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id="toc-Presidential_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image_and_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image_and_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Public image and opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image_and_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">José López Portillo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="خوسيه لوبيز بورتيو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خوسيه لوبيز بورتيو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xose_Lopes_Portilyo" title="Xose Lopes Portilyo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xose Lopes Portilyo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88" title="خوزه لوپز پورتیو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوزه لوپز پورتیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EC%84%B8_%EB%A1%9C%ED%8E%98%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%9A%94" title="호세 로페스 포르티요 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호세 로페스 포르티요" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%95" title="חוסה לופס פורטייו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוסה לופס פורטייו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="ხოსე ლოპეს პორტილიო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხოსე ლოპეს პორტილიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="Iosephus López Portillo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="होजे लोपेझ पोर्तियो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="होजे लोपेझ पोर्तियो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88" title="خوسيه لوبيز بورتيو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خوسيه لوبيز بورتيو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88" title="خوزه لوپز پورتیلو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خوزه لوپز پورتیلو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9B%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A8" title="ホセ・ロペス・ポルティーヨ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ホセ・ロペス・ポルティーヨ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE,_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Лопес Портильо, Хосе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лопес Портильо, Хосе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BE" title="Хосе Лопез Портиљо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хосе Лопез Портиљо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B9%D0%BE" title="Хосе Лопес Портільйо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хосе Лопес Портільйо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E8%92%82%E7%95%A5" title="波蒂略 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蒂略" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="José López Portillo – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="José López Portillo" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E8%92%82%E7%95%A5" title="何塞·洛佩斯·波蒂略 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="何塞·洛佩斯·波蒂略" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">President of Mexico from 1976 to 1982</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his grandfather, Mexican lawyer, politician and man of letters, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo_y_Rojas" title="José López Portillo y Rojas">José López Portillo y Rojas</a>. For his father, Mexican historian, see <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo_y_Weber" title="José López Portillo y Weber">José López Portillo y Weber</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> López Portillo</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Pacheco</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">José López Portillo</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopez_Portillo_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lopez_Portillo_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Lopez_Portillo_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lopez_Portillo_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Lopez_Portillo_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lopez_Portillo_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Lopez_Portillo_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="865" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1976–1982</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">58th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 December 1976 – 30 November 1982</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" title="Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit">Secretary of Finance and Public Credit of Mexico</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 May 1973 – 22 September 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_B._Marg%C3%A1in" title="Hugo B. Margáin">Hugo B. Margáin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ram%C3%B3n_Beteta" title="Mario Ramón Beteta">Mario Ramón Beteta</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Federal_de_Electricidad" title="Comisión Federal de Electricidad">Director of the Federal Electricity Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 February 1972 – 29 May 1973</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Guillermo Villarreal Caravantes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Farell_Cubillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Farell Cubillas">Arsenio Farell Cubillas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">José Guillermo Abel López Portillo y Pacheco</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1920-06-16</span>)</span>16 June 1920<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 February 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-02-17)</span> (aged 83)<br />Mexico City, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Cementerio Militar, Mexico City, Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Romano" title="Carmen Romano">Carmen Romano</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1951; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1991)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sasha_Montenegro" title="Sasha Montenegro">Sasha Montenegro</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1995)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo_y_Weber" title="José López Portillo y Weber">José López Portillo y Weber</a><br />Refugio Pacheco Villa-Gordoa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIRMAJLP3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="José López Portillo's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FIRMAJLP3.png/128px-FIRMAJLP3.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FIRMAJLP3.png/192px-FIRMAJLP3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/FIRMAJLP3.png/256px-FIRMAJLP3.