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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Ghana–North Korea relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of Ghana and North Korea"><img alt="Map indicating locations of Ghana and North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png/250px-Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png/375px-Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png/500px-Ghana_North_Korea_Locator.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/68px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/90px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/60px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/90px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/120px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><abbr title="Not available">N/A</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">North Korean ambassador to Ghana Kil Mun-yong</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> established <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic relations</a> in 1964. </p><p>Even before diplomatic relations were established, Ghana had campaigned, along with other African nations, for recognition of North Korea as an observer in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN). Trade relations between the two countries preceded diplomatic relations. North Korea's leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> shared much in common politically with Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a>. After Nkrumah was ousted, North Korea ended up in a diplomatic spat with Ghana, which accused it of training anti-government rebels. By the late-1960s, North Korea was again supporting Ghana as an anti-imperialist force in Africa. In the 1980s, Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a> successfully sought aid from North Korea and other socialist countries in order to be more independent from Western powers. </p><p>There was a North Korean embassy in Ghana until it was closed down in 1998. The current North Korean <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassador</a> to Ghana is Kil Mun-yong. Trade between the two countries consists mainly of North Korean exports of <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> and Ghanaian cocoa, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>. There is a Korea–Ghana Friendship Association for cultural exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''North_Korea_Handbook''2002817_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''North_Korea_Handbook''2002817-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg/200px-Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg/300px-Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg/400px-Kim_Il-sung_in_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="439" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg/180px-Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg/270px-Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Kwame_Nkrumah_%28JFKWHP-AR6409-A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></div></div></div></div> <p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> was granted observer status in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), but <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> was not. From the late-1950s to the 1980s a block of <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries, including <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> rallied to condemn the one-sided recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013223_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013223-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1973, North Korea was admitted to the UN as an observer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013257_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013257-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tour by North Korean officials to sign trade deals with several West African countries, including Ghana, took place in the summer of 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013144_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013144-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was before the establishment of formal relations on an ambassadorial level, which happened on 28 December 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20163_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20163-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, North Korea's isolationist policies were viewed favorably in Ghana that professed a similar stance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaefer2009119_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer2009119-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of North Korea">leader of North Korea</a>, shared much in common politically with <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a> of Ghana,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the latter never went quite as far in terms of state control over the economy, society, and culture of his country.<sup id="cite_ref-Szalontai2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Szalontai2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the Nkrumah administration had been overthrown,<sup id="cite_ref-Owusu-Ansah2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Owusu-Ansah2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana temporarily terminated relations with North Korea when it uncovered that North Korea was training anti-government guerrillas in Ghana.<sup id="cite_ref-Facts_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Facts-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar diplomatic incidents involving North Korea took place in other African countries as well with comparable results.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1968, North Korea again voiced support for Ghana. In July, Kim Il Sung launched a slogan: "Cutting off the Limbs of U.S. Imperialism Everywhere" in an effort to establish himself as a leader of the world communist movement. Kim envisioned that Latin American countries could cut off one "arm" of the United States, while African countries such as Ghana would sever the other one.<sup id="cite_ref-Cha2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cha2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, North Korea initiated an agricultural project in Ghana as foreign aid. Around that time, Ghana's <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Defence_Council" title="Provisional National Defence Council">Provisional National Defence Council</a> was actively seeking for aid from socialist countries in order to diminish its dependence on Western powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobiash1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobiash1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An agreement on <a href="/wiki/Cultural_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural exchange">cultural exchange</a> was signed for 1993–1995.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Ghana established full diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it became one of a limited number of countries that have relations with both North and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobiash1992_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobiash1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a North Korean embassy in Ghana until it was closed down in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20166n20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20166n20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North Korean ambassador to Ghana since January 2001 is Kil Mun-yong.<sup id="cite_ref-Publications2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publications2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''North_Korea_Handbook''2002532_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''North_Korea_Handbook''2002532-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Ghana voted as a non-permanent member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in favor of its <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">Resolution 1718</a> which imposed <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">sanctions against North Korea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201648_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201648-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Ghana expressed its support for the political process to improve relations between North and South Korea in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_North_Korea_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 North Korea crisis">2017–18 North Korea crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mode_Ghan_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mode_Ghan-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghana has mostly run a deficit in its trade with North Korea, meaning that Ghana is a source of foreign currencies to North Korea. In 2015, North Korea was Ghana's 77th biggest trade partner with $6.8 million in trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201631_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201631-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghana imports mostly <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> from North Korea. It exports mainly cocoa, <a href="/wiki/Gemstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstones">gemstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201632_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201632-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Precious_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious metals">precious metals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot2016Table_5_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot2016Table_5-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations of Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2013">Armstrong 2013</a>, p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013144-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2013144_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArmstrong2013">Armstrong 2013</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20163-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20163_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWertzOhKim2016">Wertz, Oh & Kim 2016</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503201927/http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/029th_issue/98020407.htm">"Africa"</a>. <i>The People's Korea</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.korea-np.co.jp/pk/029th_issue/98020407.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+People%27s+Korea&rft.atitle=Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.korea-np.co.jp%2Fpk%2F029th_issue%2F98020407.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaefer2009119-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaefer2009119_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchaefer2009">Schaefer 2009</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2015-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2015_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Hazel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7YWSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90"><i>North Korea: Markets and Military Rule</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-23964-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-23964-3"><bdi>978-1-316-23964-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+Markets+and+Military+Rule&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-23964-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7YWSBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szalontai2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Szalontai2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzalontai2005" class="citation book cs1">Szalontai, Balázs (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCRMrY9Zx1IC&pg=PA212"><i>Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 212, 212n8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5322-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-5322-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-5322-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kim+Il+Sung+in+the+Khrushchev+Era%3A+Soviet-DPRK+Relations+and+the+Roots+of+North+Korean+Despotism%2C+1953-1964&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=212%2C+212n8&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-5322-7&rft.aulast=Szalontai&rft.aufirst=Bal%C3%A1zs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCRMrY9Zx1IC%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Facts-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Facts_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ1yAAAAMAAJ"><i>Some Facts about North Korea</i></a>. Seoul: Naewoe Press. 1984. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/603996576">603996576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Facts+about+North+Korea&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Naewoe+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F603996576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQ1yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Owusu-Ansah2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Owusu-Ansah2014_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwusu-Ansah2014" class="citation book cs1">Owusu-Ansah, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RBv2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240"><i>Historical Dictionary of Ghana</i></a> (4th ed.). London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7500-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7500-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7500-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ghana&rft.place=London&rft.pages=240&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7500-5&rft.aulast=Owusu-Ansah&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRBv2AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWxDAAAAYAAJ"><i>Korea Observer</i></a>. Vol. 1. Seoul: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. 1979. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906336418">906336418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Observer&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906336418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWxDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cha2013-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cha2013_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCha2013" class="citation book cs1">Cha, Victor (2013). <i>The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future</i>. London: Vintage. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-57865-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-099-57865-9"><bdi>978-0-099-57865-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impossible+State%3A+North+Korea%2C+Past+and+Future&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-099-57865-9&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobiash1992-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bobiash1992_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobiash1992_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobiash1992" class="citation book cs1">Bobiash, Donald (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCuwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA93"><i>South-South Aid: How Developing Countries Help Each Other</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11623-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-11623-2"><bdi>978-1-349-11623-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South-South+Aid%3A+How+Developing+Countries+Help+Each+Other&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-349-11623-2&rft.aulast=Bobiash&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCuwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa26AAAAIAAJ"><i>Vantage Point</i></a>. Vol. 16. Seoul: Naewoe Press. 1993. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29800060">29800060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vantage+Point&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Naewoe+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29800060&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFa26AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bJ2rrCGvrQC"><i>Daily Report: East Asia, Issue 1, Part 15</i></a>. The Service. January 4, 1993. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Report%3A+East+Asia%2C+Issue+1%2C+Part+15&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=The+Service&rft.date=1993-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bJ2rrCGvrQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20166n20-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWertzOhKim20166n20_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWertzOhKim2016">Wertz, Oh & Kim 2016</a>, p. 6n20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publications2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publications2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jj4J-AXGDaQC&pg=PA494"><i>Africa South of the Sahara 2004</i></a>. London: Europa. 2003. p. 494. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-183-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-183-4"><bdi>978-1-85743-183-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+South+of+the+Sahara+2004&rft.place=London&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Europa&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-183-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djj4J-AXGDaQC%26pg%3DPA494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''North_Korea_Handbook''2002532-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''North_Korea_Handbook''2002532_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth_Korea_Handbook2002"><i>North Korea Handbook</i> 2002</a>, p. 532.