. p. Figure 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=KHALCHAYAN+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.pages=Figure+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkhalchayan%23prettyPhoto%5Bcontent%5D%2F0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BR-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BR_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1971" class="citation journal cs1">Rowland, Benjamin (1971). "Graeco-Bactrian Art and Gandhāra: Khalchayan and the Gandhāra Bodhisattvas". <i>Archives of Asian Art</i>. <b>25</b>: 29–35. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-6637">0066-6637</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111029">20111029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Asian+Art&rft.atitle=Graeco-Bactrian+Art+and+Gandh%C4%81ra%3A+Khalchayan+and+the+Gandh%C4%81ra+Bodhisattvas&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=29-35&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20111029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-6637&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPL56-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SPL56_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2022" class="citation book cs1">Frantz, Grenet (2022). <i>Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan</i>. Paris: Louvre Editions. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8412527858" title="Special:BookSources/978-8412527858"><bdi>978-8412527858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+des+oasis+d%27Ouzb%C3%A9kistan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Louvre+Editions&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-8412527858&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Grenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990159-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990159_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200928–29-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200928–29_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">後百餘歲，貴霜翕候丘就卻攻滅四翕候，自立為王，國號貴霜王。侵安息，取高附地。又滅濮達、罽賓，悉有其國。丘就卻年八十餘死，子閻膏珍代為王。復滅天竺，置將一人監領之。月氏自此之後，最為富盛，諸國稱之皆曰貴霜王。漢本其故號，言大月氏云。</span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guoxue.com/discord/xwm/jnsj.htm"><i>Hanshu</i>, 96</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taishan-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taishan_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yu Taishan (2nd Edition 2003). <i>A Comprehensive History of Western Regions</i>. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-5348-1266-6" title="Special:BookSources/7-5348-1266-6">7-5348-1266-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-notes13-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-notes13_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-notes13_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes13.html">Notes to Section 13</a>, <i>The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu</i>, trans. John Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBettsViczianyJiaCastro2019" class="citation book cs1">Betts, Alison; Vicziany, Marika; Jia, Peter Weiming; Castro, Angelo Andrea Di (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxUSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104"><i>The Cultures of Ancient Xinjiang, Western China: Crossroads of the Silk Roads</i></a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-407-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultures+of+Ancient+Xinjiang%2C+Western+China%3A+Crossroads+of+the+Silk+Roads&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-407-9&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Vicziany%2C+Marika&rft.au=Jia%2C+Peter+Weiming&rft.au=Castro%2C+Angelo+Andrea+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxUSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillward,_James_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, James A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA15"><i>Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang</i></a>. Columbia University Press, New York. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13924-3"><bdi>978-0-231-13924-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasian+Crossroads%3A+A+History+of+Xinjiang&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13924-3&rft.au=Millward%2C+James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8FVsWq31MtMC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunion2007" class="citation book cs1">Runion, Meredith L. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653"><i>The history of Afghanistan</i></a></span>. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653/page/n66">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33798-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Yuezhi people conquered Bactria in the second century BC, and divided the country into five chiefdoms, one of which would become the Kushan Empire. Recognizing the importance of unification, these five tribes combined under the one dominate Kushan tribe, and the primary rulers descended from the Yuezhi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33798-7&rft.aulast=Runion&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryafghanist00runi_653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu2001b156_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiu2001b">Liu 2001b</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tocharian_Online_Introduction-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tocharian_Online_Introduction_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tocharian_Online_Introduction_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tocharian_Online_Introduction_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauseSlocum" class="citation web cs1">Krause, Todd B.; Slocum, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/tokol/00">"Tocharian Online: Series Introduction"</a>. University of Texas at Austin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tocharian+Online%3A+Series+Introduction&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Todd+B.&rft.au=Slocum%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Feieol%2Ftokol%2F00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard1994100-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard1994100_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBernard1994">Bernard 1994</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994174_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994">Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.8.1">11-8-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/31"><i>The Empire of the Steppes</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9"><bdi>0-8135-1304-9</bdi></a>. <q>This would seem to prove that the Yueh-chih of Chinese history – if they correspond, as supposed, to the Tokharoi of Greek history – were from that time established in Bactria, a country of which they later made a 'Tokharistan'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-8135-1304-9&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990161-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990161_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DS16-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DS16_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DS16_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2007" class="citation book cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (30 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuevCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA16"><i>On the Cusp of an Era: Art in the Pre-Kuṣāṇa World</i></a>. BRILL. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2049-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2049-1"><bdi>978-90-474-2049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Cusp+of+an+Era%3A+Art+in+the+Pre-Ku%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+World&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-04-30&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2049-1&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZuevCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunion2007" class="citation book cs1">Runion, Meredith L. (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653"><i>The history of Afghanistan</i></a></span>. Westport: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyafghanist00runi_653/page/n66">46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33798-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33798-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Yuezhi people conquered Bactria in the second century BC and divided the country into five chiefdoms, one of which would become the Kushan Empire. Recognizing the importance of unification, these five tribes combined under the one dominate Kushan tribe, and the primary rulers descended from the Yuezhi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Afghanistan&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33798-7&rft.aulast=Runion&rft.aufirst=Meredith+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryafghanist00runi_653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200984–85-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckwith200984–85_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, pp. 84–85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill200914,_43-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill200914,_43_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHill2009">Hill 2009</a>, pp. 14, 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRong2004" class="citation journal cs1">Rong, Xinjiang (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp144_han_dynasty_buddhism.pdf">"Land route or sea route? Commentary on the study of the paths of transmission and areas in which Buddhism was disseminated during the Han period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sino-Platonic_Papers" title="Sino-Platonic Papers">Sino-Platonic Papers</a></i>. <b>144</b>. Translated by Zhou, Xiuqin: 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Land+route+or+sea+route%3F+Commentary+on+the+study+of+the+paths+of+transmission+and+areas+in+which+Buddhism+was+disseminated+during+the+Han+period&rft.volume=144&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rong&rft.aufirst=Xinjiang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp144_han_dynasty_buddhism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark J. Dresden (1981), "Introductory Note," in Guitty Azarpay, <i>Sogdian Painting: the Pictorial Epic in Oriental Art</i>, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, p. 5, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-03765-0">0-520-03765-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcwb2-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lcwb2_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0005)">"Afghanistan: Central Asian and Sassanian Rule, ca. 150 B.C.-700 A.D."</a> United States: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+Central+Asian+and+Sassanian+Rule%2C+ca.+150+B.C.-700+A.D.