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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_payload" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_payload"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Scientific payload</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scientific_payload-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scientific payload subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scientific_payload-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Robotic_arm_and_camera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotic_arm_and_camera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Robotic arm and camera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotic_arm_and_camera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_stereo_imager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_stereo_imager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Surface stereo imager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_stereo_imager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_and_evolved_gas_analyzer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_and_evolved_gas_analyzer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Thermal and evolved gas analyzer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_and_evolved_gas_analyzer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_Descent_Imager" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_Descent_Imager"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mars Descent Imager</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_Descent_Imager-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microscopy,_electrochemistry,_and_conductivity_analyzer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microscopy,_electrochemistry,_and_conductivity_analyzer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Microscopy, electrochemistry, and conductivity analyzer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microscopy,_electrochemistry,_and_conductivity_analyzer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sample_wheel_and_translation_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_wheel_and_translation_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Sample wheel and translation stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_wheel_and_translation_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_microscope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_microscope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Optical microscope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_microscope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomic_force_microscope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomic_force_microscope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Atomic force microscope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomic_force_microscope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wet_Chemistry_Laboratory_(WCL)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_Chemistry_Laboratory_(WCL)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_Chemistry_Laboratory_(WCL)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_and_Electrical_Conductivity_Probe_(TECP)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_and_Electrical_Conductivity_Probe_(TECP)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.5</span> <span>Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_and_Electrical_Conductivity_Probe_(TECP)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meteorological_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meteorological_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Meteorological station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meteorological_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_highlights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_highlights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mission highlights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_highlights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission highlights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_highlights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Launch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cruise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cruise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cruise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cruise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entry,_descent,_and_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entry,_descent,_and_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Entry, descent, and landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entry,_descent,_and_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Surface mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communications_from_the_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications_from_the_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Communications from the surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications_from_the_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presence_of_shallow_subsurface_water_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presence_of_shallow_subsurface_water_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Presence of shallow subsurface water ice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presence_of_shallow_subsurface_water_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wet_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wet_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Wet chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wet_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>End of the mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communication_attempts_2010" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication_attempts_2010"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Communication attempts 2010</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communication_attempts_2010-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_of_the_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_the_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Results of the mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_of_the_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Landscape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weather" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weather"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Weather</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weather-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Climate cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>Surface chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phoenix_DVD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenix_DVD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>Phoenix</i> DVD</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenix_DVD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Phoenix</i> (spacecraft)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A)" title="فينيكس (مسبار فضائي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينيكس (مسبار فضائي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_(%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="ফিনিক্স (মহাকাশযান) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিক্স (মহাকাশযান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dng-h%C3%B4ng-h%C5%8D" title="Hōng-hông-hō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hōng-hông-hō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Фенікс (касмічны апарат) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фенікс (касмічны апарат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Финикс (космически апарат) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финикс (космически апарат)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mars_Lander" title="Phoenix Mars Lander – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Phoenix Mars Lander" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda)" title="Phoenix (sonda) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Phoenix (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda)" title="Phoenix (sonda) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phoenix (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(rumsonde)" title="Phoenix (rumsonde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Phoenix (rumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Raumsonde)" title="Phoenix (Raumsonde) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phoenix (Raumsonde)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(kosmosesond)" title="Phoenix (kosmosesond) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Phoenix (kosmosesond)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda)" title="Phoenix (sonda) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phoenix (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(kosmosondilo)" title="Phoenix (kosmosondilo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Phoenix (kosmosondilo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(zunda)" title="Phoenix (zunda) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Phoenix (zunda)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="کاوشگر فینیکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاوشگر فینیکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonde_spatiale)" title="Phoenix (sonde spatiale) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phoenix (sonde spatiale)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(romtefart%C3%BAch)" title="Phoenix (romtefartúch) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Phoenix (romtefartúch)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda_espacial)" title="Phoenix (sonda espacial) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phoenix (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%A0)" title="피닉스 (우주선) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피닉스 (우주선)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD_(%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Ֆենիքս (տիեզերական սարքավորում) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆենիքս (տիեզերական սարքավորում)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="फ़ीनिक्स (अंतरिक्ष यान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ीनिक्स (अंतरिक्ष यान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sleta%C4%8D)" title="Phoenix (sletač) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Phoenix (sletač)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(wahana_antariksa)" title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Phoenix (wahana antariksa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(geimfar)" title="Phoenix (geimfar) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Phoenix (geimfar)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mars_Lander" title="Phoenix Mars Lander – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phoenix Mars Lander" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1_(%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA)" title="פיניקס (גשושית) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיניקס (גשושית)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98)" title="ფენიქსი (კოსმოსური ხომალდი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფენიქსი (კოსმოსური ხომალდი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(navicula_sideralis)" title="Phoenix (navicula sideralis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phoenix (navicula sideralis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(kosmiskais_apar%C4%81ts)" title="Phoenix (kosmiskais aparāts) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Phoenix (kosmiskais aparāts)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Marso_zondas)" title="Phoenix (Marso zondas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Phoenix (Marso zondas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_%C5%B1rszonda" title="Phoenix űrszonda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phoenix űrszonda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82)" title="ഫീനിക്സ് (ബഹിരാകാശപേടകം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫീനിക്സ് (ബഹിരാകാശപേടകം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(kapal_angkasa)" title="Phoenix (kapal angkasa) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Phoenix (kapal angkasa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(ruimtesonde)" title="Phoenix (ruimtesonde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phoenix (ruimtesonde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9_(%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%BB%E6%A9%9F)" title="フェニックス (探査機) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェニックス (探査機)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(romsonde)" title="Phoenix (romsonde) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Phoenix (romsonde)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsonden_Phoenix" title="Romsonden Phoenix – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Romsonden Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DA%88%DB%8C)" title="فونیکس (خلائی گڈی) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فونیکس (خلائی گڈی)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda_kosmiczna)" title="Phoenix (sonda kosmiczna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Phoenix (sonda kosmiczna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda_espacial)" title="Phoenix (sonda espacial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phoenix (sonda espacial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Mars_Lander" title="Phoenix Mars Lander – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Phoenix Mars Lander" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Феникс (космический аппарат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феникс (космический аппарат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Astron%C3%A0utica)" title="Phoenix (Astronàutica) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Phoenix (Astronàutica)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoenix (spacecraft)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda)" title="Phoenix (sonda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Phoenix (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sonda)" title="Phoenix (sonda) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Phoenix (sonda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8E%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فینێکس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فینێکس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Феникс (свемирска сонда) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феникс (свемирска сонда)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(luotain)" title="Phoenix (luotain) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Phoenix (luotain)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(rymdsond)" title="Phoenix (rymdsond) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Phoenix (rymdsond)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF)" title="பீனிக்ஸ் (விண்ணூர்தி) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீனிக்ஸ் (விண்ணூர்தி)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8)" title="ฟีนิกซ์ (ยานอวกาศ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟีนิกซ์ (ยานอวกาศ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(uzay_arac%C4%B1)" title="Phoenix (uzay aracı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Phoenix (uzay aracı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Фенікс (космічний апарат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фенікс (космічний апарат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2)" title="فینکس (خلائی جہاز) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فینکس (خلائی جہاز)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(t%C3%A0u_v%C5%A9_tr%E1%BB%A5)" title="Phoenix (tàu vũ trụ) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phoenix (tàu vũ trụ)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E5%8F%B7%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%8E%A2%E6%B5%8B%E5%99%A8" title="凤凰号火星探测器 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="凤凰号火星探测器" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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234.250778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mars_Phoenix&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Phoenix">Mars Phoenix</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">NASA Mars lander</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Mars lander. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phoenix (disambiguation)">Phoenix (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title"><i>Phoenix</i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_landing.jpg/300px-Phoenix_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_landing.jpg/450px-Phoenix_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Phoenix_landing.jpg/600px-Phoenix_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Artist's impression of the <i>Phoenix</i> spacecraft as it lands on Mars.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Stationary <a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">lander</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">JPL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=2007-034A">2007-034A</a></span><span class="ib-edit-wd"> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129091#P247" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">32003</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/">phoenix<wbr />.lpl<wbr />.arizona<wbr />.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">90 <a href="/wiki/Martian_sols" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian sols">martian sols</a> (planned)<br />157 <a href="/wiki/Martian_sols" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian sols">martian sols</a> (actual)<br />1 year, 2 months, 29 days (launch to last contact)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin Space Systems">Lockheed Martin Space Systems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">670 kg (1,477 lb.)<sup id="cite_ref-Presskit-2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presskit-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">350 kg (770 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">450<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solar_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar array">Solar array</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydrogen_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel hydrogen battery">NiH<sub>2</sub> battery</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">August 4, 2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007-08-04</span>)</span> 09:26 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Phoenix_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Phoenix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><small>(17 years, 3 months and 18 days ago)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Delta_II_7925" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta II 7925">Delta II 7925</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">SLC-17</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contractor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin Space Systems">Lockheed Martin Space Systems</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Declared</th><td class="infobox-data">May 24, 2010</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last contact</th><td class="infobox-data">November 2, 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-11-02</span>)</span><br /><small>(16 years and 20 days ago)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">May 25, 2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008-05-25</span>)</span> 23:53:44 <a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">MSD</a> 47777 01:02 <a href="/wiki/Airy_Mean_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy Mean Time">AMT</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">MSD</a> 47776 16:35 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Phoenix" title="Timekeeping on Mars">LMST</a> (Sol 0)<br /><small>(16 years, 5 months and 25 days ago)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_(Mars)" title="Green Valley (Mars)">Green Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&params=68.2188_N_125.7492_W_globe:Mars&title=Phoenix"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°13′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">125°44′57″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.2188°N 125.7492°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.2188; -125.7492</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Phoenix</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:95%"><span style="font-size:105%;"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Scientific_payload">Instruments</a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">RA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Robotic arm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RAC</th><td class="infobox-data">Robotic Arm Camera</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_and_Evolved_Gas_Analyzer" title="Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer">TEGA</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MARDI</th><td class="infobox-data">Mars Descent Imager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MET</th><td