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id="toc-Mexico_after_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico_after_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mexico after independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico_after_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._expansionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._expansionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>U.S. expansionism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._expansionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instability_in_northern_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instability_in_northern_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Instability in northern Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instability_in_northern_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_designs_on_California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_designs_on_California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Foreign designs on California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_designs_on_California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_battle_and_change_in_governorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_battle_and_change_in_governorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>California battle and change in governorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_battle_and_change_in_governorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_revolution,_republic,_and_U.S._annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_revolution,_republic,_and_U.S._annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Texas revolution, republic, and U.S. annexation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_revolution,_republic,_and_U.S._annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nueces_Strip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nueces_Strip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nueces Strip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nueces_Strip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polk's_Actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polk's_Actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Polk's Actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polk's_Actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico's_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico's_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Mexico's response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico's_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Preparation for war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation_for_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation for war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Challenges in Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexican_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Mexican Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Political divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Challenges in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>United States Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_divisions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_divisions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Political divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_divisions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role of women</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role of women subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributions_from_Mexican_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_from_Mexican_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contributions from Mexican women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_from_Mexican_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_the_battlefield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_battlefield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>On the battlefield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_battlefield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_home_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_home_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>On the home front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_home_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_from_American_Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_from_American_Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Contributions from American Women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_from_American_Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_the_battlefield_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_battlefield_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>On the battlefield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_battlefield_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_the_home_front_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_the_home_front_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>On the home front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_the_home_front_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Outbreak_of_hostilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_of_hostilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Outbreak of hostilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_hostilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texas_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Texas campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thornton_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thornton_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.1</span> <span><b>Thornton Affair</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thornton_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Fort_Texas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Fort_Texas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.2</span> <span><b>Siege of Fort Texas</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Fort_Texas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Palo_Alto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Palo_Alto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.3</span> <span><b>Battle of Palo Alto</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Palo_Alto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1.4</span> <span><b>Battle of Resaca de la Palma</b></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declarations_of_war,_May_1846" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declarations_of_war,_May_1846"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Declarations of war, May 1846</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declarations_of_war,_May_1846-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_Santa_Anna's_return" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Santa_Anna's_return"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>General Santa Anna's return</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Santa_Anna's_return-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reaction in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Opposition to the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_for_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_for_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Support for the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_for_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._journalism_during_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._journalism_during_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>U.S. journalism during the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._journalism_during_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._invasions_on_Mexico's_periphery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._invasions_on_Mexico's_periphery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>U.S. invasions on Mexico's periphery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._invasions_on_Mexico's_periphery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Mexico_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Mexico_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>New Mexico campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Mexico_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-California_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>California campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_Coast_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_Coast_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Pacific Coast campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_Coast_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeastern_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeastern_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Northeastern Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeastern_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Monterrey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Monterrey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.1</span> <span>Battle of Monterrey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Monterrey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Buena_Vista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Buena_Vista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.2</span> <span>Battle of Buena Vista</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Buena_Vista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northwestern_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northwestern_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Northwestern Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northwestern_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.6</span> <span>Southern Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scott's_invasion_of_Mexico's_heartland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scott's_invasion_of_Mexico's_heartland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Scott's invasion of Mexico's heartland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scott's_invasion_of_Mexico's_heartland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landings_and_siege_of_Veracruz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landings_and_siege_of_Veracruz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Landings and siege of Veracruz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landings_and_siege_of_Veracruz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_on_Puebla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_on_Puebla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Advance on Puebla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_on_Puebla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pause_at_Puebla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pause_at_Puebla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Pause at Puebla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pause_at_Puebla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_on_Mexico_City_and_its_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_on_Mexico_City_and_its_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Advance on Mexico City and its capture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_on_Mexico_City_and_its_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Santa_Anna's_last_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Santa_Anna's_last_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Santa Anna's last campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Santa_Anna's_last_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Mexico_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Mexico_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Occupation of Mexico City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Mexico_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desertions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desertions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.7</span> <span>Desertions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desertions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-San_Patricios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Patricios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.7.1</span> <span>San Patricios</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Patricios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_war,_terms_of_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_war,_terms_of_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>End of war, terms of peace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_war,_terms_of_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All-Mexico_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-Mexico_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>All-Mexico Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-Mexico_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Altered_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altered_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Altered territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altered_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Effect on the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_American_military_in_the_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_American_military_in_the_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Effect on the American military in the Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_American_military_in_the_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_political_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_political_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Social and political context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_political_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veterans_of_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veterans_of_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Veterans of the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Veterans_of_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incidents,_civilian_deaths,_and_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidents,_civilian_deaths,_and_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Incidents, civilian deaths, and massacres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidents,_civilian_deaths,_and_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Effects on Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Reference works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_histories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_histories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>General histories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_histories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_diplomatic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_diplomatic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Political and diplomatic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_diplomatic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography,_memory_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography,_memory_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Historiography, memory and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography,_memory_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guides,_bibliographies_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guides,_bibliographies_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Guides, bibliographies and collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guides,_bibliographies_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Media and primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexican–American War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksikaans-Amerikaanse_Oorlog" title="Meksikaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Meksikaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحرب المكسيكية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب المكسيكية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_d%27Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos-M%C3%A9xicu" title="Guerra d'Estaos Xuníos-Méxicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra d'Estaos Xuníos-Méxicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika%E2%80%93Meksika_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Amerika–Meksika müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika–Meksika müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="مکزیک-آمریکا ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مکزیک-آمریکا ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%CC%8Dk-B%C3%AD_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Be̍k-Bí Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Be̍k-Bí Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Амерыкана-мексіканская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амерыкана-мексіканская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Мексиканско-американска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мексиканско-американска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikanisch-Amerikanischa_Kriag" title="Mexikanisch-Amerikanischa Kriag – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mexikanisch-Amerikanischa Kriag" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dko-meksi%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Američko-meksički rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Američko-meksički rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_etre_Mec%27hiko_hag_ar_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet" title="Brezel etre Mec'hiko hag ar Stadoù-Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel etre Mec'hiko hag ar Stadoù-Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_M%C3%A8xic-Estats_Units" title="Guerra de Mèxic-Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de Mèxic-Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%88%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83" title="Америкăпа Мексика хушшинчи вăрçă – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Америкăпа Мексика хушшинчи вăрçă" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicko-americk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="Mexicko-americká válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mexicko-americká válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicansk-amerikanske_krig" title="Mexicansk-amerikanske krig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mexicansk-amerikanske krig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexikanisch-Amerikanischer_Krieg" title="Mexikanisch-Amerikanischer Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mexikanisch-Amerikanischer Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika-Mehhiko_s%C3%B5da" title="Ameerika-Mehhiko sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika-Mehhiko sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C-%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αμερικανικό-Μεξικανικός πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμερικανικό-Μεξικανικός πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intervenci%C3%B3n_estadounidense_en_M%C3%A9xico" title="Intervención estadounidense en México – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Intervención estadounidense en México" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meksik-usona_milito" title="Meksik-usona milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Meksik-usona milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatubatuar-Mexikar_Gerra" title="Estatubatuar-Mexikar Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatubatuar-Mexikar Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="جنگ آمریکا و مکزیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ آمریکا و مکزیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_am%C3%A9ricano-mexicaine" title="Guerre américano-mexicaine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre américano-mexicaine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogadh_Meicsiceach-Meirice%C3%A1nach" title="Cogadh Meicsiceach-Meiriceánach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cogadh Meicsiceach-Meiriceánach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A4_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%CB%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="آمریکا ؤ مکزیکˇ جنگ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آمریکا ؤ مکزیکˇ جنگ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%95%EC%8B%9C%EC%BD%94-%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="멕시코-미국 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="멕시코-미국 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1-%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ամերիկա-մեքսիկական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկա-մեքսիկական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C4%8Dko-meksi%C4%8Dki_rat" title="Američko-meksički rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Američko-meksički rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_Mexikian-Usana" title="Milito Mexikian-Usana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito Mexikian-Usana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Meksiko%E2%80%93Amerika_Serikat" title="Perang Meksiko–Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Meksiko–Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Mexican-Statounitese" title="Guerra Mexican-Statounitese – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Guerra Mexican-Statounitese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%AD%C3%B0_Mex%C3%ADk%C3%B3_og_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Stríð Mexíkó og Bandaríkjanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stríð Mexíkó og Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_messico-statunitense" title="Guerra messico-statunitense – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra messico-statunitense" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%E2%80%93%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מלחמת ארצות הברית–מקסיקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת ארצות הברית–מקסיקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ამერიკა-მექსიკის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამერიკა-მექსიკის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%83" title="Америка-Мексика согушу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Америка-Мексика согушу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_inter_Mexicum_et_Civitates_Foederatas" title="Bellum inter Mexicum et Civitates Foederatas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum inter Mexicum et Civitates Foederatas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASV%E2%80%94Meksikas_kar%C5%A1" title="ASV—Meksikas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ASV—Meksikas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerikos%E2%80%93Meksikos_karas" title="Amerikos–Meksikos karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amerikos–Meksikos karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A6ra_M%C3%A9scico-Americann-a" title="Guæra Méscico-Americann-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Guæra Méscico-Americann-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexik%C3%B3i%E2%80%93amerikai_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Mexikói–amerikai háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mexikói–amerikai háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="മെക്സിക്കൻ-അമേരിക്കൻ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മെക്സിക്കൻ-അമേരിക്കൻ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="मेक्सिकन-अमेरिकन युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मेक्सिकन-अमेरिकन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Amerika_Syarikat-Mexico" title="Perang Amerika Syarikat-Mexico – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Amerika Syarikat-Mexico" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicaans-Amerikaanse_Oorlog" title="Mexicaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mexicaans-Amerikaanse Oorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%A2%A8%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="米墨戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="米墨戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_meksikansk-amerikanske_krigen" title="Den meksikansk-amerikanske krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den meksikansk-amerikanske krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_americanomexicana" title="Guèrra americanomexicana – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra americanomexicana" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika-Meksika_urushi" title="Amerika-Meksika urushi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika-Meksika urushi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د مکسیکو او امریکا جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مکسیکو او امریکا جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_ameryka%C5%84sko-meksyka%C5%84ska" title="Wojna amerykańsko-meksykańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna amerykańsko-meksykańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Mexicano-Americana" title="Guerra Mexicano-Americana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Mexicano-Americana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Mexicano-American" title="Războiul Mexicano-American – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Mexicano-American" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Американо-мексиканская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американо-мексиканская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mexican–American War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexicko-americk%C3%A1_vojna" title="Mexicko-americká vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mexicko-americká vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameri%C5%A1ko-mehi%C5%A1ka_vojna" title="Ameriško-mehiška vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ameriško-mehiška vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%85%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="شەڕی ئەمریکا و مەکسیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕی ئەمریکا و مەکسیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Америчко-мексички рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Америчко-мексички рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Mexican–American War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MXAMWAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/MXAMWAR.png/300px-MXAMWAR.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/MXAMWAR.png 1.5x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="493" /></a></span><br />Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a> entering <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo" title="Zócalo">Plaza de la Constitución</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Fall of Mexico City</a>, U.S. soldiers engaging the retreating Mexican force during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a>, U.S. victory <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">at Churubusco</a> outside of Mexico City, Marines <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">storming Chapultepec castle</a> under a large U.S. flag, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Battle of Cerro Gordo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>April 25, 1846 – February 2, 1848<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1846-04-25</span> – <span class="dtend">1848-02-02</span>)</span><br />(1 year, 9 months, 1 week and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>; Northern, Central, and Eastern Mexico; <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>American victory<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li> <li>Mexican recognition of U.S. sovereignty over <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> (among other territories)</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <p><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> </p> <ul><li>Mexico cedes to the U.S. present-day California, Texas, New Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>, for $15 million</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281846%E2%80%931847%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Mexico"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">John Y. Mason</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">William L. Marcy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic"><img alt="California Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg/23px-First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg/35px-First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg/46px-First_Bear_Flag_of_California_%281846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_B._Ide" title="William B. Ide">William B. Ide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel Peña</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Arista" title="Mariano Arista">Mariano Arista</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ampudia" title="Pedro de Ampudia">Pedro de Ampudia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José de Herrera</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro de Anaya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rea" title="Joaquín Rea">Joaquín Rea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Valencia" title="Gabriel Valencia">Gabriel Valencia</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Urrea" title="José de Urrea">José de Urrea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Almonte" title="Juan Almonte">Juan Almonte</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281845%E2%80%931846%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> 73,532<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico"><img alt="Second Federal Republic of Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/23px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/35px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg/46px-Bandera_de_la_Segunda_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_de_los_Estados_Unidos_Mexicanos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> 82,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>Total: 18,130</b><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1,733 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>4,152 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>11,550 dead from disease</li><li>695 missing</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Total: 35,000</b><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>5,000 killed<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>20,000 wounded</li><li>10,000 missing</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Including civilians killed by violence, military deaths from disease and accidental deaths, the Mexican death toll may have reached 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the American death toll reached 13,283.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Mexican–American War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Mexican–American War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Mexican–American War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Battles_of_theMexican–American_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of battles of the Mexican–American War">Battles of the<br />Mexican–American War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Texas_Campaign" title="Texas Campaign">Texas Campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">Fort Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Resaca de la Palma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">California Campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterey" title="Battle of Monterey">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Los_Angeles" title="Siege of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chino" title="Battle of Chino">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dominguez_Rancho" title="Battle of Dominguez Rancho">Dominguez Rancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Natividad" title="Battle of Natividad">Natividad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pasqual" title="Battle of San Pasqual">San Pasqual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_San_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rio San Gabriel">Rio San Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Mesa" title="Battle of La Mesa">La Mesa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>New Mexico Campaign</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santa_Fe" title="Capture of Santa Fe">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Tucson_(1846)" title="Capture of Tucson (1846)">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Brazito" title="Battle of El Brazito">El Brazito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ca%C3%B1ada" title="Battle of Cañada">Cañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Mora" title="First Battle of Mora">1st Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Embudo_Pass" title="Battle of Embudo Pass">Embudo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Mora" title="Second Battle of Mora">2nd Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pueblo_de_Taos" title="Siege of Pueblo de Taos">Pueblo de Taos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Canyon_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Canyon Affair">Red River Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cienega_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cienega Affair">Cienega Creek</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern Mexican Theater</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sacramento_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Rosales" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Rosales">Santa Cruz de Rosales</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mexico City Campaign</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Veracruz" title="Blockade of Veracruz">1st Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Polkos" title="Revolt of the Polkos">Polkos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">2nd Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Cerro Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Molino del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Puebla_(1847)" title="Siege of Puebla (1847)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huamantla" title="Battle of Huamantla">Huamantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Atlixco" title="Action of Atlixco">Atlixco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Matamoros" title="Skirmish at Matamoros">Matamoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affair_at_Galaxara_Pass" title="Affair at Galaxara Pass">Galaxara Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Sequalteplan" title="Action of Sequalteplan">Zacualtipan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_campaign_(Mexican%E2%80%93American_War)" title="Pacific Coast campaign (Mexican–American War)">Pacific Coast Campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Guaymas" title="Bombardment of Guaymas">Guaymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muleg%C3%A9" title="Battle of Mulegé">Mulegé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Punta_Sombrero" title="Bombardment of Punta Sombrero">Punta Sombrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Paz" title="Battle of La Paz">1st La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Paz" title="Siege of La Paz">2nd La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Cabo" title="Battle of San José del Cabo">1st San Jose del Cabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Cabo" title="Siege of San José del Cabo">2nd San Jose del Cabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Todos_Santos" title="Skirmish of Todos Santos">Todos Santos</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mosquito Fleet</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="First Battle of Tuxpan">1st Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="Second Battle of Tuxpan">2nd Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Tuxpan" title="Third Battle of Tuxpan">3rd Tuxpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="First Battle of Tabasco">1st Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="Second Battle of Tabasco">2nd Tabasco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexican–American_wars(1845–1920)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Monterey" title="Capture of Monterey">Capture of Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican-American War">Mexican-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Revolt" title="Taos Revolt">Taos Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortina_Troubles" title="Cortina Troubles">Cortina Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walker%27s_expedition_to_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walker's expedition to Mexico (page does not exist)">Walker's expedition to Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedici%C3%B3n_de_William_Walker_a_Baja_California_y_Sonora" class="extiw" title="es:Expedición de William Walker a Baja California y Sonora">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Cuevas_War" title="Las Cuevas War">Las Cuevas War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Elizario_Salt_War" title="San Elizario Salt War">San Elizario Salt War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_affair" title="Crawford affair">Crawford affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garza_Revolution" title="Garza Revolution">Garza Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Uprising" title="Yaqui Uprising">Nogales Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">United States occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Mexican Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandit_War" title="Bandit War">Bandit War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of United States history"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">Timeline and periods</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_North_America" title="Geological history of North America">Prehistoric</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until 1607</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1607–1765</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1765–1783</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1783–1788</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1788–1801</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1801–1817</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1817–1825</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1825–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1849–1865</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1865–1877</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1877–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1896–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1929–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Post-World War II Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1954–1968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="United States in the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1964–1975</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Era">Reagan Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1981–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">Post-Cold War Era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–2008</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">    Modern Era</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">2008–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">Antisemitism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">Civil unrest</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Racial violence</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural history of the United States">Cultural</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_the_United_States" title="History of cinema in the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_the_United_States" title="Music history of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sports_in_the_United_States" title="History of sports in the United States">Sports</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demography</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economy</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of banking in the United States">Banking</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">Education</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_flags_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the flags of the United States">Flag</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_government" title="History of the United States government">Government</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_civil_rights_in_the_United_States" title="History of civil rights in the United States">Civil rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_corruption_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">The Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_debt_ceiling" title="History of the United States debt ceiling">Debt ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_direct_democracy_in_the_United_States" title="History of direct democracy in the United States">Direct democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of United States foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_taxation_in_the_United_States" title="History of taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">Voting rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">Journalism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime history of the United States">Maritime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="History of the United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="History of the United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Coast_Guard" title="History of the United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Political_eras_of_the_United_States" title="Political eras of the United States">Party Systems</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="History of religion in the United States">Religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_American_history" title="Social class in American history">Social class</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_slavery_in_the_United_States" title="History of sexual slavery in the United States">Sexual slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technology and industry</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_lumber_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the lumber industry in the United States">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="History of medicine in the United States">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="History of rail transportation in the United States">Railway</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history">African American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Americans" title="History of Asian Americans">Asian American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_Americans" title="History of Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Filipino_Americans" title="History of Filipino Americans">Filipino American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Indian Americans">Indian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_Americans" title="History of Japanese Americans">Japanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Americans">Korean American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thai_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Thai Americans">Thai American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnamese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/European_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="European American">European American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Albanian Americans">Albanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of English Americans">English American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Estonian Americans">Estonian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finnish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Finnish Americans">Finnish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans#History" title="German Americans">German American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans#History" title="Irish Americans">Irish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_American#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuanian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_the_United_States" title="History of Poles in the United States">Polish American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbian Americans">Serbian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">Jewish American</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Middle_Eastern_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Middle Eastern Americans">Middle Eastern American</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egyptian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Egyptian Americans">Egyptian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iranian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iranian Americans">Iranian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraqi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Iraqi Americans">Iraqi American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanese_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanese Americans">Lebanese American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestinian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palestinian Americans">Palestinian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Saudi Americans">Saudi American</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="History of Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_history" title="Cherokee history">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_history" title="Comanche history">Comanche</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">Women</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_the_United_States" title="LGBTQ history in the United States">LGBTQ</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gay_men_in_the_United_States" title="History of gay men in the United States">Gay men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lesbianism_in_the_United_States" title="History of lesbianism in the United States">Lesbians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transgender_people_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of transgender people in the United States">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_regions_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic regions of the United States">Historic regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_England" title="History of New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of the Southern United States">The South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">The West Coast</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">AK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">AZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">CA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">DE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">FL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">ID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">IL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">IN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">IA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">KS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">KY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">MD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">MA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">MI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">MN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">MS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">MO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">MT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">NV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">NJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_(state)" title="History of New York (state)">NY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">NC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">ND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">OK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">OR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">PA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">RI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">TN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">TX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">UT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">VT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">VA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">WV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">WI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">WY</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Territories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">DC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">GU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">PR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">VI</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_urban_history" title="American urban history">Urban history</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Histories_of_cities_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Histories of cities in the United States">Cities</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_the_United_States" title="List of years in the United States">List of years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_States" title="Historiography of the United States">Historiography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_United_States_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the United States sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Mexico" title="Category:History of Mexico">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History of <span class="fn org label">Mexico</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" title="Coat of arms of Mexico"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian</a></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">The New Spain</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish-Aztec War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Federal Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">French intervention</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">1864–1928</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">The Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tragic_Days" title="Ten Tragic Days">La decena trágica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Guadalupe" title="Plan of Guadalupe">Plan of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampico_Affair" title="Tampico Affair">Tampico Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;padding-left:0.4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato"><i>Maximato</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928–1934)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_expropriation" title="Mexican oil expropriation">Petroleum nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">Mexican Movement of 1968</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">La Década Perdida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico#1982_crisis_and_recovery" title="Economic history of Mexico">1982 economic crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Mexican peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico#The_end_of_the_PRI's_rule" title="History of Mexico">PRI downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">Mexican drug war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Mexico" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mexican_history" title="Timeline of Mexican history">Timeline</a></b></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/16px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/24px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Mexico" title="Template:History of Mexico"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Mexico" title="Template talk:History of Mexico"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Mexico" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Mexico"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mexican–American War</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known in the United States as the <b>Mexican War</b>, and in Mexico as the <b>United States intervention in Mexico</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Mexico</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> from 1846 to 1848. It followed the 1845 American <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Texas">annexation of Texas</a>, which Mexico still considered its territory because it refused to recognize the <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">Treaties of Velasco</a>, signed by President <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> after he was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Texian_Army" title="Texian Army">Texian Army</a> during the 1836 <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> was <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> an independent country, but most of its Anglo-American citizens who had moved from the United States to Texas after 1822 wanted to be annexed by the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sectional politics over <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a> had previously prevented annexation because Texas would have been admitted as a slave state, upsetting the balance of power between Northern free states and Southern slave states.