&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Baf0005%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomane2018" class="citation book cs1">Romane, Julian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RrPNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT237"><i>Rise of the Tang Dynasty: The Reunification of China and the Military Response to the Steppe Nomads (AD 581-626)</i></a>. Pen and Sword. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8779-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-8779-4"><bdi>978-1-4738-8779-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Tang+Dynasty%3A+The+Reunification+of+China+and+the+Military+Response+to+the+Steppe+Nomads+%28AD+581-626%29&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-8779-4&rft.aulast=Romane&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRrPNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sophia-Karin Psarras, <i>Han Material Culture</i>, New York, Cambridge University Press, pp. 31, 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaloun1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Haloun" title="Gustav Haloun">Haloun, Gustav</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/file/1340AmfYFxT.pdf">"The Liang-chou rebellion 184–221 A.D."</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asia Major</i>. New Series. <b>1</b> (1): 119–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Liang-chou+rebellion+184%E2%80%93221+A.D.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-132&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Haloun&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1340AmfYFxT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhou1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhou, Yiliang (June 1997). "〈北朝的民族問題與民族政策〉". <i>《魏晋南北朝史论集》</i> (in Chinese). Beijing: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beijing_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beijing University Press (page does not exist)">Beijing University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787301031919" title="Special:BookSources/9787301031919"><bdi>9787301031919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E8%88%87%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E3%80%89&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%BA%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Beijing+University+Press&rft.date=1997-06&rft.isbn=9787301031919&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yiliang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTang2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tang, Changru (December 2010). "〈魏晋杂胡考二卢水胡〉". <i>《魏晋南北朝史论丛》</i> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Press" title="Commercial Press">Commercial Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787100074513" title="Special:BookSources/9787100074513"><bdi>9787100074513</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E3%80%88%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E6%9D%82%E8%83%A1%E8%80%83+%E4%BA%8C+%E5%8D%A2%E6%B0%B4%E8%83%A1%E3%80%89&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%9B%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=Commercial+Press&rft.date=2010-12&rft.isbn=9787100074513&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Changru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Haw, Stephen G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J8J8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>Beijing – A Concise History</i></a>. Routledge. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15033-5"><bdi>978-1-134-15033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing+%E2%80%93+A+Concise+History&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15033-5&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ8J8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA352"><i>History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. RA1-352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=RA1-352&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ouyang Xiu & Xin Wudai Shi, 1974,<i>New Annals of the Five Dynasties</i>, Beijing, Zhonghua Publishing House, p. 918 – cited by: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianhistory.com/data/articles/l01/2024.html">Eurasian History, 2008–09, <i>The Yuezhi and Dunhuang</i> （月氏与敦煌）</a> (18 March 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYatsenko2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yatsenko, Sergey A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadfoundation.org/newsletter/vol10/SilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf">"Yuezhi on Bactrian Embroidery from Textiles Found at Noyon uul, Mongolia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Silk Road</i>. <b>10</b>: 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+on+Bactrian+Embroidery+from+Textiles+Found+at+Noyon+uul%2C+Mongolia&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=45-46&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Yatsenko&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silkroadfoundation.org%2Fnewsletter%2Fvol10%2FSilkRoad_10_2012_yatsenko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancfort2020" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henri-Paul_Francfort" title="Henri-Paul Francfort">Francfort, Henri-Paul</a> (1 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45042820">"Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ)"</a>. <i>Journal des Savants</i>: 26–27, Fig.9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+des+Savants&rft.atitle=Sur+quelques+vestiges+et+indices+nouveaux+de+l%27hell%C3%A9nisme+dans+les+arts+entre+la+Bactriane+et+le+Gandh%C4%81ra+%28130+av.+J.-C.-100+apr.+J.-C.+environ%29&rft.pages=26-27%2C+Fig.9&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft.aulast=Francfort&rft.aufirst=Henri-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45042820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair200098–99,_281–283_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, pp. 98–99, 281–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000318-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryMair2000318_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryMair2000">Mallory & Mair 2000</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jhutti-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jhutti_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJhutti2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jhutti, Sundeep S. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp127_getes.pdf">"The Getes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i>. <b>127</b>: 15–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Getes&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Jhutti&rft.aufirst=Sundeep+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp127_getes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henning, W.B. (1978) "The first Indo-Europeans in history"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJhutti200322-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJhutti200322_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJhutti2003">Jhutti 2003</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2013" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Hyun Jin (2013-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX8YAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201"><i>The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06722-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06722-6"><bdi>978-1-107-06722-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Huns%2C+Rome+and+the+Birth+of+Europe&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06722-6&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hyun+Jin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX8YAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994171-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994171_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994">Enoki, Koshelenko & Haidary 1994</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tokharian-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tokharian_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tokharian_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManko_Namba_Walter1998" class="citation journal cs1">Manko Namba Walter (October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp085_tokharian_buddhism_kucha.pdf">"Tokharian Buddhism in Kucha: Buddhism of Indo-European Centum Speakers in Chinese Turkestan before the 10th Century C.E"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (85).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Tokharian+Buddhism+in+Kucha%3A+Buddhism+of+Indo-European+Centum+Speakers+in+Chinese+Turkestan+before+the+10th+Century+C.E&rft.issue=85&rft.date=1998-10&rft.au=Manko+Namba+Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp085_tokharian_buddhism_kucha.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ITT-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITT_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITT_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/tokol">"Introduction to Tocharian"</a>. <i>lrc.la.utexas.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lrc.la.utexas.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Tocharian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flrc.la.utexas.edu%2Feieol%2Ftokol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1988" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Douglas Q. (1988). <i>Tocharian Historical Phonology and Morphology</i>. American Oriental Society. pp. 2–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940490-71-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940490-71-0"><bdi>978-0-940490-71-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tocharian+Historical+Phonology+and+Morphology&rft.pages=2-4&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-940490-71-0&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997590-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalloryAdams1997590_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalloryAdams1997">Mallory & Adams 1997</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENarain1990153-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENarain1990153_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNarain1990">Narain 1990</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckwith2009">Beckwith 2009</a>, p. 5, footnote 16, as well as pp. 380–383 in appendix B, but also see <a href="#CITEREFHitch2010">Hitch 2010</a>, p. 655: "He equates the Tokharians with the Yuezhi, and the Wusun with the Asvins, as if these are established facts, and refers to his arguments in appendix B. But these identifications remain controversial, rather than established, for most scholars."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAydemir2019273-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAydemir2019273_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAydemir2019">Aydemir 2019</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aydemir263-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aydemir263_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAydemir2019">Aydemir 2019</a>, p. 263 "based on various toponymic evidence, *<i>Arki</i> and *<i>Yarki</i> seem to be the oldest reconstructable forms. However, it is for the time being not quite clear which one is the primary form. In order to know this, we first need to know the etymology of the name. Without doing so, it would be difficult to determine the primary form. This, however, must be left to the specialists in Indo-European linguistics."