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<span>Career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_Independence,_1810–1821" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Independence,_1810–1821"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>War of Independence, 1810–1821</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_Independence,_1810–1821-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_against_the_Mexican_Empire_of_Iturbide,_1822–1823" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_against_the_Mexican_Empire_of_Iturbide,_1822–1823"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_against_the_Mexican_Empire_of_Iturbide,_1822–1823-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Santa_Anna_and_the_early_Mexican_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Santa_Anna_and_the_early_Mexican_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Santa_Anna_and_the_early_Mexican_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Absentee_President",_1833–1835" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Absentee_President",_1833–1835"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>"Absentee President", 1833–1835</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Absentee_President",_1833–1835-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Republic,_1835" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Republic,_1835"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Central Republic, 1835</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Republic,_1835-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_Revolution_1835–1836" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_Revolution_1835–1836"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Texas Revolution 1835–1836</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_Revolution_1835–1836-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redemption,_dictatorship,_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redemption,_dictatorship,_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Redemption, dictatorship, and exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redemption,_dictatorship,_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexican–American_War,_1846–1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War,_1846–1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Mexican–American War, 1846–1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War,_1846–1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_for_the_last_time,_1853–1855" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_for_the_last_time,_1853–1855"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>President for the last time, 1853–1855</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_for_the_last_time,_1853–1855-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonio López de Santa Anna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7" title="أنطونيو لوبيز دي سانتا آنا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطونيو لوبيز دي سانتا آنا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антонио Лопес де Санта Ана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антонио Лопес де Санта Ана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آنتونیو لوپز دو سانتا آنا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتونیو لوپز دو سانتا آنا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A0%EB%8B%88%EC%98%A4_%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8D%B0_%EC%82%B0%ED%83%80_%EC%95%88%EB%82%98" title="안토니오 로페스 데 산타 안나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안토니오 로페스 데 산타 안나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אנטוניו לופס דה סנטה אנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטוניו לופס דה סנטה אנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ანტონიო ლოპეს დე სანტა-ანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონიო ლოპეს დე სანტა-ანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антонио Лопес де Санта-Анна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антонио Лопес де Санта-Анна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonius López de Santa Anna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonius López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7" title="انطونيو لوبيز دى سانتا آنا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انطونيو لوبيز دى سانتا آنا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Ana" title="Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8A" title="アントニオ・ロペス・デ・サンタ・アナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントニオ・ロペス・デ・サンタ・アナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Лопес де Санта-Анна, Антонио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лопес де Санта-Анна, Антонио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антонио Лопез де Санта Ана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антонио Лопез де Санта Ана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Антоніо Лопес де Санта-Анна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антоніо Лопес де Санта-Анна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9C%A3%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3" title="安东尼奥·洛佩斯·德·圣安纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安东尼奥·洛佩斯·德·圣安纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Antonio López de Santa Anna" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%BA%87%E7%B5%B2%E5%BE%B7%E8%81%96%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D" title="洛庇絲德聖安納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="洛庇絲德聖安納" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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searchaux" style="display:none">8th President of Mexico (1794–1876)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> López de Santa Anna</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Pérez de Lebrón</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">His Most Serene Highness</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Antonio López de Santa Anna</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png/220px-Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png/330px-Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png/440px-Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1853.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1154" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of General Santa Anna, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1853</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 April 1853 – 5 August 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 May – 15 September 1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Pedro María de Anaya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña y Peña</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 March – 2 April 1847</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of the Mexican Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 June – 12 September 1844</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Canalizo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />14 May – 6 September 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolás Bravo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 October 1841 – 26 October 1842</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nicolás Bravo</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 March – 10 July 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of the United Mexican States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 April 1834 – 27 January 1835</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Mexico">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 October – 15 December 1833</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 June – 5 July 1833</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentin Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />17 May – 3 June 1833</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Valentín Gómez Farías</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Mexico">Vice President of the Mexican Republic</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />16 April 1837 – 17 March 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Gomez_Farias" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentin Gomez Farias">Valentin Gomez Farias</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bravo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Bravo">Nicolas Bravo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1794-02-21</span>)</span>21 February 1794<br /><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1876<span style="display:none">(1876-06-21)</span> (aged 82)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Panteón del Tepeyac, Mexico City</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">Liberal</a> (until 1833)<br /><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservative</a> (from 1833)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">María Inés de la Paz García</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1825; died 1844)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">María de los Dolores de Tosta</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1844)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg/23px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg/35px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg/46px-ESP_Charles_III_Order_CROSS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_(Mexico)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_%28Mexico%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/23px-Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_%28Mexico%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_%28Mexico%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/35px-Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_%28Mexico%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_%28Mexico%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/46px-Imperial_Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe_%28Mexico%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Guadalupe">Order of Guadalupe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg/128px-Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg/192px-Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg/256px-Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="330" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">The Napoleon of the West</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1808%E2%80%931874)" title="History of Spain (1808–1874)">Kingdom of Spain</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg/23px-Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg/35px-Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg/46px-Bandera_del_Primer_Imperio_Mexicano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">Mexican Empire</a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico_%281823-1864%2C_1867-1893%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">United Mexican States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1810–1855</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Mata_Plan_Revolution" title="Casa Mata Plan Revolution">Casa Mata Plan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_rebellion_of_1835" title="Zacatecas rebellion of 1835">Zacatecas rebellion of 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón</b>, usually known as <b>Antonio López de Santa Anna</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[anˈtonjo<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlopes<span class="wrap"> </span>ðe<span class="wrap"> </span>sanˈtana]</a></span>; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or just <b>Santa Anna</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Mexican soldier, politician, and <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who served as the 8th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">president of Mexico</a> on multiple times between 1833 and 1855. He also served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">vice president of Mexico</a> from 1837 to 1839. He was a controversial and pivotal figure in Mexican politics during the 19th century, to the point that he has been called an "uncrowned monarch",<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historians often refer to the three decades after Mexican independence as the "Age of Santa Anna".