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a>, Democrat <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> was elected on a platform of expanding U.S. territory to <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> (also a Mexican territory), and Texas by any means, with the 1845 annexation of Texas furthering that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the boundary between Texas and Mexico was disputed, with the Republic of Texas and the U.S. asserting it to be the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> and Mexico claiming it to be the more-northern <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a>. Polk sent a diplomatic mission to Mexico in an attempt to buy the disputed territory, together with California and everything in between for $25<span class="nowrap"> </span>million (equivalent to $778 million in 2023), an offer the Mexican government refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stenberg-1935_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenberg-1935-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk then sent a group of 80 soldiers across the disputed territory to the Rio Grande, ignoring Mexican demands to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-Clevenger-2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clevenger-2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-K._Jack_Bauer-1993_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K._Jack_Bauer-1993-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican forces interpreted this as an attack and <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">repelled the U.S. forces</a> on April 25, 1846,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move which Polk used to convince the Congress of the United States to declare war.<sup id="cite_ref-Clevenger-2017_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clevenger-2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beyond the disputed area of Texas, U.S. forces quickly occupied the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> along the upper Rio Grande. U.S. forces also moved against the province of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> and then turned south. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Squadron" title="Pacific Squadron">Pacific Squadron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> blockaded the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a> in the lower <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Territory" title="Baja California Territory">Baja California Territory</a>. The U.S. Army, under Major General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, invaded the Mexican heartland via an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">amphibious landing at the port of Veracruz</a> on March 9 and captured the capital, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, in September 1847. Although Mexico was defeated on the battlefield, negotiating peace was a politically fraught issue. Some Mexican factions refused to consider any recognition of its loss of territory. Although Polk formally relieved his peace envoy, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trist" title="Nicholas Trist">Nicholas Trist</a>, of his post as negotiator, Trist ignored the order and successfully concluded the 1848 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a>. It ended the war, and Mexico recognized the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">cession</a> of present-day Texas, California, Nevada, and Utah as well as parts of present-day Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. The U.S. agreed to pay $15 million for the physical damage of the war and assumed $3.25 million of debt already owed by the Mexican government to U.S. citizens. Mexico relinquished its claims on Texas and accepted the Rio Grande as its northern border with the United States. </p><p>The victory and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">territorial expansion</a> Polk envisioned inspired patriotism among some sections of the United States, but the war and treaty drew fierce criticism for the casualties, monetary cost, and heavy-handedness. The question of how to treat the new acquisitions intensified the debate over slavery in the United States. Although the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> that explicitly forbade the extension of slavery into conquered Mexican territory was not adopted by Congress, debates about it heightened sectional tensions. Some scholars see the Mexican–American War as leading to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Many officers who had trained at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> gained experience in the war and later played prominent leadership roles during the Civil War. In Mexico, the war worsened domestic political turmoil and led to a loss of national prestige, as it suffered large losses of life in both its military and civilian population, had its financial foundations undermined, and lost more than half of its territory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico_after_independence">Mexico after independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mexico after independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_1832,_Region_Comanche.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An Osage The boundaries of Comancheria – the Comanche homeland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mexico_1832%2C_Region_Comanche.PNG/220px-Mexico_1832%2C_Region_Comanche.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mexico_1832%2C_Region_Comanche.PNG/330px-Mexico_1832%2C_Region_Comanche.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mexico_1832%2C_Region_Comanche.PNG/440px-Mexico_1832%2C_Region_Comanche.PNG 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>The 1832 boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">Comancheria</a>, the Comanche homeland</figcaption></figure> <p>Mexico obtained independence from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a> in 1821 after a <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">decade of conflict</a> between the royal army and insurgents for independence, with no foreign intervention. The conflict ruined the silver-mining districts of <a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>. Mexico began as a sovereign nation with its future financial stability from its main export destroyed. Mexico briefly <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">experimented with monarchy</a>, but became <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">a republic</a> in 1824. This government was characterized by instability,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz185015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz185015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was ill-prepared for a major international conflict when war broke out with the U.S. in 1846. Mexico had successfully resisted <a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish attempts to reconquer</a> its former colony<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the 1820s and resisted the French in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a> of 1838<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the secessionists' success in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Texas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Republic of Yucatán">Yucatán</a> against the centralist government of Mexico showed its political weakness as the government changed hands multiple times.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Mexican military</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic Church in Mexico</a>, both privileged institutions with conservative political views, were stronger politically than the Mexican state.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._expansionism">U.S. expansionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: U.S. expansionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></div> <p>The United States' 1803 <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a> resulted in an undefined border between Spanish colonial territories and the U.S. Some of the boundary issues between the U.S. and Spain were resolved with the <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís Treaty">Adams-Onís Treaty</a> of 1818. U.S. negotiator <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> wanted clear possession of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> and establishment of U.S. claims above the 42nd parallel, while Spain sought to limit U.S. expansion into what is now the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a>. The U.S. sought to purchase territory from Mexico, starting in 1825, in order to settle some of these issues. U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> made a sustained effort to acquire northern Mexican territory, with no success.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Peter Guardino states that in the war "the greatest advantage the United States had was its prosperity."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> across the Atlantic increasing the demand for cotton for textile factories, there was a <a href="/wiki/Cotton_production_in_the_United_States" title="Cotton production in the United States">large external market for cotton</a> produced by enslaved African-American labor in the southern states. This demand helped fuel expansion into northern Mexico. Although there were political conflicts in the U.S., they were largely contained by the framework of the constitution and did not result in revolution or rebellion by 1846, but rather by sectional political conflicts. Northerners in the U.S. sought to develop the country's existing resources and expand the industrial sector without expanding the nation's territory. The existing balance of sectional interests would be disrupted by the expansion of slavery into new territory. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, to which President Polk belonged, in particular strongly supported expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instability_in_northern_Mexico">Instability in northern Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instability in northern Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comanche-Mexico_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche-Mexico Wars">Comanche-Mexico Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache-Mexico_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache-Mexico Wars">Apache-Mexico Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comanches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Comanches.jpg/170px-Comanches.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Comanches.jpg/255px-Comanches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Comanches.jpg/340px-Comanches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Comanches of West <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in war regalia, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Neither colonial Mexico nor the newly sovereign Mexican state effectively controlled Mexico's far north and west.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mexico's military and diplomatic capabilities declined after it attained independence from Spain in 1821 and left the northern half of the country vulnerable to attacks by <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a> Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1963_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1963-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Comanche, in particular, took advantage of the weakness of the Mexican state to undertake large-scale raids hundreds of miles into the country to acquire livestock for their own use and to supply an expanding market in Texas and the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern area of Mexico was sparsely settled because of its challenging climate and topography.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mostly high desert with scarce rainfall, it supported little sedentary agriculture during the pre-Hispanic and colonial periods.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After independence, Mexico became preoccupied with internal struggles that sometimes verged on civil war, and the worsening situation on the northern frontier was largely neglected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In northern Mexico, the end of Spanish rule was marked by the end of financing for garrisoned <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a> and the pay-offs to Native Americans to maintain peace. In the absence of effective governance, Comanche and Apache took to raiding for livestock and looted much of the northern countryside outside of the scattered towns. The raids after 1821 resulted in many deaths, halted most transportation and communications, and decimated the ranching industry that was a mainstay of the northern economy. As a result, the demoralized civilian population of northern Mexico put up little resistance to the invading U.S. army.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLay2008_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLay2008-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, distance and hostile activity by Native Americans made communications and trade between the heartland of Mexico and provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">New Mexico</a> increasingly difficult. As a result, at the outbreak of the war, New Mexico was economically dependent on trade with the United States via the eastern branch of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican government's policy of allowing the settlement of U.S. citizens in <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">its province of Tejas</a> was aimed at expanding control into Comanche lands, the <a href="/wiki/Comancheria" title="Comancheria">Comancheria</a>. However, rather than settling in the dangerous central and western parts of the province, Anglos preferred to settle in <a href="/wiki/East_Texas" title="East Texas">East Texas</a> with its rich farmland contiguous with the southern U.S. <a href="/wiki/Slave_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave state">slave states</a>. As settlers poured in from the U.S., the Mexican government discouraged further migration with its 1829 abolition of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_designs_on_California">Foreign designs on California</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foreign designs on California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_1824_(equirectangular_projection).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/220px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/330px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png/440px-Mexico_1824_%28equirectangular_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">Mexico</a> in 1824 with the boundary line with the U.S. from the 1818 <a href="/wiki/Adams-On%C3%ADs_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams-Onís Treaty">Adams-Onís Treaty</a> that Spain negotiated with the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Spanish colonial era, the Californias (i.e., the Baja California peninsula and Alta California) were sparsely settled. After Mexico became independent, it shut down the missions and reduced its military presence. In 1842, the U.S. minister in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Waddy_Thompson_Jr." title="Waddy Thompson Jr.">Waddy Thompson Jr.</a>, suggested Mexico might be willing to cede Alta California to the U.S. to settle debts, saying: "As to Texas, I regard it as of very little value compared with California, the richest, the most beautiful, and the healthiest country in the world ... with the acquisition of Upper California we should have the same ascendency on the Pacific ... France and England both have had their eyes upon it."<sup id="cite_ref-Rives1913_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rives1913-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a>'s administration suggested a tripartite pact to settle the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a> and provide for the cession of the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_San_Francisco" title="Port of San Francisco">port of San Francisco</a> from Mexico. <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a> declined to participate but said Britain had no objection to U.S. territorial acquisition there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives191345–46_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERives191345–46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British minister in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pakenham" title="Richard Pakenham">Richard Pakenham</a>, wrote in 1841 to <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> urging "to establish an English population in the magnificent Territory of Upper California", saying that "no part of the World offering greater natural advantages for the establishment of an English colony ... by all means desirable ... that California, once ceasing to belong to Mexico, should not fall into the hands of any power but England ... there is some reason to believe that daring and adventurous speculators in the United States have already turned their thoughts in this direction." By the time the letter reached London, though, Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a>'s Tory government, with its <a href="/wiki/Little_Englander" title="Little Englander">Little England</a> policy, had come to power and rejected the proposal as expensive and a potential source of conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives191348–49_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERives191348–49-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/P%C3%ADo_Pico" title="Pío Pico">Pío Pico</a>, the last governor of Alta California, advocated that California achieve independence from Mexico and become a <a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">British protectorate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_battle_and_change_in_governorship">California battle and change in governorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: California battle and change in governorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1842, Mexico forcibly replaced California Governor <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Alvarado" title="Juan Bautista Alvarado">Juan Bautista Alvarado</a> with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Micheltorena" title="Manuel Micheltorena">Manuel Micheltorena</a>. Micheltorena was sent up from lower Mexico, along with an army, that had largely been recruited from Mexico's worst jails. The <a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a> resented this, partly because California had previously been governed by native-born Californios, partly because Micheltorena's policies were unpopular, and also because the soldiers in Micheltorena's army got a reputation for spending much of their time stealing the local Californios' chickens. Women were not considered safe from the depredations of Micheltorena's army.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_68_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_68-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_66_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former Governor Alvarado organized a revolt in 1845, which culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Providencia" title="Battle of Providencia">Battle of Providencia</a> in Cahuenga Pass near Los Angeles. As a result of the actions of pioneer California rancher <a href="/wiki/John_Marsh_(pioneer)" title="John Marsh (pioneer)">John Marsh</a>, Micheltorena's forces were defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_68_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_68-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_66_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_66-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_revolution,_republic,_and_U.S._annexation"><span id="Texas_revolution.2C_republic.2C_and_U.S._annexation"></span>Texas revolution, republic, and U.S. annexation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Texas revolution, republic, and U.S. annexation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg/220px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg/330px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg/440px-Wpdms_republic_of_texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>: The present-day outlines of the individual U.S. states are superimposed on the boundaries of 1836–1845.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spain's colonial province of Texas (Tejas)</a> had few inhabitants, with only about 7,000 non-native settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoni_1511_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoni_1511-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish crown developed a policy of colonization to more effectively control the territory. After independence, the Mexican government implemented the policy, granting <a href="/wiki/Moses_Austin" title="Moses Austin">Moses Austin</a>, a banker from Missouri, a large tract of land in Texas. Austin died before he could bring his plan of recruiting American settlers for the land to fruition, but his son, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_F._Austin" title="Stephen F. Austin">Stephen F. Austin</a>, brought over <a href="/wiki/Old_Three_Hundred" title="Old Three Hundred">300 American families</a> into Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This started the steady trend of migration from the United States into the Texas frontier. Austin's colony was the most successful of several colonies authorized by the Mexican government. The Mexican government intended the new settlers to act as a buffer between the <a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejano</a> residents and the Comanches, but the non-Hispanic colonists tended to settle in areas with decent farmland and trade connections with Louisiana rather than farther west where they would have been an effective buffer against the Natives. </p><p>In 1829, because of the large influx of American immigrants, the non-Hispanic outnumbered native Spanish speakers in Texas. President <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero" title="Vicente Guerrero">Vicente Guerrero</a>, a hero of Mexican independence, moved to gain more control over Texas and its influx of non-Hispanic colonists from the southern U.S. and discourage further immigration by abolishing slavery in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Santoni_1511_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santoni_1511-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexican government also decided to reinstate the property tax and increase tariffs on shipped American goods. The settlers and many Mexican businessmen in the region rejected the demands, which led to Mexico closing Texas to additional immigration, which continued from the United States into Texas illegally. </p><p> In 1834, Mexican conservatives seized the political initiative, and General Antonio López de Santa Anna became the centralist president of Mexico. The conservative-dominated Congress abandoned the federal system, replacing it with a unitary central government that removed power from the states. Leaving politics to those in Mexico City, General Santa Anna led the Mexican army to quash the semi-independence of Texas. He had done that in Coahuila (in 1824, Mexico had merged Texas and Coahuila into the enormous state of <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>). Austin called <a href="/wiki/Texians" title="Texians">Texians</a> to arms and they <a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">declared independence from Mexico</a> in 1836. After Santa Anna defeated the Texians in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a>, he was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Texian_Army" title="Texian Army">Texian Army</a> commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a> and was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a>. In exchange for his life Santa Anna <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Velasco" title="Treaties of Velasco">signed a treaty</a> with Texas President <a href="/wiki/David_G._Burnet" title="David G. Burnet">David Burnet</a> ending the war and recognizing Texian independence. The treaty was not ratified by the Mexican Congress as it had been signed by a captive under duress.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Mexico refused to recognize Texian independence, Texas consolidated its status as an independent republic and received official recognition from Britain, France, and the United States, which all advised Mexico not to try to reconquer the new nation. Most Texians wanted to join the United States, but the annexation of Texas was contentious in the U.S. Congress, where <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionists</a> were largely opposed.<sup id="cite_ref-zinn_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150–155">: 150–155 </span></sup> In 1845, Texas agreed to the offer of annexation by the U.S. Congress and became the 28th state on December 29, 1845, which set the stage for the conflict with Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Republic_of_Texas_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Republic_of_Texas-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nueces_Strip">Nueces Strip</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nueces Strip"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the Treaties of Velasco made after Texans captured General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Santa Ana</a> after the Battle of San Jacinto, the southern border of Texas was placed at the "Rio Grande del Norte." The Texans claimed this placed the southern border at the modern <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>. The Mexican government disputed this placement on two grounds: first, it rejected the idea of Texas independence; and second, it claimed that the Rio Grande in the treaty was actually the <a href="/wiki/Nueces_River" title="Nueces River">Nueces River</a>, since the current Rio Grande has always been called "Rio Bravo" in Mexico. The latter claim belied the full name of the river in Mexico, however: "Rio Bravo del Norte." The ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Texan_Santa_Fe_Expedition" title="Texan Santa Fe Expedition">Texan Santa Fe Expedition</a> of 1841 attempted to realize the claim to New Mexican territory east of the Rio Grande, but its members were captured by the Mexican Army and imprisoned. Reference to the Rio Grande boundary of Texas was omitted from the U.S. Congress's annexation resolution to help secure passage after the annexation treaty failed in the Senate. President Polk claimed the Rio Grande boundary, and when Mexico sent forces over the Rio Grande, this provoked a dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polk's_Actions"><span id="Polk.27s_Actions"></span>Polk's Actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Polk's Actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 1845, Polk sent General <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> to Texas, and by October, Taylor commanded 3,500 Americans on the Nueces River, ready to take by force the disputed land. At the same time, President Polk wrote to the American consul in the Mexican territory of Alta California, disclaiming American ambitions in California but offering to support independence from Mexico or voluntary accession to the United States, and warning that the United States would oppose any European attempts to take over.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To end another war scare with the United Kingdom over the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>, Polk signed the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a> dividing the territory, angering Northern Democrats who felt he was prioritizing Southern expansion over Northern expansion. </p><p>In the winter of 1845–46, the federally commissioned explorer <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> and a group of armed men appeared in Alta California. After telling both the Mexican governor and the American Consul <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Larkin" title="Thomas O. Larkin">Thomas O. Larkin</a> that he was merely buying supplies on the way to Oregon, he instead went to the populated area of California and visited <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a>, explaining he had been looking for a seaside home for his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913172–173_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913172–173-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican authorities became alarmed and ordered him to leave. Frémont responded by building a fort on <a href="/wiki/Fremont_Peak_(California)" title="Fremont Peak (California)">Gavilan Peak</a> and raising the American flag. Larkin sent word that Frémont's actions were counterproductive. Frémont left California in March but returned and took control of the <a href="/wiki/California_Battalion" title="California Battalion">California Battalion</a> following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a> in Sonoma.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1845, Polk sent <a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a>, a secret representative, to Mexico City with an offer to the Mexican government of $25 million for the Rio Grande border in Texas and Mexico's provinces of Alta California and Santa Fe de Nuevo México. U.S. expansionists wanted California to thwart any British interests in the area and to gain a port on the Pacific Ocean. Polk authorized Slidell to forgive the $3 million owed to U.S. citizens for damages caused by the Mexican War of Independence and pay another $25 to $30 million for the two territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stenberg-1935_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stenberg-1935-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico's_response"><span id="Mexico.27s_response"></span>Mexico's response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mexico's response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexico was neither inclined nor able to negotiate. In 1846 alone, the presidency changed hands four times, the war ministry six times, and the finance ministry sixteen times.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that, Mexican public opinion and all political factions agreed that selling the territories to the United States would tarnish the national honor.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexicans who opposed direct conflict with the United States, including President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_Herrera" title="José Joaquín de Herrera">José Joaquín de Herrera</a>, were viewed as traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks6162_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks6162-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military opponents of de Herrera, supported by populist newspapers, considered Slidell's presence in Mexico City an insult. When de Herrera considered receiving Slidell to settle the problem of Texas annexation peacefully, he was accused of treason and deposed. After a more nationalistic government under General <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_y_Arrillaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga">Mariano Paredes y Arrillaga</a> came to power, it publicly reaffirmed Mexico's claim to Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks6162_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks6162-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_for_war">Preparation for war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Preparation for war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_in_Mexico">Challenges in Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Challenges in Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexican_Army">Mexican Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mexican Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG/170px-Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG/255px-Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG/340px-Oleo_Antonio_Lopez_de_Santa_Anna.PNG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna" title="Antonio López de Santa Anna">Antonio López de Santa Anna</a> was a military hero who became president of Mexico on multiple occasions. The Mexican Army's intervention in politics was an ongoing issue during much of the mid-nineteenth century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mexican Army was a weak and divided force. Only 7 of the 19 states that formed the Mexican federation sent soldiers, armament, and money for the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many leaders expressed their concern for the country, including Santa Anna who stated that , "The leaders of the army did their best to train the rough men who volunteered, but they could do little to inspire them with patriotism for the glorious country they were honored to serve."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the leading Mexican conservative politician, <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n" title="Lucas Alamán">Lucas Alamán</a>, the "money spent on arming Mexican troops merely enabled them to fight each other and 'give the illusion' that the country possessed an army for its defense."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an officer criticized Santa Anna's training of troops, "The cavalry was drilled only in regiments. The artillery hardly ever maneuvered and never fired a blank shot. The general in command was never present on the field of maneuvers, so that he was unable to appreciate the respective qualities of the various bodies under his command ... If any meetings of the principal commanding officers were held to discuss the operations of the campaign, it was not known, nor was it known whether any plan of campaign had been formed."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the war, Mexican forces were divided between the permanent forces (<i>permanentes</i>) and the active militiamen (<i>activos</i>). The permanent forces consisted of 12 regiments of infantry (of two battalions each), three brigades of artillery, eight regiments of cavalry, one separate squadron and a brigade of dragoons. The militia amounted to nine infantry and six cavalry regiments. In the northern territories, presidial companies (<i>presidiales</i>) protected the scattered settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indigenous populations in Mexico played a crucial role in the defending their land. By the beginning of the war, indigenous populations were depleted of their natural resources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (May 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> due to an influx of American settlers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As a result, indigenous populations from the Great Plains region had to rely on raiding American camps in order to survive.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers-2021_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers-2021-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although raiding was much more lucrative than hunting, indigenous population did not have much of a choice. Indigenous soldiers who volunteered to fight with the Mexican Army were often abandoned and compensated unfairly.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers-2021_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers-2021-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By raiding, indigenous populations were also able to acquire horses and properly tame them to move efficiently during battles.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captive-taking methods, especially that of the Comanche tribe, were also used to the advantage of the Mexican Army as captives would end up assisting indigenous populations in the raids of American forces.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican army was using <a href="/wiki/Military_surplus" title="Military surplus">surplus</a> British <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_Bess" title="Brown Bess">Brown Bess</a>), left over from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. While at the beginning of the war most American soldiers were still equipped with the very similar Springfield 1816 flintlock muskets, more reliable <a href="/wiki/Caplock" class="mw-redirect" title="Caplock">caplock</a> models became increasingly popular as the conflict progressed. Some U.S. troops carried more modern weapons that gave them a significant advantage over their Mexican counterparts, such as the Springfield 1841 rifle of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Rifles">Mississippi Rifles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colt_Paterson" title="Colt Paterson">Colt Paterson</a> revolver of the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Rangers</a>. In the later stages of the war, the U.S. Mounted Rifles were issued <a href="/wiki/Colt_Walker" title="Colt Walker">Colt Walker</a> revolvers, of which the U.S. Army had ordered 1,000 in 1846. Most significantly, throughout the war, the superiority of the U.S. artillery often carried the day. </p><p>In his 1885 memoirs, former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulysses Grant">Ulysses Grant</a>, a veteran of the Mexican war, attributed Mexico's defeat to the poor quality of their army, writing: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> "The Mexican army of that day was hardly an organization. The private soldier was picked from the lower class of the inhabitants when wanted; his consent was not asked; he was poorly clothed, worse fed, and seldom paid. He was turned adrift when no longer wanted. The officers of the lower grades were but little superior to the men. With all this I have seen as brave stands made by some of these men as I have ever seen made by soldiers. Now Mexico has a standing army larger than the United States. They have a military school modeled after West Point. Their officers are educated and, no doubt, very brave. The Mexican war of 1846–48 would be an impossibility in this generation."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_divisions">Political divisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Political divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas,_portrait.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/170px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/255px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG/340px-Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas%2C_portrait.JPG 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Liberal <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a>, who served as Santa Anna's vice president and implemented a liberal reform in 1833, was an important political player in the era of the Mexican–American War.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were significant political divisions in Mexico which seriously impeded the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inside Mexico, the conservative <i>centralistas</i> and liberal federalists vied for power, and at times these two factions inside Mexico's military fought each other rather than the invading U.S. Army. Santa Anna bitterly remarked, "However shameful it may be to admit this, we have brought this disgraceful tragedy upon ourselves through our interminable in-fighting."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the conflict, presidents held office for a period of months, sometimes just weeks, or even days. Just before the outbreak of the war, liberal General José Joaquín de Herrera was president (December 1844 – December 1845) and willing to engage in talks so long as he did not appear to be caving to the U.S., but he was accused by many Mexican factions of selling out his country (<i>vendepatria</i>) for considering it.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was overthrown by Conservative <a href="/wiki/Mariano_Paredes_(President_of_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariano Paredes (President of Mexico)">Mariano Paredes</a> (December 1845 – July 1846), who left the presidency to fight the invading U.S. Army and was replaced by his vice president <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Bravo" title="Nicolás Bravo">Nicolás Bravo</a> (July 28, 1846 – August 4, 1846). The conservative Bravo was overthrown by federalist liberals who re-established the federal <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1824">Constitution of 1824</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_Salas" title="José Mariano Salas">José Mariano Salas</a> (August 6, 1846 – December 23, 1846) served as president and held elections under the restored federalist system. General Antonio López de Santa Anna won those elections, but as was his practice, he left the administration to his vice president, who was again liberal <a href="/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_G%C3%B3mez_Far%C3%ADas" title="Valentín Gómez Farías">Valentín Gómez Farías</a> (December 23, 1846 – March 21, 1847). In February 1847, conservatives rebelled against the liberal government's attempt to take Church property to fund the war effort. In the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Polkos" title="Revolt of the Polkos">Revolt of the Polkos</a>, the Catholic Church and conservatives paid soldiers to rise against the liberal government.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna had to leave his campaign to return to the capital to sort out the political mess. </p><p>Santa Anna briefly held the presidency again, from March 21, 1847 – April 2, 1847. His troops were deprived of support that would allow them to continue the fight. The conservatives demanded the removal of Gómez Farías, and this was accomplished by abolishing the office of vice president. Santa Anna returned to the field, replaced in the presidency by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Anaya" title="Pedro María de Anaya">Pedro María de Anaya</a> (April 2 – May 20, 1847). Santa Anna returned to the presidency on May 20, 1847, when Anaya left to fight the invasion, serving until September 15, 1847. Preferring the battlefield to administration, Santa Anna left office again, leaving the office to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_la_Pe%C3%B1a_y_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Manuel de la Peña y Peña">Manuel de la Peña y Peña</a> (September 16 – November 13, 1847). </p><p>With U.S. forces occupying the Mexican capital and much of the heartland, negotiating a peace treaty was an exigent matter, and Peña y Peña left office to do that. Pedro María Anaya returned to the presidency on November 13, 1847 – January 8, 1848. Anaya refused to sign any treaty that ceded land to the U.S., despite the situation on the ground with Americans occupying the capital. Peña y Peña resumed the presidency January 8, 1848 – June 3, 1848, during which time the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> was signed, bringing the war to an end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_in_the_United_States">Challenges in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Challenges in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Uniform_1840.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/US_Uniform_1840.jpeg/220px-US_Uniform_1840.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/US_Uniform_1840.jpeg/330px-US_Uniform_1840.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/US_Uniform_1840.jpeg/440px-US_Uniform_1840.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army full dress and campaign uniforms, 1835–1851</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_Army">United States Army</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Army,_Navy,_and_volunteer_units_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. Army, Navy, and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War">List of U.S. Army, Navy, and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War</a></div> <p>Polk had pledged to seek expanded territory in Oregon and Texas, as part of his <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">campaign in 1844</a>, but the regular army was not sufficiently large to sustain extended conflicts on two fronts. The Oregon dispute with Britain was settled peaceably by treaty, allowing U.S. forces to concentrate on the southern border. </p><p>The war was fought by regiments of regulars bolstered by various regiments, battalions, and companies of volunteers from the different states of the Union, as well as Americans and some Mexicans in California and New Mexico. in general, the Regular Army officers looked down on the volunteers, whose training was poor and whose behavior was undisciplined. (see below) </p><p>On the West Coast, the U.S. Navy fielded a battalion of sailors, in an attempt to recapture <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the U.S. Army and Navy were not large at the outbreak of the war, the officers were generally well trained and the numbers of enlisted men fairly large compared to Mexico's. At the beginning of the war, the U.S. Army had eight regiments of infantry (three battalions each), four artillery regiments and three mounted regiments (two dragoons, one of mounted rifles). These regiments were supplemented by 10 new regiments (nine of infantry and one of cavalry) raised for one year of service by the act of Congress from February 11, 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large portion of this fighting force consisted of recent immigrants. According to Tyler V. Johnson, foreign-born men amounted to 47 percent of General Taylor's total forces. In addition to a large contingent of Irish- and German-born soldiers, nearly all European states and principalities were represented. It is estimated that the U.S. Army further included 1,500 men from British North America, including French Canadians.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Polk hoped to avoid a protracted war over Texas, the extended conflict stretched regular army resources, necessitating the recruitment of volunteers with short-term enlistments. Some enlistments were for a year, but others were for 3 or 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best volunteers signed up for a year's service in the summer of 1846, with their enlistments expiring just when General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>'s campaign was poised to capture Mexico City. Many did not re-enlist, deciding that they would rather return home than place themselves in harm's way of disease, threat of death or injury on the battlefield, or in guerrilla warfare. Their patriotism was doubted by some in the U.S., but they were not counted as deserters.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The volunteers were far less disciplined than the regular army, with many committing attacks on the civilian population, sometimes stemming from anti-Catholic and anti-Mexican racial bias.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soldiers' memoirs describe cases of looting and murder of Mexican civilians, mostly by volunteers. One officer's diary records: "We reached Burrita about 5 pm, many of the Louisiana volunteers were there, a lawless drunken rabble. They had driven away the inhabitants, taken possession of their houses, and were emulating each other in making beasts of themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_L._O%27Sullivan" title="John L. O'Sullivan">John L. O'Sullivan</a>, a vocal proponent of Manifest Destiny, later recalled "The regulars regarded the volunteers with importance and contempt ... [The volunteers] robbed Mexicans of their cattle and corn, stole their fences for firewood, got drunk, and killed several inoffensive inhabitants of the town in the streets." Many of the volunteers were unwanted and considered poor soldiers. The expression "Just like Gaines's army" came to refer to something useless, the phrase having originated when a group of untrained and unwilling Louisiana troops was rejected and sent back by General Taylor at the beginning of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1885 memoirs, Ulysses Grant assesses the U.S. armed forces facing Mexico more favorably. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The victories in Mexico were, in every instance, over vastly superior numbers. There were two reasons for this. Both General Scott and General Taylor had such armies as are not often got together. At the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca-de-la-Palma, General Taylor had a small army, but it was composed exclusively of regular troops, under the best of drill and discipline. Every officer, from the highest to the lowest, was educated in his profession, not at West Point necessarily, but in the camp, in garrison, and many of them in wars with Natives. The rank and file were probably inferior, as material out of which to make an army, to the volunteers that participated in all the later battles of the war; but they were brave men, and then drill and discipline brought out all there was in them. A better army, man for man, probably never faced an enemy than the one commanded by General Taylor in the earliest two engagements of the Mexican war. The volunteers who followed were of better material, but without drill or discipline at the start. They were associated with so many disciplined men and professionally educated officers, that when they went into engagements it was with a confidence they would not have felt otherwise. They became soldiers themselves almost at once. All these conditions we would enjoy again in case of war.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_divisions_2">Political divisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Political divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. had been an independent country since the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, but it was a country that was strongly divided along sectional lines, especially in regard to slavery. Enlarging the country, particularly through armed combat against a sovereign nation, deepened those sectional divisions. Polk had narrowly won the popular vote in the <a href="/wiki/1844_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1844 presidential election">1844 presidential election</a> and decisively won the Electoral College, but with the annexation of Texas in 1845 and the outbreak of war in 1846, Polk's Democrats lost the House of Representatives to the Whig Party, which opposed the war. Unlike Mexico, which had weak formal state institutions, chaotic changes in government, and a military that regularly intervened in politics, the U.S. generally kept its political divisions within the bounds of the institutions of governance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Role of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_from_Mexican_women">Contributions from Mexican women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Contributions from Mexican women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Women in the Mexican–American War">Women in the Mexican–American War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_the_battlefield">On the battlefield</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: On the battlefield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Mexico fought the war on its home territory, a traditional support system for troops were women, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Soldaderas" title="Soldaderas">soldaderas</a></i>. They did not participate in conventional fighting on battlefields, but some soldaderas joined the battle alongside the men. These women were involved in fighting during the defense of Mexico City and Monterrey. Some women such as Doña Jesús Dosamantes and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Josefa_Zozaya" title="María Josefa Zozaya">María Josefa Zozaya</a> would be remembered as heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some Mexican women were seen as "angels" as they provided aid and comfort to the injured men on both sides.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_the_home_front">On the home front</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: On the home front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although soldaderas were able to prove the abilities Mexican women had outside of the private sphere, Mexican women on the home front still contributed to the war effort. After having to face the losses in their country, Mexican women were seen dressed in black and creating somber paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_from_American_Women">Contributions from American Women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Contributions from American Women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Women in the Mexican–American War">Women in the Mexican–American War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_the_battlefield_2">On the battlefield</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: On the battlefield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American and Mexican women shared the similarities of providing their domestic services on the battlefield. Among the most notable American women on the battlefield was <a href="/wiki/Sarah_A._Bowman" title="Sarah A. Bowman">Sarah Bowman</a>. She was often seen delivering food, carrying wounded soldiers, and in close combat.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="On_the_home_front_2">On the home front</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: On the home front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>In Mexico</b><br /> While their husbands enlisted, many American women stayed in Mexico to tend to oversee their business, making themselves factory women.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, factory woman <a href="/wiki/Anna_McClarmonde_Chase" title="Anna McClarmonde Chase">Ann Chase</a> was willing enough to become a spy for U.S. forces in order to protect her home and business in the absence of her husband.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>In the U.S.</b><br /> Similarly to the Mexican women were contributed to the war efforts from their homes, women in the U.S. also protested publicly and made patriotic crafts that U.S. soldiers could carry.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, female journalists across multiple states took advantage of their literacy to speak up in support or in opposition of the war, including <a href="/wiki/Anne_Royall" title="Anne Royall">Anne Royall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Swisshelm" title="Jane Swisshelm">Jane Swisshelm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Cazneau" title="Jane Cazneau">Jane Cazneau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female American journalists played a crucial role in representing the voices of women that had been silenced within the public sphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_of_hostilities">Outbreak of hostilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Outbreak of hostilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heroine_of_Fort_Brown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Heroine_of_Fort_Brown.jpg/220px-Heroine_of_Fort_Brown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Heroine_of_Fort_Brown.jpg/330px-Heroine_of_Fort_Brown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Heroine_of_Fort_Brown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarah_A._Bowman" title="Sarah A. Bowman">Sarah A. Bowman</a> "The Great Western", depicted as the Heroine of Fort Brown. At her death, she was buried with full military honors.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Texas_campaign">Texas campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Texas campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texas_Campaign" title="Texas Campaign">Texas Campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thornton_Affair"><b>Thornton Affair</b></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Thornton Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President Polk ordered General Taylor and his forces south to the Rio Grande. Taylor ignored Mexican demands to withdraw to the Nueces. He constructed a makeshift fort (later known as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Brown" title="Fort Brown">Fort Brown</a>/Fort Texas) on the banks of the Rio Grande opposite the city of <a href="/wiki/Matamoros,_Tamaulipas" title="Matamoros, Tamaulipas">Matamoros, Tamaulipas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican forces prepared for war. On April 25, 1846, a 2,000-man Mexican cavalry detachment attacked a 70-man U.S. patrol commanded by Captain Seth Thornton, which had been sent into the contested territory north of the Rio Grande and south of the Nueces River. In the <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a>, the Mexican cavalry routed the patrol, killing 11 American soldiers and capturing 52.<sup id="cite_ref-K._Jack_Bauer-1993_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-K._Jack_Bauer-1993-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Siege_of_Fort_Texas"><b>Siege of Fort Texas</b></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Siege of Fort Texas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few days after the Thornton Affair, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Texas" title="Siege of Fort Texas">siege of Fort Texas</a> began on May 3, 1846. Mexican artillery at Matamoros opened fire on Fort Texas, which replied with its own guns. The bombardment continued for 160 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks122_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks122-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expanded as Mexican forces gradually surrounded the fort. Thirteen U.S. soldiers were injured during the bombardment, and two were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks122_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks122-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the dead was Jacob Brown, after whom the fort was later named.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Battle_of_Palo_Alto"><b>Battle of Palo Alto</b></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Battle of Palo Alto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On May 8, 1846, Zachary Taylor and 2,400 troops arrived to relieve the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, General Arista rushed north with a force of 3,400 and intercepted him about 5 miles (8 km) north of the Rio Grande River, near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>. The U.S. Army employed "flying artillery", their term for <a href="/wiki/Horse_artillery" title="Horse artillery">horse artillery</a>, a mobile light artillery mounted on horse carriages with the entire crew riding horses into battle. The fast-firing artillery and highly mobile fire support had a devastating effect on the Mexican army. In contrast to the "flying artillery" of the Americans, the Mexican cannons at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palo_Alto" title="Battle of Palo Alto">Battle of Palo Alto</a> had lower-quality gunpowder that fired at velocities slow enough to make it possible for American soldiers to dodge artillery rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexicans replied with cavalry skirmishes and their own artillery. The U.S. flying artillery somewhat demoralized the Mexican side, and seeking terrain more to their advantage, the Mexicans retreated to the far side of a dry riverbed <i>(<a href="/wiki/Resaca_(channel)" title="Resaca (channel)">resaca</a>)</i> during the night and prepared for the next battle. It provided a natural fortification, but during the retreat, Mexican troops were scattered, making communication difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks122_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks122-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma"><b>Battle of Resaca de la Palma</b></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Battle of Resaca de la Palma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Resaca_de_la_Palma" title="Battle of Resaca de la Palma">Battle of Resaca de la Palma</a> on May 9, 1846, the two sides engaged in fierce <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">hand-to-hand combat</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Cavalry">U.S. Cavalry</a> managed to capture the Mexican artillery, causing the Mexican side to retreat—a retreat that turned into a rout.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooks122_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooks122-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fighting on unfamiliar terrain, his troops fleeing in retreat, Arista found it impossible to rally his forces. Mexican casualties were significant, and the Mexicans were forced to abandon their artillery and baggage. Fort Brown inflicted additional casualties as the withdrawing troops passed by the fort, and additional Mexican soldiers drowned trying to swim across the Rio Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taylor crossed the Rio Grande and began his series of battles in Mexican territory. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declarations_of_war,_May_1846"><span id="Declarations_of_war.2C_May_1846"></span>Declarations of war, May 1846</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Declarations of war, May 1846"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_(without_Scott%27s_Campaign)-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/350px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/525px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg/700px-Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_%28without_Scott%27s_Campaign%29-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1433" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Overview map of the war. Key: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 165px;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEE8B1; color:black;"> </span> Disputed territory</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EFE0C7; color:black;"> </span> United States territory, 1848</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D4E697; color:black;"> </span> Mexican territory, 1848</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFE0; color:black;"> </span> After treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Polk received word of the Thornton Affair, which, added to the Mexican government's rejection of Slidell, Polk believed, constituted a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk said in a message to Congress: "The cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the Del Norte. But now, after reiterated menaces, Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Congress approved the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, after a few hours of debate, with southern Democrats in strong support. Sixty-seven Whigs voted against the war on a key slavery amendment,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer68_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer68-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but on the final passage only fourteen Whigs voted no,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauer68_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer68-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including John Quincy Adams. Later, a freshman Whig Congressman from Illinois, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, challenged Polk's assertion that American blood had been shed on American soil, calling it "a bold falsification of history."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Regarding the beginning of the war, Ulysses S. Grant, who had opposed the war but served as an army lieutenant in Taylor's army, claims in his <a href="/wiki/Personal_Memoirs_of_U._S._Grant" title="Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant"><i>Personal Memoirs</i></a> (1885) that the main goal of the U.S. Army's advance from Nueces River to the Rio Grande was to provoke the outbreak of war without attacking first, to debilitate any political opposition to the war.</p><blockquote><p>The presence of United States troops on the edge of the disputed territory farthest from the Mexican settlements, was not sufficient to provoke hostilities. We were sent to provoke a fight, but it was essential that Mexico should commence it. It was very doubtful whether Congress would declare war; but if Mexico should attack our troops, the Executive could announce, "Whereas, war exists by the acts of, etc.", and prosecute the contest with vigor. Once initiated there were, but few public men who would have the courage to oppose it. ... Mexico showing no willingness to come to the Nueces to drive the invaders from her soil, it became necessary for the "invaders" to approach to within a convenient distance to be struck. Accordingly, preparations were begun for moving the army to the Rio Grande, to a point near Matamoras [sic]. It was desirable to occupy a position near the largest centre of population possible to reach, without absolutely invading territory to which we set up no claim whatever.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In Mexico, although Paredes issued a manifesto on May 23, 1846, and a declaration of a defensive war on April 23, both of which are considered by some<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2022)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> the <i>de facto</i> start of the war, the Mexican Congress officially declared war on July 7, 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-miranda_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miranda-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_Santa_Anna's_return"><span id="General_Santa_Anna.27s_return"></span>General Santa Anna's return</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: General Santa Anna's return"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexico's defeats at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma set the stage for the return of Santa Anna, who at the outbreak of the war, was in exile in Cuba. He wrote to the government in Mexico City, stating he did not want to return to the presidency, but he would like to come out of exile in Cuba to use his military experience to reclaim Texas for Mexico. President Farías was driven to desperation. He accepted the offer and allowed Santa Anna to return. Unbeknownst to Farías, Santa Anna had secretly been dealing with U.S. representatives to discuss a sale of all contested territory to the U.S. at a reasonable price, on the condition that he be allowed back in Mexico through the U.S. naval blockades. Polk sent his own representative to Cuba, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Slidell_MacKenzie" title="Alexander Slidell MacKenzie">Alexander Slidell MacKenzie</a>, to negotiate directly with Santa Anna. The negotiations were secret and there are no written records of the meetings, but there was some understanding that came out of the meetings. Polk asked Congress for $2 million to be used in negotiating a treaty with Mexico. The U.S. allowed Santa Anna to return to Mexico, lifting the Gulf Coast naval blockade. However, in Mexico, Santa Anna denied all knowledge of meeting with the U.S. representative or any offers or transactions. Rather than being Polk's ally, he pocketed any money given him and began to plan the defense of Mexico. The Americans were dismayed, including General Scott, as this was an unexpected result. "Santa Anna gloated over his enemies' naïveté: 'The United States was deceived in believing that I would be capable of betraying my mother country.'"<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santa Anna avoided getting involved in politics, dedicating himself to Mexico's military defense. While politicians attempted to reset the governing framework to a federal republic, Santa Anna left for the front to retake lost northern territory. Although Santa Anna was elected president in 1846, he refused to govern, leaving that to his vice president, while he sought to engage with Taylor's forces. With the restored federal republic, some states refused to support the national military campaign led by Santa Anna, who had fought with them directly in the previous decade. Santa Anna urged Vice President Gómez Farías to act as a dictator to get the men and materiel needed for the war. Gómez Farías forced a loan from the Catholic Church, but the funds were not available in time to support Santa Anna's army.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_the_United_States">Reaction in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Reaction in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_the_war">Opposition to the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Opposition to the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd,_1846-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/170px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/255px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg/340px-Abraham_Lincoln_by_Nicholas_Shepherd%2C_1846-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in his late 30s as a <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, when he opposed the Mexican–American War. The photo was taken by one of Lincoln's law students around 1846.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller,_1847-52.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png/170px-Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png/255px-Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png/340px-Frederick_Douglass_by_Samuel_J_Miller%2C_1847-52.png 2x" data-file-width="1293" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Ex-slave and prominent anti-slavery advocate <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> opposed the Mexican–American War.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, increasingly divided by <a href="/wiki/Sectionalism" title="Sectionalism">sectional</a> rivalry, the war was a partisan issue and an essential element in the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">origins of the American Civil War</a>. Most Whigs in the North and South opposed it;<sup id="cite_ref-Jay166_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay166-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most Democrats supported it.<sup id="cite_ref-Jay165_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay165-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrats</a>, animated by a popular belief in Manifest Destiny, supported it in the hope of adding slave-owning territory to the South and avoiding being outnumbered by the faster-growing North. O'Sullivan, editor of the <i>Democratic Review</i>, coined this phrase in its context, stating that it must be "our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern antislavery elements feared the expansion of the Southern <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>; Whigs generally wanted to strengthen the economy with industrialization, not expand it with more land. Among the most vocal in opposition to the war in the House of Representatives was former U.S. President Adams of Massachusetts. He had first voiced concerns about expanding into Mexican territory in 1836 when he opposed Texas's annexation following its de facto independence from Mexico. He continued this argument in 1846 for the same reason. War with Mexico would add new slavery territory to the nation. When the question of going to war with Mexico came to a vote on May 13, 1846, Adams spoke a resounding "No!" in the chamber. Only 13 others followed his lead. Despite that opposition, he later voted for war appropriations.<sup id="cite_ref-zinn_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p><p>Ex-slave <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> opposed the war and was dismayed by the weakness of the anti-war movement. "The determination of our slave-holding president, and the probability of his success in wringing from the people, men, and money to carry it on, is made evident by the puny opposition arrayed against him. None seem willing to take their stand for peace at all risks."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polk was generally able to manipulate Whigs into supporting appropriations for the war but only once it had already started and then "clouding the situation with a number of false statements about Mexican actions."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not everyone went along. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Giddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Giddings">Joshua Giddings</a> led a group of dissenters in Washington D.C. He called the war with Mexico "an aggressive, unholy, and unjust war" and voted against supplying soldiers and weapons. He said: "In the murder of Mexicans upon their own soil, or in robbing them of their country, I can take no part either now or hereafter. The guilt of these crimes must rest on others. I will not participate in them."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fellow Whig Lincoln contested Polk's causes for the war. Polk had said that Mexico had "shed American blood upon American soil". Lincoln submitted eight "<a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a>", demanding that Polk state the exact spot where Thornton had been attacked and American blood was shed, and to clarify whether that location was American soil or if it had been claimed by Spain and Mexico. Lincoln, too, did not actually stop money for men or supplies in the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-zinn_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p><p>Whig Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Thomas Corwin</a> of Ohio gave a long speech indicting the presidential war in 1847. In the Senate on February 11, 1847, Whig leader <a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a> of Georgia declared: "This war is nondescript ... We charge the President with usurping the war-making power ... with seizing a country ... which had been for centuries, and was then in the possession of the Mexicans. ... Let us put a check upon this lust of dominion. We had territory enough, Heaven knew."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Democratic Representative <a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">David Wilmot</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a>, which would prohibit slavery in new territory acquired from Mexico. Wilmot's proposal passed the House but not the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Northern abolitionists attacked the war as an attempt by slave owners to strengthen the grip of slavery and thus ensure their continued influence in the federal government. Prominent artists and writers opposed the war, including <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a>, whose works on the subject "<a href="/wiki/The_Present_Crisis" title="The Present Crisis">The Present Crisis</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the satirical <i>The Biglow Papers</i> were immediately popular.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Transcendentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendentalist">Transcendentalist</a> writers <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> also criticized the war. Thoreau, who served jail time for refusing to pay a tax that would support the war effort, turned a lecture into an essay now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i>. Emerson was succinct, predicting that, "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as a man who swallowed the arsenic which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us." Events proved him right, in a fashion, as arguments over the expansion of slavery in the lands seized from Mexico would fuel the drift to civil war just a dozen years later.<sup id="cite_ref-TD-20180818_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TD-20180818-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New England Workingmen's Association condemned the war, and some Irish and German immigrants defected from the U.S. Army and formed the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a> to fight for Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-zinn_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zinn-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 152–157">: 152–157 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Support_for_the_war">Support for the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Support for the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War,_Exeter,_New_Hampshire,_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson,_ca.1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War%2C_Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire%2C_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson%2C_ca.1846.jpg/220px-Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War%2C_Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire%2C_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson%2C_ca.1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War%2C_Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire%2C_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson%2C_ca.1846.jpg/330px-Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War%2C_Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire%2C_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson%2C_ca.1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War%2C_Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire%2C_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson%2C_ca.1846.jpg/440px-Volunteers_leaving_for_the_Mexican_War%2C_Exeter%2C_New_Hampshire%2C_daguerreotype_by_E._Punderson%2C_ca.1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers leaving for the Mexican War, Exeter, New Hampshire, daguerreotype by E. Punderson, ca.1846</figcaption></figure> <p>Besides alleging that the actions of Mexican military forces within the disputed boundary lands north of the Rio Grande constituted an attack on American soil, the war's advocates viewed the territories of New Mexico and California as only nominally Mexican possessions with very tenuous ties to Mexico. They saw the territories as unsettled, ungoverned, and unprotected frontier lands, whose non-aboriginal population represented a substantial American component. Moreover, the territories were feared by Americans to be under imminent threat of acquisition by America's rival on the continent, the British. </p><p>President Polk reprised these arguments in his Third Annual Message to Congress on December 7, 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He scrupulously detailed his administration's position on the origins of the conflict, the measures the U.S. had taken to avoid hostilities, and the justification for declaring war. He also elaborated upon the many outstanding financial claims by American citizens against Mexico and argued that, in view of the country's insolvency, the cession of some large portion of its northern territories was the only indemnity realistically available as compensation. This helped to rally congressional Democrats to his side, ensuring passage of his war measures and bolstering support for the war in the U.S. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._journalism_during_the_war">U.S. journalism during the war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: U.S. journalism during the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/170px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/255px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/War_News_from_Mexico.jpg/340px-War_News_from_Mexico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption><i>War News from Mexico</i> (1848)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mexican–American War was the first U.S. war that was covered by <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, primarily the <a href="/wiki/Penny_press" title="Penny press">penny press</a>, and was the first foreign war covered primarily by U.S. correspondents.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Press coverage in the United States was characterized by support for the war and widespread public interest and demand for coverage of the conflict. Mexican coverage of the war (both written by Mexicans and Americans based in Mexico) was affected by press censorship, first by the Mexican government and later by the American military. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> enthusiastically endorsed the war in 1846 and showed his disdainful attitude toward Mexico and boosterism for Manifest Destiny: "What has miserable, inefficient Mexico—with her superstition, her burlesque upon freedom, her actual tyranny by the few over the many—what has she to do with the great mission of peopling the new world with a noble race? Be it ours, to achieve that mission!"<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coverage of the war was an important development in the U.S., with journalists as well as letter-writing soldiers giving the public in the U.S. "their first-ever independent news coverage of warfare from home or abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, inventions such as the telegraph created new means of communication that updated people with the latest news from the reporters on the scene. The most important of these was <a href="/wiki/George_Wilkins_Kendall" title="George Wilkins Kendall">George Wilkins Kendall</a>, a Northerner who wrote for the New Orleans <i>Picayune</i>, and whose collected <i>Dispatches from the Mexican War</i> constitute an important primary source for the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With more than a decade's experience reporting urban crime, the "penny press" realized the public's voracious demand for astounding war news. Moreover, Shelley Streetby demonstrates that the print revolution, which preceded the U.S.–Mexican War, made it possible for the distribution of cheap newspapers throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time in U.S. history that accounts by journalists instead of opinions of politicians had great influence in shaping people's opinions about and attitudes toward war. Along with written accounts of the war, war artists provided a visual dimension to the war at the time and immediately afterward. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nebel" title="Carl Nebel">Carl Nebel</a>'s visual depictions of the war are well known.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By getting constant reports from the battlefield, Americans became emotionally united as a community. News about the war caused extraordinary popular excitement. In the spring of 1846, news about Taylor's victory at Palo Alto brought up a large crowd that met in the cotton textile town of <a href="/wiki/Lowell,_Massachusetts" title="Lowell, Massachusetts">Lowell, Massachusetts</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, a large concourse of citizens gathered in April 1847 to celebrate the victory of Buena Vista.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York celebrated the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista in May 1847. Generals Taylor and Scott became heroes for their people and later became presidential candidates. Polk had pledged to be a one-term president, but his last official act was to attend Taylor's inauguration as president.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._invasions_on_Mexico's_periphery"><span id="U.S._invasions_on_Mexico.27s_periphery"></span>U.S. invasions on Mexico's periphery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: U.S. invasions on Mexico's periphery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War_campaigns" title="Mexican–American War campaigns">Mexican–American War campaigns</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Mexico_campaign">New Mexico campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: New Mexico campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg/170px-Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg/255px-Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg/340px-Kearny-Las-Vegas-Aug-1846-engraving-1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Gen. Kearny's annexation of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>, August 15, 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>After the declaration of war on May 13, 1846, United States Army General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a> moved southwest from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, in June 1846 with about 1,700 men in his <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_West_(1846)" title="Army of the West (1846)">Army of the West</a>. Kearny's orders were to secure the territories Nuevo México and Alta California.<sup id="cite_ref-BoSF_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoSF-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, Governor <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Armijo" title="Manuel Armijo">Manuel Armijo</a> wanted to avoid battle, but on August 9, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Diego_Archuleta" title="Diego Archuleta">Diego Archuleta</a> and militia officers <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_Chaves" title="Manuel Antonio Chaves">Manuel Chaves</a> and Miguel Pino forced him to muster a defense.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armijo set up a position in Apache Canyon, a narrow pass about 10 miles (16 km) southeast of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on August 14, before the American army was even in view, he decided not to fight. An American named James Magoffin claimed he had convinced Armijo and Archuleta to follow this course;<sup id="cite_ref-Keleher_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keleher-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an unverified story says he bribed Armijo.<sup id="cite_ref-Beck_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beck-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Pino, Chaves, and some of the militiamen insisted on fighting, Armijo ordered the cannon pointed at them.<sup id="cite_ref-Simmons_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simmons-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Mexican army retreated to Santa Fe, and Armijo fled to <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_(state)" title="Chihuahua (state)">Chihuahua</a>. </p><p>Kearny and his troops encountered no Mexican forces when they arrived on August 15. Kearny and his force entered Santa Fe and claimed the New Mexico Territory for the United States without a shot fired. Kearny declared himself the military governor of the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a> on August 18 and <a href="/wiki/U.S._provisional_government_of_New_Mexico" title="U.S. provisional government of New Mexico">established a civilian government</a>. American officers drew up a temporary legal system for the territory called the <a href="/wiki/Kearny_Code" title="Kearny Code">Kearny Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kearny then took the remainder of his army west to Alta California;<sup id="cite_ref-BoSF_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoSF-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he left Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Sterling Price</a> in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bent" title="Charles Bent">Charles Bent</a> as New Mexico's first territorial governor. Following Kearny's departure, dissenters in Santa Fe plotted a Christmas uprising. When the plans were discovered by the U.S. authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Native allies, including <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Puebloans</a>, who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory. On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day <a href="/wiki/Taos,_New_Mexico" title="Taos, New Mexico">Taos, New Mexico</a>, which later gave it the name the <a href="/wiki/Taos_Revolt" title="Taos Revolt">Taos Revolt</a>. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Montoya" title="Pablo Montoya">Pablo Montoya</a>, a New Mexican, and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Romero_(revolutionary)" title="Tomás Romero (revolutionary)">Tomás Romero</a>, a Taos pueblo Native also known as <i>Tomasito</i> (Little Thomas). </p><p>Romero led a Native American force to Bent's house, where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. They moved on, leaving Bent still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Oliver_Boggs" title="Thomas Oliver Boggs">Thomas Boggs</a>, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent but left the women and children unharmed. </p><p>The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 New Mexicans and Pueblo attacked and laid siege to Simeon Turley's mill in <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_Hondo,_Taos_County,_New_Mexico" title="Arroyo Hondo, Taos County, New Mexico">Arroyo Hondo</a>, several miles outside of Taos. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Autobees" title="Charles Autobees">Charles Autobees</a>, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to Santa Fe for help from the occupying U.S. forces. Eight to ten <a href="/wiki/Mountain_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain men">mountain men</a> were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men survived, <a href="/wiki/John_David_Albert" title="John David Albert">John David Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tate_Tobin" title="Thomas Tate Tobin">Thomas Tate Tobin</a>, Autobees' half-brother. Both escaped separately on foot during the night. The same day New Mexican insurgents killed seven American traders passing through the village of <a href="/wiki/Mora,_New_Mexico" title="Mora, New Mexico">Mora</a>. At most, 15 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20. </p><p>The U.S. military moved quickly to quash the revolt; Colonel Price led more than 300 U.S. troops from Santa Fe to Taos, together with 65 volunteers, including a few New Mexicans, organized by <a href="/wiki/Ceran_St._Vrain" title="Ceran St. Vrain">Ceran St. Vrain</a>, the business partner of William and Charles Bent. Along the way, the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 New Mexicans and Pueblo at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ca%C3%B1ada" title="Battle of Cañada">Santa Cruz de la Cañada</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Embudo_Pass" title="Battle of Embudo Pass">Embudo Pass</a>. The insurgents retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a>, where they took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church. During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pueblo_de_Taos" title="Siege of Pueblo de Taos">ensuing battle</a>, the U.S. breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Only seven Americans died in the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrard_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrard-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate force of U.S. troops under captains Israel R. Hendley and Jesse I. Morin campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Mora" title="First Battle of Mora">First Battle of Mora</a> ended in a New Mexican victory. The Americans attacked again in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Mora" title="Second Battle of Mora">Second Battle of Mora</a> and won, which ended their operations against Mora. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Canyon_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Red River Canyon affair">Battle of Red River Canyon</a>, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the <a href="/wiki/Cienega_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Cienega affair">Battle of Cienega Creek</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California_campaign">California campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: California campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">Conquest of California</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanPasqual.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SanPasqual.jpg/220px-SanPasqual.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SanPasqual.jpg/330px-SanPasqual.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/SanPasqual.jpg/440px-SanPasqual.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pasqual" title="Battle of San Pasqual">Battle of San Pasqual</a>, a Californio victory led by General <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico" title="Andrés Pico">Andrés Pico</a> against a superior American force led by General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Word of Congress' declaration of war reached California by August 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_p104_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_p104-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American consul <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Larkin" title="Thomas O. Larkin">Thomas O. Larkin</a>, stationed in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, worked successfully during the events in that vicinity to avoid bloodshed between Americans and the Mexican military garrison commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Castro" title="José Castro">José Castro</a>, the senior military officer in California.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199991–92,_96_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199991–92,_96-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frémont, leading a U.S. Army topographical expedition to survey the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a>, entered <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a> in December 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199972_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199972-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frémont's party was at <a href="/wiki/Upper_Klamath_Lake" title="Upper Klamath Lake">Upper Klamath Lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a> when it received word that war between Mexico and the U.S. was imminent;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999103_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999103-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the party then returned to California.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999107_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999107-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mexico had issued a proclamation that non-naturalized foreigners were no longer permitted to own land in California and were subject to expulsion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999101_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999101-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With rumors swirling that General Castro was massing an army against them, American settlers in the Sacramento Valley banded together to meet the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999110_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999110-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 14, 1846, 34 American settlers seized control of the undefended Mexican government outpost of <a href="/wiki/Sonoma,_California" title="Sonoma, California">Sonoma</a> to forestall Castro's plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–125_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–125-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One settler created the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag">Bear Flag</a> and raised it over Sonoma Plaza. Within a week, 70 more volunteers joined the rebels' force,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999129_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999129-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which grew to nearly 300 in early July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999139_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999139-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event, led by <a href="/wiki/William_B._Ide" title="William B. Ide">William B. Ide</a>, became known as the Bear Flag Revolt. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg/220px-Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg/330px-Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg/440px-Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="1509" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%ADo_San_Gabriel" title="Battle of Río San Gabriel">Battle of Río San Gabriel</a> was a decisive victory of American forces against the <a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_California" title="Conquest of California">U.S. conquest of California</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On June 25, Frémont's party arrived to assist in an expected military confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, then called Yerba Buena, was occupied by the Bear Flaggers on July 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999138_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999138-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 5, Frémont's California Battalion was formed by combining his forces with many of the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999140_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999140-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_D._Sloat" title="John D. Sloat">John D. Sloat</a>, commander of the U.S. Navy's Pacific Squadron, near Mazatlan, Mexico, had received orders to seize <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay" title="San Francisco Bay">San Francisco Bay</a> and blockade California ports when he was positive that war had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199998_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199998-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloat set sail for Monterey, reaching it on July 1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sloat, upon hearing of the events in Sonoma and Frémont's involvement, erroneously believed Frémont to be acting on orders from Washington and ordered his forces to occupy Monterey on July 7 and raise the U.S. flag.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143–144_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143–144-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 9, 70 sailors and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a> landed at Yerba Buena and raised the American flag. Later that day in Sonoma, the Bear Flag was lowered, and the American flag was raised in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Sloat's orders, Frémont brought 160 volunteers to Monterey, in addition to the California Battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 15, Sloat transferred his command of the Pacific Squadron to Commodore <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a>, who was more militarily aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mustered the willing members of the California Battalion into military service with Frémont in command.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockton ordered Frémont to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> to prepare to move northward to Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999156_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999156-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Frémont landed, Stockton's 360 men arrived in San Pedro.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999157_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999157-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Castro and Pico wrote farewells and fled separately to the Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999158_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999158-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_La_Mesa_(William_H._Meyers,_1847).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Battle_of_La_Mesa_%28William_H._Meyers%2C_1847%29.jpg/220px-Battle_of_La_Mesa_%28William_H._Meyers%2C_1847%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Battle_of_La_Mesa_%28William_H._Meyers%2C_1847%29.jpg/330px-Battle_of_La_Mesa_%28William_H._Meyers%2C_1847%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Battle_of_La_Mesa_%28William_H._Meyers%2C_1847%29.jpg/440px-Battle_of_La_Mesa_%28William_H._Meyers%2C_1847%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Mesa" title="Battle of La Mesa">Battle of La Mesa</a> was the last battle fought between the Americans and Californio forces.