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NA24-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NA24_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA24_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA24_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA24_130-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA24_130-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NA24_130-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection/page/n37/mode/2up"><i>Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Art+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppes%3A+The+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+Other+Notable+New+York+Collections&rft.pages=24-25&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection%2Fpage%2Fn37%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAK-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAK_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomissarov2017" class="citation journal cs1">Komissarov, S.A (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paeas.ru/Articleen/189">"Shajing Culture (Gansu, China): Main Sites and Problems of Chronology"</a>. <i>Paeas.ru</i>. <q>The Shajing culture of the Early Iron Age. The sites of this culture have been discovered in the central part of Gansu Province (China). Seven big burial grounds and almost the same amount of fortified settlements (with walls made of compacted loess) have been excavated. Painted pottery, associated with the local tradition of Neolithic-Early Bronze Age, has been found at the early sites, but the Scythian-like artifacts constitute the core of this culture. This makes it possible to clarify the chronological limits of the culture as 900-400 BC, but probably with the later specific dates. Different suggestions have been made concerning the ethnic origins of the "Shajing people," who may have some connections with the Tocharian-speaking Yuezhi, the proto-Tibetean Qiang and Rong, or even with the Iranian Wusuns. The Shajing culture might have emerged from the interaction of all these (or close) ethnic and cultural components.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paeas.ru&rft.atitle=Shajing+Culture+%28Gansu%2C+China%29%3A+Main+Sites+and+Problems+of+Chronology&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Komissarov&rft.aufirst=S.A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaeas.ru%2FArticleen%2F189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection/page/n133/mode/2up"><i>Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 120–121, item 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Art+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppes%3A+The+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+Other+Notable+New+York+Collections&rft.pages=120-121%2C+item+92&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection%2Fpage%2Fn133%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection/page/n59/mode/2up"><i>Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 45, item 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Art+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppes%3A+The+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+Other+Notable+New+York+Collections&rft.pages=45%2C+item+7&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection%2Fpage%2Fn59%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunker2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunker, Emma C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/NomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection/page/n137/mode/2up"><i>Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes: The Eugene V. Thaw and Other Notable New York Collections</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 122, item 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomadic+Art+of+the+Eastern+Eurasian+Steppes%3A+The+Eugene+V.+Thaw+and+Other+Notable+New+York+Collections&rft.pages=122%2C+item+94&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bunker&rft.aufirst=Emma+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FNomadicArtoftheEasternEurasianSteppesTheEugeneVThawandOtherNotableNewYorkCollection%2Fpage%2Fn137%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLan-Hai_WeiLi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lan-Hai Wei, Ryan; Li, Hui (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318897882">"The separate origins of the Tocharians and the Yuezhi: Results from recent advances in archaeology and genetics"</a>. <i>International Conference on Tocharian Manuscripts and Silk Road CultureAt: University of Vienna, Vienna. 26–28 June 2013</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Conference+on+Tocharian+Manuscripts+and+Silk+Road+CultureAt%3A+University+of+Vienna%2C+Vienna.+26%E2%80%9328+June+2013.&rft.atitle=The+separate+origins+of+the+Tocharians+and+the+Yuezhi%3A+Results+from+recent+advances+in+archaeology+and+genetics&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lan-Hai+Wei&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Li%2C+Hui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F318897882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAydemir2019" class="citation journal cs1">Aydemir, Hakan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41490166">"The Reconstruction of The Name Yuezhi 月氏 / 月支"</a>. <i>International Journal of Old Uyghur Studies</i> (1/2): 249–282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Old+Uyghur+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Reconstruction+of+The+Name+Yuezhi+%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F+%2F+%E6%9C%88%E6%94%AF&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=249-282&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Aydemir&rft.aufirst=Hakan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41490166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Beckwith, Christopher I.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C"><i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2994-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-2994-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2994-1&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ue8BxLEMt4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Benjamin" title="Craig Benjamin">Benjamin, Craig</a> (2007). <i>The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria</i>. Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52429-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52429-0"><bdi>978-2-503-52429-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yuezhi%3A+Origin%2C+Migration+and+the+Conquest+of+Northern+Bactria&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52429-0&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Craig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1994" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, P. (1994). "The Greek Kingdoms of Central Asia". In Harmatta, János (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001057/105703eo.pdf"><i>History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume II. The development of sedentary and nomadic civilizations: 700 B.C. to A.D. 250</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: UNESCO. pp. 96–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5"><bdi>978-92-3-102846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Greek+Kingdoms+of+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+II.+The+development+of+sedentary+and+nomadic+civilizations%3A+700+B.C.+to+A.D.+250&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=96-126&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102846-5&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0010%2F001057%2F105703eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBopearachchi2007" class="citation book cs1">Bopearachchi, Osmund (2007). "Some Observations on the Chronology of the Early Kushans". In Gyselen, Rika (ed.). <i>Des Indo-Grecs aux Sassanides: données pour l'histoire et la géographie historique</i>. Vol. XVII. Bures-sur-Yvette: Group pour l'Etude de la Civilisation du Moyen-Orient. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9521376-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-9521376-1-4"><bdi>978-2-9521376-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Chronology+of+the+Early+Kushans&rft.btitle=Des+Indo-Grecs+aux+Sassanides%3A+donn%C3%A9es+pour+l%27histoire+et+la+g%C3%A9ographie+historique&rft.place=Bures-sur-Yvette&rft.pub=Group+pour+l%27Etude+de+la+Civilisation+du+Moyen-Orient&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-9521376-1-4&rft.aulast=Bopearachchi&rft.aufirst=Osmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dorn'eich, Chris M. (2008). <i>Chinese sources on the History of the Niusi-Wusi-Asi(oi)-Rishi(ka)-Arsi-Arshi-Ruzhi and their Kueishuang-Kushan Dynasty. Shiji 110/Hanshu 94A: The Xiongnu: Synopsis of Chinese original Text and several Western Translations with Extant Annotations</i>. Berlin. To read or download go to: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://chrisdorneich.tumblr.com/">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnokiKoshelenkoHaidary1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Enoki, K.; <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Кошеленко, Геннадий Андреевич">Koshelenko, G.A.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Russian]</span>; Haidary, Z. (1 January 1994). "The Yu'eh-chih and their migrations". In <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0010/001057/105703eo.pdf"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. pp. 171–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102846-5"><bdi>978-92-3-102846-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yu%27eh-chih+and+their+migrations&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia%3A+The+Development+of+Sedentary+and+Nomadic+Civilizations%2C+700+B.+C.+to+A.+D.+250&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=171-191&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102846-5&rft.aulast=Enoki&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Koshelenko%2C+G.A.&rft.au=Haidary%2C+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0010%2F001057%2F105703eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanksLinduff2009" class="citation book cs1">Hanks, Brian K.; Linduff, Katheryn M. (2009). <i>Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals and Mobility</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51712-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51712-6"><bdi>978-0-521-51712-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Complexity+in+Prehistoric+Eurasia%3A+Monuments%2C+Metals+and+Mobility&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51712-6&rft.aulast=Hanks&rft.aufirst=Brian+K.