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>José Guillermo Abel López Portillo y Pacheco</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[xoˈse<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈlopes<span class="wrap"> </span>poɾˈtiʝo]</a></span>; 16 June 1920 – 17 February 2004) was a Mexican writer, lawyer, and politician affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) who served as the 58th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">president of Mexico</a> from 1976 to 1982. López Portillo was the only official candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1976_Mexican_general_election" title="1976 Mexican general election">1976 presidential election</a>, being the only president in recent Mexican history to win an election unopposed. </p><p>Politically, the López Portillo administration began a process of partial <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">political openness</a> by passing an electoral reform in 1977 <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_pol%C3%ADtica-electoral_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_1977" class="extiw" title="es:Reforma política-electoral de México de 1977">[es]</a> which loosened the requisites for the registration of political parties (thus providing dissidents from the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a>, many of whom had hitherto been engaged in armed conflict against the government, with a path to legally participate in national politics) and allowed for greater representation of opposition parties in the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a>, as well as granting amnesty to many of the guerrilla fighters from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Dirty War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the economic front, López Portillo was the last of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">economic nationalist</a> Mexican presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tenure was marked by <a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_boom" title="Mexican oil boom">heavy investments in the national oil industry</a> after the discovery of new oil reserves, which propelled initial <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, but later gave way to a severe <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Weekend" title="Mexican Weekend">debt crisis</a> after <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">the international oil prices fell</a> in the summer of 1981, leading Mexico to declare a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_default" title="Sovereign default">sovereign default</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the crisis, the last months of his administration were plagued by widespread <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>, leading López Portillo to nationalize the banks three months before leaving office,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the end of his term Mexico had the highest <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His presidency was also marked by widespread government corruption and <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after leaving office, during the presidency of his successor <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a>, numerous officials who had worked under the López Portillo administration were prosecuted for corruption, the most notorious cases being <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Durazo_Moreno" title="Arturo Durazo Moreno">Arturo Durazo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jorge_D%C3%ADaz_Serrano" title="Jorge Díaz Serrano">Jorge Díaz Serrano</a>. Although López Portillo himself was suspected of having been involved in corruption as well, he was never charged with any crimes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Times_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Times-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was revealed after his death that he had been a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> collaborator before he became president of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>López Portillo died from complications of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> at his home in Mexico City on 17 February 2004 at the age of 83, and was buried at the Mexico City Military Cemetery. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>López Portillo was born in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, to his father, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo_y_Weber" title="José López Portillo y Weber">José López Portillo y Weber</a> (1888–1974), an engineer, historian, researcher, and academic, and his mother, Refugio Pacheco y Villa-Gordoa. He was the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo_y_Rojas" title="José López Portillo y Rojas">José López Portillo y Rojas</a>, a lawyer, politician, and man of letters. Another ancestor was a Royal Judge in the Audiencia de Nueva Galicia in the eighteenth century. He was the great-great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a> (1768–1840), a Spanish explorer who was the first to enter the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia" title="Strait of Georgia">Strait of Georgia</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and the first to view the site now occupied by <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He studied law at the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (UNAM) before beginning his political career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduating, he began his political career with the <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a> (PRI) in 1959. He held several positions in the administrations of his two predecessors before being appointed to serve as finance minister under <a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a>, a close friend from childhood, between 1973 and 1975. </p><p>An ideological centrist, López Portillo frequently asserted that he was "neither of the right or the left".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_Jose_Lopez_Portillo_toast_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (left) and Mexican president José López Portillo (right) toast during a luncheon hosted by the president of Mexico.</figcaption></figure> <p>López Portillo was <a href="/wiki/1976_Mexican_general_election" title="1976 Mexican general election">elected unopposed in 1976</a>, though in any event the PRI was so entrenched that he was effectively assured of victory when Echeverría chose him as the PRI's candidate. To date, he is the last Mexican president to run unopposed. </p><p>When he entered office, Mexico was in the midst of an economic crisis. He undertook an ambitious program to promote Mexico's economic development with revenues stemming from the discovery of new petroleum reserves in the states of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> by <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3leos_Mexicanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Petróleos Mexicanos">Petróleos Mexicanos</a> (Pemex), the country's publicly owned oil company. In 1980, Mexico joined <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in the Pact of San José, a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a> project to sell oil at preferential rates to countries in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. The economic confidence that he fostered led to a short-term boost in economic growth, but by the time he left office, the economy had deteriorated and gave way to a severe debt crisis and a sovereign default.