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santa Anna was in charge of the garrison at <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> at the time <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico won independence</a> in 1821. He would go on to play a notable role in the fall of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a>, the fall of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a>, the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Constitution of 1835</a>, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a>, the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Bases_Org%C3%A1nicas" title="Bases Orgánicas">Constitution of 1843</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. He became well known in the United States due to his role in the Texas Revolution and in the Mexican–American War. </p><p>Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switching sides in the recurring conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Mexico)" title="Liberal Party (Mexico)">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Mexico)" title="Conservative Party (Mexico)">Conservative Party</a>. He managed to play a prominent role in both discarding the liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a> in 1835 and in restoring it in 1847. He came to power as a liberal twice in 1832 and in 1847 respectively, both times sharing power with the liberal statesman <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a>, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías after switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also known for his ostentatious and <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictatorial</a> style of rule, making use of the military to dissolve <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of <i>His Most Serene Highness</i>. </p><p>His intermittent periods of rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">loss of Texas</a>, a series of military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>. His leadership in the war and his willingness to fight to the bitter end prolonged that conflict: "more than any other single person it was Santa Anna who denied <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>'s dream of a short war."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after the war was over, Santa Anna continued to cede national territory to the Americans through the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> in 1853. </p><p>After he was overthrown and exiled in 1855 through the liberal <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Ayutla" title="Plan of Ayutla">Plan of Ayutla</a>, Santa Anna began to fade into the background in Mexican politics even as the nation entered the decisive period of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Intervention_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Second French Intervention in Mexico">Second French Intervention in Mexico</a>, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>. An elderly Santa Anna was allowed to return to the nation by President <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> in 1874, and he died in relative obscurity in 1876. </p><p>Historians debate the exact number of his presidencies, as he would often share power and make use of <a href="/wiki/Puppet_ruler" title="Puppet ruler">puppet rulers</a>; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six terms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009xxi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009xxi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_Historical_Association" title="Texas State Historical Association">Texas State Historical Association</a> claims five.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian of Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often for short periods.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas</a> Libraries cites the same figure of eleven times, but adds Santa Anna was only president for six years due to short terms.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santa Anna's legacy has subsequently come to be viewed as profoundly negative, with historians and many Mexicans ranking him as "the principal inhabitant even today of Mexico's black pantheon of those who failed the nation".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered one of the most unpopular and controversial Mexican presidents of the 19th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born in <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Nueva España</a> (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish family. He was named after his father, <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)#Mexico" title="Licentiate (degree)">licenciado</a> Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate and a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón y Cortés (died 1814).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santa Anna's family prospered in Veracruz, where the merchant class dominated politics. His paternal uncle, Ángel López de Santa Anna, was a public clerk (<i>escribano</i>) and became aggrieved when the town council of Veracruz prevented him from moving to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> to advance his career. Since the late 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spanish crown</a> had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by the growing disgruntlement of <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">creoles</a> whose upward mobility was thwarted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santa Anna's mother favored her son's choice of a military career, supporting his desire to join the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a>, rather than be a shopkeeper as his father preferred. His mother's friendly relationship with the <i>intendant</i> (governor) of Veracruz secured Santa Anna's military appointment despite the fact that he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, four sisters and two brothers, and Santa Anna was close to his sister Francisca and brother Manuel, who also joined the army.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast of Mexico">eastern coast</a> had important ramifications for his military career, as he had developed immunity from <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, endemic to the region. The port of Veracruz and environs were known to be unhealthy for those not native to the region,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he had a personal strategic advantage against military officers from elsewhere. Being an officer in a time of war was a way that a provincial, middle-class man could vault from obscurity to a position of leadership. Santa Anna distinguished himself in battle, a path that led him to a national political career.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santa Anna's provincial origins made him uncomfortable in the halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated by cliques of elite men, and thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Veracruz. He cultivated contact with ordinary Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a>. Over his career, Santa Anna was a populist <i><a href="/wiki/Caudillo" title="Caudillo">caudillo</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Strongman" title="Strongman">strongman</a> wielding both military and political power, similar to others who emerged in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_Independence,_1810–1821"><span id="War_of_Independence.2C_1810.E2.80.931821"></span>War of Independence, 1810–1821</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War of Independence, 1810–1821"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Santa Anna's early military career during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a>, which entailed fighting the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged his many shifts in allegiance during his later political career. In June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Veracruz infantry regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September of that year, secular cleric <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a> sparked a spontaneous mass uprising in the <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">Bajío</a>, Mexico's rich agricultural area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their upward mobility had been thwarted by the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles favoring continued crown rule. In particular, Santa Anna's family "saw themselves as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, and were in turn recognized as belonging".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially Santa Anna, like most creole military officers, fought for the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his commanding officer was Colonel <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Arredondo" title="José Joaquín de Arredondo">José Joaquín de Arredondo</a>. In 1811 he was wounded in the left hand by an arrow while fighting in the town of Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>. In 1813 he served in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina" title="Battle of Medina">Battle of Medina</a>, in which he was cited for bravery. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in February 1812 and first lieutenant before the end of that year. During the initial rebellion, the young officer witnessed Arredondo's fierce <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> policy of mass executions. The early fighting against the rebels gave way to <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> and a military <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200927_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200927-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When royalist officer <a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_de_Iturbide" title="Agustín de Iturbide">Agustín de Iturbide</a> switched sides in 1821 and allied with insurgent <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>, fighting for independence under the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Iguala" title="Plan of Iguala">Plan of Iguala</a>, Santa Anna also joined the fight for independence. Political developments in Spain, where liberals had ousted King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> and began implementing the Spanish liberal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">constitution of 1812</a>, made many elites in Mexico reconsider their options.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_against_the_Mexican_Empire_of_Iturbide,_1822–1823"><span id="Rebellion_against_the_Mexican_Empire_of_Iturbide.2C_1822.E2.80.931823"></span>Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rebellion against the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Casa_Mata_Plan_Revolution" title="Casa Mata Plan Revolution">Casa Mata Plan Revolution</a></div> <p>Iturbide, now <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor</a> Augustin I, rewarded Santa Anna with the command of the vital port of Veracruz, the gateway from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> to the rest of the nation and site of a <a href="/wiki/Custom_house" title="Custom house">customs house</a>. However, Iturbide subsequently removed Santa Anna from the post, prompting Santa Anna to rise in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already had significant power in his home region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the path to becoming the regional <i>caudillo</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna claimed in his <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Veracruz_(1822)" title="Plan of Veracruz (1822)">Plan of Veracruz</a> that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress. He also promised to support free trade with Spain, an important principle for his home region of Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Santa Anna's initial rebellion was important, Iturbide had loyal military men who were able to hold their own against the rebels in Veracruz. However, former insurgent leaders Guerrero and <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a>, who had supported Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, returned to their base in southern Mexico and raised a rebellion against Iturbide. The commander of imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined the rebels. The new coalition proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Casa_Mata" title="Plan of Casa Mata">Plan of Casa Mata</a>, which called for the end of the monarchy, restoration of the Constituent Congress, and creation of a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal system">federal system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No longer the main player in the movement against Iturbide or the creation of new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his position as a leader and marched forces to <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his role as the "protector of the federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, met to decide their own position towards the federation. Santa Anna pledged his military forces to the protection of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, to co-opt the movement, the first of many examples in his long career where he placed himself as the head of a generalized movement so it would become an instrument of his advancement."