</figcaption></figure> <p>Stockton's army entered Los Angeles unopposed on August 13, whereupon he sent a report to the secretary of state that "California is entirely free from Mexican dominion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999159_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999159-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockton, however, left a tyrannical officer in charge of Los Angeles with a small force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999196_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999196-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Californios</i> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Flores" title="José María Flores">José María Flores</a>, acting on their own and without federal help from Mexico, in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Los_Angeles" title="Siege of Los Angeles">Siege of Los Angeles</a>, forced the American garrison to retreat on September 29.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999197_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999197-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also forced small U.S. garrisons in San Diego and Santa Barbara to flee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999198_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999198-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captain William Mervine landed 350 sailors and Marines at San Pedro on October 7.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999199_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999199-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ambushed and repulsed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dominguez_Rancho" title="Battle of Dominguez Rancho">Battle of Dominguez Rancho</a> by Flores' forces in less than an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999200_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999200-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Americans died, with 8 severely injured. Stockton arrived with reinforcements at San Pedro, which increased the American forces there to 800.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999201_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999201-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Mervine then set up a base of operations at San Diego.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999203_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999203-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Kearny and his force of about 115 men, who had performed a grueling march across the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> in late November 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999209_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999209-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stockton sent a 35-man patrol from San Diego to meet them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999204_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999204-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 7,100 <a href="/wiki/Lancer" title="Lancer">lancers</a> under General <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Pico" title="Andrés Pico">Andrés Pico</a> (brother of the governor), tipped off and lying in wait, fought Kearny's army of about 150 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Pasqual" title="Battle of San Pasqual">Battle of San Pasqual</a>, where 22 of Kearny's men (one of whom later died of wounds), including three officers, were killed in 30 minutes of fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999215–219_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999215–219-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wounded Kearny and his bloodied force pushed on until they had to establish a defensive position on "<a href="/wiki/Mule_Hill" title="Mule Hill">Mule Hill</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999221_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999221-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, General Pico kept the hill under siege for four days until a 215-man American relief force arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999224_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999224-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frémont and the 428-man California Battalion arrived in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Obispo">San Luis Obispo</a> on December 14<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999234_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999234-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Santa Barbara on December 27.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999235_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999235-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 28, a 600-man American force under Kearny began a 150-mile march to Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999233_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999233-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flores then moved his ill-equipped 500-man force to a 50-foot-high bluff above the <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_River_(California)" title="San Gabriel River (California)">San Gabriel River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999237_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999237-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 8, 1847, the Stockton-Kearny army defeated the Californio force in the two-hour <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rio_San_Gabriel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rio San Gabriel">Battle of Rio San Gabriel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999238_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999238-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same day, Frémont's force arrived at San Fernando.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999239_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999239-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, January 9, the Stockton-Kearny forces fought and won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Mesa" title="Battle of La Mesa">Battle of La Mesa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999240–241_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999240–241-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 10, the U.S. Army entered Los Angeles to no resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999242_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999242-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 12, Frémont and two of Pico's officers agreed to terms for a surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles of Capitulation were signed on January 13 by Frémont, Andrés Pico and six others at a ranch at <a href="/wiki/Cahuenga_Pass" title="Cahuenga Pass">Cahuenga Pass</a> (modern-day North Hollywood).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cahuenga" title="Treaty of Cahuenga">Treaty of Cahuenga</a>, which marked the end of armed resistance in California.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pacific_Coast_campaign">Pacific Coast campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Pacific Coast campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast Campaign">Pacific Coast Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg/170px-US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg/255px-US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg/340px-US_and_mexican_soldiers_1846-1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Reenactors in U.S. (left) and Mexican (right) uniforms of the period</figcaption></figure> <p>Entering the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Independence_(1814)" title="USS Independence (1814)">Independence</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Congress_(1841)" title="USS Congress (1841)">Congress</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Cyane_(1837)" title="USS Cyane (1837)">Cyane</a> </i>seized <a href="/wiki/La_Paz,_Baja_California_Sur" title="La Paz, Baja California Sur">La Paz</a>, then captured and burned the small Mexican fleet at <a href="/wiki/Guaymas" title="Guaymas">Guaymas</a> on October 19, 1847. Within a month, they cleared the gulf of hostile ships, destroying or capturing 30 vessels. Later, their sailors and Marines captured the port of <a href="/wiki/Mazatl%C3%A1n" title="Mazatlán">Mazatlán</a> on November 11, 1847. After upper California was secure, most of the Pacific Squadron proceeded down the California coast, capturing all major cities of the <a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Territory" title="Baja California Territory">Baja California Territory</a> and capturing or destroying nearly all Mexican vessels in the Gulf of California. </p><p>A Mexican campaign under <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Pineda_Mu%C3%B1oz" title="Manuel Pineda Muñoz">Manuel Pineda Muñoz</a> to retake the various captured ports resulted in several small clashes and two sieges in which the Pacific Squadron ships provided artillery support. U.S. garrisons remained in control of the ports. Following reinforcement, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Burton" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry S. Burton">Henry S. Burton</a> marched out. His forces rescued captured Americans, captured Pineda, and on March 31 defeated and dispersed remaining Mexican forces at the <a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Todos_Santos" title="Skirmish of Todos Santos">Skirmish of Todos Santos</a>, unaware that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo had been signed in February 1848 and a truce agreed to on March 6. When the U.S. garrisons were evacuated to Monterey following the treaty ratification, many Mexicans went with them: those who had supported the U.S. cause and had thought Lower California would also be annexed along with Upper California. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeastern_Mexico">Northeastern Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Northeastern Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Battle_of_Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Battle of Monterrey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Led by Zachary Taylor, 2,300 U.S. troops crossed the Rio Grande after some initial difficulties in obtaining river transport. His soldiers occupied Matamoros, then <a href="/wiki/Camargo,_Tamaulipas" class="mw-redirect" title="Camargo, Tamaulipas">Camargo</a> (where the soldiery suffered the first of many problems with disease) and then proceeded south and besieged the city of <a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Le%C3%B3n" title="Nuevo León">Nuevo León</a>. The hard-fought <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a> resulted in serious losses on both sides. The U.S. light artillery was ineffective against the stone fortifications of the city, as the American forces attacked in frontal assaults. The Mexican forces under General <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ampudia" title="Pedro de Ampudia">Pedro de Ampudia</a> repulsed Taylor's best infantry division at Fort Teneria.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Warfare_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Warfare-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg/220px-Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg/330px-Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg/440px-Nebel_Mexican_War_02_Capture_of_Monterrey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5131" data-file-height="3769" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monterrey" title="Battle of Monterrey">Battle of Monterrey</a> September 20–24, 1846, after a painting by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nebel" title="Carl Nebel">Carl Nebel</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg/220px-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg/330px-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg/440px-Battle-of-Buena-Vista-Robinson.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="8767" data-file-height="5676" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Buena Vista</figcaption></figure> <p>American soldiers, including many West Point graduates, had never engaged in <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> before, and they marched straight down the open streets, where they were annihilated by Mexican defenders well-hidden in Monterrey's thick adobe homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_Warfare_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban_Warfare-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They quickly learned, and two days later, they changed their urban warfare tactics. Texan soldiers had fought in a Mexican city before (the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_B%C3%A9xar" title="Siege of Béxar">Siege of Béxar</a> in December 1835) and advised Taylor's generals that the Americans needed to "<a href="/wiki/Mouse-holing" title="Mouse-holing">mouse hole</a>" through the city's homes. They needed to punch holes in the side or roofs of the homes and fight hand to hand inside the structures. Mexicans called the Texas soldiers the <i>Diabólicos Tejanos</i> (the Devil Texans).<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method proved successful.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, these actions drove and trapped Ampudia's men into the city's central plaza, where howitzer shelling forced Ampudia to negotiate. Taylor agreed to allow the Mexican Army to evacuate and to an eight-week armistice in return for the surrender of the city. Taylor broke the armistice and occupied the city of <a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a>, southwest of Monterrey. Santa Anna blamed the loss of Monterrey and Saltillo on Ampudia and demoted him to command a small artillery battalion. Similarly, Polk blamed Taylor both for suffering heavy losses and failing to imprison Ampudia's entire force. Taylor's army was subsequently stripped of most of its troops in order to support the coming coastal operations by Scott against Veracruz and the Mexican heartland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Battle_of_Buena_Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Battle of Buena Vista"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 22, 1847, having heard of this weakness from the written orders found on an ambushed U.S. scout, Santa Anna seized the initiative and marched Mexico's entire army north to fight Taylor with 20,000 men, hoping to win a smashing victory before Scott could invade from the sea. The two armies met and fought the largest battle of the war at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a>. Taylor, with 4,600 men, had entrenched at a mountain pass called La Angostura, or "the narrows", several miles south of Buena Vista ranch. Santa Anna, having little logistics to supply his army, suffered desertions all the long march north and arrived with only 15,000 men in a tired state. </p><p>Having demanded and been refused the surrender of the U.S. Army, Santa Anna's army attacked the next morning, using a ruse in the battle with the U.S forces. Santa Anna flanked the U.S. positions by sending his cavalry and some of his infantry up the steep terrain that made up one side of the pass, while a division of infantry attacked frontally to distract and draw out the U.S. forces along the road leading to Buena Vista. Furious fighting ensued, during which the U.S. troops were nearly routed, but managed to cling to their entrenched position, thanks to the Mississippi Rifles, a volunteer regiment led by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, who formed them into a defensive V formation.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mexicans had nearly broken the American lines at several points, but their infantry columns, navigating the narrow pass, suffered heavily from the American horse artillery, which fired point-blank canister shots to break up the attacks. </p><p>Initial reports of the battle, as well as propaganda from the Santanistas, credited the victory to the Mexicans, much to the joy of the Mexican populace, but rather than attack the next day and finish the battle, Santa Anna retreated, losing men along the way, having heard word of rebellion and upheaval in Mexico City. Taylor was left in control of part of northern Mexico, and Santa Anna later faced criticism for his withdrawal. Mexican and American military historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> alike agree that the U.S. Army could likely have been defeated if Santa Anna had fought the battle to its finish.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polk mistrusted Taylor, who he felt had shown incompetence in the Battle of Monterrey by agreeing to the armistice. Taylor later used the Battle of Buena Vista as the centerpiece of his successful 1848 presidential campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northwestern_Mexico">Northwestern Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Northwestern Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northwestern Mexico was essentially tribal Native territory, but on November 21, 1846, the <a href="/wiki/Bear_Springs_Treaty" title="Bear Springs Treaty">Bear Springs Treaty</a> was signed, ending a large-scale insurrection by the <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moquis" class="mw-redirect" title="Moquis">Moquis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1846, after the successful conquest of New Mexico, part of Kearney's Army of the West, the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers, moved into modern-day northwest Mexico. They were led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_W._Doniphan" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander W. Doniphan">Alexander W. Doniphan</a>, continuing what ended up being a year-long 5,500 mile campaign. It was described as rivaling <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s march across <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-library.uta.edu_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.uta.edu-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On Christmas day, they won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Brazito" title="Battle of El Brazito">Battle of El Brazito</a>, outside the modern-day <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 1, 1847, Doniphan occupied <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua City</a>. British consul John Potts did not want to allow Doniphan to search Governor Trías's mansion and unsuccessfully asserted it was under British protection. American merchants in Chihuahua wanted the American force to stay in order to protect their business. Major <a href="/wiki/William_Gilpin_(governor)" title="William Gilpin (governor)">William Gilpin</a> advocated a march on Mexico City and convinced a majority of officers, but Doniphan subverted this plan. Then in late April, Taylor ordered the First Missouri Mounted Volunteers to leave Chihuahua and join him at Saltillo. The American merchants either followed or returned to Santa Fe. Along the way, the townspeople of <a href="/wiki/Parras" title="Parras">Parras</a> enlisted Doniphan's aid against a Native raiding party that had taken children, horses, mules, and money.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Missouri Volunteers finally made their way to Matamoros, from which they returned to Missouri by water.<sup id="cite_ref-library.uta.edu_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library.uta.edu-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civilian population of northern Mexico offered little resistance to the American invasion, possibly because the country had already been devastated by Comanche and Apache Native raids. <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gregg" title="Josiah Gregg">Josiah Gregg</a>, who was with the American army in northern Mexico, said "the whole country from New Mexico to the borders of Durango is almost entirely depopulated. The haciendas and ranchos have been mostly abandoned, and the people chiefly confined to the towns and cities."<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Mexico">Southern Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Southern Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Southern Mexico had a large indigenous population and was geographically distant from the capital, over which the central government had weak control. Yucatán in particular had closer ties to Cuba and to the United States than it did to central Mexico. On a number of occasions in the early era of the Mexican Republic, Yucatán seceded from the federation. There were also rivalries between regional elites, with one faction based in Mérida and the other in Campeche. These issues factored into the Mexican–American War, as the U. S. had designs on this part of the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. Navy contributed to the war by controlling the coast and clearing the way for U.S. troops and supplies, especially to Mexico's main port of Veracruz. Even before hostilities began in the disputed northern region, the U.S. Navy created a blockade. Given the shallow waters of that portion of the coast, the U.S. Navy needed ships with a shallow draft rather than large frigates. Since the Mexican Navy was almost non-existent, the U.S. Navy could operate unimpeded in gulf waters.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. fought two battles in <a href="/wiki/Tabasco" title="Tabasco">Tabasco</a> in <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="First Battle of Tabasco">October 1846</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tabasco" title="Second Battle of Tabasco">June 1847</a>. </p><p>In 1847, the Maya revolted against the Mexican elites of the peninsula in a caste war known as the <a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War of Yucatán</a>. Jefferson Davis, then a senator from Mississippi, argued in Congress that the president needed no further powers to intervene in Yucatan since the war with Mexico was underway. Davis's concern was strategic and part of his vision of Manifest Destiny, considering that the Gulf of Mexico "a basin of water belonging to the United States" and that "the cape of Yucatan and the island of Cuba must be ours".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These views were later supported by the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a>, of which Davis was allegedly a member. In the end, the U.S. did not intervene in Yucatán, but it had figured in congressional debates about the Mexican–American War. At one point, the government of Yucatán petitioned the U.S. for protection during the Caste War,<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the U.S. did not respond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scott's_invasion_of_Mexico's_heartland"><span id="Scott.27s_invasion_of_Mexico.27s_heartland"></span>Scott's invasion of Mexico's heartland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Scott's invasion of Mexico's heartland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landings_and_siege_of_Veracruz">Landings and siege of Veracruz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Landings and siege of Veracruz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Siege of Veracruz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Veracruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Bombardment of Veracruz</figcaption></figure> <p>Rather than reinforce Taylor's army for a continued advance, President Polk sent a second army under General Winfield Scott. Polk had decided that the way to bring the war to an end was to invade the Mexican heartland from the coast. General Scott's army was transported to the port of Veracruz by sea to begin an invasion to take the Mexican capital, Mexico City.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 9, 1847, Scott performed the first major amphibious landing in U.S. history in preparation for a siege.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of 12,000 volunteer and regular soldiers successfully offloaded supplies, weapons, and horses near the walled city using specially designed landing crafts. Included in the invading force were several future generals: <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">James Longstreet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_%22Stonewall%22_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson">Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson</a>. </p><p>Veracruz was defended by Mexican General Juan Morales with 3,400 men. Mortars and naval guns under Commodore <a href="/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry" title="Matthew C. Perry">Matthew C. Perry</a> were used to reduce the city walls and harass defenders. The bombardment on March 24, 1847, opened in the walls of Veracruz a thirty-foot gap.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defenders in the city replied with their own artillery, but the extended barrage broke the will of the Mexicans, who faced a numerically superior force, and they surrendered the city after 12 days under siege. U.S. troops suffered 80 casualties, while the Mexicans had around 180 killed and wounded, with hundreds of civilians killed.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the siege, the U.S. soldiers began to fall victim to <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advance_on_Puebla">Advance on Puebla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Advance on Puebla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cerro_Gordo" title="Battle of Cerro Gordo">Battle of Cerro Gordo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg/300px-Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg/450px-Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg/600px-Scott%27s_campaign-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1411" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Scott's campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>Santa Anna allowed Scott's army to march inland, counting on yellow fever and other tropical diseases to take their toll before Santa Anna chose a place to engage the enemy. Mexico had used this tactic before, including when Spain attempted to reconquer Mexico in 1829. Disease could be a decisive factor in the war. Santa Anna was from Veracruz, so he was on his home territory, knew the terrain, and had a network of allies. He could draw on local resources to feed his hungry army and gain intelligence on the enemy's movements. From his experience in the northern battles on open terrain, Santa Anna sought to negate the U.S. Army's primary advantage, its use of artillery. </p><p>Santa Anna chose Cerro Gordo as the place to engage the U.S. troops, calculating the terrain would offer the maximum advantage for the Mexican forces.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott marched westward on April 2, 1847, toward Mexico City with 8,500 initially healthy troops, while Santa Anna set up a defensive position in a canyon around the main road and prepared fortifications. Santa Anna had entrenched with what the U.S. Army believed were 12,000 troops but in fact was around 9,000.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had artillery trained on the road where he expected Scott to appear. However, Scott had sent 2,600 mounted dragoons ahead, and they reached the pass on April 12. The Mexican artillery prematurely fired on them and therefore revealed their positions, beginning the skirmish. </p><p>Instead of taking the main road, Scott's troops trekked through the rough terrain to the north, setting up his artillery on the high ground and quietly flanking the Mexicans. Although by then aware of the positions of U.S. troops, Santa Anna and his troops were unprepared for the onslaught that followed. In the battle fought on April 18, the Mexican army was routed. The U.S. Army suffered 400 casualties, while the Mexicans suffered over 1,000 casualties with 3,000 taken prisoner. In August 1847, Captain <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirby Smith">Kirby Smith</a>, of Scott's 3rd Infantry, reflected on the resistance of the Mexican army: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> They can do nothing and their continued defeats should convince them of it. They have lost six great battles; we have captured six hundred and eight cannon, nearly one hundred thousand stands of arms, made twenty thousand prisoners, have the greatest portion of their country and are fast advancing on their Capital which must be ours,—yet they refuse to treat [i.e., negotiate terms]!<sup id="cite_ref-SoFar_198-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoFar-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The U.S. Army had expected a quick collapse of the Mexican forces. Santa Anna, however, was determined to fight to the end, and Mexican soldiers continued to regroup after battles to fight yet again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pause_at_Puebla">Pause at Puebla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Pause at Puebla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg/220px-Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg/330px-Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg/440px-Nebel_Mexican_War_08_Molino_del_Rey_Molino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5263" data-file-height="3834" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Battle of Molino del Rey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On May 1, 1847, Scott pushed on to <a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a>, the second-largest city in Mexico. The city capitulated without resistance. The Mexican defeat at Cerro Gordo had demoralized Puebla's inhabitants, and they worried about harm to their city and inhabitants. It was standard practice in warfare for victorious soldiers to be let loose to inflict horrors on civilian populations if they resisted; the threat of this was often used as a bargaining tool to secure surrender without a fight. Scott had orders which aimed to prevent his troops from such violence and atrocities. Puebla's ruling elite also sought to prevent violence, as did the Catholic Church, but Puebla's poor and working-class wanted to defend the city. U.S. Army troops who strayed outside at night were often killed. Enough Mexicans were willing to sell supplies to the U.S. Army to make local provisioning possible.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the following months, Scott gathered supplies and reinforcements at Puebla and sent back units whose enlistments had expired. Scott also made strong efforts to keep his troops disciplined and treat the Mexican people under occupation justly, to keep good order and prevent any popular uprising against his army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advance_on_Mexico_City_and_its_capture">Advance on Mexico City and its capture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Advance on Mexico City and its capture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Chapultepec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></div> <p>With guerrillas harassing his line of communications back to Veracruz, Scott decided not to weaken his army to defend Puebla but, leaving only a garrison at Puebla to protect the sick and injured recovering there, advanced on Mexico City on August 7 with his remaining force. The capital was laid open in a series of battles around the right flank of the city defenses, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a>. After Churubusco, fighting halted for an armistice and peace negotiations, which broke down on September 6, 1847. With the subsequent battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molino_del_Rey" title="Battle of Molino del Rey">Molino del Rey</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Chapultepec</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City#Attacks_on_the_Belén_and_San_Cosme_Gates" title="Battle for Mexico City">storming of the city gates</a>, the capital was occupied. Scott became military governor of occupied Mexico City. His victories in this campaign made him an American national hero. </p><p>The Battle of Chapultepec in September 1847 was a siege on the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Chapultepec" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle of Chapultepec">castle of Chapultepec</a>, built on a hill in Mexico City in the colonial era. At this time, this castle was a renowned military school in the capital. After the battle, which ended in a victory for the U.S., the legend of <i>Los Niños Héroes</i> was born. Although not confirmed by historians, six military cadets between the ages of 13 and 17 stayed in the school instead of evacuating.<sup id="cite_ref-Webtopia_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webtopia-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They decided to stay and fight for Mexico. These <i><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes" title="Niños Héroes">Niños Héroes</a></i> (boy heroes) became icons in Mexico's patriotic pantheon. Rather than surrender to the U.S. Army, some military cadets leaped from the castle walls. A cadet named Juan Escutia wrapped himself in the Mexican flag and jumped to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Webtopia_200-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webtopia-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Santa_Anna's_last_campaign"><span id="Santa_Anna.27s_last_campaign"></span>Santa Anna's last campaign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Santa Anna's last campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late September 1847, Santa Anna made one last attempt to defeat the U.S. Army, by cutting them off from the coast. General <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Rea" title="Joaquín Rea">Joaquín Rea</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Puebla_(1847)" title="Siege of Puebla (1847)">Siege of Puebla</a>, soon joined by Santa Anna. Scott had left some 2,400 soldiers in Puebla, of whom around 400 were fit. After the fall of Mexico City, Santa Anna hoped to rally Puebla's civilian population against the U.S. soldiers under siege and subject to guerrilla attacks. Before the Mexican army could wipe out the Americans in Puebla, more troops landed in Veracruz under the command of Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a>. At Puebla, they sacked the town. Santa Anna was not able to provision his troops, who effectively dissolved as a fighting force to forage for food.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puebla was relieved by Lane on October 12, following his defeat of Santa Anna at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Huamantla" title="Battle of Huamantla">Battle of Huamantla</a> on October 9. The battle was Santa Anna's last. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_of_Mexico_City">Occupation of Mexico City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Occupation of Mexico City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Special:EditPage/Mexican–American War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg/220px-Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg/330px-Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg/440px-Nebel_Mexican_War_12_Scott_in_Mexico_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5237" data-file-height="3893" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army occupation of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1847. The U.S. flag flying over the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_(Mexico)" title="National Palace (Mexico)">National Palace</a>, the seat of the Mexican government. Carl Nebel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the capture of the capital, the Mexican government moved to the temporary capital at <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a><sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In Mexico City, U.S. forces became an army of occupation and subject to stealth attacks from the urban population.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional warfare gave way to guerrilla warfare by Mexicans defending their homelandConventional warfare gave way to guerrilla warfare by Mexicans defending their homeland. They inflicted significant casualties on the U.S. Army, particularly on soldiers slow to keep up.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Scott sent about a quarter of his strength to secure his line of communications to Veracruz from the Light Corps of General Rea and other Mexican guerrilla forces that had made stealth attacks since May. Mexican guerrillas often tortured and mutilated the bodies of the U.S. troops, as revenge and warning<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Americans interpreted these acts not as Mexicans' defense of their country<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>, but as evidence of Mexicans' brutality as racial inferiors<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. For their part, U.S. soldiers took revenge on Mexicans for the attacks, whether or not they were individually suspected of guerrilla acts<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>Scott viewed guerrilla attacks as contrary to the "laws of war" and threatened the property of populations that appeared to harbor the guerrillas. Captured guerrillas were to be shot, including helpless prisoners, with the reasoning that the Mexicans did the same. Historian Peter Guardino contends that the U.S. Army command was complicit in the attacks against Mexican civilians. By threatening the civilian populations' homes, property, and families with burning whole villages, looting, and raping women, the U.S. Army separated guerrillas from their base. "Guerrillas cost the Americans dearly, but indirectly cost Mexican civilians more."<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scott strengthened the garrison of Puebla and by November had added a 1,200-man garrison at <a href="/wiki/Jalapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalapa">Jalapa</a>, established 750-man posts along the main route between the port of Veracruz and the capital, at the pass between Mexico City and Puebla at <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Fr%C3%ADo_de_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Río Frío de Juárez">Rio Frio</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Perote,_Veracruz" title="Perote, Veracruz">Perote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vigas_de_Ram%C3%ADrez,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vigas de Ramírez, Veracruz">San Juan</a> on the road between Jalapa and Puebla, and at <a href="/wiki/Puente_Nacional,_Veracruz" title="Puente Nacional, Veracruz">Puente Nacional</a> between Jalapa and Veracruz.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had also detailed an anti-guerrilla brigade under Lane to carry the war to the Light Corps and other guerrillas. He ordered that convoys would travel with at least 1,300-man escorts. Victories by Lane over the Light Corps at <a href="/wiki/Atlixco" title="Atlixco">Atlixco</a> (October 18, 1847), at <a href="/wiki/Iz%C3%BAcar_de_Matamoros" title="Izúcar de Matamoros">Izúcar de Matamoros</a> (November 23, 1847), and at <a href="/wiki/Affair_at_Galaxara_Pass" title="Affair at Galaxara Pass">Galaxara Pass</a> (November 24, 1847) weakened General Rea's forces.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Later a raid against the guerrillas of <a href="/wiki/Celedonio_D%C3%B3meco_de_Jarauta" title="Celedonio Dómeco de Jarauta">Padre Jarauta</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zacualtipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacualtipan">Zacualtipan</a> (February 25, 1848) further reduced guerrilla raids on the American line of communications. After the two governments concluded a truce to await ratification of the peace treaty, on March 6, 1848, formal hostilities ceased. However, some bands continued in defiance of the Mexican government until the U.S. Army's evacuation in August.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some were suppressed by the Mexican Army or, like Padre Jarauta, executed.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desertions">Desertions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Desertions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Churubusco2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="2414" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Battle of Churubusco</a></i> by J. Cameron, published by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Currier" title="Nathaniel Currier">Nathaniel Currier</a>. Hand tinted lithograph, 1847. Digitally restored.</figcaption></figure> <p>Desertion was a major problem for both armies. In the Mexican Army, desertions depleted forces on the eve of battle. Most soldiers were peasants who had a loyalty to their village and family but not to the generals who had conscripted them. Often hungry and ill, underequipped, only partially trained, and under-paid, the soldiers were held in contempt by their officers and had little reason to fight the Americans. Looking for their opportunity, many slipped away from camp to find their way back to their home village.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The desertion rate in the U.S. Army was 8.3% (9,200 out of 111,000), compared to 12.7% during the War of 1812 and usual peacetime rates of about 14.8% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many men deserted to join another U.S. unit and get a second enlistment bonus. Some deserted because of the miserable conditions in camp. It has been suggested that others used the army to get free transportation to California, where they deserted to join the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">gold rush</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-foos_214-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foos-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this, however, is unlikely as gold was only discovered in California on January 24, 1848, less than two weeks before the war concluded. By the time word reached the eastern U.S. that gold had been discovered, word also reached it that the war was over. </p><p>Hundreds of U.S. deserters went over to the Mexican side. Nearly all were recent immigrants from Europe with weak ties to the U.S. The Mexicans issued broadsides and leaflets enticing U.S. soldiers with promises of money, land bounties, and officers' commissions. Mexican guerrillas shadowed the U.S. Army and captured men who took unauthorized leave or fell out of the ranks. The guerrillas sometimes coerced these men to join the Mexican ranks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="San_Patricios">San Patricios</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: San Patricios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanpatricioshang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanpatricioshang.jpg/220px-Sanpatricioshang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanpatricioshang.jpg/330px-Sanpatricioshang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sanpatricioshang.jpg/440px-Sanpatricioshang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>The mass hanging of Irish Catholic soldiers who joined the Mexican side, forming the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Battalion" title="Saint Patrick's Battalion">Saint Patrick's Battalion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most famous group of deserters from the U. S. Army, was the Saint Patrick's Battalion or (<i>San Patricios</i>), composed primarily of several hundred immigrant soldiers, the majority Catholic <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> immigrants, who deserted the U.S. Army because of ill-treatment or sympathetic leanings to fellow Mexican Catholics and joined the Mexican army. The battalion also included <a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican people">Mexican people</a>, many of whom were members of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the battalion were killed in the Battle of Churubusco; about 100 were captured by the U.S., and roughly half of the <i>San Patricios</i> were tried and were hanged as deserters following their capture at Churubusco in August 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-foos_214-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foos-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader, <a href="/wiki/John_Riley_(soldier)" title="John Riley (soldier)">John Riley</a>, was branded.<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A bust of John Riley and a plaque on the façade of a building in Plaza San Jacinto, San Angel commemorates the place where they were hanged.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_war,_terms_of_peace"><span id="End_of_war.2C_terms_of_peace"></span>End of war, terms of peace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: End of war, terms of peace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Outnumbered militarily and with many large cities of the Mexican heartland including its capital occupied, Mexico could not defend itself in conventional warfare. Mexico faced many continuing internal divisions between factions so that bringing the war to a formal end was not straightforward. Although there were complications with negotiating peace on both ends, peace came in Alta California in January 1847 with the Treaty of Cahuenga, with the Californios (Mexican residents of Alta California) capitulating to the American forces.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more comprehensive peace treaty was needed to end the conflict. </p><p>The U.S. forces had gone from being an army of conquest on the periphery for territory it desired to incorporate, to an invading force in central Mexico, potentially making it an army of long-term occupation. Mexico did not necessarily have to sign a peace treaty but could have continued with long-term guerrilla warfare against the U.S. Army. However, it could not expel the invaders, so negotiating a treaty became more necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk's wish for a short war of conquest against a perceived weak enemy with no will to fight had turned into a long and bloody conflict in Mexico's heartland. Negotiating a treaty was in the best interest of the United States. It was not easy to achieve. Polk lost confidence in his negotiator <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Trist" title="Nicholas Trist">Nicholas Trist</a> and dismissed him as peace negotiations dragged on. Trist ignored the fact that he no longer had the authorization to act for the United States. When Trist managed to get yet another Mexican government to sign the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Polk was presented with an accomplished fact and decided to take it to Congress for ratification. Ratification was fraught, since the Democrats had lost the elections of 1846, and Whigs opposed to the war were now in ascendance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="All-Mexico_Movement">All-Mexico Movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: All-Mexico Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">All of Mexico Movement</a></div> <p>Having won a decisive victory, the U.S. was divided on what the peace should entail. Now that the U.S. had gone far beyond the territorial gains it initially envisioned by invading central Mexico with its dense population, the question was raised whether to annex the entirety of Mexico. After the Wilmot Proviso, there was a lessening of fervor for the idea, but the taking of Mexico City had revived enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were fierce objections in Congress to that on racial grounds. South Carolina Senator <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> argued that absorbing Mexico would threaten U.S. institutions and the character of the country. "We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a>—the free white race. To incorporate Mexico, would be the first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes. I protest against such a union as that! Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race.... We are anxious to force free government on all; and I see that it has been urged ... that it is the mission of this country to spread civil and religious liberty over all the world, and especially over this continent. It is a great mistake." </p><p>Beyond the racial argument, Calhoun contended that the U.S. could not be both an empire and a republic, and he argued that being an empire would strengthen the central government and be detrimental to individual states.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rhode Island Whig Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Hopkins_Clarke" title="John Hopkins Clarke">John Clarke</a> also objected to annexing all of Mexico. "To incorporate such a disjointed and degraded mass into even a limited participation with our social and political rights, would be fatally destructive to the institutions of our country. There is a moral pestilence to such a people which is contagious – a leprosy that will destroy [us]."<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG/300px-Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG/450px-Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG/600px-Mexican_Cession_in_Mexican_View.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Mexican territorial claims relinquished in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> in white</figcaption></figure> <p>The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on February 2, 1848, by diplomat Nicholas Trist and Mexican <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> representatives Luis G. Cuevas, Bernardo Couto, and Miguel Atristain, ended the war. The treaty gave the U.S. undisputed control of Texas, established the U.S.–Mexican border along the Rio Grande, and ceded to the United States the present-day states of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, Kansas, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>. In return, Mexico received $15 million<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ($528 million today) – less than half the amount the U.S. had attempted to offer Mexico for the land before the opening of hostilities<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and the U.S. agreed to assume $3.25 million ($114 million today) in debts that the Mexican government owed to U.S. citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of domain acquired was given by the Federal Interagency Committee as 338,680,960 acres. The cost was $16,295,149 or approximately five cents per acre.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area amounted to one-third of Mexico's original territory from its 1821 independence. </p><p>The treaty was ratified by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 38 to 14 on March 10 and by Mexico through a legislative vote of 51–34 and a Senate vote of 33–4, on May 19. News that New Mexico's legislative assembly had passed an act for the organization of a U.S. territorial government helped ease Mexican concern about abandoning the people of New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913649_229-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913649-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acquisition was a source of controversy, especially among U.S. politicians who had opposed the war from the start. A leading anti-war U.S. newspaper, the Whig <i><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligencer" title="National Intelligencer">National Intelligencer</a></i>, sardonically concluded that "We take nothing by conquest ... Thank God."