&rft.au=Linduff%2C+Katheryn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Hansen" title="Valerie Hansen">Hansen, Valerie</a> (2012). <i>The Silk Road: A New History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993921-3"><bdi>978-0-19-993921-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993921-3&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Haw, Stephen G. (2006). <i>Beijing – A Concise History</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15032-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15032-8"><bdi>978-1-134-15032-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beijing+%E2%80%93+A+Concise+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15032-8&rft.aulast=Haw&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hill, John E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/weilue/weilue.html"><i>The Peoples of the West from the Weilüe</i> 魏略</a> <i>by Yu Huan</i> 魚豢<i>: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE.</i> Draft annotated English translation</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">——— (2009). <i>Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries AD</i>. Charleston SC: BookSurge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4392-2134-1"><bdi>978-1-4392-2134-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Jade+Gate+to+Rome%3A+A+Study+of+the+Silk+Routes+during+the+Later+Han+Dynasty%2C+1st+to+2nd+Centuries+AD&rft.place=Charleston+SC&rft.pub=BookSurge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4392-2134-1&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitch2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hitch, Doug (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226105908/http://www.ynlc.ca/ynlc/staff/hitch/review_of_Beckwith.pdf">"Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>130</b> (4): 654–658. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJNAr..39..207P">2010IJNAr..39..207P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x">10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynlc.ca/ynlc/staff/hitch/review_of_Beckwith.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-12-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=654-658&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-9270.2009.00260_11.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010IJNAr..39..207P&rft.aulast=Hitch&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynlc.ca%2Fynlc%2Fstaff%2Fhitch%2Freview_of_Beckwith.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2001a" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xinru_Liu" title="Xinru Liu">Liu, Xinru</a> (2001a). "Migration and Settlement of the Yuezhi-Kushan. Interaction and Interdependence of Nomadic and Sedentary Societies". <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 261–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjwh.2001.0034">10.1353/jwh.2001.0034</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078910">20078910</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162211306">162211306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+History&rft.atitle=Migration+and+Settlement+of+the+Yuezhi-Kushan.+Interaction+and+Interdependence+of+Nomadic+and+Sedentary+Societies&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-292&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162211306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20078910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjwh.2001.0034&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2001b" class="citation book cs1">——— (2001b). "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia". In Adas, Michael (ed.). <i>Agricultural and pastoral societies in ancient and classical history</i>. Philadelphia PA: Temple University Press. pp. 151–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-832-9"><bdi>978-1-56639-832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Overland+Trade+and+Cultural+Interactions+in+Eurasia&rft.btitle=Agricultural+and+pastoral+societies+in+ancient+and+classical+history&rft.place=Philadelphia+PA&rft.pages=151-179&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-832-9&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2010" class="citation book cs1">——— (2010). <i>The Silk Road in World History</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516174-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516174-8"><bdi>978-0-19-516174-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516174-8&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Xinru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoeweShaughnessy1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Loewe" title="Michael Loewe">Loewe, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Shaughnessy" title="Edward L. Shaughnessy">Shaughnessy, Edward L.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00loew"><i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory00loew/page/n117">87</a>–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47030-8"><bdi>978-0-521-47030-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Ancient+China%3A+From+the+Origins+of+Civilization+to+221+BC&rft.pages=87-88&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47030-8&rft.aulast=Loewe&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Shaughnessy%2C+Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehistory00loew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">Mallory, J. P.</a>; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+Culture&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams2006" class="citation book cs1">———; ——— (2006). <i>The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929668-2"><bdi>978-0-19-929668-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929668-2&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryMair2000" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tarimmummiesanci00mall"><i>The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West</i></a></span>. London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05101-6"><bdi>978-0-500-05101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tarim+Mummies%3A+Ancient+China+and+the+Mystery+of+the+Earliest+Peoples+from+the+West&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05101-6&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Mair%2C+Victor+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftarimmummiesanci00mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarain1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Narain" title="A. K. Narain">Narain, A. K.</a> (1990). "Indo-Europeans in Central Asia". In <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sinor" title="Denis Sinor">Sinor, Denis</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_History_of_Early_Inner_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 151–177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243049.007">10.1017/CHOL9780521243049.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05489-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05489-8"><bdi>978-1-139-05489-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indo-Europeans+in+Central+Asia&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.pages=151-177&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521243049.007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05489-8&rft.aulast=Narain&rft.aufirst=A.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ricket, W.A. (1998). <i>Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophic Essays from Early China</i>, vol. 2. Princeton: Princeton University Press</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoux1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Roux" title="Jean-Paul Roux">Roux, Jean-Paul</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLlqQgAACAAJ"><i>L'Asie Centrale, Histoire et Civilization</i></a> [<i>Central Asia: History and Civilization</i>] (in French). <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-59894-9"><bdi>978-2-213-59894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Asie+Centrale%2C+Histoire+et+Civilization&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-2-213-59894-9&rft.aulast=Roux&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLlqQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThierry2005" class="citation book cs1">Thierry, François (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11069062">"Yuezhi et Kouchans, Pièges et dangers des sources chinoises"</a>. In Bopearachchi, Osmund; Boussac, Marie-Françoise (eds.). <i>Afghanistan, Ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest</i>. Turnhout: Brepols. pp. 421–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51681-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51681-3"><bdi>978-2-503-51681-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yuezhi+et+Kouchans%2C+Pi%C3%A8ges+et+dangers+des+sources+chinoises&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%2C+Ancien+carrefour+entre+l%27est+et+l%27ouest&rft.place=Turnhout&rft.pages=421-539&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-503-51681-3&rft.aulast=Thierry&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F11069062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1993" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Burton (1993). <i>Records of the Grand Historian of China: Han Dynasty II</i> (revised ed.). Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08166-5"><bdi>978-0-231-08166-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Grand+Historian+of+China%3A+Han+Dynasty+II&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-231-08166-5&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Burton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-08167-2">978-0-231-08167-2</a> (pbk.) Translated from the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiji" title="Shiji">Shiji</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC"><i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1913-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1913-7&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpCiNqFj3MQsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Yap, Joseph P. (2009). <i>Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation From Zizhi tongjian</i> Chapters 2 & 4, AuthorHouse. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4490-0604-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4490-0604-4">978-1-4490-0604-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher1969" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, E. (1969). "The Yüeh-chih and Kanișka in the Chinese sources". In Basham, Arthur Llewellyn (ed.). <i>Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka</i>. Brill. pp. 346–390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00151-0"><bdi>978-90-04-00151-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Y%C3%BCeh-chih+and+Kani%C8%99ka+in+the+Chinese+sources&rft.btitle=Papers+on+the+Date+of+Kani%E1%B9%A3ka&rft.pages=346-390&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00151-0&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuezhi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/hou_han_shu.html#sec13">"Section 13 – The Kingdom of the Da Yuezhi"</a>, The Western Regions according to the <i>Hou Hanshu</i>, trans. John Hill <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/hhshu/notes13.html">Notes to Section 13</a> – Linguistic analysis of the connection between <i>Yuezhi</i> and <i>Kushan</i></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_(diplomat)" title="Charles Eliot (diplomat)">Eliot, Charles Norton Edgcumbe</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Yue-Chi"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Yue-Chi">"Yue-Chi" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 944–945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yue-Chi&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=944-945&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Charles+Norton+Edgcumbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYuezhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/mongolia/mongolia14.html">Mongolia: Xiongnu and Yuezhi</a> – Overview of Xiongnu history and their wars with the Yuezhi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/Eran/Articles/benjamin.html">"The Yuezhi Migration and Sogdia"</a>, by Craig Benjamin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040110174334/http://www.britac.ac.uk/events/programmes/2004/abstracts/asia-abdullaev.html">"After Alexander: Central Asia Before Islam"</a> – nomad migration in Central Asia, by Kasim Abdullaev</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040404050535/http://ignca.nic.in/ks_41023.htm">"India and China: beyond and the within"</a>, Lokesh Chandra</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504035720/http://ef.cdpa.nsysu.edu.tw/ccw/01/kz.htm">Guanzi</a> – online text from <a href="/wiki/National_Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="National Sun Yat-sen University">National Sun Yat-sen University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1741-7007-8-15.pdf">"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"</a>, Li et al. <i>BMC Biology</i> 2010, 8:15.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Central_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_Asian_history" title="Template talk:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Central_Asian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Central Asian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">History of Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mal%27ta%E2%80%93Buret%27_culture" title="Mal'ta–Buret' culture">Mal'ta–Buret' culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_culture" title="Vakhsh culture">Vakhsh culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyuk_culture" title="Uyuk culture">Uyuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Kushano-Sasanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ushrusana" title="Principality of Ushrusana">Ustrushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khuttal" title="Principality of Khuttal">Khuttal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferghana_Kingdom" title="Ferghana Kingdom">Ferghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi Protectorate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhshids_of_Sogdia" title="Ikhshids of Sogdia">Ikhshids of Sogdia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Shahis" title="Turk Shahis">Turk Shahis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State">Oghuz Yabgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27munids" title="Ma'munids">Ma'munids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farighunids" title="Farighunids">Farighunids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_Empire" title="Khwarazmian Empire">Khwarazmian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_dynasty" title="Sufi dynasty">Sufi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Fergana" title="Principality of Fergana">Principality of Fergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khanate of Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Asia" title="Soviet Central Asia">Soviet Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Central Asia">Chinese Central Asia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_art" title="Central Asian art">Central Asian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_art" title="Silk Road transmission of art">Silk Road transmission of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serindian_art" title="Serindian art">Serindian art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta" title="Sintashta">Sintashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_burials" title="Pazyryk burials">Pazyryk burials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbyk_kurgan" title="Salbyk kurgan">Salbyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippovka_kurgans" title="Filippovka kurgans">Filippovka kurgans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulay%C3%AFq" title="Bulayïq">Bulayïq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizilgaha_caves" title="Kizilgaha caves">Kizilgaha caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtura_Caves" title="Kumtura Caves">Kumtura Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subashi_Temple" title="Subashi Temple">Subashi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miran_(Xinjiang)" title="Miran (Xinjiang)">Miran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawak_Stupa" title="Rawak Stupa">Rawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves" title="Mogao Caves">Mogao Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumxuk" title="Tumxuk">Tumshuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Caves" title="Bezeklik Caves">Bezeklik Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Caves">Dunhuang Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beshbalik" title="Beshbalik">Beshbalik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noin-Ula_burial_site" title="Noin-Ula burial site">Noin-Ula burial site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Begash" title="Begash">Begash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk_kurgan" title="Issyk kurgan">Issyk kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jankent" title="Jankent">Jankent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsakpay_inscription" title="Karsakpay inscription">Karsakpay inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerderi" title="Kerderi">Kerderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnyi_Yar_(Kazakhstan)" title="Krasnyi Yar (Kazakhstan)">Krasnyi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merke_Turkic_Sanctuaries" title="Merke Turkic Sanctuaries">Merke Turkic Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyphs_of_Arpa-Uzen" title="Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen">Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovka_settlement" title="Petrovka settlement">Petrovka settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boralday_(archaeological_site)" title="Boralday (archaeological site)">Boralday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawran_(Kazakhstan)" title="Sawran (Kazakhstan)">Sawran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilikty" title="Shilikty">Shilikty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe_Geoglyphs" title="Steppe Geoglyphs">Steppe Geoglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbe_(ancient_settlement)" title="Sumbe (ancient settlement)">Sumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talapty_Settlement" title="Talapty Settlement">Talapty Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkistan_(city)" title="Turkistan (city)">Turkistan (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urpek" title="Urpek">Urpek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Khoja_Ahmed_Yasawi" title="Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi">Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araltobe_kurgan" title="Araltobe kurgan">Araltobe kurgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aigyr-Zhal_2" title="Aigyr-Zhal 2">Aigyr-Zhal 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balasagun" title="Balasagun">Balasagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burana_Tower" title="Burana Tower">Burana Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issyk-Kul" title="Issyk-Kul">Issyk-Kul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshoy_Korgon" title="Koshoy Korgon">Koshoy Korgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manas_Ordo" title="Manas Ordo">Manas Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navekat" title="Navekat">Navekat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zg%C3%B6n" title="Özgön">Özgön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakh_Fazil" title="Shakh Fazil">Shakh Fazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suyab" title="Suyab">Suyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_Rabat" title="Tash Rabat">Tash Rabat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_(Samarkand)" title="Afrasiyab (Samarkand)">Afrasiyab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akchakhan-Kala" title="Akchakhan-Kala">Akchakhan-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhsikath" title="Akhsikath">Akhsikath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Pap" title="Ancient Pap">Ancient Pap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz-Kala" title="Ayaz-Kala">Ayaz-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balalyk_Tepe" title="Balalyk Tepe">Balalyk Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burchmulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Burchmulla">Burchmulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalverzin_Tepe" title="Dalverzin Tepe">Dalverzin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles_of_ancient_Khorezm" title="Desert castles of ancient Khorezm">Desert castles of ancient Khorezm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayaz_Tepe" title="Fayaz Tepe">Fayaz Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guldursun-Kala" title="Guldursun-Kala">Guldursun-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazorasp" title="Hazorasp">Hazorasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itchan_Kala" title="Itchan Kala">Itchan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Uzbekistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Uzbekistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampir_Tepe" title="Kampir Tepe">Kampir Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Tepe" title="Kara Tepe">Kara Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalchayan" title="Khalchayan">Khalchayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiva" title="Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koi_Krylgan_Kala" title="Koi Krylgan Kala">Koi Krylgan Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktepe" title="Koktepe">Koktepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyzyl-Kala" title="Kyzyl-Kala">Kyzyl-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obi-Rakhmat_Grotto" title="Obi-Rakhmat Grotto">Obi-Rakhmat Grotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poykent" class="mw-redirect" title="Poykent">Poykent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmishsay" title="Sarmishsay">Sarmishsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrukhiya" title="Shahrukhiya">Shahrukhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siypantosh_Rock_Paintings" title="Siypantosh