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of his last acts as president, announced during his annual State of the Nation address on 1 September 1982, was to order the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the country's <a href="/wiki/Banking_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking system">banking system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coerver_2004_271_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coerver_2004_271-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/280px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/420px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg/560px-Heads_of_State_Cancun_Summit_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2662" /></a><figcaption>Heads of State at the Cancún <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Summit" title="North–South Summit">North–South Summit</a> in 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>During his presidential term, his critics accused him of corruption and nepotism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An electoral reform conducted during his presidential term increased the number of members of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a> to 400: 300 being elected single-member districts by <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> (<i>uninominales</i>) and 100 being elected according to <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> (<i>plurinominales</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reform furthermore opened the electoral process for small opposition parties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgaria_1978_Plovdiv_city_at_Plovdiv_Roman_Stadium_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bulgaria_1978_Plovdiv_city_at_Plovdiv_Roman_Stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bulgaria_1978_Plovdiv_city_at_Plovdiv_Roman_Stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Bulgaria_1978_Plovdiv_city_at_Plovdiv_Roman_Stadium_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Former Bulgarian leader, <a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a> (right) and Mexican president José López Portillo (left) official visit in <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> – the second-largest city in Bulgaria.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepotism">Nepotism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nepotism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The López Portillo administration was notorious, more than previous administrations, for the number of relatives of the President who held public office. He appointed his sister <a href="/wiki/Margarita_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" title="Margarita López Portillo">Margarita López Portillo</a> head of the <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_General_de_Radio,_Televisi%C3%B3n_y_Cinematograf%C3%ADa" title="Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía">General Directorate of Radio, Television and Cinematography</a> (RTC), his cousin Guillermo López Portillo as the first -and only- head of the newly created National Institute of Sport (INDE, which was dissolved in 1981),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his son José Ramón López Portillo (who was described by the President as "the pride of my nepotism")<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was appointed Subsecretary of Programming and the Budget. His daughter Paulina López Portillo also debuted as a pop singer during his Presidency, and the First Lady <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Romano" title="Carmen Romano">Carmen Romano</a> toured Europe with the <a href="/wiki/Philharmonic_Orchestra_of_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Philharmonic Orchestra of Mexico City">Philharmonic Orchestra of Mexico City</a>, which was founded and financed by the government of Mexico City through her initiative "to make fine arts education accessible to youths".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981, the Cancun Summit, a North-South dialogue, took place.<sup id="cite_ref-Flores_Rangel_2005_525_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flores_Rangel_2005_525-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summit was attended by 22 heads of state and government from industrialized countries (North) and developing nations (South). During López Portillo's presidential term, Mexico supported the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-Flores_Rangel_2005_525_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flores_Rangel_2005_525-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, after the death of dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, Mexico resumed diplomatic relations with Spain. Also, in 1979 Pope <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a> visited Mexico for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Flores_Rangel_2005_525_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flores_Rangel_2005_525-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_succession">Presidential succession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Presidential succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/220px-Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/330px-Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/440px-Jose_Lopez_Portillo_Jimmy_Carter_in_Mexico_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="2001" /></a><figcaption>José López Portillo and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">Mexican National Palace</a> presidential office in 1979.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year leading to the end of his term as president on 1 December 1982, López Portillo personally chose two candidates as possibilities to replace himself, following the succession ritual established by his party. One, <a href="/wiki/Javier_Garc%C3%ADa_Paniagua" title="Javier García Paniagua">Javier García Paniagua</a>, would have been appointed if a man of greater political skill were needed. The other, ultimately his successor, was <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a>, who was chosen for his financial and administrative skills, which were deemed much more necessary after the devaluation of the peso in February 1982 and the subsequent economic crisis. </p><p>On 1 September 1982, at his final annual Address to the Congress ("Informe de Gobierno"), López Portillo gave a famous speech where he condemned businessmen and bankers responsible for <a href="/wiki/Capital_flight" title="Capital flight">capital flight</a>, claimed that the crisis was not his fault ("I'm responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_wheel" title="Ship's wheel">helm</a>, but the storm is not my fault"), announced the nationalization of the banks ("They have looted us, but Mexico is not finished, they won't loot us again!"), and asked for forgiveness for his mistakes as president and the economic crisis. He famously broke into tears during his speech after asking for the forgiveness of Mexico's poor.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This passionate speech, however, did little to repair his image, and he remains one of the most unpopular Mexican presidents in recent history.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>López Portillo was the last economic nationalist president to emerge from the ranks of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. Subsequent presidents have all been for free trade (<i>librecambismo</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>López Portillo's first wife was <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Romano" title="Carmen Romano">Carmen Romano</a>. After leaving the presidency, López Portillo divorced Romano and married in 1995 his longtime partner, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a>-born actress <a href="/wiki/Sasha_Montenegro" title="Sasha Montenegro">Sasha Montenegro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two children (Nabila and Alejandro) but later separated. </p><p>He was the brother of late Mexican novelist Margarita López Portillo, who died on 8 May 2006, of natural causes. </p><p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> when he was 83 years old. He was the victim of a cardiac complication generated by <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried at the Mexico City Military Cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image_and_opinion">Public image and opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public image and opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a national survey conducted in 2012, 25% of respondents considered that the López Portillo administration was "very good" or "good", 17% responded that it was an "average" administration, and 44% responded that it was a "very bad" or "bad" administration.