<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a> in the U.S., as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Annexation" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Annexation">Texas Annexation</a> two years earlier, though the division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the war and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila River</a> until this treaty. </p><p>Before ratifying the treaty, the U.S. Senate made two modifications: changing the wording of Article IX (which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens) and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty, they further agreed to a three-article protocol (known as the Protocol of Querétaro) to explain the amendments. The first article claimed that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants under Mexican law.<sup id="cite_ref-hidalgo_233-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidalgo-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocol was signed in the city of Querétaro by A. H. Sevier, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_la_Rosa_Oteiza" title="Luis de la Rosa Oteiza">Luis de la Rosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hidalgo_233-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hidalgo-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Article XI offered a potential benefit to Mexico, in that the U.S. pledged to suppress the Comanche and Apache raids that had ravaged the region and pay restitution to the victims of raids it could not prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Native raids did not cease for several decades after the treaty, although a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic in 1849 greatly reduced the numbers of the Comanche.<sup id="cite_ref-235" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Letcher" title="Robert P. Letcher">Robert Letcher</a>, U.S. Minister to Mexico in 1850, was certain "that miserable 11th article" would lead to the financial ruin of the U.S. if it could not be released from its obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-DeLay2008302_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeLay2008302-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. was released from all obligations of Article XI five years later by Article II of the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> of 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altered_territories">Altered territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Altered territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg/300px-Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg/450px-Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg/600px-Wpdms_mexican_cession.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a>, shown in red, and the later <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a>, shown in yellow</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the secession of Texas, Mexico comprised almost 1,700,000 sq mi (4,400,000 km<sup>2</sup>), but by 1849 it was just under 800,000 square miles (2,100,000 km<sup>2</sup>). Another 30,000 square miles (78,000 km<sup>2</sup>) were sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase of 1853, so the total reduction of Mexican territory was more than 55%, or 900,000 square miles (2,300,000 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the annexed territory was about the size of Western Europe, it was sparsely populated. The land contained about 14,000 non-indigenous people in Alta California<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and about 60,000 in Nuevo México,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as large Native nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_Nation" title="Tohono Oʼodham Nation">Papago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Pima</a>, Puebloan, Navajo, Apache and many others. Although some native people relocated farther south in Mexico, the great majority remained in the U.S. territory. </p><p>The U.S. settlers surging into the newly conquered Southwest replaced Mexican law (a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Spain" title="Law of Spain">law of Spain</a>), which, in the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_April_6,_1830" title="Law of April 6, 1830">Law of April 6, 1830</a>, forbade any further immigration. However, they recognized the value of a few aspects of Mexican law and carried them over into their new legal systems. For example, most of the Southwestern states adopted <a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">community property</a> marital property systems, as well as <a href="/wiki/Water_resources_law" title="Water resources law">water law</a>. </p><p>Many Mexicans, including <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Mexicans" title="Afro-Mexicans">Afro-Mexicans</a>, and indigenous peoples in the annexed territories, experienced a loss of civil and political rights. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo promised U.S. citizenship to all former Mexican citizens living in the territories. However, the United States gave ceded states the authority to establish citizenship policy, and within a year, states were passing laws that banned all Mexicans in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas from U.S. citizenship, except white male Mexicans. Furthermore, non-white Mexicans lost certain citizenship rights, such as the right to practice law, vote or hold certain government positions. Indigenous peoples lost land rights and were exterminated as in the <a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a> or forced into <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>. Mexico lost part of its northern territories in Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming that included few if any Mexicans, and many indigenous groups.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the U.S. government did not grant full citizenship to Native Americans in the Southwest until the 1930s, even though they were Mexican citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">California Constitution of 1849</a> conferred voting rights only to white male citizens (Article II, Section 1), and the number of senators was proportioned only "according to the number of white inhabitants" (Article IV, Section 29).<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_the_United_States">Effect on the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Effect on the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:4px double #000000;;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; width: 285px; background: #FFFFFF;">Events leading to the American Civil War</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size: 85%;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade#End_of_the_Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">End of Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_Abominations" title="Tariff of Abominations">Tariff of 1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">End of slavery in British colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Reuben_Crandall" title="Trial of Reuben Crandall">United States v. Crandall</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Aves" title="Commonwealth v. Aves">Commonwealth v. Aves</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Murder of Elijah Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Burning of Pennsylvania Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_As_It_Is" title="American Slavery As It Is">American Slavery As It Is</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prigg_v._Pennsylvania" title="Prigg v. Pennsylvania">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Recapture of Anthony Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning of Charles Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession of Southern states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a></li></ol></div></div> </div></div> <p>In much of the United States, victory and the acquisition of new land brought a surge of patriotism. Victory seemed to fulfill Democrats' belief in their country's Manifest Destiny. Although the Whigs had opposed the war, they made Zachary Taylor their presidential candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">election of 1848</a>, praising his military performance while muting their criticism of the war. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Has the Mexican War terminated yet, and how? Are we beaten? Do you know of any nation about to besiege South Hadley [Massachusetts]? If so, do inform me of it, for I would be glad of a chance to escape, if we are to be stormed. I suppose [our teacher] Miss <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">[Mary] Lyon</a> [founder of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a>] would furnish us all with daggers and order us to fight for our lives ...</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The sixteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a>, writing to her older brother, <a href="/wiki/William_Austin_Dickinson" title="William Austin Dickinson">Austin</a> in the fall of 1847, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A month before the end of the war, Polk was criticized in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> amendment to a bill praising Taylor for "a war unnecessarily and unconstitutionally begun by the President of the United States." This criticism, in which Congressman Abraham Lincoln played an important role with his Spot Resolutions, followed congressional scrutiny of the war's beginnings, including factual challenges to claims made by President Polk.<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vote followed party lines, with all Whigs supporting the amendment. Lincoln's attack won lukewarm support from fellow Whigs in Illinois but was harshly counter attacked by Democrats, who rallied pro-war sentiments in Illinois; Lincoln's Spot Resolutions haunted his future campaigns in the heavily Democratic state of Illinois and were cited by his rivals well into his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Whig Emerson rejected war "as a means of achieving America's destiny," toward the end of the war he wrote: "The United States will conquer Mexico, but it will be as the man swallows the arsenic, which brings him down in turn. Mexico will poison us."<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later accepted that "most of the great results of history are brought about by discreditable means."<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil War historian <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> dedicates an entire chapter of his Pulitzer winning Civil War history to the Mexican–American war, entitled "Mexico Will Poison Us". McPherson argues that the Mexican–American War and its aftermath was a key territorial event in the leadup to the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Veterans of the war were often broken men. "As the sick and wounded from Taylor's and Scott's campaigns made their way back from Mexico to the United States, their condition shocked the folks at home. Husbands, sons, and brothers returned in broken health, some with missing limbs."<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1880 "Republican Campaign Textbook" by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Congressional_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Congressional Committee">Republican Congressional Committee</a><sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes the war as "Feculent, reeking Corruption" and "one of the darkest scenes in our history—a war forced upon our and the Mexican people by the high-handed usurpations of Pres't Polk in pursuit of territorial aggrandizement of the slave oligarchy." </p><p>Following the signing of the 1848 treaty, Polk sought to send troops to Yucatan, where there was a civil war between secessionists and those supporting the Mexican government. The U.S. Congress refused his request. The Mexican War was supposed to be short and nearly bloodless. It was neither. Congress did not support more foreign conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_on_the_American_military_in_the_Civil_War">Effect on the American military in the Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Effect on the American military in the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of the military leaders on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> of 1861–1865 had trained at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Military Academy">U.S. Military Academy</a> at West Point and had fought as junior officers in Mexico. This list includes military men fighting for the Union: Ulysses S. Grant, <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_T._Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="William T. Sherman">William T. Sherman</a>, George Meade, and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Ambrose Burnside</a>. Military men who joined the Southern secessionists of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> included Robert E. Lee, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>, James Longstreet, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>, Sterling Price, and the future Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Both sides had leaders with significant experience in active combat, strategy, and tactics. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of young Grant in uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg/170px-Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg/255px-Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg/340px-Brevet_Second_Lieutenant_Ulysses_S._Grant_in_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="1586" /></a><figcaption> Second lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For Grant, who went on to lead Union forces in the Civil War and later was elected president, "it also tutored him in the manifold ways wars are shot through with political calculations."<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant had served in Mexico under General Zachary Taylor and was appointed acting assistant quartermaster for Taylor's army, a post he tried to decline since it took him away from the battlefield. However, "The appointment was actually a godsend for Grant, turning him into a complete soldier, adept at every facet of army life, especially logistics... This provided invaluable training for the Civil War when Grant would need to sustain gigantic armies in the field, distant from northern supply depots."<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant saw considerable combat and demonstrated his coolness under fire. In the Battle of Chapultepec, he and his men hoisted a howitzer into a church belfry that had a commanding view of the San Cosme gate. The action brought him the honorary rank of brevet captain, for "gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chapultepec."<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant later recalled in his <i>Memoirs</i>, published in 1885, that "Generally, the officers of the army were indifferent whether the annexation [of Texas] was consummated or not; but not so all of them. For myself, I was bitterly opposed to the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted, as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against a weaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following the bad example of European monarchies, in not considering justice in their desire to acquire additional territory."<sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant also expressed the view that the war against Mexico had brought punishment on the United States in the form of the American Civil War. "The Southern rebellion was largely the outgrowth of the Mexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for their transgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinary and expensive war of modern times."<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert E. Lee, commander of the Confederate forces through the end of the Civil War, began building his reputation as a military officer in America's war against Mexico. At the start of the Mexican–American War, Captain Lee invaded Mexico with General Wool's engineering department from the North. By early 1847, he helped take the Mexican cities of Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, Contreras, Churubusco, Molino del Rey, and Chapultepec. Lee was wounded in Chapultepec. General Scott described Robert E. Lee as "gallant and indefatigable", saying that Lee had displayed the "greatest feat of physical and moral courage performed by any individual in [his] knowledge during the campaign".<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant gained insight into Robert E. Lee, as his memoir states, "I had known him personally, and knew that he was mortal; and it was just as well that I felt this."<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whig_primary_1848c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Whig_primary_1848c.jpg/170px-Whig_primary_1848c.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Whig_primary_1848c.jpg/255px-Whig_primary_1848c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Whig_primary_1848c.jpg/340px-Whig_primary_1848c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="3804" /></a><figcaption>"An Available Candidate: The One Qualification for a Whig President." Political cartoon about the 1848 presidential election, referring to <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>, the two leading contenders for the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> nomination in the aftermath of the Mexican–American War. Published by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Currier" title="Nathaniel Currier">Nathaniel Currier</a> in 1848, digitally restored.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1861, General Scott advised Abraham Lincoln to ask Lee to command U.S. forces. Lee declined and later recounted "I declined the offer he made me to take command of the army that was brought into the field, stating candidly and as courteously as I could that though opposed to secession and deprecating war, I could take no part in the invasion of the southern states."<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_political_context">Social and political context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Social and political context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite initial objections from the Whigs and from abolitionists, the Mexican war nevertheless united the U.S. in a common cause and was fought almost entirely by volunteers. The United States Army swelled from just over 6,000 to more than 115,000. The majority of 12-month volunteers in Scott's army decided that a year's fighting was enough and returned to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anti-slavery elements fought for the exclusion of slavery from any territory absorbed by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, the House of Representatives passed the Wilmot Proviso, stipulating that none of the territory acquired should be open to slavery. If successful, the Wilmot Proviso would have effectively cancelled out the 1820 <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a>, since it would have prohibited slavery in an area below the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_36%C2%B030%E2%80%B2_north" title="Parallel 36°30′ north">parallel 36°30′ north</a>. The Senate avoided the issue, and a late attempt to add it to the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was defeated because Southern Senators had the votes to prevent its addition. The House of Representatives is apportioned by population, and the North's was growing, allowing it to win the majority of the House in the 1846 elections; but the Senate representation is two per state and Southerners had enough votes to block the addition. </p><p>The war proved a decisive event for the U.S., marking a significant turning point for the nation as a growing military power. It is also a milestone in the U.S. narrative of Manifest Destiny. The war did not resolve the issue of slavery in the U.S. but rather in many ways inflamed it, as potential westward expansion of the institution became an increasingly central and heated theme in national debates preceding the American Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> By extending the territory of the United States to the Pacific Ocean, the end of the Mexican–American War marked a new step in the huge migrations of Americans to the West, which culminated in transcontinental railroads and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian wars">Indian wars</a> later in the same century.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (July 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Veterans_of_the_war">Veterans of the war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Veterans of the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the Civil War, veterans of the Mexican war began to organize themselves as veterans regardless of rank and lobbied for their service.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially they sought to create a soldiers' home for aged and ailing veterans, but then began pushing for pensions in 1874. There was resistance in Congress since veterans had received warrants for up to 160 acres of land for their service; pensions would have put a fiscal strain on the government.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The politics were complicated since so many veterans of the Mexican war fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War. Republican Congressmen accused them of attempting to give federal aid to former Confederates. This led to a thirteen-year Congressional debate over the loyalty of the veterans and their worthiness to receive federal assistance in their declining years.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1887, the Mexican Veteran Pension Law went into effect, making veterans eligible for a pension for their service. Surviving officers and enlisted men were placed on a pension roll, which included volunteers, militias, and marines who had served at least 60 days and were at least 62 years old. Widows of veterans who had not remarried were eligible for their late husband's pension. Excluded was "any person while under the political disabilities imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>", that is, veterans who had fought for the Confederacy in the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incidents,_civilian_deaths,_and_massacres"><span id="Incidents.2C_civilian_deaths.2C_and_massacres"></span>Incidents, civilian deaths, and massacres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Incidents, civilian deaths, and massacres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay,_Jr.,_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war,_ca.1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay%2C_Jr.%2C_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war%2C_ca.1847.jpg/220px-Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay%2C_Jr.%2C_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war%2C_ca.1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay%2C_Jr.%2C_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war%2C_ca.1847.jpg/330px-Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay%2C_Jr.%2C_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war%2C_ca.1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay%2C_Jr.%2C_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war%2C_ca.1847.jpg/440px-Burial_site_of_Lieutenant_Colonel_Henry_Clay%2C_Jr.%2C_taken_by_an_unknown_photographer_during_the_Mexican-American_war%2C_ca.1847.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Burial site of Lieutenant Colonel Henry Clay, Jr., taken by an unknown photographer during the Mexican–American war, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1847</span></figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the war, U.S. troops under Taylor's command adhered to the rules of war for the most part, under the watchful eye of Taylor, and almost exclusively engaged with enemy soldiers. This gained them some popularity with Mexican civilians, who held the occupying Americans in a degree of high regard compared to the Mexican Army who left their wounded to be captured by the enemy as they retreated from the area. In June 1846, the situation changed when American reinforcements entered the area and began raiding local farms.<sup id="cite_ref-LewRockwell.com_270-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewRockwell.com-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many soldiers on garrison duty began committing crimes against civilians, such as robbery, rape and murder in order to alleviate their boredom. This wave of wanton crime resulted in American soldiers murdering at least 20 civilians during the first month of occupation. Taylor initially showed little concern with the crimes the soldiers were committing and failed to discipline the soldiers responsible for them or devise ways to prevent crimes. This led to public opinion turning against the U.S. troops and resulted in many Mexicans taking up arms and forming guerrilla bands which attacked patrols of U.S soldiers. The attacks continued to get more prevalent, especially after the Battle of Monterrey.<sup id="cite_ref-LewRockwell.com_270-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewRockwell.com-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> sentiment and racism fueled further attacks against Mexican civilians. It was estimated that U.S. troops killed at least 100 civilians, with the majority of them being killed by the 1st Texas Mounted Volunteers commanded by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_C._Hays" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Hays">John C. Hays</a>. U.S. troops under the command of Capt. Mabry B. "Mustang" Gray responded to the killing of an American soldier outside of Monterrey by Mexicans, by abducting and summarily executing 24 unarmed Mexican civilians. In November 1846, a detachment from the 1st Kentucky regiment murdered a young Mexican boy, ostensibly as a form of sport. Afterwards, Taylor failed to bring charges against any of the soldiers involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Carney-2005_271-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carney-2005-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most infamous incident occurred on October 9, 1847, after Captain <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hamilton_Walker" title="Samuel Hamilton Walker">Samuel Hamilton Walker</a> and 12 others were killed in a skirmish, Joseph Lane ordered his men to avenge the dead Texas Rangers by sacking the town of <a href="/wiki/Huamantla" title="Huamantla">Huamantla</a>. The soldiers quickly became drunk after raiding a liquor store and began targeting the townspeople, raping and killing dozens of Mexican civilians while indiscriminately burning their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Carney-2005_271-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carney-2005-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these reports of an American rampage were overshadowed by the news of Santa Anna's resignation after the Huamantla attack, leading to no repercussions against Lane or any of the soldiers involved in the atrocities.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the course of the war, a number of U.S. troops who had become disillusioned with the war defected to the Mexican Army and joined the Saint Patrick's Battalion to fight for the Mexicans against the U.S. forces. The great majority of those who made up the Saint Patrick's Battalion were recent immigrants who had arrived in the northeastern U.S. from Ireland. Many defected due to mistreatment by nativist soldiers and senior officers, brutal military discipline, or because they were not allowed to practice their Catholic religion. Thousands of other U.S. soldiers simply deserted.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_on_Mexico">Effects on Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Effects on Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Mexico, the war had remained a painful historical event for the country, losing territory and highlighting the domestic political conflicts that were to continue for another 20 years. The <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a> between liberals and conservatives in 1857 was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French Intervention</a> in 1861, which set up the <a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a>. The war caused Mexico to enter "a period of self-examination ... as its leaders sought to identify and address the reasons that had led to such a debacle."<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the immediate aftermath of the war, a group of Mexican writers including <a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Ram%C3%ADrez_(politician)" title="Ignacio Ramírez (politician)">Ignacio Ramírez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto" title="Guillermo Prieto">Guillermo Prieto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Iglesias" title="José María Iglesias">José María Iglesias</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Urquidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Urquidi">Francisco Urquidi</a> compiled a self-serving assessment of the reasons for the war and Mexico's defeat, edited by Mexican army officer <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Alcaraz" title="Ramón Alcaraz">Ramón Alcaraz</a>. Denying that Mexican claims to Texas had anything to do with the war, they instead wrote that for "the true origin of the war, it is sufficient to say that the insatiable ambition of the United States, favored by our weakness, caused it."<sup id="cite_ref-Alcaraz_p1_276-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcaraz_p1-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work was noticed and translated to English by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ramsey" title="Albert Ramsey">Albert Ramsey</a>, a veteran of the Mexican–American War, and published in the United States in 1850 as a curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz1850_277-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz1850-277"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his being denounced and held to account for Mexico's loss in the war, Santa Anna came to power for one last term as president. After he sold the Mesilla Valley in 1853 to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase, he began construction of a <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcontinental railway">transcontinental railway</a> on a better route, but he was ousted and went into a lengthy exile. In exile he drafted his version of events, which were not published until much later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG/170px-Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG/255px-Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG/340px-Obelisco_a_los_Ni%C3%B1os_H%C3%A9roes_03._Castillo_de_Chapultepec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Obelisk to the Niños Héroes, Mexico City, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg/220px-Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg/330px-Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg/440px-Lula_in_Chapultepec.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1654" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the Mexican cadets killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a>, 1952</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg/170px-Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg/255px-Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg/340px-Placa_conmemorativa_del_batall%C3%B3n_de_San_Patricio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative plaque to the <a href="/wiki/San_Patricios" class="mw-redirect" title="San Patricios">San Patricios</a>, Mexico City, 1959</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the French were expelled in 1867 and the liberal republic was re-established, Mexico began reckoning with the legacy of the Mexican–American war. The story of the <i>Niños Héroes</i> became the narrative that helped Mexicans to come to terms with the war. Boy cadets sacrificing themselves for their <i>patria</i> ("fatherland") as martyrs in the Battle of Chapultepec was inspiring, but their sacrifice was not commemorated until 1881, when surviving cadets formed an organization to support the <a href="/wiki/Heroic_Military_Academy_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroic Military Academy (Mexico)">Military Academy of Mexico</a>. One of the cadets taken prisoner designed the monument, a small <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> was erected at the base of Chapultepec hill on which the castle is built. </p><p>Annual commemorations at the cenotaph were attended by General <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz" title="Porfirio Díaz">Porfirio Díaz</a>, who saw the opportunity to build his relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Army" title="Federal Army">Federal Army</a>. Even during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920), the commemoration was continued and attended by contemporary presidents. After the end of the military phase, the Mexican government renewed the narrative of the boy heroes as the embodiment of sacrifice for the patria. Plans were drawn up for a much larger commemoration of their sacrifice, which was built at the entrance to Mexico City's <a href="/wiki/Chapultepec_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapultepec Park">Chapultepec Park</a>. The Monument to the Heroic Cadets was inaugurated in 1952. By then, the relations between the U.S. and Mexico had improved so much that they had been allies in World War II and their postwar economies became increasingly intertwined. Some war trophies taken by the U.S., such as Mexican battle flags, were returned to Mexico with considerable ceremony, but captured U.S. flags remain in Mexico. </p><p>In 1981, the Mexican government established the <i><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_las_Intervenciones" class="extiw" title="es:Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones">Museo Nacional de las Intervenciones</a></i> (National Museum of Interventions) in a former convent that was the site of the Battle of Churubusco. It chronicles the attempts by the Spanish to reconquer Mexico after its independence as well as the French interventions. The museum has an exhibition on the <i>Intervención norteamericana de 1846–1848</i>, which chronicles the Anglo–American settlement of Texas and their rebellion after characterizing themselves as victims of Mexican oppression. It goes on to blame the war on Polk and Santa Anna. "The [museum's] interpretation concedes U.S. military superiority in arms and commanders while disparaging General Santa Anna's costly mistakes and retreat from the capital city."<sup id="cite_ref-278" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-278"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>276<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg/170px-Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg/255px-Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg/340px-Palmetto_Regiment_Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palmetto_Regiment" title="Palmetto Regiment">Palmetto Regiment</a> Monument, State House grounds, Columbia, S.C. Wrought iron 1858. Sculptor: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Werner" title="Christopher Werner">Christopher Werner</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg/220px-American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg/330px-American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg/440px-American_Army_Entering_the_City_of_Mexico_-_USCapitol_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>"American Army Entering the City of Mexico" by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Costaggini" title="Filippo Costaggini">Filippo Costaggini</a>, 1885. Architect of the Capitol</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg/220px-Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg/330px-Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg/440px-Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="942" /></a><figcaption>Mormon Battalion monument, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moore_Pioneer_Memorial" title="Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial">Fort Moore Pioneer Memorial</a> (1950), showing raising the U.S. flag in Los Angeles, 1847</figcaption></figure> <p>In the U.S. the war was almost forgotten after the cataclysm of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-279" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-279"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>277<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one of the first monuments was erected on the State House grounds in South Carolina in 1858, celebrating the Palmetto Regiment. As veterans of the Civil War saw the scale of commemorations of that war, Mexican war veterans sought remembrance for their service. In 1885, a tableau of the U.S. Army's entry into Mexico City was painted in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol Building">U.S. Capitol Building</a> by Filippo Constaggini. The <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Corps Hymn">Marine Corps Hymn</a>, which includes the phrase "From the Halls of Montezuma", is an acknowledgment of the war, but there are no major monuments or memorials. </p><p>Mexico City is the site of a <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_National_Cemetery" title="Mexico City National Cemetery">cemetery</a> created in 1851, still maintained by the <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a>. It holds the remains of 1,563 U.S. soldiers who mainly died in the conflict and were placed in a mass grave. Many more U.S. soldiers died in Mexico, but to transfer bodies there from shallow graves was expensive. A few of those interred died in Mexico City long after the war. The Mexico City military cemetery "signaled a transition in what the United States understood to be its obligations to its war dead", a pressing issue with the dead of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-280" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-280"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>278<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mormon_Battalion" title="Mormon Battalion">Mormon Battalion</a>, the only faith-based unit in the war, raised several monuments commemorating their contributions to the war. At the time of the war, most Mormons had been forced out of the jurisdiction of the U.S. and had relocated to Utah. The Mormon leadership realized that stressing their contributions to the war and to realizing manifest destiny was a way to be included in the nation's narrative. A monument to the battalion was dedicated in 1927 on the grounds of the Utah State Capitol grounds in 1927 and one erected in Los Angeles in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-281" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-281"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>279<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Reconquista (Mexico)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Texas–United States relations">Republic of Texas–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_soldiers_and_veterans_in_the_United_States#Mexican–American_War_1846–1848" title="Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States">Social history of soldiers and veterans in the United States#Mexican–American War 1846–1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_raids_on_New_Mexico_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texan raids on New Mexico (1843)">Texan raids on New Mexico (1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_of_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of battles of the Mexican–American War">List of battles of the Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_and_volunteer_units_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="List of United States military and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War">List of United States military and volunteer units in the Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">List of wars between democracies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Variations include <b>U.S.–Mexican War</b>, the <b>U.S.–Mexico War</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i>Intervención estadounidense en México</i>, <i>Intervención americana en México</i>, or <i>Intervención estadounidense en México</i>. In Mexico, it may also be called the <b>War of United States–Mexico</b> (<i>Guerra de Estados Unidos–México</i>).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCataliotti2023" class="citation web cs1">Cataliotti, Joseph (November 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/mexican-american-war-causes-effects-results.html">"Mexican–American War | History, Causes & Results"</a>. <i>study.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240422163941/https://study.com/academy/lesson/mexican-american-war-causes-effects-results.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2024</span>. <q>The war was a decisive victory for the US, which secured the northern half of Mexico as a result of the conflict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study.com&rft.atitle=Mexican%E2%80%93American+War+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Causes+%26+Results&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft.aulast=Cataliotti&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fmexican-american-war-causes-effects-results.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017249_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228202255/https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_principal_wars.xhtml">"Official DOD data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/pages/report_principal_wars.xhtml">the original</a> on February 28, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+DOD+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmdc.osd.mil%2Fdcas%2Fpages%2Freport_principal_wars.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1">White, Ronald Cedric (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFTNDgAAQBAJ"><i>American Ulysses: a life of Ulysses S. Grant</i></a> (Random House trade paperback ed.). New York: Random House. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812981254" title="Special:BookSources/9780812981254"><bdi>9780812981254</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988947112">988947112</a>. <q>The Mexican War of 1846–1848, largely forgotten today, was the second costliest war in American history in terms of the percentage of soldiers who died. Of the 78, 718 American soldiers who served, 13,283 died, constituting a casualty rate of 16.87 percent. By comparison, the casualty rate was 2.5 percent in World War I and World War II, 0.1 percent in Korea and Vietnam, and 21 percent for the Civil War. Of the casualties, 11,562 died of illness, disease, and accidents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Ulysses%3A+a+life+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.edition=Random+House+trade+paperback&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988947112&rft.isbn=9780812981254&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Cedric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFTNDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmondson2000" class="citation book cs1">Edmondson, J.R. (2000). <i>The Alamo Story: From History to Current Conflicts</i>. Plano: Republic of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55622-678-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55622-678-6"><bdi>978-1-55622-678-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alamo+Story%3A+From+History+to+Current+Conflicts&rft.pub=Plano%3A+Republic+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55622-678-6&rft.aulast=Edmondson&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2013" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2013). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social and Military History</i>. Santa Barbara. p. 564.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Mexican-American+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social+and+Military+History&rft.pages=564&rft.pub=Santa+Barbara&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandis2014" class="citation book cs1">Landis, Michael Todd (October 2, 2014). <i>Northern Men with Southern Loyalties</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9780801453267.001.0001">10.7591/cornell/9780801453267.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5326-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-5326-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-5326-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Men+with+Southern+Loyalties&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9780801453267.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-5326-7&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Michael+Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2012" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Amy (2012). <i>A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico</i>. Vintage. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47599-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-47599-2"><bdi>978-0-307-47599-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Wicked+War%3A+Polk%2C+Clay%2C+Lincoln%2C+and+the+1846+U.S.+Invasion+of+Mexico&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-307-47599-2&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1919), p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stenberg-1935-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stenberg-1935_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stenberg-1935_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStenberg1935" class="citation journal cs1">Stenberg, Richard R. (1935). "The Failure of Polk's Mexican War Intrigue of 1845". <i>Pacific Historical Review</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 39–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3633243">10.2307/3633243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684">0030-8684</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3633243">3633243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Failure+of+Polk%27s+Mexican+War+Intrigue+of+1845&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-68&rft.date=1935&rft.issn=0030-8684&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3633243%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3633243&rft.aulast=Stenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clevenger-2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clevenger-2017_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clevenger-2017_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevenger2017" class="citation book cs1">Clevenger, Michael (2017). <i>The Mexican-American War and Its Relevance to 21st Century Military Professionals</i>. United States Marine Corps. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican-American+War+and+Its+Relevance+to+21st+Century+Military+Professionals&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=United+States+Marine+Corps&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clevenger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-K._Jack_Bauer-1993-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-K._Jack_Bauer-1993_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-K._Jack_Bauer-1993_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Jack_Bauer1993" class="citation book cs1">K. Jack Bauer (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H42TwTwE1IwC"><i>Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807118511" title="Special:BookSources/9780807118511"><bdi>9780807118511</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514090317/https://books.google.com/books?id=H42TwTwE1IwC">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zachary+Taylor%3A+Soldier%2C+Planter%2C+Statesman+of+the+Old+Southwest&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780807118511&rft.au=K.+Jack+Bauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH42TwTwE1IwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJustin_Harvey_Smith1919" class="citation book cs1">Justin Harvey Smith (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBkOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA464"><i>The war with Mexico vol. 1</i></a>. Macmillan. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781508654759" title="Special:BookSources/9781508654759"><bdi>9781508654759</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629160634/https://books.google.com/books?id=WBkOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA464">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+with+Mexico+vol.+1&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=9781508654759&rft.au=Justin+Harvey+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBkOAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz185015-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz185015_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcaraz1850">Alcaraz (1850)</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/spain-accepts-mexican-independence">"Spain accepts Mexican independence | August 24, 1821"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Spain+accepts+Mexican+independence+%7C+August+24%2C+1821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fspain-accepts-mexican-independence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2020/04/the-pastry-war-mexico-vs-france-1838/">"The Pastry War: Mexico vs France 1838 - The Yucatan Times"</a>. April 17, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pastry+War%3A+Mexico+vs+France+1838+-+The+Yucatan+Times&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theyucatantimes.com%2F2020%2F04%2Fthe-pastry-war-mexico-vs-france-1838%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft1885" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Hubert H. (1885). <i>History of Mexico Vol. V</i>. A. L. Bancroft And Company. pp. 218–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0665141645" title="Special:BookSources/0665141645"><bdi>0665141645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mexico+Vol.+V&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=A.+L.+Bancroft+And+Company&rft.date=1885&rft.isbn=0665141645&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Hubert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoultz, <i>Beneath the United States</i>, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, pp. 18–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1963-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1963_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_A._Smith1963" class="citation journal cs1">Ralph A. Smith (1963). "Indians in American–Mexican Relations Before the War of 1846". <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 34–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2510435">10.2307/2510435</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2510435">2510435</a>. <q>Indian raids multiplied Mexico's problems, in the generation before her war with the United States, to a degree not generally realized today. They upset her agricultural, commercial, mineral, and ranch life over hundreds of thousands of square miles. Consequently, the country's capacity for defense declined at a time when centralism, clericalism, militarism, and American imperialism were debilitating the nation. The chief offending mountain tribes were Apache, Navajo, and Ute; and the most troublesome plains Natives were Comanche and Kiowa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Indians+in+American%E2%80%93Mexican+Relations+Before+the+War+of+1846&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-64&rft.date=1963&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2510435%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2510435&rft.au=Ralph+A.