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201648-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201648_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuPreKasprzykStot2016">DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mode_Ghan-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mode_Ghan_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modernghana.com/news/849373/ghana-supports-diplomatic-steps-to-solve-issues-of-north-and.html">"Ghana Supports Diplomatic Steps To Solve Issues Of North And South Korea"</a>. <i>Modern Ghana</i>. GNA. 24 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Ghana&rft.atitle=Ghana+Supports+Diplomatic+Steps+To+Solve+Issues+Of+North+And+South+Korea&rft.date=2018-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernghana.com%2Fnews%2F849373%2Fghana-supports-diplomatic-steps-to-solve-issues-of-north-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201631-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201631_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuPreKasprzykStot2016">DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201632-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot201632_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuPreKasprzykStot2016">DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot2016Table_5-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuPreKasprzykStot2016Table_5_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuPreKasprzykStot2016">DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016</a>, Table 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2013" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Charles K. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23PRnGPxSd0C&pg=PT223"><i>Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6893-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6893-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-6893-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tyranny+of+the+Weak%3A+North+Korea+and+the+World%2C+1950%E2%80%931992&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6893-3&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23PRnGPxSd0C%26pg%3DPT223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuPreKasprzykStot2016" class="citation book cs1">DuPre, Annie; Kasprzyk, Nicolas; Stot, Noël (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/research-report-dprk.pdf#page=22"><i>Cooperation between African states and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Institute for Security Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cooperation+between+African+states+and+the+Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Institute+for+Security+Studies&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=DuPre&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft.au=Kasprzyk%2C+Nicolas&rft.au=Stot%2C+No%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissafrica.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fsite%2Fuploads%2Fresearch-report-dprk.pdf%23page%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth_Korea_Handbook2002" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIlh9nNeadMC&pg=PA532"><i>North Korea Handbook</i></a>. Yonhap News Agency: Seoul. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3523-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3523-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-3523-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea+Handbook&rft.place=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.pub=Seoul&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3523-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIlh9nNeadMC%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2009" class="citation book cs1">Schaefer, Bernd (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ai_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA119">"Communist Vanguard Contest in East Asia during the 1960s and 1970s"</a>. In Vu, T.; Wongsurawat, W. (eds.). <i>Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture</i>. New York: Springer. pp. 113–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10199-9"><bdi>978-0-230-10199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communist+Vanguard+Contest+in+East+Asia+during+the+1960s+and+1970s&rft.btitle=Dynamics+of+the+Cold+War+in+Asia%3A+Ideology%2C+Identity%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=113-126&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10199-9&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ai_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertzOhKim2016" class="citation book cs1">Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228074114/http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf"><i>Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The National Committee on North Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncnk.org/resources/publications/NCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Issue+Brief%3A+DPRK+Diplomatic+Relations&rft.pub=The+National+Committee+on+North+Korea&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Wertz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Oh%2C+JJ&rft.au=Kim%2C+Insung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncnk.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2FNCNK_Issue_Brief_DPRK_Diplomatic_Relations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Il-sung1989" class="citation book cs1">Kim Il-sung (1989). <i>Answers to questions raised by the editor-in-chief of the Ghana Times, organ of the government of Ghana, October 8, 1981</i>. Pyongynag: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/777011297">777011297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Answers+to+questions+raised+by+the+editor-in-chief+of+the+Ghana+Times%2C+organ+of+the+government+of+Ghana%2C+October+8%2C+1981&rft.place=Pyongynag&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F777011297&rft.au=Kim+Il-sung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoh1969" class="citation book cs1">Koh, Byung Chul (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_oDAQAAIAAJ"><i>The foreign policy of North Korea</i></a>. New York: F. A. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275671266" title="Special:BookSources/9780275671266"><bdi>9780275671266</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2372">2372</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+North+Korea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=F.+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2372&rft.isbn=9780275671266&rft.aulast=Koh&rft.aufirst=Byung+Chul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_oDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe-Fio_Neenyann_Meyer" title="Joe-Fio Neenyann Meyer">Meyer, Joe-Fio N.</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HtFBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Dr. Nkrumah's Last Journey: The Sensational Viet-Nam U.S. War</i></a>. Accra: Nyaniba Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/19575435">19575435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dr.+Nkrumah%27s+Last+Journey%3A+The+Sensational+Viet-Nam+U.S.+War&rft.place=Accra&rft.pub=Nyaniba+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F19575435&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Joe-Fio+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHtFBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zmu6AAAAIAAJ">"North Korea Quarterly"</a>. <i>North Korea Quarterly</i>. 56–59. Hamburg: Institute of Asian Affairs. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-014X">0340-014X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Korea+Quarterly&rft.atitle=North+Korea+Quarterly&rft.volume=56%E2%80%9359&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0340-014X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmu6AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNylnah1997" class="citation news cs1">Nylnah, Joe Bradford (December 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hDM5blyL_NAC&pg=PA1">"President calls for greater co-operation with North Korea"</a>. <i>Daily Graphic</i>. No. 1, 4631. Accra: Graphic Communications Group. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54509345">54509345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Graphic&rft.atitle=President+calls+for+greater+co-operation+with+North+Korea&rft.issue=1%2C+4631&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1997-12-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54509345&rft.aulast=Nylnah&rft.aufirst=Joe+Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhDM5blyL_NAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGhana%E2%80%93North+Korea+relations" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ghana" title="Foreign relations of Ghana">Foreign relations of Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Ghana relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Ghana–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Ghana–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Ghana–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Ghana–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="Ghana–Togo relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Ghana"><img alt="Coat of arms of Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Colombia–Ghana relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Ghana–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Ghana–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Ghana–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Bangladesh–Ghana relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="China–Ghana relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ghana–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ghana–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Ghana–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Ghana–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Ghana–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Denmark–Ghana relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Germany–Ghana relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Ghana–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Ghana–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Ghana–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ghana–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Former" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Ghana–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations">Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Ghana and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Ghana" title="List of diplomatic missions of Ghana">Diplomatic missions of Ghana</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Ghana" title="List of diplomatic missions in Ghana">in Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Ghana)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ghana)">Foreign Ministry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Korea&#124;link=North_Korea_Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Foreign relations of North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Korea&#124;link=North_Korea_Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Africa–North Korea relations">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Botswana–North Korea relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Burkina Faso–North Korea relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Burundi–North Korea relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Central African Republic–North Korea relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Comoros–North Korea relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Egypt–North Korea relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–North Korea relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–North Korea relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–North Korea relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Kenya–North Korea relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Libya–North Korea relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mauritania–North Korea relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Namibia–North Korea relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Nigeria–North Korea relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="North Korea–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="North Korea–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="North Korea–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="North Korea–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="North Korea–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="North Korea–Togo relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of North Korea"><img alt="Emblem of North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/90px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/135px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg/180px-Emblem_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Argentina–North Korea relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Brazil–North Korea relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Canada–North Korea relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Cuba–North Korea relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Grenada–North Korea relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mexico–North Korea relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="North Korea–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="North Korea–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Bangladesh–North Korea relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Cambodia–North Korea relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="China–North Korea relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sino-Korean_relations" title="History of Sino-Korean relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Hong Kong–North Korea relations">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="India–North Korea relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Indonesia–North Korea relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iraq–North Korea relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Israel–North Korea relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Japan–North Korea relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Malaysia–North Korea relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Mongolia–North Korea relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Myanmar–North Korea relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Nepal–North Korea relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="North Korea–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="North Korea–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="North Korea–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="North Korea–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="North Korea–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="North Korea–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="North Korea–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="North Korea–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="North Korea–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Albania–North Korea relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Denmark–North Korea relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Finland–North Korea relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="France–North Korea relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Hungary–North Korea relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iceland–North Korea relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Italy–North Korea relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="North Korea–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="North Korea–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="North Korea–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="North Korea–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="North Korea–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="North Korea–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="North Korea–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="North Korea–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="North Korea–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="North Korea–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="North Korea–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Australia–North Korea relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="New Zealand–North Korea relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="North Korea–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_and_the_United_Nations" title="Korea and the United Nations">United Nations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">Security Council resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">Sanctions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Conference_of_Ministers_of_Education_and_Culture_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="1983 Conference of Ministers of Education and Culture of the Non-Aligned Movement">1983 NAM Education and Culture Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="North Korea–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_Liaison_Office" title="Inter-Korean Liaison Office">Inter-Korean Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_summits" title="Inter-Korean summits">Inter-Korean summits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_inter-Korean_summit" title="2000 inter-Korean summit">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_inter-Korean_summit" title="2007 inter-Korean summit">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="April 2018 inter-Korean summit">April 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="May 2018 inter-Korean summit">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2018_inter-Korean_summit" title="September 2018 inter-Korean summit">September 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_summit" title="International reactions to the 2018 North Korea–United States summit">reactions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Hanoi_Summit" title="2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit">2019 North Korea–United States Hanoi Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Koreas%E2%80%93United_States_DMZ_Summit" title="2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit">2019 Koreas–United States DMZ Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions of North Korea">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_North_Korea" title="List of diplomatic missions in North Korea">in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (North Korea)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> (includes list of ministers)</li></ul> 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