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Génesis y teoría del Estado moderno</i> (1965).</li> <li><i>Quetzalcóatl</i> (1965).</li> <li><i>Don Q</i> (1975, reimpresiones en 1976 y 1987).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ellos vienen... La conquista de México</i> (1987).</li> <li><i>Mis tiempos</i> (2 volumes, 1988).</li> <li><i>Umbrales</i> (1997).</li> <li><i>El súper PRI</i> (2002).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_(Colombia)_-_ribbon_bar.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Order of Boyacá ribbon bar"><img alt="Order of Boyacá ribbon bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/80px-Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/120px-Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png/160px-Order_of_Boyac%C3%A1_-_Knight_%28Colombia%29_-_ribbon_bar.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight-Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Boyaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Boyaca">Order of Boyaca</a>, Colombia (1979)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/80px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/120px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/160px-Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight-Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, Spain (1977-10-07)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/80px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/120px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg/160px-Order_of_Charles_III_-_Sash_of_Collar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight-Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Charles_III" title="Order of Charles III">Order of Charles III</a>, Spain (1978)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg/80px-Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg/120px-Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg/160px-Seraphimerorden_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_the_Seraphim" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a>, Sweden (1980-05-05)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTrevizo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Trevizo, Dolores (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90017045">"Political Repression and the Struggles for Human Rights in Mexico"</a>. <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>38</b> (3–4): 483–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fssh.2015.22">10.1017/ssh.2015.22</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/90017045">90017045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142189824">142189824</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Political+Repression+and+the+Struggles+for+Human+Rights+in+Mexico&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=483-511&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142189824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90017045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fssh.2015.22&rft.aulast=Trevizo&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F90017045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheppard2016" class="citation book cs1">Sheppard, Randal (2016). <i>A Persistent Revolution. History, Nationalism and Politics in Mexico since 1968</i>. University of New Mexico Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Persistent+Revolution.+History%2C+Nationalism+and+Politics+in+Mexico+since+1968&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sheppard&rft.aufirst=Randal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/feb/20/guardianobituaries">"José López Portillo - Mexico's most reviled president"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 20 February 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo+-+Mexico%27s+most+reviled+president&rft.date=2004-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2Ffeb%2F20%2Fguardianobituaries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandell2004" class="citation news cs1">Kandell, Jonathan (18 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/business/jose-lopez-portillo-president-when-mexico-s-default-set-off-debt-crisis-dies-83.html">"MEXICO'S AFFLUENT ELITE SHUDDERS OVER DRIVE ON ECONOMIC 'TRAITORS'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MEXICO%27S+AFFLUENT+ELITE+SHUDDERS+OVER+DRIVE+ON+ECONOMIC+%27TRAITORS%27&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F02%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fjose-lopez-portillo-president-when-mexico-s-default-set-off-debt-crisis-dies-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding1982" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (11 November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/11/business/mexico-agrees-to-austerity-terms-for-3.84-billion-in-imf-credit.html">"MEXICO AGREES TO AUSTERITY TERMS FOR $3.84 BILLION IN I.M.F. CREDIT"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=MEXICO+AGREES+TO+AUSTERITY+TERMS+FOR+%243.84+BILLION+IN+I.M.F.+CREDIT&rft.date=1982-11-11&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F11%2F11%2Fbusiness%2Fmexico-agrees-to-austerity-terms-for-3.84-billion-in-imf-credit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughton2001" class="citation book cs1">Boughton, James M. 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International Monetary Fund. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557759719" title="Special:BookSources/9781557759719"><bdi>9781557759719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Revolution%3A+The+International+Monetary+Fund%2C+1979-89&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2001-10-09&rft.isbn=9781557759719&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fhistory%2F2001%2Fch07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-24-mn-1831-story.html">"Lopez Portillo Denies He Became Rich as President"</a>. <i>LA Times</i>. 24 April 1986<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=Lopez+Portillo+Denies+He+Became+Rich+as+President&rft.date=1986-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1986-04-24-mn-1831-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_York_Times-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_York_Times_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandell2004" class="citation news cs1">Kandell, Jonathan (18 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/18/business/jose-lopez-portillo-president-when-mexico-s-default-set-off-debt-crisis-dies-83.html">"José López Portillo, President When Mexico's Default Set Off Debt Crisis, Dies at 83"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo%2C+President+When+Mexico%27s+Default+Set+Off+Debt+Crisis%2C+Dies+at+83&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F02%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fjose-lopez-portillo-president-when-mexico-s-default-set-off-debt-crisis-dies-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiding1984" class="citation news cs1">Riding, Alan (16 December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/magazine/corruption-mexican-style.html?pagewanted=all">"CORRUPTION, MEXICAN STYLE"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CORRUPTION%2C+MEXICAN+STYLE&rft.date=1984-12-16&rft.aulast=Riding&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F12%2F16%2Fmagazine%2Fcorruption-mexican-style.