Rock Paintings">Siypantosh Rock Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavka_Kurgan" title="Tavka Kurgan">Tavka Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toprak-Kala" title="Toprak-Kala">Toprak-Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varakhsha" title="Varakhsha">Varakhsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarautsoy_Rock_Paintings" title="Zarautsoy Rock Paintings">Zarautsoy Rock Paintings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunjikat_(archeological_site)" title="Bunjikat (archeological site)">Bunjikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penjikent">Penjikent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajina_tepe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajina tepe">Ajina tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyropolis" title="Cyropolis">Cyropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir-kala_(Tajikistan)" title="Kafir-kala (Tajikistan)">Kafir-kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Kuwad" title="Takht-i Kuwad">Takht-i Kuwad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-i_Sangin" title="Takht-i Sangin">Takht-i Sangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalai_Kafirnigan" title="Kalai Kafirnigan">Kalai Kafirnigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Dzhebel" title="Cave of Dzhebel">Cave of Dzhebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiward" title="Abiward">Abiward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau_culture" title="Anau culture">Anau culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anau,_Turkmenistan" title="Anau, Turkmenistan">Anau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Kesken" class="mw-redirect" title="Dev-Kesken">Dev-Kesken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonur_Depe" title="Gonur Depe">Gonur Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konye-Urgench" title="Konye-Urgench">Konye-Urgench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutlug_Timur_Minaret" title="Kutlug Timur Minaret">Kutlug Timur Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monjukli_Depe" title="Monjukli Depe">Monjukli Depe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisa,_Turkmenistan" title="Nisa, Turkmenistan">Nisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolok" title="Togolok">Togolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulug_Depe" title="Ulug Depe">Ulug Depe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilberjin_Tepe" title="Dilberjin Tepe">Dilberjin Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadda,_Afghanistan" title="Hadda, Afghanistan">Hadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Shotor" title="Tapa Shotor">Tapa Shotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotorak_monastery" title="Shotorak monastery">Shotorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paitava" title="Paitava">Paitava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran" title="Bimaran">Bimaran</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tapa-i_Kafariha_Monastery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tapa-i Kafariha Monastery">Tapa-i Kafariha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_Aynak" title="Mes Aynak">Mes Aynak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fondukistan_monastery" title="Fondukistan monastery">Fondukistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_Sardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapa Sardar">Tapa Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Narenj" title="Tepe Narenj">Tepe Narenj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Rostam" title="Takht-e Rostam">Takht-e Rostam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Fullol" title="Tepe Fullol">Tepe Fullol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillya_Tepe" title="Tillya Tepe">Tillya Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemshi_Tepe" title="Yemshi Tepe">Yemshi Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Prophthasia" title="Alexandria Prophthasia">Alexandria Prophthasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Kupruk" title="Aq Kupruk">Aq Kupruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asqalan,_Afghanistan" title="Asqalan, Afghanistan">Asqalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakhil-i-Ghoundi_Stupa" title="Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa">Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darra-e_Kur" title="Darra-e Kur">Darra-e Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Nawar" title="Dasht-e Nawar">Dasht-e Nawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan" title="Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan">Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firozkoh" title="Firozkoh">Firozkoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawhar_Shad_Mausoleum" title="Gawhar Shad Mausoleum">Gawhar Shad Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Piyada" title="Haji Piyada">Haji Piyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khair_Khaneh" title="Khair Khaneh">Khair Khaneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Musalla Complex">Musalla Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_(ancient_city)" title="Nagara (ancient city)">Nagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qala-i-Jangi" title="Qala-i-Jangi">Qala-i-Jangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag-i-Bibi" title="Rag-i-Bibi">Rag-i-Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surkh_Kotal" title="Surkh Kotal">Surkh Kotal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandian_complex" title="Bandian complex">Bandian complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Khajeh" title="Mount Khajeh">Mount Khajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sokh_snakes" title="Sokh snakes">Sokh snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlat_plaques" title="Orlat plaques">Orlat plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_silver_bowl" title="Hephthalite silver bowl">Hephthalite silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilek_silver_bowl" title="Chilek silver bowl">Chilek silver bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardez_Ganesha" title="Gardez Ganesha">Gardez Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogao_Christian_painting" title="Mogao Christian painting">Mogao Christian painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjikent_murals" title="Penjikent murals">Penjikent murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampul_tapestry" title="Sampul tapestry">Sampul tapestry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_Da%C4%93n%C4%81s" title="Sogdian Daēnās">Sogdian Daēnās</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxus_Treasure" title="Oxus Treasure">Oxus Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaran_Casket" class="mw-redirect" title="Bimaran Casket">Bimaran Casket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan" title="Buddhas of Bamiyan">Buddhas of Bamiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabul_hoard" title="Kabul hoard">Kabul hoard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Inscription_of_Laghman" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic Inscription of Laghman">Aramaic Inscription of Laghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Aramaic_inscription" title="Kandahar Aramaic inscription">Kandahar Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul-i-Darunteh_Aramaic_inscription" title="Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription">Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Bilingual_Rock_Inscription" title="Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription">Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandahar_Greek_Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka">Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_seal_(BM_119999)" title="Stamp seal (BM 119999)">Stamp seal (BM 119999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Khingila" title="Seal of Khingila">Seal of Khingila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Ice_Maiden" title="Siberian Ice Maiden">Siberian Ice Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum_plaque" title="Ai-Khanoum plaque">Ai-Khanoum plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saksanokhur_gold_buckle" title="Saksanokhur gold buckle">Saksanokhur gold buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunter_(Hermitage_Museum)" title="Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)">Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Collection_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Siberian Collection of Peter the Great">Siberian Collection of Peter the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rulers_of_Ancient_Central_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Rulers of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Ancient Central Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0; font-size:100%;"> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories/<br />dates</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></th> <th colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Jaxartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaxartes">Trans-Jaxartes steppes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="13"><i>Preceded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">3500–2500 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="13">(Eastern migration of the <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic steppe">Pontic steppe</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Steppe" title="Eurasian Steppe">Eurasian Steppe</a>,as far as the <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai</a> region) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="12" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Tocharian_language" title="Proto-Tocharian language">Proto-Tocharian</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2400–2000 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_Goddess,_Western_Central_Asia,_Bronze_Age_Bactria,_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE,_chlorite_and_limestone,_Miho_Museum,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/35px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/53px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg/70px-Seated_Goddess%2C_Western_Central_Asia%2C_Bronze_Age_Bactria%2C_late_3rd-early_2nd_millenium_BCE%2C_chlorite_and_limestone%2C_Miho_Museum%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2138" /></a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–1900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#F5DEB3;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo Culture">Andronovo Culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–900 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>626–539 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Median_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Median Empire">Median Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Deioces" title="Deioces">Deioces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraortes" title="Phraortes">Phraortes</a> <a