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Santa_Anna_and_the_early_Mexican_Republic">Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Santa Anna and the early Mexican Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1823, following Iturbide's <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> as emperor in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a>. At the time, Yucatán's capital of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a> and the port city of <a href="/wiki/Campeche_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Campeche City">Campeche</a> were in conflict. Yucatán's closest trade partner was Cuba, a Spanish colony. Santa Anna took it upon himself to plan a landing force from Yucatán in Cuba, which he envisioned would result in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself. One thousand Mexicans were already on ships to sail to Cuba when word came that the Spanish were reinforcing their colony, so the invasion was called off.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former insurgent general <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a>, a liberal federalist, became the first president of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">Mexican republic</a> in 1824, following the creation of the <a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">constitution of 1824</a>. Victoria came to the presidency with little factional conflict, and served out his entire four-year term. However, the <a href="/wiki/1828_Mexican_general_election" title="1828 Mexican general election">election of 1828</a> was quite different, with considerable political conflict in which Santa Anna became involved. </p><p>Even before the election, there was unrest in Mexico, with some conservatives affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a> <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> plotting rebellion. The so-called Montaño rebellion in December 1827 called for the prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret societies</a>, implicitly meaning liberal <a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a> Freemasons, and the expulsion of U.S. diplomat <a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a>, a promoter of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to be a supporter of the Scottish Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member of the Scottish Rite,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals. In his home state of Veracruz, the governor had thrown his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into the governorship.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the presidency. Another important liberal, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Lorenzo de Zavala</a>, also supported Guerrero. However, conservative <a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a> won the indirect elections for the presidency, with Guerrero coming in second. Even before all the votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion and called for the nullification of the election results, as well for a new law expelling Spanish nationals who he believed to have been in league with the conservatives. The rebellion initially had few supporters, although southern Mexican leader <a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez</a> soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a>, fled to the mountains and organized his own rebellion. Zavala brought the fighting into Mexico City, with his supporters seizing an armory, the <i>Acordada</i>. President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into <a href="/wiki/Exile" title="Exile">exile</a>, clearing the way for Guerrero to assume office. Santa Anna gained prominence for his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded as a defender of federalism and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG/300px-PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG/450px-PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG/600px-PuebloViejoChurubuscoDF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3333" data-file-height="2246" /></a><figcaption>Military action in Pueblo Viejo during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tampico_(1829)" title="Battle of Tampico (1829)">Battle of Tampico</a>, September 1829</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1829, Spain made a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tampico_(1829)" title="Battle of Tampico (1829)">final attempt</a> to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a force of 2,600 troops. Santa Anna marched against the <a href="/wiki/Isidro_Barradas" class="mw-redirect" title="Isidro Barradas">Barradas Expedition</a> with a much smaller force and defeated the Spaniards, many of whom were suffering from yellow fever. The defeat of the Spanish Army not only firmly established Santa Anna as a national hero but also consolidated the independence of the new Mexican republic. From this point forward, Santa Anna styled himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of the Patria". His main act of self-promotion was to call himself the "<a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a> of the West". </p><p>Three months later, in December 1829, Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a>, a conservative, mounted a successful <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27etat" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'etat">coup d'etat</a></i> against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to lead a counter-rebellion in the south. Guerrero was captured and executed after a summary trial in 1831, which shocked the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1832, Santa Anna seized the customs revenues from Veracruz and declared himself in rebellion against Bustamante. The bloody conflict ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's cabinet, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Absentee_President",_1833–1835"><span id=".22Absentee_President.22.2C_1833.E2.80.931835"></span>"Absentee President", 1833–1835</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Absentee President", 1833–1835"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Cuernavaca" title="Plan of Cuernavaca">Plan of Cuernavaca</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas,_portrait.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/220px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/330px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a>, Santa Anna's vice president 1833–34, who enacted liberal reforms</figcaption></figure> <p>Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while he desired the title, he was not interested in governing. According to Mexican historian <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Enrique Krauze</a>, "It annoyed him and bored him, and perhaps frightened him."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during this period as the "absentee president".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a> took over the responsibility of governing the nation while Santa Anna retired to <a href="/wiki/Manga_de_Clavo" title="Manga de Clavo">Manga de Clavo</a>, his <i><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">hacienda</a></i> in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, but he had a radical liberal congress with which to contend, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power to him.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexico was faced with an empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by the Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on the bloated expenditures on the army and sought other revenues. Taking a chapter out of the late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Anticlericalism was a tenet of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexican liberalism</a>, and the church had supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a logical move. <a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a> (a 10% tax on agricultural production) was abolished as a legal obligation, and church property and finances were seized. The church's role in education was reduced and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_and_Pontifical_University_of_Mexico" title="Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico">Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico</a> closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, promoting legislation to <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California#Secularization" title="Spanish missions in California">secularize</a> the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> missions there. In 1833 he organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well as defend the province against perceived <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> colonial ambitions from the trading post at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Ross,_California" title="Fort Ross, California">Fort Ross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for liberal intellectual and Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Luis_Mora" title="José María Luis Mora">José María Luis Mora</a>, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive nation of small landowners." Sale of nonessential church property would bring in much-needed revenue to the treasury. The army was also targeted for reform, since it was the largest single expenditure in the national budget. On Santa Anna's suggestion, the number of <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> was to be reduced as well as the number of generals and brigadiers.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government soon issued a law, the <i>Ley del Caso,</i> which called for the arrest of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country. Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force for the law, which evidence seems to support.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increasing resistance from the church as well as the army, the Plan of Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by former general and governor of the Federal District, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Tornel" title="José María Tornel">José María Tornel</a>. The plan called for repeal of the <i>Ley del Caso</i>; discouraged tolerance of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodges</a>, where politics was pursued in secrecy; declared void the laws passed by <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> and the local legislatures in favor of the reforms; requested the protection of Santa Anna to fulfill the plan and recognize him as the only authority; removed from office deputies and officials who carried out enforcement of the reform laws and decrees; and provided military force to support Gómez Farías in implementing the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As opinion turned against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return to the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned. This set the stage for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist republic to a unitary central republic.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Republic,_1835"><span id="Central_Republic.2C_1835"></span>Central Republic, 1835</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Central Republic, 1835"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Siete Leyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_in_Zacatecas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion in Zacatecas">Rebellion in Zacatecas</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santaanna1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Santaanna1.JPG/260px-Santaanna1.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Santaanna1.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Santa Anna in a Mexican military uniform</figcaption></figure> <p>For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and threatened the power of the elites. Santa Anna's actions in allowing this first reform (followed by a more sweeping one in 1855) might have been a test case for liberalism. At this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving the moderate Gómez Farías responsibility for the reforms, he could have <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">plausible deniability</a> and closely monitor the reaction to a comprehensive attack on the special privileges of the army and the church, as well as confiscation of church wealth, enacted by Congress. </p><p>In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament of the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the controversial <i>Ley del Caso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Pedrero2004468_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález_Pedrero2004468-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 June he dissolved Congress and announced his decision to adopt the Plan of Cuernavaca, forming a new Catholic, centralist and conservative government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlavarría_y_Ferrari1880344_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlavarría_y_Ferrari1880344-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in exchange for preserving the privileges of the church and the army, the church promised a monthly donation to the government of 30,000–40,000 pesos.