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaziel2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raziel, Zedryk (15 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-04-15/un-documento-desclasificado-revela-que-el-expresidente-mexicano-jose-lopez-portillo-tuvo-vinculos-con-la-cia.html">"Un documento desclasificado revela que el presidente mexicano José López Portillo fue un informante de la CIA"</a>. <i>El País México</i> (in Mexican Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs+M%C3%A9xico&rft.atitle=Un+documento+desclasificado+revela+que+el+presidente+mexicano+Jos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo+fue+un+informante+de+la+CIA&rft.date=2023-04-15&rft.aulast=Raziel&rft.aufirst=Zedryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fmexico%2F2023-04-15%2Fun-documento-desclasificado-revela-que-el-expresidente-mexicano-jose-lopez-portillo-tuvo-vinculos-con-la-cia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redeeming the Revolution The State and Organized Labor in Post-Tlatelolco Mexico By Joseph U. Lenti, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelgado_de_Cantú2007" class="citation book cs1">Delgado de Cantú, Gloria M. (2007). <i>Historia de México Vol. II</i>. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicotodayencyc00coer/page/n297">271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576071328" title="Special:BookSources/9781576071328"><bdi>9781576071328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Culture+and+History&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781576071328&rft.aulast=Coerver&rft.aufirst=Don+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicotodayencyc00coer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores_Rangel2005" class="citation book cs1">Flores Rangel, Juan José (2005). <i>Historia de México</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jose+Lopez+Portillo&rft.pub=Telegraph&rft.date=2004-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1454726%2FJose-Lopez-Portillo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunson2004" class="citation web cs1">Gunson, Phil (20 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/feb/20/guardianobituaries">"José López Portillo Mexico's most reviled president"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo%2C+President+When+Mexico%27s+Default+Set+Off+Debt+Crisis%2C+Dies+at+83&rft.date=2004-02-18&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F02%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fjose-lopez-portillo-president-when-mexico-s-default-set-off-debt-crisis-dies-83.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeltran2012" class="citation web cs1">Beltran, Ulises (29 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126173838/https://www.imagenradio.com.mx/zedillo-y-fox-los-ex-presidentes-de-mexico-mas-reconocidos">"Zedillo y Fox los ex presidentes de México más reconocidos"</a>. Imagen Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imagenradio.com.mx/zedillo-y-fox-los-ex-presidentes-de-mexico-mas-reconocidos">the original</a> on 26 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zedillo+y+Fox+los+ex+presidentes+de+M%C3%A9xico+m%C3%A1s+reconocidos&rft.pub=Imagen+Radio&rft.date=2012-10-29&rft.aulast=Beltran&rft.aufirst=Ulises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imagenradio.com.mx%2Fzedillo-y-fox-los-ex-presidentes-de-mexico-mas-reconocidos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120628235539/http://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-33650957-don-q-jose-lopez-portillo-politica-libros-_JM">"Don Q Jose Lopez Portillo - MercadoLibre México"</a> (in Spanish). Articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx. 20 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx/MLM-33650957-don-q-jose-lopez-portillo-politica-libros-_JM">the original</a> on 28 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don+Q+Jose+Lopez+Portillo+-+MercadoLibre+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Articulo.mercadolibre.com.mx&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticulo.mercadolibre.com.mx%2FMLM-33650957-don-q-jose-lopez-portillo-politica-libros-_JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010190939/http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=204542&tabla=notas">"El Universal"</a>. El Universal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.eluniversal.com.mx/pls/impreso/noticia.html?id_nota=204542&tabla=notas">the original</a> on October 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 1,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Universal&rft.pub=El+Universal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.eluniversal.com.mx%2Fpls%2Fimpreso%2Fnoticia.html%3Fid_nota%3D204542%26tabla%3Dnotas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJos%C3%A9+L%C3%B3pez+Portillo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1977/10/12/pdfs/A22521-22521.pdf"><i>Royal Decree 2570/1977</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wSMK0HENIUEC&dq=lopez+portillo+collar+orden+carlos+III&pg=PA312"><i>Propuestas, solicitudes y decretos de la Real y muy distinguida Orden de Carlos III</i></a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_G._Casta%C3%B1eda" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge G. Castañeda">Castañeda, Jorge G.</a> <i>Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen</i>. New York: The New Press 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56584-616-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56584-616-8">1-56584-616-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Krauze" title="Enrique Krauze">Krauze, Enrique</a>, <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>. New York: HarperCollins 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016325-9">0-06-016325-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:José López Portillo">José López Portillo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>KANDELL, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20F12FF38590C7A8DDDAB0894DC404482&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fD%2fDeaths%20%28Obituaries%29">José López Portillo, Ex-President of Mexico, Dies at 83 (subscription needed)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>New York Times</i> February 19, 2004 – article by same author reproduced here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/portillo-obituary.htm">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070501230909/http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/americas/02/18/obit.lopez.ap/">Mexico's ex-president Lopez Portillo dies</a>, <i>CNN.com</i>, February 18, 2004.</li> <li>GUNSON, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,1152068,00.html">José López Portillo: Mexico's most reviled president</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, February 20, 2004.</li> <li>ILIFF, L. Few mourn ex-Mexican leader, <i>Dallas Morning News</i>, February 18, 2004 reproduced here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mexico/mourn.htm">[2]</a></li> <li>DOYLE, Kate (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB115/index.htm">Prelude to Disaster: José López Portillo and the Crash of 1976</a>, National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 115.