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeLay, Brian (Feb 2007), "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War", <i>The American Historical Review</i>, Vol. 112, No. 2, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4372411/">"The Human Footprint in Mexico: Physical Geography and Historical Legacies"</a>. <i>pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov</i>. March 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov&rft.atitle=The+Human+Footprint+in+Mexico%3A+Physical+Geography+and+Historical+Legacies&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Farticles%2FPMC4372411%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndfieldO'Hara1997" class="citation journal cs1">Endfield, Georgina H.; O'Hara, Sarah L. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20723048">"Conflicts Over Water in 'The Little Drought Age' in Central México"</a>. <i>Environment and History</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 255–272. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-3407">0967-3407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+History&rft.atitle=Conflicts+Over+Water+in+%27The+Little+Drought+Age%27+in+Central+M%C3%A9xico&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=255-272&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0967-3407&rft.aulast=Endfield&rft.aufirst=Georgina+H.&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Sarah+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20723048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLay2008-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeLay2008_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_DeLay2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian DeLay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mot8hkMa0nkC&pg=PR17"><i>War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War</i></a>. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. p. xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15042-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15042-1"><bdi>978-0-300-15042-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+a+Thousand+Deserts%3A+Indian+Raids+and+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexican+War&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Conn.&rft.pages=xvii&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15042-1&rft.au=Brian+DeLay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMot8hkMa0nkC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/borderlands_on_the_eve.html">"The Borderlands on the Eve of War"</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043746/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/borderlands_on_the_eve.html">Archived</a> August 31, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>. PBS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValdés1987" class="citation journal cs1">Valdés, Dennis N. (October 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007289">"The Decline of Slavery in Mexico"</a>. <i>The Americas</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 167–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1007289">10.2307/1007289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1615">0003-1615</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1007289">1007289</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147163139">147163139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Slavery+in+Mexico&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-194&rft.date=1987-10&rft.issn=0003-1615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147163139%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1007289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1007289&rft.aulast=Vald%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Dennis+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1007289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rives1913-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rives1913_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Lockhart_Rives1913" class="citation book cs1">George Lockhart Rives (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfhAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45"><i>The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848: A History of the Relations Between the Two Countries from the Independence of Mexico to the Close of the War with the United States</i></a>. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430020317/https://books.google.com/books?id=vfhAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA45">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Mexico%2C+1821%E2%80%931848%3A+A+History+of+the+Relations+Between+the+Two+Countries+from+the+Independence+of+Mexico+to+the+Close+of+the+War+with+the+United+States&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913&rft.au=George+Lockhart+Rives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfhAAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERives191345–46-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives191345–46_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRives1913">Rives 1913</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERives191348–49-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives191348–49_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRives1913">Rives 1913</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelson1939" class="citation journal cs1">Engelson, Lester G. (1939). "Proposals for the Colonization of California by England: In Connection with the Mexican Debt to British Bondholders 1837–1846". <i><a href="/wiki/California_Historical_Society_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="California Historical Society Quarterly">California Historical Society Quarterly</a></i>. <b>18</b> (2): 136–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25139106">10.2307/25139106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1175">0008-1175</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25139106">25139106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Historical+Society+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Proposals+for+the+Colonization+of+California+by+England%3A+In+Connection+with+the+Mexican+Debt+to+British+Bondholders+1837%E2%80%931846&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=136-148&rft.date=1939&rft.issn=0008-1175&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25139106%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25139106&rft.aulast=Engelson&rft.aufirst=Lester+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lyman,_George_D._pp_258-62_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyman, George D. <i>John Marsh, Pioneer: The Life Story of a Trail-Blazer on Six Frontiers,</i> pp. 258–262, The Chautauqua Press, Chautauqua, New York, 1931.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groom, Winston. <i>Kearny's March,</i> p. 46, Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_68-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_68_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_68_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Irving. <i>Men to Match My Mountains,</i> pp. 68–72, Berkley Books, New York, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-10544-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-10544-X">0-425-10544-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winkley,_John_W._pp_66_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winkley, John W. <i>Dr. John Marsh, Wilderness Scout,</i> pp. 66–69, The Parthenon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1962.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone,_Irving_pp_66-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_66_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone,_Irving_pp_66_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, Irving. <i>From Mud-Flat Cove to Gold to Statehood,</i> pp ". 66–68, Word Dancer Press, Clovis, California, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884995-17-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-884995-17-9">1-884995-17-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Santoni_1511-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Santoni_1511_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Santoni_1511_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Santoni, "U.S.–Mexican War", p. 1511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jesús F. de la Teja, "Texas Secession" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, 1403–1404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas W. Richmond, "Vicente Guerrero" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 617.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zinn-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zinn_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zinn_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zinn_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zinn_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Zinn1995" class="citation book cs1">Howard Zinn (1995) [1980]. <i>A People's History of the United States, 1492–Present</i> (1st Perennial ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. p. 675. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-092643-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-092643-0"><bdi>0-06-092643-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States%2C+1492%E2%80%93Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=675&rft.edition=1st+Perennial&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-06-092643-0&rft.au=Howard+Zinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Republic_of_Texas-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Republic_of_Texas_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429075659/http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02">"Republic of Texas"</a>. June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Texas&rft.date=2010-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tshaonline.org%2Fhandbook%2Fonline%2Farticles%2Fmzr02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913165–168_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRives1913">Rives 1913</a>, pp. 165–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913172–173-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913172–173_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRives1913">Rives 1913</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Lee Spence, and Donald Jackson, <i>The Expeditions of John Charles Fremont: The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial</i>. U of Illinois Press, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald Fithian Stevens, <i>Origins of Instability in Early Republican Mexico</i> (1991), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miguel E. Soto, "The Monarchist Conspiracy and the Mexican War" in <i>Essays on the Mexican War</i> ed by Wayne Cutler; Texas A&M University Press. 1986. pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks6162-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks6162_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks6162_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks (1849), pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/02021848.html">"The End of the Mexican American War: The Signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"</a>. <i>Memoria Política de México (Political History of Mexico)</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526002301/http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/2/02021848.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoria+Pol%C3%ADtica+de+M%C3%A9xico+%28Political+History+of+Mexico%29&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Mexican+American+War%3A+The+Signing+of+the+Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoriapoliticademexico.org%2FEfemerides%2F2%2F02021848.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Carol and Thomas Christensen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War. Companion to the Public Television Series, The U.S.–Mexican War, 1846–48.</i> San Francisco: Bay Books 1998, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alamán paraphrased in Christensen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mexican soldier Manuel Balontín, quoted in Christensen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChartrand2004" class="citation book cs1">Chartrand, Rene (March 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YImnue0ORwAC"><i>René Chartrand, </i>Santa Anna's Mexican Army 1821–48<i>, Illustrated by Bill Younghusband</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1841766676" title="Special:BookSources/978-1841766676"><bdi>978-1841766676</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ren%C3%A9+Chartrand%2C+Santa+Anna%27s+Mexican+Army+1821%E2%80%9348%2C+Illustrated+by+Bill+Younghusband&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.isbn=978-1841766676&rft.aulast=Chartrand&rft.aufirst=Rene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYImnue0ORwAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowers-2021-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowers-2021_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowers-2021_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvuhistoricalreview/vol2/iss1/5">"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican-American War"</a>. <i>West Virginia University Historical Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513235317/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvuhistoricalreview/vol2/iss1/5/">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span> – via The Research Repository @ WVU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+University+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+a+Border+Conflict%3A+Indigenous+Involvement+in+the+Mexican-American+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Riley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fwvuhistoricalreview%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvuhistoricalreview/vol2/iss1/5">"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican–American War"</a>. <i>West Virginia University Historical Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220062006/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvuhistoricalreview/vol2/iss1/5/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span> – via The Research Repository @ WVU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+University+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+a+Border+Conflict%3A+Indigenous+Involvement+in+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Riley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fwvuhistoricalreview%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bowers, Riley (September 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvuhistoricalreview/vol2/iss1/5">"Beyond a Border Conflict: Indigenous Involvement in the Mexican-American War"</a>. <i>West Virginia University Historical Review</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220062006/https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/wvuhistoricalreview/vol2/iss1/5/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span> – via The Research Repository @ WVU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Virginia+University+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+a+Border+Conflict%3A+Indigenous+Involvement+in+the+Mexican-American+War&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2021-09-20&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Riley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchrepository.wvu.edu%2Fwvuhistoricalreview%2Fvol2%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, Peter. <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, Will. <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i> p. 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, <i>The Mexican War</i>, pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tenenbaum, Barbara. "Mexico" in <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture</i>, vol. 4, p. 10. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarvetera00roba"><i>William Hugh Robarts, "Mexican War veterans : a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically", Brentano's (A. S. Witherbee & Co., Proprietors); Washington, D.C., 1887</i></a>. Washington, D.C. : Brentano's. March 10, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629112837/http://www.archive.org/details/mexicanwarvetera00roba">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Hugh+Robarts%2C+%22Mexican+War+veterans+%3A+a+complete+roster+of+the+regular+and+volunteer+troops+in+the+war+between+the+United+States+and+Mexico%2C+from+1846+to+1848%3B+the+volunteers+are+arranged+by+states%2C+alphabetically%22%2C+Brentano%27s+%28A.+S.+Witherbee+%26+Co.%2C+Proprietors%29%3B+Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+1887&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.+%3A+Brentano%27s&rft.date=2001-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicanwarvetera00roba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robarts, "Mexican War veterans", pp. 1–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2012" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Tyler V. (2012). <i>Devotion to the Adopted Country: U.S. Immigrant Volunteers in the Mexican War</i>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotion+to+the+Adopted+Country%3A+U.S.+Immigrant+Volunteers+in+the+Mexican+War&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Tyler+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacroix2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lacroix, Patrick (2020). "Canadian-Born Soldiers in the Mexican–American War (1846–48): An Opportunity for Migration Studies". <i>International Journal of Canadian Studies</i>. <b>57</b>: 27–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3138%2Fijcs.57.x.27">10.3138/ijcs.57.x.27</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225452642">225452642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Canadian+Studies&rft.atitle=Canadian-Born+Soldiers+in+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War+%281846%E2%80%9348%29%3A+An+Opportunity+for+Migration+Studies&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=27-46&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3138%2Fijcs.57.x.27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225452642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lacroix&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robarts, "Mexican War veterans", pp. 39–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, pp. 209–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foos, Paul. <i>A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican–American War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, Bronwyn. <i>U.S.–Mexican War</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4932-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-4932-7">0-8160-4932-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker, Spencer. <i>U.S. Leadership in Wartime: Clashes, Controversy, and Compromise</i>, Volume 1, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4367/4367-h/4367-h.htm#ch5"><i>Personal Memoirs of U. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Memoirs+of+U.+S.+Grant%2C+Complete&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4367%2F4367-h%2F4367-h.htm%23ch5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcuña2015" class="citation book cs1">Acuña, Rodolfo (2015). <i>Occupied America A History of Chicanos</i>. Pearson. p. 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occupied+America+A+History+of+Chicanos&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Acu%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Soldaderas: Mexican Women and the Battlefield". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.6"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.6">j.ctt1qv5pjr.6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513235330/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr?turn_away=true">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soldaderas%3A+Mexican+Women+and+the+Battlefield&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Soldaderas: Mexican Women and the Battlefield". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.6"><i>Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.6">j.ctt1qv5pjr.6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513235330/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr?turn_away=true">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soldaderas%3A+Mexican+Women+and+the+Battlefield&rft.btitle=Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.8"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.8">j.ctt1qv5pjr.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513235253/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr?turn_away=true">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Profiles+in+Courage%3A+Working+Women+in+Mexico&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.8"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.8">j.ctt1qv5pjr.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513235253/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr?turn_away=true">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Profiles+in+Courage%3A+Working+Women+in+Mexico&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Profiles in Courage: Working Women in Mexico". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.8"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.8">j.ctt1qv5pjr.8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240513235253/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr?turn_away=true">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Profiles+in+Courage%3A+Working+Women+in+Mexico&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women, Reform, and the US Home Front". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.5"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.5">j.ctt1qv5pjr.5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%2C+Reform%2C+and+the+US+Home+Front&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.9"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.9">j.ctt1qv5pjr.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+Editors+Report+the+War&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelohlavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belohlavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.9"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.9">j.ctt1qv5pjr.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+Editors+Report+the+War&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belohlavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelolavek2017" class="citation book cs1">Belolavek, John M. (2017). "Women Editors Report the War". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.9"><i>Patriots, Prostitutes, and Spies: Women and the Mexican–American War</i></a>. University of Virginia Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813939902" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813939902"><bdi>978-0813939902</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1qv5pjr.9">j.ctt1qv5pjr.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+Editors+Report+the+War&rft.btitle=Patriots%2C+Prostitutes%2C+and+Spies%3A+Women+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0813939902&rft.aulast=Belolavek&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1qv5pjr.9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooks122-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks122_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks122_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks122_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooks122_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks (1849), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks (1849), pp. 91, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks (1849), p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Robert. <i>Lions of the West</i>. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer1993" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, K. Jack (Karl Jack) (1993) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25746154"><i>The Mexican War, 1846–1848</i></a> (Bison books ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6107-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-6107-1"><bdi>0-8032-6107-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25746154">25746154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+War%2C+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.edition=Bison+books&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25746154&rft.isbn=0-8032-6107-1&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=K.+Jack+%28Karl+Jack%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F25746154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1919), p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justin_Harvey_Smith" title="Justin Harvey Smith">Smith, Justin Harvey</a> (1919). "The Preliminaries of the Conflict". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBkOAAAAIAAJ"><i>The War with Mexico</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781508654759" title="Special:BookSources/9781508654759"><bdi>9781508654759</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 16,</span> 2022</span>. <q>Here lay a <i>casus belli</i> amply endorsed by international law, the practice of civilized powers, and the general opinion of the world. It was a ground, too, that Polk himself, as we have seen, felt entirely satisfied to stand upon [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Preliminaries+of+the+Conflict&rft.btitle=The+War+with+Mexico&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1919&rft.isbn=9781508654759&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBkOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faragher, John Mack, et al., eds. <i>Out Of Many: A History of the American People</i>. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725155106/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/messages/polk01.htm">"Message of President Polk, May 11, 1846"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/messages/polk01.htm">the original</a> on July 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Mexico has passed the boundary of the United States, has invaded our territory and shed American blood upon the American soil. She has proclaimed that hostilities have commenced, and that the two nations are now at war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+of+President+Polk%2C+May+11%2C+1846&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fpresiden%2Fmessages%2Fpolk01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer68-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer68_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauer68_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer (1992), p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer, <i>The Mexican War, 1846–1848</i>, p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4367/4367-h/4367-h.htm"><i>Personal Memoirs U. S. Grant, Complete</i></a>. June 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233028/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4367/4367-h/4367-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2016</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Memoirs+U.+S.+Grant%2C+Complete&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4367%2F4367-h%2F4367-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miranda-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miranda_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁngel_Miranda_Basurto2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ángel Miranda Basurto (2002) [1987]. <i>La Evolución de México</i> [<i>The Evolution of Mexico</i>] (in Spanish) (6th ed.). Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/970-07-3678-4" title="Special:BookSources/970-07-3678-4"><bdi>970-07-3678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Evoluci%C3%B3n+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.pages=358&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Editorial+Porr%C3%BAa&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=970-07-3678-4&rft.au=%C3%81ngel+Miranda+Basurto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Fowler, <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i> p. 255. The negotiations are discussed pp. 253–254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fowler, <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i> pp. 259–261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jay166-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jay166_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay (1853), pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jay165-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jay165_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay (1853), p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See O'Sullivan's 1845 article <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/HIS/f01/HIS202-01/Documents/OSullivan.html">"Annexation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051125043717/http://web.grinnell.edu/courses/HIS/f01/HIS202-01/Documents/OSullivan.html">Archived</a> November 25, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>United States Magazine and Democratic Review</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Christensen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddings, Joshua Reed. <i>Speeches in Congress [1841–1852]</i>, J.P. Jewett and Company, 1853, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Beveridge" title="Albert J. Beveridge">Beveridge</a> 1:417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, Leonard L. <i>Slave Power and Southern Domination 1780–1860</i>. 2000 pp. 152–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silbey, Joel H. <i>Storm over Texas: The Annexation Controversy and the Road to the Civil War</i>. 2005 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gradert, Kenyon. <i>Puritan Spirits in the Abolitionist Imagination</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2020: 108. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69402-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-69402-3">978-0-226-69402-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierpaoli, Paul G., Jr. <i>The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War: A Political, Social, and Military History</i> (volume I), Spencer Tucker (editor). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2013: 372. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-853-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-853-8">978-1-85109-853-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TD-20180818-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TD-20180818_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjursen2018" class="citation news cs1">Sjursen, Danny (August 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truthdig.com/articles/american-history-for-truthdiggers-the-fraudulent-mexican-american-war-1846-48/">"The Fraudulent Mexican-American War (1846–48)"</a>. <i>Truthdig</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180831175128/https://www.truthdig.com/articles/american-history-for-truthdiggers-the-fraudulent-mexican-american-war-1846-48/">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Truthdig&rft.atitle=The+Fraudulent+Mexican-American+War+%281846%E2%80%9348%29&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft.aulast=Sjursen&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truthdig.com%2Farticles%2Famerican-history-for-truthdiggers-the-fraudulent-mexican-american-war-1846-48%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=29488">"James K. Polk: Third Annual Message – December 7, 1847"</a>. Presidency.ucsb.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021518/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=29488">Archived</a> from the original on January 20, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk%3A+Third+Annual+Message+%E2%80%93+December+7%2C+1847&rft.pub=Presidency.ucsb.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fws%2Fprint.php%3Fpid%3D29488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1977" class="citation journal cs1">Reilly, Tom (June 1, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225431/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769907705400205">"Newspaper Suppression During the Mexican War, 1846–48"</a>. <i>Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 262–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107769907705400205">10.1177/107769907705400205</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143779590">143779590</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/107769907705400205">the original</a> on December 15, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journalism+%26+Mass+Communication+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Newspaper+Suppression+During+the+Mexican+War%2C+1846%E2%80%9348&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=262-349&rft.date=1977-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107769907705400205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143779590%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F107769907705400205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Editorial, <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>, 1846, quoted in Loveman, Brian. <i>No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere since 1776</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence Delbert Cress, "Introduction", <i>Dispatches from the Mexican War</i>, Norman: the University of Oklahoma Press 1999, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Wilkins Kendall, <i>Dispatches from the Mexican War</i>, edited by Larence Delbert Cress. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreetby2001" class="citation journal cs1">Streetby, Shellby (2001). "American Sensations: Empire, Amnesia, and the US–Mexican War". <i>American Literary History</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+History&rft.atitle=American+Sensations%3A+Empire%2C+Amnesia%2C+and+the+US%E2%80%93Mexican+War&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Streetby&rft.aufirst=Shellby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ron Tyler. "A Great American Book: The War between the United States and Mexico, Illustrated" in <i>Artes de México</i>. No. 80, "Carl Nebel: Nineteenth-Century Itinerant Painter", August 2006, pp. 77–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas1884" class="citation book cs1">Andreas, A. T. (1884). <i>History of Chicago from the Earliest Period to the Present Time</i>. Vol. 1. Chicago: A. T. Andreas. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Chicago+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=A.+T.+Andreas&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Andreas&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christiansen, <i>The U.S.–Mexico War</i>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoSF-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BoSF_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BoSF_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mymexicanwar.com/battles/460818.htm">"The Battle of Santa Fe"</a>. <i>Early American Wars: A Guide to Early American Units and Battles before 1865</i>. MyCivilWar.com. 2005–2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121633/http://www.mymexicanwar.com/battles/460818.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+American+Wars%3A+A+Guide+to+Early+American+Units+and+Battles+before+1865&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Santa+Fe&rft.date=2005%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mymexicanwar.com%2Fbattles%2F460818.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simmons_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_Marc1973" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Marc (1973). <i>The Little Lion of the Southwest: a life of Manuel Antonio Chaves</i>. Chicago: The Swallow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8040-0633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8040-0633-0"><bdi>978-0-8040-0633-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Little+Lion+of+the+Southwest%3A+a+life+of+Manuel+Antonio+Chaves&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+Swallow+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8040-0633-0&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005915/http://historicmarkers.newmexico.org/markers/detail.php?region=&id=70">"New Mexico Historic Markers: Canoncito at Apache Canyon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicmarkers.newmexico.org/markers/detail.php?region=&id=70">the original</a> on September 27, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Mexico+Historic+Markers%3A+Canoncito+at+Apache+Canyon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricmarkers.newmexico.org%2Fmarkers%2Fdetail.php%3Fregion%3D%26id%3D70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span> Includes a link to a map.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keleher-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keleher_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeleher,_William_A.1952" class="citation book cs1">Keleher, William A. (1952). <i>Turmoil in New Mexico 1846–1848</i>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0631-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-0631-9"><bdi>978-0-8263-0631-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turmoil+in+New+Mexico+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-0631-9&rft.au=Keleher%2C+William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beck-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beck_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck,_Warren_A.1962" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Warren A. (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newmexicohistory0000beck"><i>New Mexico: A History of Four Centuries</i></a></span>. University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Mexico%3A+A+History+of+Four+Centuries&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Beck%2C+Warren+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewmexicohistory0000beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Robert (2011). <i>Lions of the West</i>. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garrard-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garrard_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garrard, Lewis H. (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_A8TAAAAYAAJ&q=Trial+"><i>Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603090602/https://books.google.com/books?id=_A8TAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wah-to-yah%20and%20the%20Taos%20Trail,&source=gbs_slider_thumb#v=onepage&q=Trial%20&f=false">Archived</a> June 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 214–215; reprint, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker_p104-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker_p104_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1999" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Dale L. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bearflagrisingco00walk"><i>Bear Flag Rising: The Conquest of California, 1846</i></a></span>. New York: Forge Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bearflagrisingco00walk_0/page/104">104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3128-6685-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3128-6685-3"><bdi>978-0-3128-6685-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bear+Flag+Rising%3A+The+Conquest+of+California%2C+1846&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Forge+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-3128-6685-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Dale+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbearflagrisingco00walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199991–92,_96-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199991–92,_96_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, pp. 91–92, 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199972-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199972_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999103-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999103_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999107-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999107_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999101-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999101_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999110-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999110_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–125-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999123–125_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, pp. 123–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999129-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999129_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999139-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999139_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999134_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999138-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999138_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999140-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999140_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199998-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker199998_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999142_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143–144-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999143–144_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, pp. 143–144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999148_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999149_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154_148-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999154_148-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999156-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999156_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999157-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999157_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999158-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999158_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999159-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999159_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999196-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999196_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999197-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999197_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999198-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999198_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999199-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999199_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999200-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999200_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999201-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999201_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999203-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999203_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999209-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999209_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999204-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999204_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999215–219-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999215–219_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, pp. 215–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999221-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999221_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999224-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999224_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999234-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999234_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999235-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999235_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks (1849), p. 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999233-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999233_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999237-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999237_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bauer (1992), pp. 190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999238-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999238_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999239-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999239_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999240–241-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999240–241_173-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, pp. 240–241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999242-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999242_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246_175-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246_175-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker1999246_175-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker1999">Walker (1999)</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban_Warfare-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Warfare_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Urban_Warfare_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707214318/http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/urbanwarfare.html">"Urban Warfare"</a>. Battle of Monterrey.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.battleofmonterrey.com/urbanwarfare.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Urban+Warfare&rft.pub=Battle+of+Monterrey.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.battleofmonterrey.com%2Furbanwarfare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rip Ford's Texas Memoirs, Stephen Oates, University of Texas Press, 1963.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDishman2010" class="citation book cs1">Dishman, Christopher (2010). <i>A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4140-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4140-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-4140-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Perfect+Gibraltar%3A+The+Battle+for+Monterrey%2C+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4140-4&rft.aulast=Dishman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foote, Shelby. <i>The Civil War: A Narrative</i>: Volume 1: Fort Sumter to Perryville (1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christiansen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groom, Winston "Kearny's March" Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson1999" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Joseph G. (1999). <i>Doniphan's Epic March: The 1st Missouri Volunteers in the Mexican War</i>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700609563" title="Special:BookSources/0700609563"><bdi>0700609563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Doniphan%27s+Epic+March%3A+The+1st+Missouri+Volunteers+in+the+Mexican+War&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0700609563&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-library.uta.edu-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library.uta.edu_183-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-library.uta.edu_183-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/item?content_id=1652&topic_id=16&format_id=9&ofst=15&ni=16">"Maps: Map Showing Col. A.W. Doniphan's Route through the States of New Mexico, Chihuahua and Coahuila.| A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War"</a>. <i>library.uta.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619032642/https://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/item?content_id=1652&topic_id=16&format_id=9&ofst=15&ni=16">Archived</a> from the original on June 19, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=library.uta.edu&rft.atitle=Maps%3A+Map+Showing+Col.+A.W.+Doniphan%27s+Route+through+the+States+of+New+Mexico%2C+Chihuahua+and+Coahuila.%7C+A+Continent+Divided%3A+The+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexico+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.uta.edu%2Fusmexicowar%2Fitem%3Fcontent_id%3D1652%26topic_id%3D16%26format_id%3D9%26ofst%3D15%26ni%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thememorypalace.us/2019/05/private-robinson-on-pawnee-rock/">"Private Robinson on Pawnee Rock"</a>. <i>the memory palace</i>. May 20, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010043818/http://thememorypalace.us/2019/05/private-robinson-on-pawnee-rock/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+memory+palace&rft.atitle=Private+Robinson+on+Pawnee+Rock&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthememorypalace.us%2F2019%2F05%2Fprivate-robinson-on-pawnee-rock%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes" class="citation web cs1">Haynes, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e85997aeac6d419886fa76ed27631150">"War in the West: Doniphan's March – Center for Greater Southwestern Studies"</a>. <i>www.arcgis.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191018184119/https://www.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=e85997aeac6d419886fa76ed27631150">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.arcgis.com&rft.atitle=War+in+the+West%3A+Doniphan%27s+March+%E2%80%93+Center+for+Greater+Southwestern+Studies&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcgis.com%2Fapps%2FMapSeries%2Findex.html%3Fappid%3De85997aeac6d419886fa76ed27631150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_D._Launius1997" class="citation book cs1">Roger D. Launius (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhneotO7Xg8C&pg=PA162"><i>Alexander William Doniphan: portrait of a Missouri moderate</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1132-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-1132-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508082640/https://books.google.com/books?id=xhneotO7Xg8C&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+William+Doniphan%3A+portrait+of+a+Missouri+moderate&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1132-3&rft.au=Roger+D.+Launius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxhneotO7Xg8C%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamalainen" class="citation book cs1">Hamalainen, Pekka. <i>The Comanche Empire</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comanche+Empire&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.aulast=Hamalainen&rft.aufirst=Pekka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert M. Joseph, "The United States, Feuding Elites, and Rural Revolt in Yucatán, 1836–1915" in <i>Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics, expanded edition</i>, Daniel Nugent, ed. Durham: Duke University Press 1998 pp. 173–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. Jack Bauer, <i>The Mexican war, 1846–1848</i>. 