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded in achieving what the radicals had failed to do: forcing the Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with its funds and properties."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 January 1835, Santa Anna returned to his <i>hacienda</i>, placing <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a> as acting president. He soon replaced the 1824 constitution with the new document known as the "<a href="/wiki/Siete_Leyes" title="Siete Leyes">Siete Leyes</a>" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve himself with the conservative effort to replace the federalist constitution with a unitary central government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the change to centralism, he was not actually present during any of the deliberations that led to the abolition of the federalist charter or the elaboration of the 1836 Constitution."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several states openly rebelled against the changes, including Alta California, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Nuevo México</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, <a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a>, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamaulipas" title="Tamaulipas">Tamaulipas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a>. Several of these states formed their own governments: the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Republic of Yucatán">Republic of Yucatán</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's <a href="/wiki/Reprisal" title="Reprisal">reprisals</a> committed against his defeated enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with moderation and generosity, it would have been difficult if not impossible to awaken that general sympathy for the people of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to the aid of their brethren."<sup id="cite_ref-lord169_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lord169-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zacatecas militia, the largest and best supplied of the Mexican states, led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Salinas" title="Francisco García Salinas">Francisco García Salinas</a>, was well armed with .753 caliber British '<a href="/wiki/Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess</a>' <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> and Baker .61 <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>. But, after two hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zacatecas_(1835)" title="Battle of Zacatecas (1835)">defeated the Zacatecan militia</a> and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his army to loot <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatecas City">Zacatecas City</a> for forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move on to Coahuila y Tejas to quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by <a href="/wiki/Texians" title="Texians">settlers from the United States</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_Revolution_1835–1836"><span id="Texas_Revolution_1835.E2.80.931836"></span>Texas Revolution 1835–1836</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Texas Revolution 1835–1836"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FalloftheAlamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/220px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/330px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/FalloftheAlamo.jpg/440px-FalloftheAlamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Fall of the Alamo to Santa Anna's forces, 6 March 1836</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1835, Santa Anna repealed the Mexican constitution, which ultimately led to the beginning of the Texas Revolution. His reasoning for the repeal was that American settlers in Texas were not paying taxes or <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a>, claiming they were not recipients of any services provided by the Mexican government; as a result, new settlers were not allowed there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas from Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other states discontented with the central government, the Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 and declared itself independent on 2 March 1836. The northeastern part of the state had been settled by numerous American immigrants. <a href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</a>, the father of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a>, had his party accepted by Spanish authorities in exchange for defense against foreign threats. However, Mexico had declared independence from Spain before the elder Austin died.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Santa Anna marched north to bring Texas back under Mexican control by a brutal <a href="/wiki/Show_of_force" title="Show of force">show of force</a>. His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply and strategy far beyond what he was prepared for, and it ended in disaster. To fund, organize and equip his army, Santa Anna relied, as he often did, on forcing wealthy men to "loan" him funds. He recruited hastily, sweeping up many derelicts and ex-convicts, as well as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indians</a> who could not understand Spanish commands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, a lack of proper clothing and food shortages. Stretching a supply line far longer than ever before, there were not enough horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units never having enough food, fuel, or feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. Morale sank as soldiers realized there were not enough <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplains</a> to properly bury their bodies. Hostile Indians picked off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly when the men were forced to drink any water they could find on the trail. The officers proved to be mostly incompetent, yet the highly insulated and rigid hierarchy of the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Santa Anna's forces killed 189 Texan defenders at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a> on 6 March 1836, and executed more than 342 Texan prisoners at the <a href="/wiki/Goliad_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Goliad Massacre">Goliad Massacre</a> on 27 March 1836. However, his forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing the defenders of Alamo was his only option, stressing that Texan commander <a href="/wiki/William_B._Travis" title="William B. Travis">William B. Travis</a> was to blame for the degree of violence during the battle. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, and that if he had spared the Texans, it would have allowed <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> to establish a dominant position that could threaten him later.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/220px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/330px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg/440px-SantaAnnaSurrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="587" /></a><figcaption><i>"Surrender of Santa Anna"</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Huddle" title="William Henry Huddle">William Henry Huddle</a> shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">battle of San Jacinto</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mexican victory at the Alamo bought time for Houston and his Texas forces. During the siege, the <a href="/wiki/Texian_Navy" title="Texian Navy">Texian Navy</a> had more time to plunder ports along the Gulf of Mexico, and the <a href="/wiki/Texian_Army" title="Texian Army">Texian Army</a> gained more experience and weaponry. Despite Houston's lack of ability to maintain strict control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's much larger army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a> on 21 April 1836. The day after the battle, a small Texan force led by <a href="/wiki/James_Austin_Sylvester" title="James Austin Sylvester">James Austin Sylvester</a> captured Santa Anna near a marsh; the general had hastily dressed himself in a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was quickly recognized.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After three weeks in captivity. <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/President_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Texas">Texas President</a> <a href="/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David G. Burnet</a> and Santa Anna signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a> stating that "in his official character as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the full, entire, and perfect Independence of the Republic of Texas." In exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's safety and transport to Veracruz. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, a new government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president and that the Treaties were null and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment of his situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when I remember how ardent an advocate he was of liberty ten years ago, I have no sympathy for him now, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr. Poinsett that it is very true that I threw up my cap for liberty with great ardor, and perfect sincerity, but very soon found the folly of it. A hundred years to come my people will not be fit for liberty. They do not know what it is, unenlightened as they are, and under the influence of Catholic clergy, a despotism is a proper government for them, but there is no reason why it should not be a wise and virtuous one."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redemption,_dictatorship,_and_exile"><span id="Redemption.2C_dictatorship.2C_and_exile"></span>Redemption, dictatorship, and exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Redemption, dictatorship, and exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg/220px-%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg/330px-%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg/440px-%C3%89pisode_de_l%27exp%C3%A9dition_du_Mexique_en_1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1457" /></a><figcaption>French bombardment of the fort of San Juan de Ulúa in the <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After some time in exile, and after meeting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed to return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Pioneer_(1836)" title="USS Pioneer (1836)">USS <i>Pioneer</i></a> to retire to his <i>hacienda</i> in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which he reflected on his experiences and decision-making in Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance for redemption from the loss of Texas. After Mexico rejected demands for financial compensation for losses suffered by its citizens, <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a> sent forces that landed in Veracruz in the <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a>. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the army and ordered him to defend the nation by any means necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after a failed assault, sustaining injuries in his left leg and hand by cannon fire. His shattered ankle required <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputation</a> of much of his leg, which he ordered buried with full military honors.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Mexico's final capitulation to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service and visible sacrifice to the nation to re-enter Mexican politics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg/220px-Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg/330px-Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg/440px-Combat_de_Vera_Cruz_1838_Prince_de_Joinville_attaque_la_maison_du_general_Arista.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Santa Anna was severely wounded and narrowly escaped capture in the French attack on Veracruz in 1838.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santaannain1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Santaannain1847.jpg/250px-Santaannain1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Santaannain1847.jpg/375px-Santaannain1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Santaannain1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Antonio López de Santa Anna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency descending into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control of the provisional government. Santa Anna was made president for the fifth time, taking over a nation with an empty treasury. The war with France had weakened the country, and the people were discontented. Also, a rebel army led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urrea" title="José de Urrea">José de Urrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Mex%C3%ADa" title="José Antonio Mexía">José Antonio Mexía</a>, was marching towards Mexico City in opposition to Santa Anna. Commanding the army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Santa Anna ruled in a more <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictatorial</a> fashion than during his first administration. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> to suppress opposition. In 1842, he directed a <a href="/wiki/Dawson_massacre" title="Dawson massacre">military expedition into Texas</a>. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, but Texans began to be persuaded of the potential benefits of <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">annexation</a> by the more powerful U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Congress was elected which opposed his rule,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna attempted to restore the treasury by raising taxes. Several Mexican states stopped dealing with the central government in response, and Yucatán and Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. The buried leg he left behind in the capital was dug up by a mob and dragged through the streets until nothing was left of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamnitzer2009_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamnitzer2009-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009239_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009239-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude capture, but in January 1845 he was apprehended by a group of Native Americans near <a href="/wiki/Xico,_Veracruz" title="Xico, Veracruz">Xico</a>. They turned him over to authorities, and he was imprisoned. Santa Anna's life was ultimately spared, but he was exiled to Cuba.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican–American_War,_1846–1848"><span id="Mexican.E2.80.93American_War.2C_1846.E2.80.931848"></span>Mexican–American War, 1846–1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War, 1846–1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg/220px-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg/330px-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg/440px-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="8767" data-file-height="5676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1846, following American victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Resaca de la Palma</a> in the Mexican-American War, President <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a> was removed from office, with the new government seeking to reinstate the constitution of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been in exile for only a year, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days after Paredes' ouster. He wrote to the new government stating he had no aspirations to the presidency but would eagerly use his military experience in the new conflict with the U.S. </p><p>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> had hoped to acquire territory in the north by purchase or force, but the Mexican government was not willing to yield. In a gambit to change the dynamic, Polk sent agents to secretly meet with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted a promise from him that they would lift a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of the Mexican coast to allow him to return and that he would broker a deal. Once back in Mexico at the head of an army, however, Santa Anna reneged on the deal and took up arms against the U.S. invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With no path now for a quick resolution to the conflict in the north, Polk authorized an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk of General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>'s troops to General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>'s army. Santa Anna mobilized troops and artillery and rapidly marched north. His forces outnumbered Taylor's, but his troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, hungry and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a> on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two days brought an inconclusive result, with Santa Anna withdrawing from the field of battle overnight just as complete victory was at hand, taking war trophies such as cannons and <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">battle flags</a> as evidence of his victory. With Scott's army <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">landing at Veracruz</a>, Santa Anna's home ground, he rapidly moved southward to engage with the invaders and protect the capital. For the Mexicans it would have been better if Scott could have been prevented from leaving the Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march on <a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a>. Santa Anna <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">set defenses at Cerro Gordo</a>. U.S. forces outflanked him and against strong odds defeated his army. </p><p>With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces to advance further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to protect the capital at all costs and waged defensive warfare, placing strong defenses on the most direct road into the city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided. Battles at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Molino del Rey</a> were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Valencia" title="Gabriel Valencia">Gabriel Valencia</a>, an old political and military rival of Santa Anna's, did not recognize his authority as supreme commander and disobeyed his orders as to where his troops should be placed. Valencia's Army of the North was routed. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>, like the others, were hard fought losses, and American forces took the capital. "Despite his many faults as a tactician and his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to fighting to the bitter end. His actions would prolong the war for at least a year, and more than any other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal and ignominious incident in the war was the capture during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Battle of Cerro Gordo</a> of his prosthetic cork leg,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which remains as a war trophy in the U.S. held by the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second leg, a <a href="/wiki/Peg_leg" title="Peg leg">peg</a>, was also captured by the <a href="/wiki/4th_Illinois_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" title="4th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment">4th Illinois</a> and was reportedly used by the soldiers as a baseball bat; it is displayed at the home of Illinois Governor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Oglesby" title="Richard J. Oglesby">Richard J. Oglesby</a> (who served in the regiment) in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Illinois" title="Decatur, Illinois">Decatur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna had a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prosthetic leg later played a role in international politics. As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during the run-up to <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Illinois was rumored to be ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced in the state legislature. The Association of Limb Manufacturers wanted to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a> ceremonies. The state passed a non-binding resolution to return the prosthetic, but the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_National_Guard" title="Illinois National Guard">National Guard</a> denied the transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Military Museum in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_for_the_last_time,_1853–1855"><span id="President_for_the_last_time.2C_1853.E2.80.931855"></span>President for the last time, 1853–1855</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: President for the last time, 1853–1855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Mexican Republic">Second Mexican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Ayutla" title="Plan of Ayutla">Plan of Ayutla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg/220px-Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg/330px-Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg/440px-Gadsden_Purchase_Cities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Gadsden Purchase of 1854, territory purchased by the U.S. for a better transcontinental railway route</figcaption></figure> <p>Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a>. Two years later, he moved to <a href="/wiki/Turbaco" title="Turbaco">Turbaco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_New_Granada" title="Republic of New Granada">New Granada</a> (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had overthrown a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter of <a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a>. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this one was fomented by churchmen.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna was elected president on 17 March 1853. He honored his promises to the church, revoking a decree denying protection for the fulfillment of monastic vows, a reform promulgated twenty years earlier by Gómez Farías.<sup id="cite_ref-mecham-358-59_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mecham-358-59-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a>, who had been expelled from Spanish realms by the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer classes, and much of their property, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored to them.<sup id="cite_ref-mecham-358-59_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mecham-358-59-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he gave himself exalted titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable. He declared himself dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full title in this final period of power was "Hero [<i>benemérito</i>] of the nation, General of Division, Grand Master of the National and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Royal and Distinguished Spanish Order of Carlos III, and President of the Mexican Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reality was that this administration was no more successful than his earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support from conservative elites, the church, and the army. </p><p>A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale of territory to the U.S. in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>. <i>La Mesilla</i>, the land in northwest Mexico that the U.S. wanted, was much easier terrain for the building of a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railway</a> in the U.S. The purchase money for the land was supposedly to go to Mexico's empty treasury. Santa Anna was unwilling to wait until the final transaction went through and the boundary line established, wanting access to the money immediately. He bargained with American bankers to get immediate cash, while they gained the right to the revenue when the sale closed. Santa Anna's short-sighted deal netted the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 going to the bankers. <a href="/wiki/James_Gadsden" title="James Gadsden">James Gadsden</a> thought the amount was likely much higher.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of liberals including Alvarez, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a> overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan of Ayutla, which called for his removal from office. He went into exile yet again in 1855. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Juan_Cordero_-_Portrait_of_Do%C3%B1a_Dolores_Tosta_de_Santa_Anna_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4506" data-file-height="6143" /></a><figcaption><i> Portrait of Doña Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna</i> by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Cordero" title="Juan Cordero">Juan Cordero</a>, 1855. Note her tiara. Santa Anna was considered by some an uncrowned monarch of Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p>Santa Anna married twice, both times to wealthy young women. At neither wedding ceremony did he appear, legally empowering his future father-in-law to serve as a proxy at his first wedding and a friend at his second.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One assessment of the two marriages is that they were <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriages</a> of convenience, bringing considerable wealth to Santa Anna and that his lack of attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that he was purely interested in the financial aspect o[f] the alliance."