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Guillermo Villarreal Caravantes</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Electricity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Electricity Commission">Director of the Federal Electricity Commission</a> </b><br />1972–1973 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Farell_Cubillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Farell Cubillas">Arsenio Farell Cubillas</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_B._Marg%C3%A1in" title="Hugo B. Margáin">Hugo B. Margáin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit (Mexico)">Secretary of Finance and Public Credit</a> </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ram%C3%B3n_Beteta" title="Mario Ramón Beteta">Mario Ramón Beteta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a> </b><br />1976–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Luis Echeverría Álvarez</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">PRI</a> nominee for President of Mexico </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1976_Mexican_general_election" title="1976 Mexican general election">1976</a> (won) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Miguel de la Madrid</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Mexico" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Presidents of Mexico</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Victoria" title="Guadalupe Victoria">Guadalupe Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">José María Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V%C3%A9lez" title="Pedro Vélez">Pedro Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Bustamante" title="Anastasio Bustamante">Anastasio Bustamante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_M%C3%BAzquiz" title="Melchor Múzquiz">Melchor Múzquiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_G%C3%B3mez_Pedraza" title="Manuel Gómez Pedraza">Manuel Gómez Pedraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Barrag%C3%A1n" title="Miguel Barragán">Miguel Barragán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Justo_Corro" title="José Justo Corro">José Justo Corro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Francisco Javier Echeverría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Valentín Canalizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Ceballos" title="Juan Bautista Ceballos">Juan Bautista Ceballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Mar%C3%ADa_Lombardini" title="Manuel María Lombardini">Manuel María Lombardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Carrera" title="Martín Carrera">Martín Carrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_D%C3%ADaz_de_la_Vega" title="Rómulo Díaz de la Vega">Rómulo Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez" title="Juan Álvarez">Juan Álvarez Hurtado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort" title="Ignacio Comonfort">Ignacio Comonfort</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mar%C3%ADa_Zuloaga" title="Félix María Zuloaga">Félix María Zuloaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Robles_Pezuela" title="Manuel Robles Pezuela">Manuel Robles Pezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Miram%C3%B3n" title="Miguel Miramón">Miguel Miramón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ignacio_Pav%C3%B3n" title="José Ignacio Pavón">José Ignacio Pavón</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada">Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_N._M%C3%A9ndez" title="Juan N. Méndez">Juan N. Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Flores" title="Manuel González Flores">Manuel González Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Le%C3%B3n_de_la_Barra" title="Francisco León de la Barra">Francisco León de la Barra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Francisco I. Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lascur%C3%A1in" title="Pedro Lascuráin">Pedro Lascuráin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta" title="Victoriano Huerta">Victoriano Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_S._Carvajal" title="Francisco S. Carvajal">Francisco S. Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza" title="Venustiano Carranza">Venustiano Carranza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalio_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Eulalio Gutiérrez">Eulalio Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Roque González Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lagos_Ch%C3%A1zaro" title="Francisco Lagos Cházaro">Francisco Lagos Cházaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">Adolfo de la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro Obregón">Álvaro Obregón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascual_Ortiz_Rubio" title="Pascual Ortiz Rubio">Pascual Ortiz Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abelardo_L._Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Abelardo L. Rodríguez">Abelardo Luján Rodríguez</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_%C3%81vila_Camacho" title="Manuel Ávila Camacho">Manuel Ávila Camacho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán Valdés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Ruiz_Cortines" title="Adolfo Ruiz Cortines">Adolfo Ruiz Cortines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos" title="Adolfo López Mateos">Adolfo López Mateos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_D%C3%ADaz_Ordaz" title="Gustavo Díaz Ordaz">Gustavo Díaz Ordaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Luis Echeverría">Luis Echeverría</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">José López Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid" title="Miguel de la Madrid">Miguel de la Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari" title="Carlos Salinas de Gortari">Carlos Salinas de Gortari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo" title="Ernesto Zedillo">Ernesto Zedillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n" title="Felipe Calderón">Felipe Calderón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pe%C3%B1a_Nieto" title="Enrique Peña Nieto">Enrique Peña Nieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_L%C3%B3pez_Obrador" title="Andrés Manuel López Obrador">Andrés Manuel López Obrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Sheinbaum" title="Claudia Sheinbaum">Claudia Sheinbaum</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="559" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President of Mexico</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_Mexico" title="List of vice presidents of Mexico">Vice president</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Mexico" title="Emperor of Mexico">Emperor of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Mexico" title="List of heads of state of Mexico">Regent</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Secretaries_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Secretaries_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" title="Template:Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Secretaries_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" title="Template talk:Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Secretaries_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Finance_and_Public_Credit" title="Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit">Secretaries of Finance and Public