class="infobox-data">Meteorological station</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">SSI</th><td class="infobox-data">Surface Stereo Imager</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">MECA</th><td class="infobox-data">Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_mission_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Phoenix_mission_logo.png/145px-Phoenix_mission_logo.png" decoding="async" width="145" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Phoenix_mission_logo.png/218px-Phoenix_mission_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Phoenix_mission_logo.png/290px-Phoenix_mission_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span><br /><i>Phoenix Mars Lander</i> mission logo <div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><b><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></b></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Curiosity</a> →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Phoenix</b></i> was an uncrewed space probe that landed on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> on May 25, 2008, and operated until November 2, 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-Phoenix_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-Phoenix-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Phoenix</i> was operational on Mars for 157 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Sols" title="Timekeeping on Mars">sols</a> (161 <a href="/wiki/Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Days">days</a>). Its instruments were used to assess the local <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a> and to research the history of <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water on Mars</a>. The mission was part of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a>; its total cost was $420 million, including the cost of launch.<sup id="cite_ref-phoenix-cost_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoenix-cost-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The multi-agency program was led by the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Laboratory" title="Lunar and Planetary Laboratory">Lunar and Planetary Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, with project management by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>. Academic and industrial partners included universities in the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdom, NASA, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">Finnish Meteorological Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin Space Systems">Lockheed Martin Space Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacDonald_Dettwiler" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald Dettwiler">MacDonald Dettwiler & Associates</a> (MDA) in partnership with Optech Incorporated (<a href="/wiki/Optech" title="Optech">Optech</a>) and other aerospace companies.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl82_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl82-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first NASA mission to Mars led by a public university.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Phoenix</i> was NASA's sixth successful landing on Mars, from seven attempts, and the first in Mars' polar region. The lander completed its mission in August 2008, and made a last brief communication with Earth on November 2 as available <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> dropped with the Martian winter. The mission was declared concluded on November 10, 2008, after engineers were unable to re-contact the craft.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After unsuccessful attempts to contact the lander by the <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i> orbiter up to and past the Martian summer solstice on May 12, 2010, JPL declared the lander to be dead. The program was considered a success because it completed all planned science experiments and observations.<sup id="cite_ref-discovery_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discovery-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_overview">Mission overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mission overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg/300px-070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg/450px-070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg/600px-070802_phoenix_lab_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>A labeled look at NASA's <i>Phoenix</i> Mars lander.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mission had two goals. One was to study the <a href="/wiki/Geological" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological">geological</a> history of water, the key to unlocking the story of past <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a>. The second was to evaluate past or potential <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">planetary habitability</a> in the ice-soil boundary. <i>Phoenix'</i>s instruments were suitable for uncovering information on the geological and possibly biological history of the Martian Arctic. <i>Phoenix</i> was the first mission to return data from either of the poles, and contributed to NASA's main strategy for Mars exploration, "<i>Follow the water.</i>" </p><p>The primary mission was anticipated to last 90 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">sols</a> (Martian days)—just over 92 Earth days. However, the craft exceeded its expected operational lifetime<sup id="cite_ref-Sky_&_Telescope_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky_&_Telescope-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by a little over two months before succumbing to the increasing cold and dark of an advancing Martian winter.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_NASA_Mission_Declared_Dead-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers had hoped that the lander would survive into the Martian winter so that it could witness polar ice developing around it – perhaps up to 1 meter (3 ft) of solid carbon dioxide ice could have appeared. Even had it survived some of the winter, the intense cold would have prevented it from lasting all the way through.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecom-20070201_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20070201-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission was chosen to be a fixed lander rather than a rover because:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>costs were reduced through reuse of earlier equipment (though this claim is disputed by some observers<sup id="cite_ref-Cowing_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowing-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>);</li> <li>the area of Mars where <i>Phoenix</i> landed is thought to be relatively uniform, thus traveling on the surface is of less value; and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Weight_budget" class="mw-redirect" title="Weight budget">weight budget</a> needed for mobility could instead be used for more and better scientific instruments.