<sup id="cite_ref-fowler58_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler58-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas,_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas%2C_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg/250px-Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas%2C_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas%2C_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg/375px-Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas%2C_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas%2C_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg/500px-Johhan_Moritz_Rugendas%2C_Manga_de_Clavo._Hacienda_von_General_Santa_Anna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Santa Anna's first and favorite hacienda <a href="/wiki/Manga_de_Clavo" title="Manga de Clavo">Manga de Clavo</a>, which his first wife's dowry enabled him to purchase. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Moritz_Rugendas" title="Johann Moritz Rugendas">Johann Moritz Rugendas</a>. Kuperferstichkabinett, Staatliche Museen Zu Berlin, Id. Number: VIII E. 2440, 1831–1834.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1825, Santa Anna married <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_Garc%C3%ADa_de_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Inés García de López de Santa Anna">Inés García</a>, the daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the couple had four children: María de Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200992_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200992-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished himself as a military man, joining the movement for independence. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the forefront of leaders seeking to oust him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may well have seen a match between their young daughter and the up-and-coming Santa Anna as advantageous. Inés' <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first of his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-fowler58_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowler58-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Spanish ambassador to Mexico and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Erskine_Inglis,_1st_Marquise_of_Calder%C3%B3n_de_la_Barca" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Erskine Inglis, 1st Marquise of Calderón de la Barca">Fanny Calderón de la Barca</a>, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast banquet. Calderón de la Barca observed that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer for her cigar-case, which was gold with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she lighted her own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed her good example."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two months after the death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María de Los Dolores de Tosta. The couple rarely lived together; de Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political and military activities took him around the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had no children, leading biographer Will Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily platonic or de Tosta was infertile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">natural</a> children. In his will, he acknowledged and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified three more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200992_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200992-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1870.jpg/220px-Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna_c1870.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Santa Anna photographed by <a href="/wiki/George_G._Rockwood" title="George G. Rockwood">George G. Rockwood</a>, c.1870</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1855 to 1874, Santa Anna lived in exile in Cuba, the United States, Colombia, and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Thomas</a>. He had left Mexico because of his unpopularity with the Mexican people after his defeat in 1848. Santa Anna participated in <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> and businesses with the hopes that he would become rich. During his many years in exile, he was a passionate fan of the sport of <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a>; he had many roosters that he entered into competitions and would have his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1850s, Santa Anna traveled to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> with a shipment of <a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">chicle</a>, which he intended to sell for use in <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">making carriage wheels</a>. He attempted but was unsuccessful in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could be more useful in tires than the materials they were originally using. Although he introduced chewing gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make any money from the product.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Adams_(chewing_gum_maker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Adams (chewing gum maker)">Thomas Adams</a>, the American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented with chicle in an attempt to use it as a substitute for rubber. He bought one ton of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing gum industry with a product that he called "<a href="/wiki/Chiclets" title="Chiclets">chiclets</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Staten_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staten-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return to Mexico and offer his services during the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French invasion</a>, seeking once again to play the role as the country's defender and savior, only to be refused by Juárez. Later that year a <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> owned by Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel Tompkins</a>, brought Santa Anna to his home in <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he tried to raise money for an army to return and take over Mexico City. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG/220px-Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG/330px-Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG/440px-Casa_de_Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The house in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> where Santa Anna spent the last years of his life and wrote most of his memoirs.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a general <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> issued by President <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a> and returned to Mexico, by then crippled and almost blind from <a href="/wiki/Cataract" title="Cataract">cataracts</a>. He died at his home in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried with full military honors in a glass coffin in Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumbasantaanna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tumbasantaanna.jpg/220px-Tumbasantaanna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tumbasantaanna.jpg/330px-Tumbasantaanna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Tumbasantaanna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Grave of Santa Anna and his second wife, Sra. Dolores Tosta de Santa Anna</figcaption></figure> <p>Santa Anna was highly controversial at the time and ever since. In the 2007 biography by Will Fowler, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an army man, a hero, a revolutionary, a regional strongman, but never a politician. He presented himself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics in the decades when the new country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. He was always more willing to lead an army than to lead his country".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>He features in several 19th century British sea shanties, frequently as "<a href="/wiki/Santianna" title="Santianna">santianna</a>", "Santy Anno" or other variations, which have been recorded many times by 20th century folk musicians.</li> <li>He is played by Rubén Padilla (Mexican actor, not to be confused with the homonymous American athlete) in the John Wayne film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)" title="The Alamo (1960 film)">The Alamo</a></i>.</li> <li>Fox animated series <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a></i> season 2 episode 18 "The Final Shinsult" largely revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.</li> <li>In the 1998 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mask_of_Zorro" title="The Mask of Zorro">The Mask of Zorro</a></i>, Santa Anna is mentioned and is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_de_Almeida" title="Joaquim de Almeida">Joaquim de Almeida</a> in an alternate ending.</li> <li>He is played by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Echevarr%C3%ADa" title="Emilio Echevarría">Emilio Echevarría</a> in the 2004 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(2004_film)" title="The Alamo (2004 film)">The Alamo</a></i>.</li> <li>He is played by J. Carrol Naish in the 1955 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Command_(1955_film)" title="The Last Command (1955 film)">The Last Command</a></i>.</li> <li>He is played by Olivier Martinez in the History Channel's miniseries <i>Texas Rising</i> (2015)</li> <li>He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin in the movie <i>The Alamo: 13 days to glory</i> (1987)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in Mexico">History of democracy in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">List of heads of state of Mexico</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Callcott, Wilfred H., "Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez De," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa29"><i>Handbook of Texas Online</i></a>, Retrieved 18 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHowe2007" class="citation cs2">Howe, Daniel Walker (2007), <i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i>, Oxford Univ. Press, p. 660</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Hath+God+Wrought%3A+The+Transformation+of+America%2C+1815%E2%80%931848&rft.pages=660&rft.pub=Oxford+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warren, Richard. "Antonio López de Santa Anna". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture">Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</a></i>, v. 5, 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>. <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costeloe, Michael P. <i>The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, Peter. <i>The Dead March: A History of the Mexican-American War</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 2017, 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009xxi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009xxi_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2009">Fowler 2009</a>, p. xxi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2010" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Alexander (2010). <i>Latin America since Independence A History with Primary Sources</i>. Routledge. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415991964" title="Special:BookSources/9780415991964"><bdi>9780415991964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+since+Independence+A+History+with+Primary+Sources&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415991964&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exhibits.lib.utexas.edu/spotlight/santa-anna-in-life-and-legend/feature/his-serene-highness-and-the-absentee-president">"Santa Anna in Life and Legend – His Serene Highness and the Absentee President"</a>. <i>University of Texas At Austin – University of Texas Libraries</i>. 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Texas+At+Austin+%E2%80%93+University+of+Texas+Libraries&rft.atitle=Santa+Anna+in+Life+and+Legend+%E2%80%93+His+Serene+Highness+and+the+Absentee+President&rft.date=2020-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexhibits.lib.utexas.edu%2Fspotlight%2Fsanta-anna-in-life-and-legend%2Ffeature%2Fhis-serene-highness-and-the-absentee-president&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archer, Christon I. "Fashioning a New Nation" in Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. <i>The Oxford History of Mexico</i> (2000) p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/santa-anna-antonio-lopez-de">"TSHA | Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de"</a>. <i>www.tshaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tshaonline.org&rft.atitle=TSHA+%7C+Santa+Anna%2C+Antonio+Lopez+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fentries%2Fsanta-anna-antonio-lopez-de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhartBrading1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lockhart, James; Brading, D. A. (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2515558">"The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867"</a>. <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>72</b> (2): 277. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2515558">10.2307/2515558</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2515558">2515558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+First+America%3A+The+Spanish+Monarchy%2C+Creole+Patriots%2C+and+the+Liberal+State%2C+1492-1867.&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277&rft.date=1992-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2515558&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2515558%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lockhart&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Brading%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2515558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockhart1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lockhart, James (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2515558">"Reviewed work: The First America: The Spanish Monarchy, Creole Patriots, and the Liberal State, 1492-1867., D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sonsofdewittcolony.org&rft.atitle=Manifesto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonsofdewittcolony.org%2Fsantaannaman1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoup2015" class="citation book cs1">Shoup, Kate (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpJmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Texas and the Mexican War</i></a>. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781502609649" title="Special:BookSources/9781502609649"><bdi>9781502609649</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+and+the+Mexican+War&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Cavendish+Square+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781502609649&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpJmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosteloe1989" class="citation journal cs1">Costeloe, Michael P. (1989). "Generals versus Politicians: Santa Anna and the 1842 Congressional Elections in Mexico". <i>Bulletin of Latin American Research</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 257–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3338755">10.2307/3338755</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3338755">3338755</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Generals+versus+Politicians%3A+Santa+Anna+and+the+1842+Congressional+Elections+in+Mexico&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=257-274&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3338755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3338755%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Costeloe&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECamnitzer2009-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECamnitzer2009_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCamnitzer2009">Camnitzer 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009239-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009239_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2009">Fowler 2009</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i>, pp. 256–257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/98516151/">Flight of Santa Anna showing him without his prosthetic leg</a> accessed 28 May 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenen, Michael Scott. <i>Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 26, 157–158, 232–233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roadsideamerica.com/story/18808">"Captured Leg of Santa Anna"</a>, Roadside America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/santa-anna-leg.htm">"Santa Anna's Leg Took a Long Walk"</a>, Latin American Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagenen, Michael Scott. <i>Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.-Mexican War</i>. Amherst, University of Massachusetts Press 2012, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/editorials/ct-santa-anna-leg-dispute-illinois-texas-edit-20161111-story.html">"Santa Anna's leg? Come and take it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. 11 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Santa+Anna%27s+leg%3F+Come+and+take+it&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fopinion%2Feditorials%2Fct-santa-anna-leg-dispute-illinois-texas-edit-20161111-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1966" class="citation book cs1">Lloyd (1966). <i>Church and State in Latin America, revised edition</i>. Chapel Hill: the University of North Carolina Press. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+State+in+Latin+America%2C+revised+edition&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Chapel+Hill%3A+the+University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Lloyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mecham-358-59-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mecham-358-59_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mecham-358-59_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mecham, <i>Church and State</i>, pp. 358–359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mecham, <i>Church and State</i>, p. 359.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenenbaum, <i>The Politics of Penury</i>, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, Will. "All the President's Women: The Wives of General Antonio Santa Anna in 19th century Mexico", <i>Feminist Review</i>, No. 79, Latin America: History, war, and independence (2005), pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowler58-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fowler58_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fowler58_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, "All the President's Women", p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler200992-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200992_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler200992_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2009">Fowler 2009</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potash, Robert. "Testaments de Santa Anna." <i>Historia Mexicana</i>, Vol. 13, No. 3, 430–440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calderón de la Barca, F. <i>Life in Mexico</i>. London: Century, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFowler2009229_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFowler2009">Fowler 2009</a>, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2016" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Teresa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernl0000mead/page/126"><i>A History of Modern Latin America</i></a>. UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernl0000mead/page/126">126–127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405120517" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405120517"><bdi>978-1405120517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Latin+America&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=126-127&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1405120517&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernl0000mead%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staten-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Staten_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727084919/http://legacy.www.nypl.org/branch/staten/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=1391">"The New York Public Library"</a>. <i>The New York Public Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nypl.org/home">the original</a> on 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Public+Library&rft.atitle=The+New+York+Public+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nypl.org%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2011/11/13/mex-generals-staten-ex-isle/">Mex general's Staten ex-isle</a> Retrieved 22 November 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Review by Patricia L. P. Thompson, <i>The Historian,</i> (2010) 72#1, p. 198</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamnitzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Camnitzer, Luis (2009). Weiss, Rachel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsotPY30RfkC&pg=PA199"><i>On Art, Artists, Latin America, and Other Utopias</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292783492" title="Special:BookSources/9780292783492"><bdi>9780292783492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Art%2C+Artists%2C+Latin+America%2C+and+Other+Utopias&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780292783492&rft.aulast=Camnitzer&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsotPY30RfkC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2000" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Will (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftOV3nd7KQC&pg=PA20"><i>Tornel and Santa Anna: the writer and the caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30914-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30914-4"><bdi>978-0-313-30914-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tornel+and+Santa+Anna%3A+the+writer+and+the+caudillo%2C+Mexico%2C+1795%E2%80%931853&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30914-4&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftOV3nd7KQC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2009" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Will (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFszaXaypkoC"><i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2638-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-2638-8"><bdi>978-0-8032-2638-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Anna+of+Mexico&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-2638-8&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFszaXaypkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlavarría_y_Ferrari1880" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olavarría y Ferrari, Enrique de (1880). <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio" title="Vicente Riva Palacio">Vicente Riva Palacio</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mxicotravsde04tomorich#page/335/mode/2up"><i>México a través de los siglos</i></a> (in Spanish). México: Ballescá y Cía. pp. 210–226.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9xico+a+trav%C3%A9s+de+los+siglos&rft.place=M%C3%A9xico&rft.pages=210-226&rft.pub=Ballesc%C3%A1+y+C%C3%ADa&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Olavarr%C3%ADa+y+Ferrari&rft.aufirst=Enrique+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmxicotravsde04tomorich%23page%2F335%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead2016" class="citation book cs1">Mead, Teresa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernl0000mead/page/126"><i>A History of Modern Latin America</i></a> (2 ed.). UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernl0000mead/page/126">126–127</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405120517" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405120517"><bdi>978-1405120517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Latin+America&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=126-127&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1405120517&rft.aulast=Mead&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernl0000mead%2Fpage%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Alemán, Jesse. "The Ethnic in the Canon; or, on Finding Santa Anna's" Wooden Leg"." MELUS 29.3/4 (2004): 165–182.</li> <li>Anna, Timothy E. <i>Forging Mexico, 1821–1835</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1998</li> <li>Calcott, Wilfred H. <i>Santa Anna: The Story of the Enigma Who Once Was Mexico</i>. Hamden CT: Anchon, 1964.</li> <li>Camnitzer, L. "The two versions of Santa Anna's leg and the ethics of public art." <i>On art, artists, Latin America and other utopias</i> (1995): 199–207. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292783492" title="Special:BookSources/9780292783492">9780292783492</a></li> <li>Chartrand, Rene, and Younghusband, Bill. <i>Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821–48</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Santa-Annas-Mexican-1821-48-Elite/dp/1841766674/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Cole, David A. "The Early Career of Antonio López de Santa Anna," PhD dissertation. Christ Church, University of Oxford 1977.</li> <li>Costeloe, Michael P. <i>The Central Republic in Mexico, 1835–1846: Hombres de Bien in the Age of Santa Anna</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1993.</li> <li>Crawford, Ann F.; <i>The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna</i>; State House Press;</li> <li>Díaz Díaz, Fernando. <i>Caudillos y caciques: Antonio López de Santa Anna y Juan Álvarez</i>. Mexico City: El Colegio de México 1972.</li> <li>Flores Mena, Carmen. <i>El general don Antonio López de Santa Anna (1810–1833)</i>. Mexico City: UNAM 1950.