Credit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Maldonado</li> <li>De Medina</li> <li>García Illueca</li> <li>De Arrillaga</li> <li>Esteva</li> <li>Salgado</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Garc%C3%ADa_Salinas" title="Francisco García Salinas">García Salinas</a></li> <li>González Pérez de Angulo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de_Zavala" title="Lorenzo de Zavala">Zavala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">Bocanegra</a></li> <li>Maniau</li> <li>Mangino</li> <li>Alas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Gómez Farías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">Bocanegra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Echeverr%C3%ADa" title="Francisco Javier Echeverría">Echeverría</a></li> <li>Lebrija</li> <li>Gómez Valdés</li> <li>Blasco</li> <li>Segura</li> <li>Vallejo</li> <li>Mangino</li> <li>Alas</li> <li>Lebrija</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Bocanegra" title="José María Bocanegra">Bocanegra</a></li> <li>Garay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Eduardo_de_Gorostiza" title="Manuel Eduardo de Gorostiza">De Gorostiza</a></li> <li>Echeverría</li> <li>Gómez de la Cortina</li> <li>Lombardo</li> <li>Echeverría</li> <li>Canseco</li> <li>Trigueros</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Eduardo_de_Gorostiza" title="Manuel Eduardo de Gorostiza">De Gorostiza</a></li> <li>Trigueros</li> <li>De Haro y Tamariz</li> <li>Echeverría</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">De la Rosa</a></li> <li>Fernández del Castillo</li> <li>Parrés</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Eduardo_de_Gorostiza" title="Manuel Eduardo de Gorostiza">De Gorostiza</a></li> <li>Iturbe y Anciola</li> <li>Garay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Gómez Farías</a></li> <li>De Haro y Tamariz</li> <li>Villamil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Canalizo" title="Valentín Canalizo">Canalizo</a></li> <li>Zubieta</li> <li>Suárez Iriarte</li> <li>Rondero</li> <li>Lombardo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">De la Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Riva_Palacio" title="Mariano Riva Palacio">Riva Palacio</a></li> <li>Icaza</li> <li>Piña y Cuevas</li> <li>Arrangoiz y Berzábal</li> <li>Gutiérrez</li> <li>Iturbe y Anciola</li> <li>De Elorriaga</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo" title="Melchor Ocampo">Ocampo</a></li> <li>Gutiérrez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Payno" title="Manuel Payno">Payno</a></li> <li>Esteva y González</li> <li>Aguirre González</li> <li>Yáñez</li> <li>Piña y Cuevas</li> <li>Esparza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Prieto</a></li> <li>Urquidi</li> <li>De Haro y Tamariz</li> <li>Sierra y Rosso</li> <li>Parrés</li> <li>Olasagarre</li> <li>Parrés</li> <li>Canseco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Prieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Payno" title="Manuel Payno">Payno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada">Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li>De la Fuente</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Payno" title="Manuel Payno">Payno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Prieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada" title="Miguel Lerdo de Tejada">Lerdo de Tejada</a></li> <li>Garay y Garay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Mata" title="José María Mata">Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Prieto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Mata" title="José María Mata">Mata</a></li> <li>Castaños</li> <li>Núñez</li> <li>González Echeverría</li> <li>Núñez</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">Iglesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Romero" title="Matías Romero">Romero</a></li> <li>Mejía Escalada</li> <li>Benítez</li> <li>De Landero y Cos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Romero" title="Matías Romero">Romero</a></li> <li>Ramírez</li> <li>García de la Cadena</li> <li>Toro</li> <li>De Landero y Cos</li> <li>Fuentes y Muñiz</li> <li>De la Peña</li> <li>Dublán</li> <li>Gómez Farías</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%ADas_Romero" title="Matías Romero">Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">Limantour</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_(linear).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Government of Mexico"><img alt="Seal of the Government of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_%28linear%29.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_%28linear%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_%28linear%29.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_%28linear%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_%28linear%29.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_Government_of_Mexico_%28linear%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Yves_Limantour" title="José Yves Limantour">Limantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Madero" title="Ernesto Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toribio_Esquivel_Obreg%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toribio Esquivel Obregón (page does not exist)">Esquivel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enrique_Gorostieta_Gonz%C3%A1lez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enrique Gorostieta González (page does not exist)">Gorostieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Cabrera_Lobato" title="Luis Cabrera Lobato">Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Alvarado" title="Salvador Alvarado">Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_de_la_Huerta" title="Adolfo de la Huerta">De la Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_J._Pani" title="Alberto J. Pani">Pani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luis_Montes_de_Oca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luis Montes de Oca (page does not exist)">Montes de Oca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Elías Calles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marte_R._G%C3%B3mez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marte R. Gómez (page does not exist)">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narciso_Bassols" title="Narciso Bassols">Bassols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Su%C3%A1rez_Ar%C3%A1nzolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Suárez Aránzolo (page does not exist)">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Beteta_Quintana" title="Ramón Beteta Quintana">Beteta Quintana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Carrillo_Flores" title="Antonio Carrillo Flores">Carrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ortiz_Mena" title="Antonio Ortiz Mena">Ortiz Mena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_B._Marg%C3%A1in" title="Hugo B. Margáin">Margáin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">López Portillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Ram%C3%B3n_Beteta" title="Mario Ramón Beteta">Beteta Monsalve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Rodolfo_Moctezuma" title="Julio Rodolfo Moctezuma">Moctezuma Cid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ibarra_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="David Ibarra Muñoz">Ibarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Silva_Herzog_Flores" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesús Silva Herzog Flores">Silva-Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Petricioli" title="Gustavo