1974. Republished by University of Nebraska Press 1992, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Brian Loveman, <i>No Higher Law: American Foreign Policy and the Western Hemisphere Since 1776</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2010, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Message from the President of the United States with communications from the government of Yucatan, representing the state of suffering to which that country is reduced by an insurrection of the Natives, imploring the protection of the United States, and offering, in case it should be granted, to transfer the dominion and sovereignty of the peninsula to the United States." United States. Congress. Senate. April 29, 1848. Read, referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations, and ordered to be printed. [Washington, D.C.] 19 pages, 30th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Ex. Doc. No. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218000709/http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com:80/other/scottinmexico.html">"General Winfield Scott and the Mexican–American War (1846–1848)"</a>. <i>aboutnorthgeorgia.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/other/scottinmexico.html">the original</a> on February 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aboutnorthgeorgia.com&rft.atitle=General+Winfield+Scott+and+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War+%281846%E2%80%931848%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutnorthgeorgia.com%2Fother%2Fscottinmexico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/mexican-american-war-general-winfield-scott-2360147">"Old Fuss and Feathers: General Winfield Scott"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923035835/https://www.thoughtco.com/mexican-american-war-general-winfield-scott-2360147">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Old+Fuss+and+Feathers%3A+General+Winfield+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fmexican-american-war-general-winfield-scott-2360147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morgan, Robert, <i>Lions of the West</i>, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill, 2011, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gob.mx/siap/articulos/un-dia-como-hoy-pero-de-1847-fuerzas-invasoras-norteamericanas-toman-el-puerto-de-veracruz?idiom=es">"Un día como hoy, pero de 1847, fuerzas invasoras norteamericanas toman el puerto de Veracruz"</a> [A day like today, but in 1847, Invading Northamerican forces take the Port of Veracruz]. <i>Gobierno de Mexico, Servicio de Informacion Agroalimentaria y Pesqueria</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200309140247/https://www.gob.mx/siap/articulos/un-dia-como-hoy-pero-de-1847-fuerzas-invasoras-norteamericanas-toman-el-puerto-de-veracruz?idiom=es">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gobierno+de+Mexico%2C+Servicio+de+Informacion+Agroalimentaria+y+Pesqueria&rft.atitle=Un+d%C3%ADa+como+hoy%2C+pero+de+1847%2C+fuerzas+invasoras+norteamericanas+toman+el+puerto+de+Veracruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gob.mx%2Fsiap%2Farticulos%2Fun-dia-como-hoy-pero-de-1847-fuerzas-invasoras-norteamericanas-toman-el-puerto-de-veracruz%3Fidiom%3Des&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SoFar-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SoFar_198-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1989" class="citation book cs1">Eisenhower, John S. D. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sofarfromgodus00eise"><i>So Far from God: The U.S. War With Mexico, 1846–1848</i></a></span>. New York: Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sofarfromgodus00eise/page/295">295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3279-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3279-2"><bdi>978-0-8061-3279-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+Far+from+God%3A+The+U.S.+War+With+Mexico%2C+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=295&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3279-2&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=John+S.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsofarfromgodus00eise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, pp. 201–202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webtopia-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webtopia_200-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webtopia_200-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapultepec.com.mx/articulo.asp?articulo=66"><i>Diseño Web y Desarrollo de Aplicaciones por Webtopia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508063109/http://www.chapultepec.com.mx/articulo.asp?articulo=66">Archived</a> May 8, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved May 8, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Kirkwood, Burton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico00burt/page/97"><i>The History of Mexico</i></a>. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmexico00burt/page/97">97, 98, 99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313303517" title="Special:BookSources/9780313303517"><bdi>9780313303517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Mexico&rft.pages=97%2C+98%2C+99&rft.pub=Westport%2C+Conn.+%3A+Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780313303517&rft.aulast=Kirkwood&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmexico00burt%2Fpage%2F97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_202-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vanguardia.com.mx/articulo/5-datos-que-no-conocias-sobre-los-ninos-heroes-mito-o-realidad">"5 datos que no conocías sobre los Niños Héroes... ¿Mito o Realidad?"</a> [5 facts about the Boy Heroes that you didn't know... Myth or Reality?]. <i>Vanguardia.com.mx</i> (in Spanish). September 13, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718055946/https://vanguardia.com.mx/articulo/5-datos-que-no-conocias-sobre-los-ninos-heroes-mito-o-realidad">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanguardia.com.mx&rft.atitle=5+datos+que+no+conoc%C3%ADas+sobre+los+Ni%C3%B1os+H%C3%A9roes...+%C2%BFMito+o+Realidad%3F&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvanguardia.com.mx%2Farticulo%2F5-datos-que-no-conocias-sobre-los-ninos-heroes-mito-o-realidad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, pp. 290–291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-maps.com/story/Mexican-American-War/event/Occupation-of-Mexico-City">Occupation of Mexico City</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-maps.com/story/Mexican-American-War/event/Occupation-of-Mexico-City">Occupation of Mexico City</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-maps.com/story/Mexican-American-War/event/Occupation-of-Mexico-City">Mexico City - Occupation of Mexico City</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-maps.com/story/Mexican-American-War/event/Occupation-of-Mexico-City">Occupation of Mexico City</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, pp. 294–298.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Executive Document, No. 60, House of Representatives, first Session of the thirtieth Congress, pp. 1028, 1032.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2005" class="citation cs2">Carney, Stephen A. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil//brochures/Occupation/Occupation.htm#b9"><i>U.S. Army Campaigns of the Mexican War: The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846 – July 1848 (CMH Pub 73-3)</i></a>, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, pp. 30–38, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170609135009/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/Occupation/Occupation.htm#b9">archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Army+Campaigns+of+the+Mexican+War%3A+The+Occupation+of+Mexico%2C+May+1846+%E2%80%93+July+1848+%28CMH+Pub+73-3%29&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=30-38&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2F%2Fbrochures%2FOccupation%2FOccupation.htm%23b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/7/19071848-DJ.html">"Memoria Política de México"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204012200/http://memoriapoliticademexico.org/Efemerides/7/19071848-DJ.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memoria+Pol%C3%ADtica+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemoriapoliticademexico.org%2FEfemerides%2F7%2F19071848-DJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeed2003" class="citation book cs1">Meed, Douglas (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanwar00meed_931"><i>The Mexican War, 1846–1848</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanwar00meed_931/page/n76">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415968409" title="Special:BookSources/9780415968409"><bdi>9780415968409</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+War%2C+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415968409&rft.aulast=Meed&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicanwar00meed_931&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAllister" class="citation web cs1">McAllister, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0195045556?v=search-inside&keywords=desertion">"see Coffman, <i>Old Army</i> (1988), p. 193"</a>. <i>Amazon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=see+Coffman%2C+Old+Army+%281988%29%2C+p.+193&rft.aulast=McAllister&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Freader%2F0195045556%3Fv%3Dsearch-inside%26keywords%3Ddesertion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foos-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foos_214-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foos_214-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoos2002" class="citation book cs1">Foos, Paul (2002). <i>A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair</i>. pp. 25, 103–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short%2C+Offhand%2C+Killing+Affair&rft.pages=25%2C+103-107&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Foos&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1989" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Robert Ryal (1989). <i>Shamrock and Sword, The Saint Patrick's Battalion in the US–Mexican War</i>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. pp. 188–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2964-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2964-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-2964-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamrock+and+Sword%2C+The+Saint+Patrick%27s+Battalion+in+the+US%E2%80%93Mexican+War&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=188-192&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2964-8&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Robert+Ryal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Minster2019" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Minster (July 3, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-john-riley-2136191">"Biography of John Riley"</a>. <i>Thought.Co</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718185651/https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-john-riley-2136191">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thought.Co.&rft.atitle=Biography+of+John+Riley&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft.au=Christopher+Minster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fbiography-of-john-riley-2136191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connors and Muñoz, "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City", p. 503ñ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveman, <i>No Higher Law</i>, p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guardino, <i>The Dead March</i>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schoultz, Lars. <i>Beneath the United States: A History of U.S. Policy Toward Latin America</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1998, p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merry, <i>A Country of Vast Designs</i>, pp. 414–415</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun1848" class="citation magazine cs1">Calhoun, John (January 4, 1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=019/llcg019.db&recNum=147">"Conquest of Mexico"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Globe">Congressional Globe</a></i>. Vol. 30, no. 1. Blair & Rives. pp. 96–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708233334/https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=019/llcg019.db&recNum=147">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Globe&rft.atitle=Conquest+of+Mexico&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=96-100&rft.date=1848-01-04&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllcg%26fileName%3D019%2Fllcg019.db%26recNum%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Schoultz, <i>Beneath the United States</i>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1848" class="citation magazine cs1">Clarke, John (January 25, 1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=019/llcg019.db&recNum=293">"The Ten-Regiment Bill"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Globe">Congressional Globe</a></i>. Vol. 30, no. 1. Blair & Rives. pp. 242–244. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708233333/https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=019/llcg019.db&recNum=293">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Ten-Regiment+Bill&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=242-244&rft.date=1848-01-25&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllcg%26fileName%3D019%2Fllcg019.db%26recNum%3D293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith (1919), p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, Bronwyn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usmexicanwar0000mill/page/23"><i>U.S.–Mexican War</i></a>. New York : Facts On File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usmexicanwar0000mill/page/23">23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4932-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4932-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-4932-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.%E2%80%93Mexican+War&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Facts+On+File&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4932-5&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Bronwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusmexicanwar0000mill%2Fpage%2F23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay (1853), p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eFPWo3AcWi8C&pg=RA3-PA7"><i>Our Public Lands</i></a>. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1958. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Public+Lands&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Bureau+of+Land+Management&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeFPWo3AcWi8C%26pg%3DRA3-PA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERives1913649-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERives1913649_229-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRives1913">Rives 1913</a>, p. 649.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_C._Davis" title="Kenneth C. Davis">Davis, Kenneth C.</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchhist00davi"><i>Don't Know Much About History</i></a></span>. New York: Avon Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dontknowmuchhist00davi/page/143">143</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Know+Much+About+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Avon+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdontknowmuchhist00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinntak8.html">"Chapter 8: We take nothing by conquest, Thank God"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_People%27s_History_of_the_United_States" title="A People's History of the United States"><i>A People's History of the United States</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180103043558/http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinntak8.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+We+take+nothing+by+conquest%2C+Thank+God&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyisaweapon.com%2Fdefcon1%2Fzinntak8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazier" class="citation web cs1">Frazier, Donald S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_boundary_disputes.html">"Boundary Disputes"</a>. <i>US–Mexican War, 1846–1848</i>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901121840/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/prelude/md_boundary_disputes.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US%E2%80%93Mexican+War%2C+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.atitle=Boundary+Disputes&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Donald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fkera%2Fusmexicanwar%2Fprelude%2Fmd_boundary_disputes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hidalgo-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hidalgo_233-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hidalgo_233-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/guadalu.htm">"Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits, and Settlement Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgoa"</a>. <i>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</i>. University of Dayton (academic.udayton.edu). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613080150/http://academic.udayton.edu/race/02rights/guadalu.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+Peace%2C+Friendship%2C+Limits%2C+and+Settlement+Between+the+United+States+of+America+and+the+United+Mexican+States+Concluded+at+Guadalupe+Hidalgoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.udayton.edu%2Frace%2F02rights%2Fguadalu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp#art11">"Article IX"</a>. <i>Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848</i>. Lillian Goldman Law Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505142450/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp#art11">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo%3B+February+2%2C+1848&rft.atitle=Article+IX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fguadhida.asp%23art11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamalainen, 293–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeLay2008302-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeLay2008302_236-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_DeLay2008" class="citation book cs1">Brian DeLay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mot8hkMa0nkC&pg=PA302"><i>War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.–Mexican War</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15042-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15042-1"><bdi>978-0-300-15042-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514001255/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mot8hkMa0nkC&pg=PA302#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+of+a+Thousand+Deserts%3A+Indian+Raids+and+the+U.S.%E2%80%93Mexican+War&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15042-1&rft.au=Brian+DeLay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMot8hkMa0nkC%26pg%3DPA302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/mx1853.asp">"Gadsden Purchase Treaty : December 30, 1853"</a>. Lillian Goldman Law Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519020643/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/mx1853.asp">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 11,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gadsden+Purchase+Treaty+%3A+December+30%2C+1853&rft.pub=Lillian+Goldman+Law+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F19th_century%2Fmx1853.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26">"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"</a>. www.ourdocuments.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715115058/http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo&rft.pub=www.ourdocuments.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourdocuments.gov%2Fdoc.php%3Fflash%3Dtrue%26doc%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzius" class="citation web cs1">Franzius, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622211916/http://www.duke.edu/~agf2/history391/migration.html">"California Gold – Migrating to California: Overland, around the Horn and via Panama"</a>. Archived from the original on June 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Gold+%E2%80%93+Migrating+to+California%3A+Overland%2C+around+the+Horn+and+via+Panama&rft.aulast=Franzius&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.duke.edu%2F~agf2%2Fhistory391%2Fmigration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Table 16. Population: 1790 to 1990", <i>Population and Housing Unit Counts. 1990 Census of Population and Housing. CPH-2-1.</i>, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, pp. 26–27, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99946-41-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99946-41-25-3"><bdi>978-99946-41-25-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+and+Housing+Unit+Counts.+1990+Census+of+Population+and+Housing.+CPH-2-1.&rft.atitle=Table+16.+Population%3A+1790+to+1990&rft.pages=26-27&rft.isbn=978-99946-41-25-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenchaca2001" class="citation book cs1">Menchaca, Martha (2001). "The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Racialization of the Mexican Population". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFILAAAAYAAJ"><i>Recovering History, Constructing Race: The Indian, Black, and White Roots of Mexican Americans</i></a>. University of Texas Press. pp. 216, 217, 218, 220, 223, 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75253-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75253-5"><bdi>978-0-292-75253-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129060117/https://books.google.com/books?id=KFILAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo+and+the+Racialization+of+the+Mexican+Population&rft.btitle=Recovering+History%2C+Constructing+Race%3A+The+Indian%2C+Black%2C+and+White+Roots+of+Mexican+Americans&rft.pages=216%2C+217%2C+218%2C+220%2C+223%2C+227&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75253-5&rft.aulast=Menchaca&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFILAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griswold el Castillo, Richard <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html">War's End: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100213210803/http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/war/wars_end_guadalupe.html">Archived</a> February 13, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> PBS, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150129165014/http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/collections/constitutions/1849/full-text">"Constitution of the State of California 1849* | California Secretary of State"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/collections/constitutions/1849/full-text">the original</a> on January 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+State+of+California+1849%2A+%26%23124%3B+California+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sos.ca.gov%2Farchives%2Fcollections%2Fconstitutions%2F1849%2Ffull-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linscott, 1959, pp. 218–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=020/llcg020.db&recNum=102">"Congressional Globe, 30th Session (1848)"</a>. Memory.loc.gov. pp. 93–95. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117052802/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llcg&fileName=020%2Fllcg020.db&recNum=102">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Globe%2C+30th+Session+%281848%29&rft.pages=93-95&rft.pub=Memory.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dllcg%26fileName%3D020%2Fllcg020.db%26recNum%3D102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(hj04321))">"House Journal, 30th Session (1848), pp. 183–184/"</a>. Memory.loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414231127/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28hj04321%29%29">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+Journal%2C+30th+Session+%281848%29%2C+pp.+183%E2%80%93184%2F&rft.pub=Memory.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28hj04321%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald1995" class="citation book cs1">Donald, David Herbert (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lincolndona00dona"><i>Lincoln</i></a></span>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lincolndona00dona/page/124">124</a>, 128, 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln&rft.pages=124%2C+128%2C+133&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=David+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flincolndona00dona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groom, Winston "Kearny's March" Alfred A. Knopf, 2011, p. 275</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1860" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1860). <i>The Conduct of Life</i>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5736-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5736-3"><bdi>978-1-4191-5736-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conduct+of+Life&rft.pages=110&rft.date=1860&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-5736-3&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Waldo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPherson1988" class="citation book cs1">McPherson, James M. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC"><i>Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era</i></a>. OUP USA. pp. 49–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503863-7"><bdi>978-0-19-503863-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311161402/https://books.google.com/books?id=a3nX48n4oeIC">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Cry+of+Freedom%3A+The+Civil+War+Era&rft.pages=49-77&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503863-7&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3nX48n4oeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christensen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97">Mexican–American War description from the Republican Campaign Textbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504082029/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZrkJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA97">Archived</a> May 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christiansen, <i>The U.S.–Mexico War</i>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chernow,_Ron" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernow, Ron">Chernow, Ron</a>. <i>Grant</i>. New York: Penguin Press 2017, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow, <i>Grant</i> p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Chernow, <i>Grant</i>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fadedgiant.net/html/grant_ulysses_s_quotes_west_po.htm">"Ulysses S Grant Quotes on the Military Academy and the Mexican War"</a>. Fadedgiant.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150307033943/http://www.fadedgiant.net/html/grant_ulysses_s_quotes_west_po.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ulysses+S+Grant+Quotes+on+the+Military+Academy+and+the+Mexican+War&rft.pub=Fadedgiant.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedgiant.net%2Fhtml%2Fgrant_ulysses_s_quotes_west_po.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant, Ulysses S.</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4367"><i>Personal Memoirs of General U. S. Grant</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829235609/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4367">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Memoirs+of+General+U.+S.+Grant&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Ulysses+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F4367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston1934" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Robert (1934). <i>Robert E. Lee; a Biography</i>. New York: W. Morrow & Co. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313384370" title="Special:BookSources/9780313384370"><bdi>9780313384370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+E.+Lee%3B+a+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=W.+Morrow+%26+Co&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=9780313384370&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Chernow, <i>Grant</i>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneiderman2006" class="citation book cs1">Sneiderman, Barney (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorssevensev0000snei/page/118"><i>Warriors Seven: Seven American Commanders, Seven Wars, and the Irony of Battle</i></a>. New York: Savas Beatie. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorssevensev0000snei/page/118">118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932714289" title="Special:BookSources/978-1932714289"><bdi>978-1932714289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warriors+Seven%3A+Seven+American+Commanders%2C+Seven+Wars%2C+and+the+Irony+of+Battle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Savas+Beatie&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1932714289&rft.aulast=Sneiderman&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorssevensev0000snei%2Fpage%2F118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christensen, <i>The U.S.–Mexican War</i>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Douglas_Pitts_Fuller1969" class="citation book cs1">John Douglas Pitts Fuller (1969) [1936]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0JnAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Movement for the Acquisition of All Mexico, 1846–1848</i></a>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306714610" title="Special:BookSources/9780306714610"><bdi>9780306714610</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527101804/http://books.google.com/books?id=Y0JnAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on May 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movement+for+the+Acquisition+of+All+Mexico%2C+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780306714610&rft.au=John+Douglas+Pitts+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0JnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHineFaragher2000" class="citation book cs1">Hine, Robert V; Faragher, John Mack (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuLSxbn7DSUC"><i>The American West: A New Interpretive History</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300078350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300078350"><bdi>978-0300078350</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516232737/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuLSxbn7DSUC">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+West%3A+A+New+Interpretive+History&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0300078350&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.aufirst=Robert+V&rft.au=Faragher%2C+John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuLSxbn7DSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHineFaragher2000" class="citation book cs1">Hine, Robert V.; Faragher, John Mack (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xuLSxbn7DSUC"><i>The American West: A New Interpretive History</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 216–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300078350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300078350"><bdi>978-0300078350</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160516232737/https://books.google.com/books?id=xuLSxbn7DSUC">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+West%3A+A+New+Interpretive+History&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=216-219&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0300078350&rft.aulast=Hine&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft.au=Faragher%2C+John+Mack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxuLSxbn7DSUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Wallace E. "The Mexican War Veterans as an Organized Group." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, vol. 35, no. 2, 1948, pp. 221–238. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1898407">1898407</a>. Accessed May 19, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Wagenen, <i>Remembering the Forgotten War</i>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Wagenen, Michael Scott. "US–Mexican War Veterans and the Congressional Pension Fight." Military History of the West 40 (2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarveter00robagoog">"Mexican War Veterans, A Complete Roster" Washington D.C.: Brentano's 1887</a> accessed May 18, 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewRockwell.com-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LewRockwell.com_270-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LewRockwell.com_270-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/from-the-halls-of-montezuma/">"From the Halls of Montezuma – LRC Blog LewRockwell.com"</a>. <i>LewRockwell.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806212934/https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/from-the-halls-of-montezuma/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LewRockwell.com&rft.atitle=From+the+Halls+of+Montezuma+%E2%80%93+LRC+Blog+LewRockwell.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lewrockwell.com%2Flrc-blog%2Ffrom-the-halls-of-montezuma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carney-2005-271"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carney-2005_271-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carney-2005_271-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarney2005" class="citation book cs1">Carney, Stephen A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r1ufQ-k5a3YC&q=%22Old+women+and+young+girls+were+stripped+of+their+clothes+and+many+others+suffered+still+greater+outrages.%22&pg=PA37"><i>The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846–July 1848</i></a>. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160873454" title="Special:BookSources/9780160873454"><bdi>9780160873454</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240514001237/https://books.google.com/books?id=r1ufQ-k5a3YC&q=%22Old+women+and+young+girls+were+stripped+of+their+clothes+and+many+others+suffered+still+greater+outrages.%22&pg=PA37#v=snippet&q=%22Old%20women%20and%20young%20girls%20were%20stripped%20of%20their%20clothes%20and%20many%20others%20suffered%20still%20greater%20outrages.%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Occupation+of+Mexico%2C+May+1846%E2%80%93July+1848&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780160873454&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr1ufQ-k5a3YC%26q%3D%2522Old%2Bwomen%2Band%2Byoung%2Bgirls%2Bwere%2Bstripped%2Bof%2Btheir%2Bclothes%2Band%2Bmany%2Bothers%2Bsuffered%2Bstill%2Bgreater%2Boutrages.%2522%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/brochures/Occupation/Occupation.htm">"The Occupation of Mexico, May 1846–July 1848"</a>. <i>history.army.mil</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211202012/https://history.army.mil/brochures/Occupation/Occupation.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.army.mil&rft.atitle=The+Occupation+of+Mexico%2C+May+1846%E2%80%93July+1848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2FOccupation%2FOccupation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1935" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, Edward S. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-15.3.374">"Deserters in the Mexican War"</a>. <i>The Hispanic American Historical Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 374–383. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-15.3.374">10.1215/00182168-15.3.374</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2168">0018-2168</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2506347">2506347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hispanic+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Deserters+in+the+Mexican+War&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374-383&rft.date=1935&rft.issn=0018-2168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2506347%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182168-15.3.374&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1215%252F00182168-15.3.374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollins2008" class="citation book cs1">Rollins, Peter C. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whywefoughtameri00roll"><i>Why We Fought: America's Wars in Film and History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813191911" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813191911"><bdi>978-0813191911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+We+Fought%3A+America%27s+Wars+in+Film+and+History&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0813191911&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhywefoughtameri00roll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santoni, Pedro. "U.S.–Mexican War" in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcaraz_p1-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alcaraz_p1_276-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcaraz1850" class="citation book cs1">Alcaraz, Ramón; et al., eds. (1850). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/othersideornotes00alca"><i>The Other Side: or Notes for the History of the War between Mexico and the United States</i></a></span>. Translated by Albert C. Ramsey. New York: John Wiley. pp. 1–2. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1540860">1540860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Side%3A+or+Notes+for+the+History+of+the+War+between+Mexico+and+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=John+Wiley&rft.date=1850&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1540860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fothersideornotes00alca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz1850-277"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlcaraz1850_277-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlcaraz1850">Alcaraz (1850)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connors, Thomas G. and Raúl Isaí Muñoz, "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City." <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a> vol. 125, no. 2, April 2020, p. 502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Wagenen, Michael. <i>Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Connors and Muñoz, "Look for the North American Invasion in Mexico City," pp. 511–512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Wagenen, <i>Remembering the Forgotten War</i>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_works">Reference works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: Reference works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordHeidlerHeidler1999" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Mark; Heidler, Jeanne; Heidler, David Stephen, eds. (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of the Mexican War</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-059-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-059-8"><bdi>978-1-57607-059-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Mexican+War&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-059-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Frazier, Donald S. ed. <i>The U.S. and Mexico at War</i>, (1998), 584; an encyclopedia with 600 articles by 200 scholars</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_histories">General histories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: General histories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer,_Karl_Jack1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._Jack_Bauer" title="K. Jack Bauer">Bauer, Karl Jack</a> (1992). <i>The Mexican War: 1846–1848</i>. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6107-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-6107-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+War%3A+1846%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-6107-5&rft.au=Bauer%2C+Karl+Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_DeVoto" title="Bernard DeVoto">De Voto, Bernard</a>, <i>Year of Decision 1846</i> (1942), well written popular history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_S._Greenberg" title="Amy S. Greenberg">Greenberg, Amy S.</a> <i>A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln, and the 1846 U.S. Invasion of Mexico</i> (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307592699" title="Special:BookSources/9780307592699">9780307592699</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pritzkermilitarylibrary.org/Home/Amy-Greenberg.aspx">Corresponding Author Interview</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pritzker_Military_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Pritzker Military Library">Pritzker Military Library</a> on December 7, 2012</li> <li>Guardino, Peter. <i>The Dead March: A History of the Mexican–American War</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (2017). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-97234-6">978-0-674-97234-6</a></li> <li>Henderson, Timothy J. <i>A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States</i> (2008)</li> <li>Meed, Douglas. <i>The Mexican War, 1846–1848</i> (2003). A short survey.</li> <li>Merry Robert W. <i>A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War and the Conquest of the American Continent</i> (2009)</li> <li>Smith, Justin Harvey. <i>The War with Mexico, Vol 1.</i> (2 vol 1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBkOAAAAIAAJ">full text online</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Justin Harvey. <i>The War with Mexico, Vol 2.</i> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhUOAAAAIAAJ">full text online</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Bauer K. Jack. <i>Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest</i>. Louisiana State University Press, 1985.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dawson, Joseph G. "Leaders for Manifest Destiny: American Volunteer Colonels Serving in the U.S.-Mexican War." <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i> (2006) 7(2): 253-279.</li> <li>DeLay, Brian. "Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War," <i>American Historical Review</i> 112, no. 1 (Feb. 2007)</li> <li>DeLay, Brian. <i>War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the Mexican-American War</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 2009.</li> <li>Dishman, Christopher, <i>A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico</i>, University of Oklahoma Press, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-4140-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-4140-9">0-8061-4140-9</a>.</li> <li>Eisenhower, John. <i>So Far From God: The U.S. War with Mexico</i>, Random House (1989).</li> <li>Eubank, Damon R. <i>Response of Kentucky to the Mexican War, 1846–1848</i>. (Edwin Mellen Press, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6495-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6495-7">978-0-7734-6495-7</a>.</li> <li>Foos, Paul. <i>A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict during the Mexican-War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2002.</li> <li>Fowler, Will. <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i> (2007) 527 pp; a major scholarly study</li> <li>Frazier, Donald S. <i>The U.S. and Mexico at War</i>, Macmillan (1998).</li> <li>Hamilton, Holman, <i>Zachary Taylor: Soldier of the Republic</i>, (1941).</li> <li>Huston, James A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8pabWzrsocC"><i>The Sinews of War: Army Logistics, 1775–1953</i></a> (1966), U.S. Army; 755 pp. pp. 125–158</li> <li>Johnson, Timothy D. <i>Winfield Scott: The Quest for Military Glory</i> (1998)</li> <li>Johnson, Timothy D. <i>A Gallant Little Army: The Mexico City Campaign</i>. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 2007.</li> <li>Levinson, Irving. <i>Wars within War: Mexican Guerrillas, Domestic Elites and the United States of America 1846–1848</i>. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University Press 2005.</li> <li>Lewis, Felice Flannery. <i>Trailing Clouds of Glory: Zachary Taylor's Mexican War Campaign and His Emerging Civil War Leaders</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 2010.</li> <li>Lewis, Lloyd. <i>Captain Sam Grant</i> (1950).</li> <li>Martinez, Orlando. <i>The Great Landgrab</i>. Quartet Books (London, 1975)</li> <li>McCaffrey, James M. <i>Army of Manifest Destiny: The American Soldier in the Mexican War, 1846–1848</i> (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=I434Yc3rh-IC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=%22army+of+manifest+destiny%22+McCaffrey&ots=SPreCvQBFm&sig=e4RhqxWMXjgzdKpX5geRCUv1EIs">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1918" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Justin H. (1918). "American Rule in Mexico". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>23</b> (2): 287–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1836568">10.2307/1836568</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239">1937-5239</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836568">1836568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=American+Rule+in+Mexico&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=287-302&rft.date=1918&rft.issn=1937-5239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1836568%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1836568&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Murphy, Douglas. <i>Two Armies on the Rio Grande: The First Campaign of the U.S. Mexican War</i> (College Station: Texas A&M Press) 2015.</li> <li>Smith, Justin Harvey. <i>The War with Mexico.</i> 2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhUOAAAAIAAJ">full text online</a>.</li> <li>Winders, Richard Price. <i>Mr. Polk's Army: The American Military Experience in the Mexican War</i>. College Station" Texas A&M Press (1997)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_diplomatic">Political and diplomatic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Political and diplomatic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Beveridge, Albert J. <i>Abraham Lincoln, 1809–1858</i>. Volume: 1. 1928.</li> <li>Brack, Gene M. <i>Mexico Views Manifest Destiny, 1821–1846: An Essay on the Origins of the Mexican War</i> (1975).</li> <li>Fowler, Will. <i>Tornel and Santa Anna: The Writer and the Caudillo, Mexico, 1795–1853</i> (2000).</li> <li>Fowler, Will. <i>Santa Anna of Mexico</i> (2007) 527 pp; the major scholarly study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0803211201">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gleijeses, Piero. "A Brush with Mexico" <i>Diplomatic History</i> 2005 29(2): 223–254. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0145-2096">0145-2096</a> debates in Washington before war.</li> <li>Graebner, Norman A. <i>Empire on the Pacific: A Study in American Continental Expansion</i>. (1955).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1978" class="citation journal cs1">Graebner, Norman A. (1978). "Lessons of the Mexican War". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>47</b> (3): 325–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3637470">10.2307/3637470</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8584">1533-8584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3637470">3637470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lessons+of+the+Mexican+War&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-342&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=1533-8584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3637470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3637470&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraebner1980" class="citation journal cs1">Graebner, Norman A. (1980). "The Mexican War: A Study in Causation". <i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Historical_Review" title="Pacific Historical Review">Pacific Historical Review</a></i>. <b>49</b> (3): 405–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3638563">10.2307/3638563</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1533-8584">1533-8584</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3638563">3638563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mexican+War%3A+A+Study+in+Causation&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-426&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=1533-8584&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3638563%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3638563&rft.aulast=Graebner&rft.aufirst=Norman+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Greenberg, Amy. <i>A Wicked War: Polk, Clay, Lincoln and the 1846 Invasion of Mexico</i>. New York: Knopf 2012.</li> <li>Henderson, Timothy J. <i>A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War with the United States</i> (2007), survey</li> <li>Krauze, Enrique. <i>Mexico: Biography of Power</i>, (1997), textbook.</li> <li>Linscott, Robert N., Editor. 1959. <i>Selected Poems and Letters of Emily Dickinson</i>. Anchor Books, New York. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-09423-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-09423-X">0-385-09423-X</a></li> <li>Mayers, David; Fernández Bravo, Sergio A., "La Guerra Con Mexico Y Los Disidentes Estadunidenses, 1846–1848" [The War with Mexico and US Dissenters, 1846–48]. <i>Secuencia</i> [Mexico] 2004 (59): 32–70. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0186-0348">0186-0348</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808121249/http://www.aquinas.edu/history/pinheiro.html">Pinheiro, John C.</a> <i>Manifest Ambition: James K. Polk and Civil-Military Relations during the Mexican War</i> (2007).</li> <li>Pletcher David M. <i>The Diplomacy of Annexation: Texas, Oregon, and the Mexican War</i>. University of Missouri Press, 1973.</li> <li>Price, Glenn W. <i>Origins of the War with Mexico: The Polk-Stockton Intrigue</i>. University of Texas Press, 1967.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1905" class="citation journal cs1">Reeves, Jesse S. (1905). "The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Historical_Review" title="The American Historical Review">The American Historical Review</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2): 309–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1834723">10.2307/1834723</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10217%2F189496">10217/189496</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1937-5239">1937-5239</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834723">1834723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Treaty+of+Guadalupe-Hidalgo&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=309-324&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10217%2F189496&rft.issn=1937-5239&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1834723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1834723&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Jesse+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Reilly, Tom. <i>War with Mexico! America's Reporters Cover the Battlefront</i>. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRives1913" class="citation book cs1">Rives, George Lockhart (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vfhAAAAAIAAJ"><i>The United States and Mexico, 1821–1848: a history of the relations between the two countries from the independence of Mexico to the close of the war with the United States</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Mexico%2C+1821%E2%80%931848%3A+a+history+of+the+relations+between+the+two+countries+from+the+independence+of+Mexico+to+the+close+of+the+war+with+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Rives&rft.aufirst=George+Lockhart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvfhAAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rodríguez Díaz, María Del Rosario. "Mexico's Vision of Manifest Destiny During the 1847 War" <i>Journal of Popular Culture</i> 2001 35(2): 41–50. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0022-3840">0022-3840</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Eduardo_Ruiz" title="Ramón Eduardo Ruiz">Ruiz, Ramon Eduardo</a>. <i>Triumph and Tragedy: A History of the Mexican People</i>, Norton 1992, textbook</li> <li>Santoni, Pedro. <i>Mexicans at Arms: Puro Federalists and the Politics of War, 1845–1848</i>. Fort Worth: Texas Christian Press 1996.</li> <li>Schroeder John H. <i>Mr. Polk's War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848.</i> University of Wisconsin Press, 1973.</li> <li>Sellers Charles G. <i>James K. Polk: Continentalist, 1843–1846</i> (1966), the standard biography <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000707012840/http://www.historyebook.org/">vol 1 and 2 are online at ACLS e-books</a></li> <li>Smith, Justin Harvey. <i>The War with Mexico.</i> 2 vol (1919). Pulitzer Prize winner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhUOAAAAIAAJ">full text online</a>.</li> <li>Stephenson, Nathaniel Wright. <i>Texas and the Mexican War: A Chronicle of Winning the Southwest</i>. Yale University Press (1921).</li> <li>Weinberg Albert K. <i>Manifest Destiny: A Study of Nationalist Expansionism in American History</i> Johns Hopkins University Press, 1935.</li> <li>Yanez, Agustin. <i>Santa Anna: Espectro de una sociedad</i> (1996).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography,_memory_and_religion"><span id="Historiography.2C_memory_and_religion"></span>Historiography, memory and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: Historiography, memory and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Benjamin, Thomas. "Recent Historiography of the Origins of the Mexican War," <i>New Mexico Historical Review</i>, Summer 1979, Vol. 54 Issue 3, pp 169–181</li> <li>Connors, Thomas G. and Raúl Isaí Muñoz. "Looking for the North American Invasion in Mexico City." American Historical Review, vol. 125, no. 2, April 2020, pp. 498–516.</li> <li>Faulk, Odie B., and Stout, Joseph A., Jr., eds. <i>The Mexican War: Changing Interpretations</i> (1974)</li> <li>Johannsen, Robert. <i>To the Halls of Montezuma: The Mexican War in the American Imagination</i>. New York: Oxford University Press 1985.</li> <li>Pinheiro, John C. <i>Missionaries of Republicanism: A Religious History of the Mexican–American War</i>. New York: Oxford University Press 2014.</li> <li>Rodriguez, Jaime Javier. <i>The Literatures of the U.S.–Mexican War: Narrative, Time, and Identity</i> (University of Texas Press; 2010) 306 pages. Covers works by Anglo, Mexican, and Mexican-American writers.</li> <li>Van Wagenen, Michael. <i>Remembering the Forgotten War: The Enduring Legacies of the U.S.–Mexican War</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefina_Zoraida_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Josefina Zoraida Vázquez">Vázquez, Josefina Zoraida</a>. "La Historiografia Sobre la Guerra entre Mexico y los Estados Unidos," ["The historiography of the war between Mexico and the United States"] <i>Histórica</i> (02528894), 1999, Vol. 23 Issue 2, pp 475–485</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Calhoun, John C. <i>The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 23: 1846</i>, ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook. (1996). 598 pp</li> <li>Calhoun, John C. <i>The Papers of John C. Calhoun. Vol. 24: December 7, 1846 – December 5, 1847</i> ed. by Clyde N. Wilson and Shirley Bright Cook, (1998). 727 pp.</li> <li>Conway, Christopher, ed. <i>The U.S.–Mexican War: A Binational Reader</i> (2010)</li> <li>Coulter, Richard. <i>Volunteers: The Mexican War Journals of Private Richard Coulter and Sargeant Thomas Barclay</i>, ed. Allan Peskin. Kent: Kent State University Press 1991.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDana1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_J.T._Dana" title="Napoleon J.T. Dana">Dana, Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Ferrell, Robert H.</a> (ed.). <i>Monterrey Is Ours!: The Mexican War Letters of Lieutenant Dana, 1845–1847</i>. University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813117034" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813117034"><bdi>978-0813117034</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89029351">89029351</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monterrey+Is+Ours%21%3A+The+Mexican+War+Letters+of+Lieutenant+Dana%2C+1845%E2%80%931847&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89029351&rft.isbn=978-0813117034&rft.aulast=Dana&rft.aufirst=Napoleon+Jackson+Tecumseh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1885" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Ulysses S. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/4367/4367-h/4367-h.htm"><i>Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant</i></a>. New York: Charles L. Webster & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Personal+Memoirs+of+U.+S.+Grant&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Charles+L.+Webster+%26+Co&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Ulysses+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F4367%2F4367-h%2F4367-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hill, Daniel Harvey. <i>A Fighter from Way Back: The Mexican War Diary of Lt. Daniel Harvey Hill, 4th Artillery USA</i>. NCC Hughes and TD Johnson, eds. Kent OH: Kent State University Press 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wilkins_Kendall" title="George Wilkins Kendall">Kendall, George Wilkins</a>.<i>Dispatches from the Mexican War</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1999.</li> <li>Laidley, Theodore. <i>Surrounded by Dangers of All Kinds: The Mexican War Letter of Lieutenant Theodore Laidley</i>. Denton: University of North Texas 1997.</li> <li>McAfee, Ward and J. Cordell Robinson, eds. <i>Origins of the Mexican War: A Documentary Source Book</i>. 2 vols. 1982.</li> <li>McClellan, George. <i>The Mexican War Diary and Correspondence of George B. McClellan</i>. ed. Thomas Cutrer. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2009.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolk2017" class="citation book cs1">Polk, James, K. (2017) [1910]. Quaiff, Milo Milton (ed.). <i>The Diary of James K. Polk During his Presidency, 1845 to 1849</i>. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5033-7428-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5033-7428-7"><bdi>978-1-5033-7428-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diary+of+James+K.+Polk+During+his+Presidency%2C+1845+to+1849&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=A.+C.+McClurg+%26+Co&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5033-7428-7&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=James%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Robinson, Cecil, <i>The View From Chapultepec: Mexican Writers on the Mexican War</i>, University of Arizona Press (Tucson, 1989).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Franklin (1991). Joseph E. Chance (ed.). <i>The Mexican War Journal of Captain Franklin Smith</i>. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+War+Journal+of+Captain+Franklin+Smith&rft.place=Jackson%2C+Mississippi&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Franklin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Winston_Smith_and_Charles_Judah1968" class="citation book cs1">George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, ed. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofgrin00smit"><i>Chronicles of the Gringos: The U.S. Army in the Mexican War, 1846–1848, Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Combatants</i></a></span>. Albuquerque, New Mexico: The University of New Mexico Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles+of+the+Gringos%3A+The+U.S.+Army+in+the+Mexican+War%2C+1846%E2%80%931848%2C+Accounts+of+Eyewitnesses+and+Combatants&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=The+University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchroniclesofgrin00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tennery, Thomas. <i>The Mexican War Diary of Thomas D. Tennery</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1970</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1984" class="citation book cs1">Webster, Daniel (1984). Charles M. Wiltse (ed.). <i>The Papers of Daniel Webster, Correspondence</i>. Vol. 6. Hanover, New Hampshire: The University Press of New England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Daniel+Webster%2C+Correspondence&rft.place=Hanover%2C+New+Hampshire&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Zeh, Frederick. <i>An Immigrant Soldier in the Mexican American War</i>. College Station: Texas A&M Press 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117111821/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1848hidalgo.html">"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo"</a>. Internet Sourcebook Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1848hidalgo.html">the original</a> on January 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Guadalupe+Hidalgo&rft.pub=Internet+Sourcebook+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fmod%2F1848hidalgo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(hj040T000)):">"28th Congress, 2nd session"</a>. United States House Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=28th+Congress%2C+2nd+session&rft.pub=United+States+House+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28hj040T000%29%29%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(hj041T000)):">"29th Congress, 1st session"</a>. United States House Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=29th+Congress%2C+1st+session&rft.pub=United+States+House+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28hj041T000%29%29%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj036T000)):">"28th Congress, 2nd session"</a>. United States Senate Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=28th+Congress%2C+2nd+session&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28sj036T000%29%29%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(sj037T000)):">"29th Congress, 1st session"</a>. United States Senate Journal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=29th+Congress%2C+1st+session&rft.pub=United+States+Senate+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Fammem%2Fhlaw%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28sj037T000%29%29%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMexican%E2%80%93American+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicanwarvetera00roba">William Hugh Robarts, "Mexican War veterans: a complete roster of the regular and volunteer troops in the war between the United States and Mexico, from 1846 to 1848; the volunteers are arranged by states, alphabetically", Brentano's (A. S. Witherbee & Co., Proprietors); Washington, D. C., 1887.</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mexican-American_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mexican-American War">Mexican–American War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guides,_bibliographies_and_collections"><span id="Guides.2C_bibliographies_and_collections"></span>Guides, bibliographies and collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Guides, bibliographies and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/mexicanwar/">Library of Congress Guide to the Mexican War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/qdm02"><i>The Handbook of Texas Online:</i> Mexican War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonofthesouth.net/mexican-war/war.htm">Mexican War Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513065929/http://dig.lib.niu.edu/mexicanwar/index.html">The Mexican–American War, Illinois Historical Digitization Projects at Northern Illinois University Libraries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_primary_sources">Media and primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Media and primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.uta.edu/usmexicowar/index.php">A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=4294968301">Robert E. Lee Mexican War Maps in the VMI Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.vt.edu/MxAmWar/INDEX.HTM"><i>The Mexican War and the Media, 1845–1848</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Guadalupe.html">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and related resources at the U.S. Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403114842/http://www.familytales.org/results.php?tla=wfs">Letters of Winfield Scott including official reports from the front sent to the Secretary of War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027184404/http://www.usa-presidents.info/pierce/mexican-war.html">Franklin Pierce's Journal on the March from Vera Cruz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mexicanhistory.org/MexicanAmericanWarTimeline.htm">Mexican–American War Time line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021520/http://www.civilwaranimated.com/MexicoAnimation.html">Animated History of the Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://omniatlas.com/maps/northamerica/18460513/">Maps showing course of Mexican–American War at omniatlas.com</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mexican%E2%80%93American_War&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar">PBS site of US–Mexican war program</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102184627/https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar">Archived</a> November 2, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110202172504/http://battleofmonterrey.com/">Battle of Monterrey Web Site</a> – Complete Info on the battle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/educators/md3_war.html">Manifest Destiny and the U.S.–Mexican War: Then and Now</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lnstar.com/mall/texasinfo/mexicow.htm"><i>The Mexican War</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianeducation.org/educators/lesson_plans/borders/start.html">Smithsonian teaching aids for "Establishing Borders: The Expansion of the United States, 1846–48"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/history/concise.htm">A History by the Descendants of Mexican War Veterans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120021518/http://www.dmwv.org/mexwar/history/concise.htm">Archived</a> January 20, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histclo.com/country/us/hist/19/ush-mexw.html">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-war/Blacks-Mexican-War.pdf">Invisible Men: Blacks and the U.S. Army in the Mexican War by Robert E. May</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150105223955/https://mapsengine.google.com/map/viewer?mid=zlY48eTMIq2I.k7MbF6mcfN6M">Google Map of The Mexican–American War of 1846–1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hill_Hewitt" title="John Hill Hewitt">John H. Hewitt</a> wrote the song <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imslp.org/wiki/The_Fall_of_Mexico_(Hewitt,_John_Hill)">"The Fall of Mexico"</a> in 1847</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Template talk:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States intervention in Latin America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_intervention_in_Latin_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">United States intervention in Latin America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Amendment" title="Platt Amendment">Platt Amendment</a> (1901–1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Big Stick ideology</a> (1904)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_diplomacy" title="Dollar diplomacy">Dollar diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Mexican Border War</a> (1910–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution</a> (1916–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overt actions<br /> and occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_expedition" title="Paraguay expedition">Paraguay expedition</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government in Cuba">First Occupation of Cuba</a> (1899–1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Panama_from_Colombia" title="Separation of Panama from Colombia">Separation of Panama from Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Bunau-Varilla_Treaty" title="Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty">Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Honduras#The_internationalization_of_the_north,_1899–1932" title="History of Honduras">Occupations of Honduras</a> (1903–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Cuba" title="Provisional Government of Cuba">Second Occupation of Cuba</a> (1906–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">Occupation of Nicaragua</a> (1912–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of Veracruz">Occupation of Veracruz</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">Occupation of Haiti</a> (1915–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1916–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1965%E2%80%931966)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966)">Occupation of the Dominican Republic</a> (1965–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">Covert actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Paraguayan coup d'état">1954 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mongoose" title="Operation Mongoose">Operation Mongoose</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Bolivian coup d'état">1964 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> (1968–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_FUBELT" title="Project FUBELT">Project FUBELT</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Bolivian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Bolivian coup d'état">1971 Bolivian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limazo" title="Limazo">Limazo</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Salvadoran_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1979 Salvadoran coup d'état">1979 Salvadoran coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Paraguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1989 Paraguayan coup d'état">1989 Paraguayan coup d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change_in_Latin_America" title="United States involvement in regime change in Latin America">United States involvement in regime change in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> (1979–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua's case against the United States</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">Foreign policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mexico_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mexico_topics" title="Template talk:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mexico topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mexico_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico" title="History of Mexico">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">Pre-Columbian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Control of Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Executive_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Executive Power">Supreme Executive Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Republic" title="First Mexican Republic">First Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_attempts_to_reconquer_Mexico" title="Spanish attempts to reconquer Mexico">Spanish reconquest attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralist_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Centralist Republic of Mexico">Centralist Republic of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastry_War" title="Pastry War">Pastry War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico" title="Second Federal Republic of Mexico">Second Mexican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Reforma" title="La Reforma">La Reforma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_intervention_in_Mexico" title="Second French intervention in Mexico">Second French intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Second Mexican Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Republic_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restored Republic (Mexico)">Restored Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Caste War of Yucatán">Caste War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porfiriato" title="Porfiriato">Porfiriato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_the_Mexican_Revolution" title="United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution">Second American intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_Revolutionary_Party" title="Institutional Revolutionary Party">Institutional Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_miracle" title="Mexican miracle">Mexican miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9cada_Perdida" class="mw-redirect" title="La Década Perdida">Lost Decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso_crisis" title="Mexican peso crisis">Peso crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas_conflict" title="Chiapas conflict">Chiapas conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_drug_war" title="Mexican drug war">War on drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico" title="Geography of Mexico">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Mexico" title="Borders of Mexico">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mexico" title="Climate of Mexico">Climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Mexico" title="Climate change in Mexico">Climate change</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Mexico" title="List of earthquakes in Mexico">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental issues in Mexico">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extreme points of Mexico">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Mexico" title="Forests of Mexico">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Mexico" title="List of islands of Mexico">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Mexico" title="List of lakes of Mexico">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_areas_of_Mexico" title="Metropolitan areas of Mexico">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_Mexico" title="List of mountain peaks of Mexico">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_natural_areas_of_Mexico" title="Protected natural areas of Mexico">Protected natural areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Mexico" title="List of rivers of Mexico">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_Mexico" title="List of states of Mexico">States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_tropical_cyclone_rainfall_climatology" title="Mexico tropical cyclone rainfall climatology">Tropical cyclone rainfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Mexico" title="List of volcanoes in Mexico">Volcanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resources in Mexico">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Mexico" title="Wildlife of Mexico">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mexico" title="Politics of Mexico">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mexico" title="Administrative divisions of Mexico">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union" title="Congress of the Union">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)" title="Senate of the Republic (Mexico)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Mexico" title="Elections in Mexico">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Federal government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico" title="Foreign relations of Mexico">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Armed_Forces" title="Mexican Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Mexico" title="List of political parties in Mexico">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Mexico" title="Cabinet of Mexico">Cabinet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_legislatures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state legislatures">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Justice_of_the_Nation" title="Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Mexico" title="Law of Mexico">Law</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Mexico" title="Abortion in Mexico">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_in_Mexico" title="Age of consent in Mexico">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Mexico" title="Human rights in Mexico">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Mexico" title="Intersex rights in Mexico">Intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Mexico" title="Law enforcement in Mexico">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Mexico">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in Mexico">Same-sex marriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mexico" title="Agriculture in Mexico">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Mexico" title="Automotive industry in Mexico">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Mexico" title="Bank of Mexico">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Mexico" title="List of companies of Mexico">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Mexico" title="Energy in Mexico">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Mexico" title="Renewable energy in Mexico">Renewable energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Institucional_de_Valores" title="Bolsa Institucional de Valores">Institutional stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_in_Mexico" title="Irrigation in Mexico">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_labor_law" title="Mexican labor law">Labor law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Mexico" title="Land reform in Mexico">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Mexico" title="Manufacturing in Mexico">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Stock_Exchange" title="Mexican Stock Exchange">National stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="North American Free Trade Agreement">North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Mexico" title="Oil reserves in Mexico">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_Pension_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico Pension Plan">Pension system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_peso" title="Mexican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Mexico" title="Petroleum industry in Mexico">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Mexico" title="History of science and technology in Mexico">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_GDP" title="List of Mexican states by GDP">States by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_unemployment" title="List of Mexican states by unemployment">States by unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Mexico" title="Tourism in Mexico">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Mexico" title="Transportation in Mexico">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity_in_Mexico" title="Water scarcity in Mexico">Water scarcity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Mexico" title="Category:Society of Mexico">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Mexico" title="Corruption in Mexico">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Mexico" title="Censorship in Mexico">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Mexico" title="Crime in Mexico">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Mexico" title="Demographics of Mexico">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_flags" title="List of Mexican flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Mexico" title="Healthcare in Mexico">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Mexico" title="Immigration to Mexico">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Mexican states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_nationality_law" title="Mexican nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Mexico" title="Indigenous peoples of Mexico">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Mexico" title="Public holidays in Mexico">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Mexican states by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Mexico" title="Smoking in Mexico"> Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Mexico" title="Water supply and sanitation in Mexico">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oportunidades" title="Oportunidades">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico" title="Culture of Mexico">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mexico" title="Architecture of Mexico">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_art" title="Mexican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Mexico" title="Cinema of Mexico">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_wine" title="Mexican wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktales_of_Mexico" title="Folktales of Mexico">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_handcrafts_and_folk_art" title="Mexican handcrafts and folk art">Handcrafts and folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mexico" title="Languages of Mexico">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_literature" title="Mexican literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Monuments_of_Mexico" title="National Monuments of Mexico">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Mexico" title="National symbols of Mexico">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Mexico" title="Radio in Mexico">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Mexico" title="Sport in Mexico">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Mexico" title="Television in Mexico">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Mexico" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Mexico">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Mexico" title="Outline of Mexico">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles" title="Index of Mexico-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico" title="Category:Mexico">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Template talk:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armed_conflicts_involving_the_United_States_Armed_Forces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Listed chronologically</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Domestic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Mormon_War" title="1838 Mormon War">Mormon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liberty_Place" title="Battle of Liberty Place">Battle of Liberty Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_massacre" title="Hamburg massacre">Hamburg riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Creek_War" title="Coal Creek War">Coal Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_strike" title="Homestead strike">Homestead strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pullman_Strike" title="Pullman Strike">Pullman Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Coalfield_War" title="Colorado Coalfield War">Colorado Coalfield War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Summer" title="Red Summer">Red Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blair_Mountain" title="Battle of Blair Mountain">Battle of Blair Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_riots_(1964%E2%80%931969)" title="Ghetto riots (1964–1969)">1960s ghetto rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Greensboro_uprising" title="1969 Greensboro uprising">1969 Greensboro uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Los Angeles riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932023_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2023 United States racial unrest">2020 racial unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">2021 U.S. Capitol attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1785%E2%80%931795)" title="American–Algerian War (1785–1795)">American–Algerian War (1785–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sumatran_expedition" title="First Sumatran expedition">First Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sumatran_expedition" title="Second Sumatran expedition">Second Sumatran expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast_expedition" title="Ivory Coast expedition">Ivory Coast expedition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fiji_expedition" title="First Fiji expedition">First Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fiji_expedition" title="Second Fiji expedition">Second Fiji expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Korean Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_War_(1910%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Border War (1910–1919)">Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">Invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_Force_in_Lebanon" title="Multinational Force in Lebanon">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">Invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Intervention in Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Bosnian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">Kosovo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">First Libyan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_against_the_Islamic_State" title="War against the Islamic State">War against the Islamic State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American-led_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%932021)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–2021)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="US intervention in the Syrian civil war">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency#American_military_support" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_intervention_in_Libya_(2015%E2%80%932019)" class="mw-redirect" title="American intervention in Libya (2015–2019)">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemeni civil war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_United_States" title="List of conflicts in the United States">Conflicts in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_United_States" title="List of wars involving the United States">Wars involving the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_military_operations" title="Timeline of United States military operations">Timeline of U.S. military operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_lengths_of_United_States_participation_in_wars" title="List of the lengths of United States participation in wars">Length of U.S. participation in major wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="History of the Central Intelligence Agency">History of the Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_military_casualties_of_war" title="United States military casualties of war">Casualties of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_movement#United_States" title="Peace movement">Peace movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_organizations#United_States" title="List of anti-war organizations">List of anti-war organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector#United_States" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes" title="United States war crimes">War crimes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_frontier" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_frontier" title="Template:American frontier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_frontier" title="Template talk:American frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers<br />and <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers<br />and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport<br />and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_frontier" title="Category:American frontier">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_K._Polk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_K._Polk" title="Template:James K. Polk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:James_K._Polk" title="Template talk:James K. Polk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_K._Polk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:James K. Polk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="James_K._Polk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">11th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1845–1849)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee" title="List of governors of Tennessee">9th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee" title="Governor of Tennessee">Governor of Tennessee</a> (1839–1841)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">13th</a> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives</a> (1835–1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 9th congressional district">TN–9</a> (1833–1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 6th congressional district">TN–6</a> (1825–1833)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign" title="James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign">James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">Dark horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polk_Place" title="Polk Place">Polk Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol" title="Tennessee State Capitol">Tennessee State Capitol</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polk_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/100px-Polk_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/150px-Polk_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Polk_crop.jpg/200px-Polk_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk" title="Inauguration of James K. Polk">Inauguration of James K. Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornton_Affair" title="Thornton Affair">Thornton Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">All of Mexico Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walker_tariff" title="Walker tariff">Walker tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Bill" title="Rivers and Harbors Bill">Rivers and Harbors Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk" title="List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk">List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Historic_Site" title="President James K. Polk Historic Site">President James K. Polk Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Home_%26_Museum" title="President James K. Polk Home & Museum">President James K. Polk Home & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_K._Polk" title="List of memorials to James K. Polk">List of memorials to James K. Polk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk" title="Sarah Childress Polk">Sarah Childress Polk</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Polk" title="Ezekiel Polk">Ezekiel Polk</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Polk" title="Samuel Polk">Samuel Polk</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hawkins_Polk" title="William Hawkins Polk">William Hawkins Polk</a> (brother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">← John Tyler</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_K._Polk" title="Category:James K. Polk">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6683#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6683#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1019173/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169759-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85140201">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119385583">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119385583">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560575">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="mexicko-americká válka (1846-1848)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph165774&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX546949">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007563332805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027316890">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10641175">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican–American_War&oldid=1259793062">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican–American_War&oldid=1259793062</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1840s_conflicts" title="Category:1840s conflicts">1840s conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1846_in_Alta_California" title="Category:1846 in Alta California">1846 in Alta California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1846_in_Mexico" title="Category:1846 in Mexico">1846 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1846_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1846 in the United States">1846 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1847_in_Alta_California" title="Category:1847 in Alta California">1847 in Alta California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1847_in_Mexico" title="Category:1847 in Mexico">1847 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1847_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1847 in the United States">1847 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1848_in_California" title="Category:1848 in California">1848 in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1848_in_Mexico" title="Category:1848 in Mexico">1848 in Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1848_in_the_United_States" title="Category:1848 in the United States">1848 in the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1846" title="Category:Conflicts in 1846">Conflicts in 1846</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1847" title="Category:Conflicts in 1847">Conflicts in 1847</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1848" title="Category:Conflicts in 1848">Conflicts in 1848</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Category:History of the Southwestern United States">History of the Southwestern United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_United_States_expansionism" title="Category:History of United States expansionism">History of United States expansionism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions" title="Category:Invasions">Invasions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:Mexico–United States relations">Mexico–United States relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Category:Presidency of James K. Polk">Presidency of James K. Polk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Arizona" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Arizona">Pre-statehood history of Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Nevada" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Nevada">Pre-statehood history of Nevada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_New_Mexico" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico">Pre-statehood history of New Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre-statehood_history_of_Utah" title="Category:Pre-statehood history of Utah">Pre-statehood history of Utah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Marine_Corps_in_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" title="Category:United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries">United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_fought_in_Arizona" title="Category:Wars fought in Arizona">Wars fought in Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_fought_in_California" title="Category:Wars fought in California">Wars fought in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_fought_in_Texas" title="Category:Wars fought in Texas">Wars fought in Texas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_States" title="Category:Wars involving the United States">Wars involving the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Category:United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_the_United_States" title="Category:Invasions by the United States">Invasions by the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Category:History of the foreign relations of the United States">History of the foreign relations of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Military history of the United States">Military history of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_military_history" title="Category:19th-century military history">19th-century military history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" 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175.760 2 Template:Country_topics"," 4.86% 142.747 48 Template:Sfnp"," 4.84% 142.138 12 Template:Sfn"," 4.58% 134.553 13 Template:Fix"," 3.83% 112.502 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.532","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15432785,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcuña2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlcaraz1850\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreas1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBancroft1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer,_Karl_Jack1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeck,_Warren_A.1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelohlavek2017\"] = 9,\n [\"CITEREFBelolavek2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowers2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_DeLay2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarney2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCataliotti2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChartrand2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Minster2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClevenger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawfordHeidlerHeidler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDana1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDishman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmondson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenhower1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmerson1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndfieldO\u0026#039;Hara1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelson1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranzius\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Lockhart_Rives1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Winston_Smith_and_Charles_Judah1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebner1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraebner1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1885\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamalainen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHineFaragher2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHoward_Zinn1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Douglas_Pitts_Fuller1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJustin_Harvey_Smith1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._Jack_Bauer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeleher,_William_A.1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkwood2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLacroix2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAllister\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPherson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeed2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenchaca2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalph_A._Smith1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReilly1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRives1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_D._Launius1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRollins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimmons,_Marc1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSjursen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneiderman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStenberg1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStreetby2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValdés1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallace1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinston1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁngel_Miranda_Basurto2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"American frontier\"] = 1,\n [\"Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Ca\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Mexican–American War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Mexican–American wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 73,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 38,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 3,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Mexican-American War\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Events leading to American Civil War\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 24,\n [\"Formatnum:{{Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"History of Mexico\"] = 1,\n [\"History of the United States\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 10,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"James K. Polk\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 13,\n [\"Mexico topics\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 5,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 48,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Start and end dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"United States intervention in Latin America\"] = 1,\n [\"United States topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Who\"] = 2,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","22.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","7.8"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","6.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","5.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","3.3"],["[others]","200","11.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-57b59b5979-d6hdf","timestamp":"20241127032531","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Mexican\u2013American War","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6683","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6683","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-13T09:21:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T02:05:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/45\/MXAMWAR.png","headline":"military conflict between the United States of America and Mexico from 1846 to 1848"}</script> </body> </html>