</li></ul> <p>The 2003–2004 observations of <a href="/wiki/Methane_on_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Methane on Mars">methane gas on Mars</a> were made remotely by three teams working with separate data. If the methane is truly present in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>, then something must be producing it on the planet now, because the gas is broken down by radiation on Mars within 300 years;<sup id="cite_ref-methane3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methane3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-repeat1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-repeat1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Formisano_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Formisano-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Krasnopolskya_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasnopolskya-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-methane_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-methane-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, it was considered important to determine the biological potential or <a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">habitability</a> of the Martian arctic's soils.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methane could also be the product of a <a href="/wiki/Geochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geochemical">geochemical</a> process or the result of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal activity">hydrothermal activity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg/330px-Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg/440px-Phoenix_Mars_Lander_in_testing_PIA01885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><i>Phoenix</i> during testing in September 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>While the proposal for <i>Phoenix</i> was being written, the <a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey"><i>Mars Odyssey</i> orbiter</a> used its <a href="/wiki/Gamma-ray_spectrometer" title="Gamma-ray spectrometer">gamma-ray spectrometer</a> and found the distinctive signature of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> on some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Martian surface</a>, and the only plausible source of hydrogen on Mars would be <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water</a> in the form of ice, frozen below the surface. The mission was therefore funded on the expectation that <i>Phoenix</i> would find water ice on the arctic plains of Mars.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-20080819_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-20080819-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2003 NASA selected the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> "<i>Phoenix</i>" mission for launch in 2007. It was hoped this would be the first in a new line of smaller, low-cost, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Scout</a> missions in the agency's <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">exploration of Mars</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-2003-107_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-2003-107-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selection was the result of an intense two-year competition with proposals from other institutions. The $325 million NASA award is more than six times larger than any other single research grant in University of Arizona history. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peter_Smith_(physicist)" title="Peter Smith (physicist)">Peter H. Smith</a> of the University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, as Principal Investigator, along with 24 Co-Investigators, were selected to lead the mission. The mission was named after the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a>, a mythological bird that is repeatedly reborn from its own ashes. The <i>Phoenix</i> spacecraft contains several previously built components. The lander used was the modified <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001_Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander">Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander</a> (canceled in 2000), along with several of the instruments from both that and the previous unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a> mission. <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>, who built the lander, had kept the nearly complete lander in an environmentally controlled <a href="/wiki/Clean_room" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean room">clean room</a> from 2001 until the mission was funded by the NASA <a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Scout Program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sojourner,_MER,_Phoenix_lander,_and_Curiosity_comparisons,_in_Metric_units.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sojourner%2C_MER%2C_Phoenix_lander%2C_and_Curiosity_comparisons%2C_in_Metric_units.jpg/220px-Sojourner%2C_MER%2C_Phoenix_lander%2C_and_Curiosity_comparisons%2C_in_Metric_units.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sojourner%2C_MER%2C_Phoenix_lander%2C_and_Curiosity_comparisons%2C_in_Metric_units.jpg/330px-Sojourner%2C_MER%2C_Phoenix_lander%2C_and_Curiosity_comparisons%2C_in_Metric_units.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Sojourner%2C_MER%2C_Phoenix_lander%2C_and_Curiosity_comparisons%2C_in_Metric_units.jpg/440px-Sojourner%2C_MER%2C_Phoenix_lander%2C_and_Curiosity_comparisons%2C_in_Metric_units.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of sizes for the <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a>, the <i>Phoenix</i> lander and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Phoenix</i> was a partnership of universities, NASA centers, and the aerospace industry. The science instruments and operations were a <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> responsibility. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Pasadena,_California" title="Pasadena, California">Pasadena, California</a>, managed the project and provided mission design and control. <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed Martin Space Systems">Lockheed Martin Space Systems</a> built and tested the spacecraft. The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> provided a <a href="/wiki/Meteorological_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological station">meteorological station</a>, including an innovative <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>-based atmospheric sensor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The co-investigator institutions included <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a> (California), <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">NASA Ames Research Center</a> (California), <a href="/wiki/NASA_Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Johnson Space Center">NASA Johnson Space Center</a> (Texas), <a href="/wiki/MacDonald,_Dettwiler_and_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates">MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates</a> (Canada), <a href="/wiki/Optech_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Optech Incorporated">Optech Incorporated (Canada)</a>, <a href="/wiki/SETI_Institute" title="SETI Institute">SETI Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_at_Boulder" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado at Boulder">University of Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a> (Denmark), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="University of Neuchâtel">University of Neuchâtel</a> (Switzerland), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas" title="University of Texas at Dallas">University of Texas at Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> (Canada). Scientists from <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> provided hardware for the mission and were part of the team operating the microscope station.