Petricioli">Petricioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aspe_Armella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Aspe Armella">Aspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Serra_Puche" title="Jaime Serra Puche">Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Ortiz_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Guillermo Ortiz Martínez">Ortiz Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Gurr%C3%ADa" title="José Ángel Gurría">Gurría</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81ngel_Gurr%C3%ADa" title="José Ángel Gurría">Gurría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gil_D%C3%ADaz" title="Francisco Gil Díaz">Gil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Carstens" title="Agustín Carstens">Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Cordero_Arroyo" title="Ernesto Cordero Arroyo">Cordero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribre%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="José Antonio Meade Kuribreña">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Videgaray_Caso" title="Luis Videgaray Caso">Videgaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Meade_Kuribre%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="José Antonio Meade Kuribreña">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Anaya" title="José Antonio González Anaya">González Anaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Urz%C3%BAa_Mac%C3%ADas" title="Carlos Manuel Urzúa Macías">Urzúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Herrera_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Arturo Herrera Gutiérrez">Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogelio_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_la_O" title="Rogelio Ramírez de la O">Ramírez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#99d6ff;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Prince_or_Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Awards" title="Princess of Asturias Awards">Prince or Princess of Asturias Award</a> for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Prince_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">José López Portillo</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Enrique_V._Iglesias" title="Enrique V. Iglesias">Enrique V. Iglesias</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Belisario_Betancur" title="Belisario Betancur">Belisario Betancur</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Contadora_group" title="Contadora group">Contadora group</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Alfons%C3%ADn" title="Raúl Alfonsín">Raúl Alfonsín</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salamanca" title="University of Salamanca">University of Salamanca</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR)</li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">Frederik W. de Klerk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">United Nations Blue Berets stationed in Ex-Yugoslavia</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Guatemala">Government of Guatemala</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_National_Revolutionary_Unity" title="Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity">Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olayinka_Koso-Thomas" title="Olayinka Koso-Thomas">Olayinka Koso-Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Machel" title="Graça Machel">Graça Machel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatiha_Boudiaf" title="Fatiha Boudiaf">Fatiha Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatana_Ishaq_Gailani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fatana Ishaq Gailani (page does not exist)">Fatana Ishaq Gailani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Somaly_Mam" title="Somaly Mam">Somaly Mam</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Duque" title="Pedro Duque">Pedro Duque</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiaki_Mukai" title="Chiaki Mukai">Chiaki Mukai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Valeri_Polyakov" title="Valeri Polyakov">Valeri Polyakov</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li>2002: The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Antarctic_Research" title="Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research">Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></li> <li>2004: The European Union's <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhi%C3%A7a_Centre_of_Health_Research&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhiça Centre of Health Research (page does not exist)">Manhiça Centre of Health Research</a> (Mozambique), <a href="/wiki/Ifakara_Health_Institute" title="Ifakara Health Institute">Ifakara Health Institute</a> (Tanzania), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malaria_Research_and_Training_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malaria Research and Training Centre (page does not exist)">Malaria Research and Training Centre</a> (Mali), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kintampo_Health_Research_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kintampo Health Research Centre (page does not exist)">Kintampo Health Research Centre</a> (Ghana)</li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Transplantation_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Transplantation Society (page does not exist)">The Transplantation Society</a> and the Spanish <a href="/wiki/National_Transplant_Organization" title="National Transplant Organization">National Transplant Organization</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Drayton" title="Bill Drayton">Bill Drayton</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> for the Advancement of Science</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#addeff;"><div id="Princess_of_Asturias_Award_for_International_Cooperation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a></li> <li>2017: The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America" title="Hispanic Society of America">Hispanic Society of America</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Amref_Health_Africa" title="Amref Health Africa">Amref Health Africa</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Sal_Khan" title="Sal Khan">Salman Khan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/GAVI" title="GAVI">Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Camfed" title="Camfed">Camfed, Campaign for Female Education</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_MacArthur" title="Ellen MacArthur">Ellen MacArthur</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Drugs_for_Neglected_Diseases_Initiative" title="Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative">Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative</a> (DNDi)</li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States for Education, Science and Culture</a> (OEI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315613#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315613#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000116210270">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/36913207">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18084/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM9pTb8fhv3grXVMKw4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119075067">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50054807">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118868229">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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