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2007" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Will (2007), <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i>, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Anna+of+Mexico&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span>; a favorable scholarly biography</li> <li>Fowler, Will. <i>Mexico in the Age of Proposals, 1821–1853</i> (1998)</li> <li>Fowler, Will. <i>Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Tornel-Santa-Anna-1795-1853-Contributions/dp/0313309140/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Fowler, Will. "All the President's Women: The Wives of General Antonio López de Santa Anna in 19th century Mexico", <i>Feminist Review</i>, No. 79, Latin America: History, war, and independence (2005),</li> <li>Fuentes Mares, José. <i>Santa Anna: Aurora y ocaso de un comediante</i>. Mexico City: Jus 1956.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Pedrero" title="Enrique González Pedrero">González Pedrero, Enrique</a>. <i>País de un solo hombre: el México de Santa Anna. Volumen II. La sociedad de fuego cruzado 1829–1836</i>. <a href="/wiki/Fondo_de_Cultura_Econ%C3%B3mica" title="Fondo de Cultura Económica">Fondo de Cultura Económica</a>: Mexico City 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/968-16-6377-2" title="Special:BookSources/968-16-6377-2">968-16-6377-2</a></li> <li>Green, Stanley C. <i>The Mexican Republic: The First Decade 1823–1832</i>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardin,_Stephen_L." class="mw-redirect" title="Hardin, Stephen L.">Hardin, Stephen L.</a>, and McBride, Angus. <i>The Alamo 1836: Santa Anna's Texas Campaign</i> (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Alamo-1836-Santa-Annas-Campaign/dp/1841760900/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Jackson, Jack. "Santa Anna's 1836 Campaign: Was It Directed Toward Ethnic Cleansing?" <i>Journal of South Texas</i> (March 2002) 15#1 pp. 10–37; argues that it was</li> <li>Jackson, Jack, and Wheat, John. <i>Almonte's Texas</i>, Texas State Historical Assoc.</li> <li>Jones, Oakah L., Jr. <i>Santa Anna</i>. New York: Twayne Publishers 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Knight_(historian)" title="Alan Knight (historian)">Knight, Alan</a>. "The Several Legs of Santa Anna: A Saga of Secular Relics." Past & Present, Volume 206, Issue suppl_5, 2010, pp. 227–255, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq019">https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>. New York: HarperCollins 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9">0-06-016325-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord1961" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lord" title="Walter Lord">Lord, Walter</a> (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timetostand00lord"><i>A Time to Stand</i></a>, Lincoln, NE: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7902-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7902-7"><bdi>0-8032-7902-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+to+Stand&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+NE&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-8032-7902-7&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimetostand00lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntonio+L%C3%B3pez+de+Santa+Anna" class="Z3988"></span>, popular history</li> <li>Mabry, Donald J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216150941/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?action=read&artid=159">"Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna"</a>, 2 November 2008; essay by scholar</li> <li>Muñoz, Rafael F. <i>Santa Anna: El dictador resplandeciente</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1983.</li> <li>Paquel, Leonardo. <i>Antonio López de Santa Anna</i>. Mexico City: Instituto de Mexicología 1990.</li> <li>Roberts, Randy & Olson, James S., <i>A Line in the Sand: The Alamo in Blood and Memory</i> (2002)</li> <li>Santoni, Pedro; <i>Mexicans at Arms-Puro Federalist and the Politics of War</i> TCU Press; <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Scheina, Robert L. <i>Santa Anna: A Curse Upon Mexico</i> Washington, D.C.: Brassey's 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Santa-Anna-Mexico-Military-Profiles/dp/1574885464/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Trueba, Alfonso. <i>Santa Anna</i>. Mexico City: Jus 1958.</li> <li>Valadés, José C. <i>México, Santa Anna, y la guerra de Texas</i>. Mexico City: Editorial Diana 1979.</li> <li>Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida. <i>Don Antonio López de Santa Anna: Mito y enigma</i>. Mexico City: Condumex 1987.</li> <li>Yañez, Agustín. <i>Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad</i>. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1993.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Santa_Anna,_Antonio_Lopez_de" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/browse/subject/People/Individuals/Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna/">Santa Anna Letters on the <i>Portal to Texas History</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130705193718/http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/biographyresult.php?bio_id=10">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/">A Continent Divided: The U.S. – Mexico War</a>, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fsa29"><i>The Handbook of Texas Online</i>: Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051113101628/http://www.lib.utexas.edu/benson/Mex_Archives/Santa_Anna.html">Benson Latin American Collection – Antonio López de Santa Anna Collection</a></li> <li>Sketch of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/widgets/pager.php?object_id=meta-pth-5828&recno=177&path=meta-pth-5828.tkl">Santa Anna</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723155832/http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-5828"><i>A pictorial history of Texas, from the earliest visits of European adventurers to A.D. 1879</i></a>, hosted by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/">Portal to Texas History</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060210051329/http://www.archontology.org/nations/mex/mex2/santa_anna1.php"><i>Archontology.org, Home » Nations » Mexico » Heads of State » LÓPEZ de SANTA ANNA, Antonio</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060904235516/http://tides.sfasu.edu/AN18/SHHI_29.php?culture=2&chrono=5&index=0">Texas Prisoners in Mexico 3 August 1843</a> From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822022222/http://tides.sfasu.edu/">Texas Tides</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="4">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />17 May – 4 June 1833 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />18 June – 5 July 1833 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />27 October – 15 December 1833 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />24 April 1834 – 27 January 1835 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Interim President of Mexico</a> </b><br />20 March – 10 July 1839 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Provisional President of Mexico</a> </b><br />10 October 1841 – 26 October 1842 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Provisional President of Mexico</a> </b><br />4 March – 4 October 1843 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Provisional President of Mexico</a> </b><br />4 June – 12 September 1844 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Interim President of Mexico</a> </b><br />21 March – 2 April 1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Interim President of Mexico</a> </b><br />20 May – 15 September 1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña y Peña</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Mexico">Dictator-President of Mexico</a> </b><br />20 April 1853 – 9 August 1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">José María Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez" title="Pedro Vélez">Pedro Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Justo_Corro" title="José Justo Corro">José Justo Corro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ceballos" title="Juan Bautista Ceballos">Juan Bautista Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Robles_Pezuela" title="Manuel Robles Pezuela">Manuel Robles Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Pav%C3%B3n" title="José Ignacio Pavón">José Ignacio Pavón</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_N._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan N. Méndez">Juan N. Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Roque González Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lagos_Ch%C3%A1zaro" title="Francisco Lagos Cházaro">Francisco Lagos Cházaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo Luján Rodríguez</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines" title="Adolfo Ruiz Cortines">Adolfo Ruiz Cortines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="559" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">Vice president</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Regent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Battle_of_the_Alamo" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Template:Battle of the Alamo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Template talk:Battle of the Alamo"><abbr title="Discuss 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style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alamo_defenders" title="List of Alamo defenders">Defenders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Bonham" title="James Bonham">James Bonham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowie" title="James Bowie">James Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaron_Dickinson" title="Almaron Dickinson">Almaron Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Pollard" title="Amos Pollard">Amos Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Travis" title="William B. Travis">William B. Travis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Mexican commanders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Perfecto_de_Cos" title="Martín Perfecto de Cos">Martín Perfecto de Cos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Ram%C3%ADrez_y_Sesma" title="Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma">Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Castrill%C3%B3n" title="Manuel Fernández Castrillón">Manuel Fernández Castrillón</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Texian_survivors_of_the_Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="List of Texian survivors of the Battle of the Alamo">Texian survivors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juana_Navarro_Alsbury" title="Juana Navarro Alsbury">Juana Navarro Alsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Dickinson" title="Susanna Dickinson">Susanna Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Segu%C3%ADn" title="Juan Seguín">Juan Seguín</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Legacy of the Battle of the Alamo">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Alamo_(song)" title="Remember the Alamo (song)">Remember the Alamo (song)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Immortal_Alamo" title="The Immortal Alamo">The Immortal Alamo</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Alamo" title="Martyrs of the Alamo">Martyrs of the Alamo</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/With_Davy_Crockett_at_the_Fall_of_the_Alamo" title="With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo">With Davy Crockett at the Fall of the Alamo</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Alamo" title="Heroes of the Alamo">Heroes of the Alamo</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo:_Shrine_of_Texas_Liberty" title="The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty">The Alamo: Shrine of Texas Liberty</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett:_King_of_the_Wild_Frontier" title="Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier">Davy Crockett: King of the Wild Frontier</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Command_(1955_film)" title="The Last Command (1955 film)">The Last Command</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(1960_film)" title="The Alamo (1960 film)">The Alamo</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo:_13_Days_to_Glory" title="The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory">The Alamo: 13 Days to Glory</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alamo:_The_Price_of_Freedom" title="Alamo: The Price of Freedom">Alamo: The Price of Freedom</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alamo_(2004_film)" title="The Alamo (2004 film)">The Alamo</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamo_Mission_in_San_Antonio" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamo Mission in San Antonio">Alamo Mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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