<sup id="cite_ref-stfc-20080515_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stfc-20080515-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 2, 2005, following a critical review of the project's planning progress and preliminary design, NASA approved the mission to proceed as planned.<sup id="cite_ref-nasa-05-141_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasa-05-141-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the review was to confirm NASA's confidence in the mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specifications">Specifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Launched mass</dt> <dd>670 kg (1,480 lb) Includes Lander, Aeroshell (backshell and heatshield), parachutes, cruise stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Presskit-2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Presskit-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Lander Mass</dt> <dd>350 kg (770 lb)</dd> <dt>Lander Dimensions</dt> <dd>About 5.5 m (18 ft) long with the <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> deployed. The science deck by itself is about 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in diameter. From the ground to the top of the MET mast, the lander measures about 2.2 m (7.2 ft) tall.</dd> <dt>Communications</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/X-band" class="mw-redirect" title="X-band">X-band</a> throughout the cruise phase of the mission and for its initial communication after separating from the third stage of the <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a>. <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> links, relayed through Mars orbiters during the entry, descent and landing phase and while operating on the surface of Mars. The UHF system on <i>Phoenix</i> is compatible with relay capabilities of NASA's Mars Odyssey, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and with the European Space Agency's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a>. The interconnections use the <a href="/wiki/Proximity-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximity-1">Proximity-1</a> protocol.<sup id="cite_ref-phoenix-faq_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phoenix-faq-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Power</dt> <dd>Power for the cruise phase is generated using two <a href="/wiki/Decagon" title="Decagon">decagonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_arsenide" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium(III) arsenide">gallium arsenide</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_panels_on_spacecraft" title="Solar panels on spacecraft">solar panels</a> (total area 3.1 m<sup>2</sup> (33 sq ft)) mounted to the cruise stage, and for the lander, via two gallium arsenide solar array panels (total area 7.0 m<sup>2</sup> (75 sq ft)) deployed from the lander after touchdown on the Martian surface. <a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydrogen_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickel hydrogen battery">NiH<sub>2</sub> battery</a> with a capacity of 16 <a href="/wiki/A%C2%B7h" class="mw-redirect" title="A·h">A·h</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Power_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Lander systems include a <a href="/wiki/RAD6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RAD6000">RAD6000</a> based computer system for commanding the spacecraft and handling data.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parts of the lander are an electrical system containing <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic array">solar arrays</a> and batteries, a guidance system to land the spacecraft, eight 4.4 N (1.0 lbf) and 22 N (5.0 lbf) <a href="/wiki/Monopropellant" title="Monopropellant">monopropellant</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine</a> engines built by <a href="/wiki/Aerojet" title="Aerojet">Aerojet</a>-Redmond Operations for the cruise phase, twelve 302 N (68.0 lbf) Aerojet monopropellant hydrazine thrusters to land the <i>Phoenix</i>, mechanical and structural elements, and a heater system to ensure the spacecraft does not get too cold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_payload">Scientific payload</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific payload"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg/330px-Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg/440px-Phoenix_Mars_Lander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Phoenix Mars Lander being worked on by NASA engineers. The planned operational life of the <i>Phoenix</i> lander was 90 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">Martian days</a>. Each Martian day is 40 minutes longer than an Earth Day.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Phoenix</i> carried improved versions of University of Arizona panoramic cameras and volatiles-analysis instrument from the ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a>, as well as experiments that had been built for the canceled <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001_Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander">Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander</a>, including a JPL trench-digging robotic arm, a set of wet chemistry laboratories, and optical and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">atomic force microscopes</a>. The science payload also included a descent imager and a suite of meteorological instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During EDL, the Atmospheric Structure Experiment was conducted. This used accelerometer and gyroscope data recorded during the lander's descent through the atmosphere to create a vertical profile of the temperature, pressure, and density of the atmosphere above the landing site, at that point in time.<sup id="cite_ref-withers-catling-2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-withers-catling-2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robotic_arm_and_camera">Robotic arm and camera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Robotic arm and camera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arm_Stowed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arm_Stowed.jpg/220px-Arm_Stowed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arm_Stowed.jpg/330px-Arm_Stowed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Arm_Stowed.jpg/440px-Arm_Stowed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="258" /></a><figcaption>The robotic digging arm. <i>Left</i>: at landing, with covering in place. <i>Right</i>: the next day, with covering pushed aside.