href="/wiki/Madyes" title="Madyes">Madyes</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> <a href="/wiki/Astyages" title="Astyages">Astyages</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Massagetae" title="Massagetae">Massagetae</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tomyris" title="Tomyris">Tomyris</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Skunkha" title="Skunkha">Skunkha</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Arzhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arzhan">Arzhan culture</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazyryk Culture">Pazyryk Culture</a>)<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PazyrikHorseman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/30px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/45px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PazyrikHorseman.JPG/60px-PazyrikHorseman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">539–331 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="5" rowspan="1"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_In_Parse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG" decoding="async" width="30" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/45px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/60px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1775" data-file-height="3130" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b><big><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes IV">Artaxerxes IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>331–256 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big>Hellenistic Period</big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon"><img alt="Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/90px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/120px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon</figcaption></figure><b><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander I</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus</a><br /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II</a> </p> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="1"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuezhi</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>256–160 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="5"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a> <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="7" rowspan="3"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuezhi</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="8"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Modu_Chanyu" title="Modu Chanyu">Modu Chanyu</a> <a href="/wiki/Laoshang" title="Laoshang">Laoshang</a><br /><br /><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic tribes">Hunnic tribes</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>160–141 BCE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFDEAD;" colspan="2" rowspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates I of Parthia">Mithridates I</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyspaosines" title="Hyspaosines">Hyspaosines</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_I_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus I of Parthia">Artabanus</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates II of Parthia">Mithridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_I" title="Gotarzes I">Gotarzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates III of Parthia">Mithridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_I_of_Parthia" title="Orodes I of Parthia">Orodes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces of Parthia">Sinatruces</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_III" title="Phraates III">Phraates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates IV of Parthia">Mithridates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_II" title="Orodes II">Orodes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_IV" title="Phraates IV">Phraates IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_II_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates II of Parthia">Tiridates II</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_of_Parthia" title="Musa of Parthia">Musa</a> <a href="/wiki/Phraates_V" title="Phraates V">Phraates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Orodes_III_of_Parthia" title="Orodes III of Parthia">Orodes III</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_I" title="Vonones I">Vonones I</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Parthia" title="Tiridates III of Parthia">Tiridates III</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_I" title="Vardanes I">Vardanes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Meherdates" title="Meherdates">Meherdates</a> <a href="/wiki/Vonones_II" title="Vonones II">Vonones II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vardanes_II" title="Vardanes II">Vardanes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Pacorus_II" title="Pacorus II">Pacorus II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_II_of_Parthia" title="Vologases II of Parthia">Vologases II</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_III_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus III of Parthia">Artabanus III</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_I" title="Osroes I">Osroes I</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_III_of_Parthia" title="Vologases III of Parthia">Vologases III</a> <a href="/wiki/Parthamaspates_of_Parthia" title="Parthamaspates of Parthia">Parthamaspates</a> <a href="/wiki/Sinatruces_II_of_Parthia" title="Sinatruces II of Parthia">Sinatruces II</a> <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Parthia" title="Mithridates V of Parthia">Mithridates V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_IV" title="Vologases IV">Vologases IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Osroes_II" title="Osroes II">Osroes II</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_V" title="Vologases V">Vologases V</a> <a href="/wiki/Vologases_VI" title="Vologases VI">Vologases VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus IV of Parthia">Artabanus IV</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#B0C4DE;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Eucratides" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucratides">Eucratides</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">141 BCE–30 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3"><b><big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuezhi</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Arseiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseiles">Arseiles</a> <a href="/wiki/Sapadbizes" title="Sapadbizes">Sapadbizes</a> <a href="/wiki/Heraios" title="Heraios">Heraios</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">30 –224 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="3" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Takto" title="Vima Takto">Vima Takto</a> <a href="/wiki/Vima_Kadphises" title="Vima Kadphises">Vima Kadphises</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka I</a> <a href="/wiki/Huvishka" title="Huvishka">Huvishka</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva_I" title="Vasudeva I">Vasudeva I</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">224–350 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="2" rowspan="7"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></big></b><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Ardashir_I_(phase_3),_Hamadan_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint."><img alt="Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/60px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/80px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I" title="Hormizd I">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_I" title="Bahram I">Bahram I</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_II" title="Bahram II">Bahram II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_III" title="Bahram III">Bahram III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narseh" title="Narseh">Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II" title="Hormizd II">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Adur_Narseh" title="Adur Narseh">Adur Narseh</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_II" title="Ardashir II">Ardashir II</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_III" title="Shapur III">Shapur III</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_IV" title="Bahram IV">Bahram IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_I" title="Yazdegerd I">Yazdegerd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_IV" title="Shapur IV">Shapur IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_(son_of_Bahram_IV)" title="Khosrow (son of Bahram IV)">Khosrow</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_II" title="Yazdegerd II">Yazdegerd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_III" title="Hormizd III">Hormizd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I" title="Peroz I">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Balash" title="Balash">Balash</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamasp" title="Jamasp">Jamasp</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_I" title="Kavad I">Kavad I</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_I" title="Khosrow I">Khosrow I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_IV" title="Hormizd IV">Hormizd IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Chobin" title="Bahram Chobin">Bahram VI Chobin</a> <a href="/wiki/Vistahm" title="Vistahm">Vistahm</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a> <a href="/wiki/Kavad_II" title="Kavad II">Kavad II</a> <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_III" title="Ardashir III">Ardashir III</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_III" title="Khosrow III">Khosrow III</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur-i_Shahrvaraz" title="Shapur-i Shahrvaraz">Shapur-i Shahrvaraz</a> <a href="/wiki/Azarmidokht" title="Azarmidokht">Azarmidokht</a> <a href="/wiki/Farrukh_Hormizd" title="Farrukh Hormizd">Farrukh Hormizd</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_VI" title="Hormizd VI">Hormizd VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_IV" title="Khosrow IV">Khosrow IV</a> <a href="/wiki/Boran" title="Boran">Boran</a> <a href="/wiki/Yazdegerd_III" title="Yazdegerd III">Yazdegerd III</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_III" title="Peroz III">Peroz III</a> <a href="/wiki/Narsieh" title="Narsieh">Narsieh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#DEB887;" colspan="1" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushano-Sasanians">Kushano-Sasanians</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I_Kushanshah" title="Ardashir I Kushanshah">Ardashir I</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_I_Kushanshah" title="Peroz I Kushanshah">Peroz I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_I_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd I Kushanshah">Hormizd I</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormizd_II_Kushanshah" title="Hormizd II Kushanshah">Hormizd II</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_II_Kushanshah" title="Peroz II Kushanshah">Peroz II</a> <a href="/wiki/Varahran_Kushanshah" title="Varahran Kushanshah">Varahran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FFF8DC;" colspan="2" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kangju" title="Kangju">Kangju</a></big></b><br />Wanunkhur </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">320 CE–467 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Kidarites" title="Kidarites">Kidarites</a></big></b><br />Yosada <a href="/wiki/Kirada" title="Kirada">Kirada</a> <a href="/wiki/Peroz_(Kidarite)" title="Peroz (Kidarite)">Peroz</a> <a href="/wiki/Kidara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidara">Kidara</a> <a href="/wiki/Grumbates" title="Grumbates">Grumbates</a> Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II) <a href="/wiki/Goboziko" class="mw-redirect" title="Goboziko">Goboziko</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">370 CE–540 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Alchon_Huns" title="Alchon Huns">Alchon Huns</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Khingila" class="mw-redirect" title="Khingila">Khingila</a> <a href="/wiki/Javukha" title="Javukha">Javukha</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehama" title="Mehama">Mehama</a> Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman <a href="/wiki/Toramana" title="Toramana">Toramana</a> <a href="/wiki/Mihirakula" title="Mihirakula">Mihirakula</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">440 CE–560 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8B438;" colspan="4" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Hephthalites" title="Hephthalites">Hephthalites</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Akhshunwar" title="Akhshunwar">Akhshunwar</a> Kun-khi Ghadfar </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ashina_Tuwu" title="Ashina Tuwu">Ashina Tuwu</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bumin_Qaghan" title="Bumin Qaghan">Bumin Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Issik_Qaghan" title="Issik Qaghan">Issik Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Muqan_Qaghan" title="Muqan Qaghan">Muqan Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Taspar_Qaghan" title="Taspar Qaghan">Taspar Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Amrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrak">Ashina Anluo</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Qaghan" title="Ishbara Qaghan">Ishbara Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bagha_Qaghan" title="Bagha Qaghan">Bagha Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Tulan_Qaghan" title="Tulan Qaghan">Tulan Qaghan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%A4mi" title="Istämi">Istämi</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Empress_Ashina" title="Empress Ashina">Empress Ashina</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Apa_Qaghan" title="Apa Qaghan">Apa Qaghan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Yangsu_Tegin" title="Yangsu Tegin">Yangsu Tegin</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Tamgan" title="Tamgan">Tamgan</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">560 CE–625 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="11" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Western_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Turks">Western Turks</a></big></b><br />(vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> 657–742)<br /><a href="/wiki/Niri_Qaghan" title="Niri Qaghan">Niri Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Heshana_Khagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Heshana Khagan">Heshana Khagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheguy" title="Sheguy">Sheguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Tong_Yabghu_Qaghan" title="Tong Yabghu Qaghan">Tong Yabghu Qaghan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">625 CE–651 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="1" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Tokhara_Yabghus" title="Tokhara Yabghus">Tokhara Yabghus</a></big></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tardush_Shad" title="Tardush Shad">Tardush Shad</a> Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="10" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCl%C3%BCg_Sibir" title="Külüg Sibir">Külüg Sibir</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Bolun_Cabgu" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbis Bolun Cabgu">Irbis Bolun Cabgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Duolu_Qaghan" title="Duolu Qaghan">Duolu Qaghan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishbara_Tolis" title="Ishbara Tolis">Ishbara Tolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Yukuk_Shad" title="Yukuk Shad">Yukuk Shad</a> <a href="/wiki/Irbis_Seguy" title="Irbis Seguy">Irbis Seguy</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashina_Helu" title="Ashina Helu">Ashina Helu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>651–673 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>673–751 CE </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#8FBC8F;" colspan="3"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></big></b> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#D8BFD8;" colspan="8" rowspan="1"><b><big><a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second Turkic Khaganate</a></big></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/12px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/18px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg/24px-Font_Awesome_5_solid_long-arrow-alt-left.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Rulers of the Ancient Near-East</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Template talk:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical non-Han peoples in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_non-Han_peoples_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> peoples in China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongyi" title="Dongyi">Dongyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_L%E1%BA%A1c" title="Âu Lạc">Âu Lạc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Âu Việt">Âu Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong%27ou" title="Dong'ou">Dong'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%E1%BA%A1c_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Lạc Việt">Lạc Việt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyue" title="Minyue">Minyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanyue" title="Shanyue">Shanyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangyue" title="Yangyue">Yangyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanman" title="Nanman">Nanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelang" title="Yelang">Yelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Di_(Five_Barbarians)" title="Di (Five Barbarians)">Di</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(historical_people)" title="Qiang (historical people)">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saka" title="Saka">Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpa" title="Sumpa">Sumpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xirong" title="Xirong">Xirong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanrong" title="Quanrong">Quanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beidi" title="Beidi">Beidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunwei" title="Chunwei">Chunwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghu_people" title="Donghu people">Donghu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingling" title="Dingling">Dingling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhuan" title="Wuhuan">Wuhuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianbei" title="Xianbei">Xianbei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guifang" title="Guifang">Guifang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jie_people" title="Jie people">Jie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanrong" title="Shanrong">Shanrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushen" title="Sushen">Sushen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yilou" title="Yilou">Yilou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyun" title="Xianyun">Xianyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunyu" title="Xunyu">Xunyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huaxiasiyi.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty."><img alt="Non-Hans peoples on the outskirts of the Zhou dynasty." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/250px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/375px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Huaxiasiyi.svg/500px-Huaxiasiyi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlai_people" title="Hlai people">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rau_peoples" title="Rau peoples">Rau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Bouyei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakhanid">Karakhanid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumo_Xi" title="Kumo Xi">Kumo Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohe_people" title="Mohe people">Mohe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiwei_people" title="Shiwei people">Shiwei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zubu" title="Zubu">Zubu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamag_Mongol" title="Khamag Mongol">Khamag Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khereid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khereid">Khereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_confederation" title="Tatar confederation">Tatar</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_people" title="Tangut people">Tangut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiele_people" title="Tiele people">Tiele</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueyantuo" title="Xueyantuo">Xueyantuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugur">Yugur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujue" class="mw-redirect" title="Tujue">Tujue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yueban" title="Yueban">Yueban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bo_people_(China)" title="Bo people (China)">Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_people" title="She people">She</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalkha Mongol">Khalkha Mongol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_people" title="Nivkh people">Nivkh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oirats" title="Oirats">Oirats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_people" title="Dzungar people">Dzungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoshut" title="Khoshut">Khoshut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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