</figcaption></figure> <p>The robotic arm was designed to extend 2.35 m (7.7 ft) from its base on the lander, and had the ability to dig down to 0.5 m (1.6 ft) below a sandy surface. It took samples of dirt and ice that were analyzed by other instruments on the lander. The arm was designed and built for the Jet Propulsion Laboratory by <i>Alliance Spacesystems, LLC</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now MDA US Systems, LLC) in Pasadena, California. A rotating rasp-tool located in the heel of the scoop was used to cut into the strong permafrost. Cuttings from the rasp were ejected into the heel of the scoop and transferred to the front for delivery to the instruments. The rasp tool was conceived of at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The flight version of the rasp was designed and built by HoneyBee Robotics. Commands were sent for the arm to be deployed on May 28, 2008, beginning with the pushing aside of a protective covering intended to serve as a redundant precaution against potential contamination of Martian soil by Earthly life-forms. The Robotic Arm Camera (RAC) attached to the robotic arm just above the scoop was able to take full-color pictures of the area, as well as verify the samples that the scoop returned, and examined the grains of the area where the robotic arm had just dug. The camera was made by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg/220px-181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg/330px-181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg/440px-181451main_surface_stereo_imager-hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) built by the University of Arizona.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_stereo_imager">Surface stereo imager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surface stereo imager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Surface Stereo Imager (SSI) was the primary camera on the lander. It is a <a href="/wiki/Stereo_camera" title="Stereo camera">stereo camera</a> that is described as "a higher resolution upgrade of the imager used for <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took several stereo images of the Martian Arctic, and also used the Sun as a reference to measure the atmospheric distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Martian_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian atmosphere">Martian atmosphere</a> due to dust, air and other features. The camera was provided by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> in collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Solar_System_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research">Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_and_evolved_gas_analyzer">Thermal and evolved gas analyzer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thermal and evolved gas analyzer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg/220px-183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg/330px-183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg/440px-183833main_wb1-tega-hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer (TEGA).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Thermal_and_Evolved_Gas_Analyzer" title="Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer">Thermal and Evolved Gas Analyzer</a> (TEGA) is a combination of a high-temperature furnace with a <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a>. It was used to bake samples of Martian dust and determine the composition of the resulting vapors. It has eight ovens, each about the size of a large ball-point pen, which were able to analyze one sample each, for a total of eight separate samples. Team members measured how much water vapor and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> gas were given off, how much water ice the samples contained, and what minerals are present that may have formed during a wetter, warmer past climate. The instrument also measured <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">organic volatiles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, down to 10 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_billion" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per billion">parts per billion</a>. TEGA was built by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas" title="University of Texas at Dallas">University of Texas at Dallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 29, 2008 (sol 4), electrical tests indicated an intermittent short circuit in TEGA,<sup id="cite_ref-jpl-2008-090_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpl-2008-090-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting from a glitch in one of the two filaments responsible for ionizing volatiles.<sup id="cite_ref-nbc-snag_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbc-snag-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA worked around the problem by configuring the backup filament as the primary and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early June, first attempts to get soil into TEGA were unsuccessful as it seemed too "cloddy" for the screens.<sup id="cite_ref-spacecom-20080611_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20080611-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacecom-20080609_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20080609-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 11 the first of the eight ovens was filled with a soil sample after several tries to get the soil sample through the screen of TEGA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On June 17, it was announced that no water was found in this sample; however, since it had been exposed to the atmosphere for several days prior to entering the oven, any initial water ice it might have contained could have been lost via <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimation</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_Descent_Imager">Mars Descent Imager</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mars Descent Imager"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:181445main_mardi-hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/181445main_mardi-hires.jpg/220px-181445main_mardi-hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/181445main_mardi-hires.jpg/330px-181445main_mardi-hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/181445main_mardi-hires.jpg/440px-181445main_mardi-hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Mars Descent Imager built by Malin Space Science Systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mars Descent Imager (MARDI) was intended to take pictures of the landing site during the last three minutes of descent. As originally planned, it would have begun taking pictures after the aeroshell departed, about 8 km (5.0 mi) above the Martian soil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Before launch, testing of the assembled spacecraft uncovered a potential data corruption problem with an interface card that was designed to route MARDI image data as well as data from various other parts of the spacecraft. The potential problem could occur if the interface card were to receive a MARDI picture during a critical phase of the spacecraft's final descent, at which point data from the spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Inertial_Measurement_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial Measurement Unit">Inertial Measurement Unit</a> could have been lost; this data was critical to controlling the descent and landing. This was judged to be an unacceptable risk, and it was decided to not use MARDI during the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the flaw was discovered too late for repairs, the camera remained installed on <i>Phoenix</i> but it was not used to take pictures, nor was its built-in microphone used.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MARDI images had been intended to help pinpoint exactly where the lander landed, and possibly help find potential science targets. It was also to be used to learn if the area where the lander lands is typical of the surrounding terrain. MARDI was built by <a href="/wiki/Malin_Space_Science_Systems" title="Malin Space Science Systems">Malin Space Science Systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would have used only 3 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watts</a> of power during the imaging process, less than most other space cameras. It had originally been designed and built to perform the same function on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001_Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander">Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander</a> mission; after that mission was canceled, MARDI spent several years in storage until it was deployed on the <i>Phoenix</i> lander. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microscopy,_electrochemistry,_and_conductivity_analyzer"><span id="Microscopy.2C_electrochemistry.2C_and_conductivity_analyzer"></span>Microscopy, electrochemistry, and conductivity analyzer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Microscopy, electrochemistry, and conductivity analyzer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_prototype_wet_chemistry_beaker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_prototype_wet_chemistry_beaker.jpg/220px-A_prototype_wet_chemistry_beaker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/A_prototype_wet_chemistry_beaker.jpg/330px-A_prototype_wet_chemistry_beaker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/A_prototype_wet_chemistry_beaker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="291" /></a><figcaption>A prototype wet chemistry <a href="/wiki/Beaker_(glassware)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker (glassware)">beaker</a> showing some of the electrochemistry sensors on the sides of the beaker.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Microscopy, Electrochemistry, and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA) is an instrument package originally designed for the canceled <a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001_Lander" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander">Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander</a> mission. It consists of a <a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">wet chemistry</a> lab (WCL), <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">atomic force microscopes</a>, and a thermal and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a> probe.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jet Propulsion Laboratory built MECA. A Swiss consortium led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuchatel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Neuchatel">University of Neuchatel</a> contributed the atomic force microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Force_Microscope_on_Mars_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Force_Microscope_on_Mars-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using MECA, researchers examined soil particles as small as 16 <a href="/wiki/%CE%9Cm" class="mw-redirect" title="Μm">μm</a> across; additionally, they attempted to determine the chemical composition of water-soluble ions in the soil. They also measured electrical and thermal conductivity of soil particles using a probe on the robotic arm scoop.<sup id="cite_ref-DecagonTECP_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecagonTECP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sample_wheel_and_translation_stage">Sample wheel and translation stage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sample wheel and translation stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This instrument presents 6 of 69 sample holders to an opening in the MECA instrument to which the robotic arm delivers the samples and then brings the samples to the optical microscope and the atomic force microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> provided the microscope sample substrates.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Optical_microscope">Optical microscope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Optical microscope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical microscope</a>, designed by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, is capable of making images of the Martian <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> with a resolution of 256 pixels/mm or 16 micrometers/pixel. The field of view of the microscope is a 2 mm × 2 mm (0.079 in × 0.079 in) sample holder to which the robotic arm delivers the sample. The sample is illuminated either by 9 red, green and blue <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a> or by 3 LEDs emitting <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">ultraviolet light</a>. The electronics for the readout of the CCD chip are shared with the robotic arm camera which has an identical <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD chip</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atomic_force_microscope">Atomic force microscope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Atomic force microscope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic force microscope">atomic force microscope</a> has access to a small area of the sample delivered to the optical microscope. The instrument scans over the sample with one of 8 <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> crystal tips and measures the repulsion of the tip from the sample. The maximum resolution is 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a>. A Swiss consortium led by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Neuchatel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Neuchatel">University of Neuchatel</a> contributed the atomic force microscope.<sup id="cite_ref-Atomic_Force_Microscope_on_Mars_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atomic_Force_Microscope_on_Mars-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wet_Chemistry_Laboratory_(WCL)"><span id="Wet_Chemistry_Laboratory_.28WCL.29"></span>Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wet Chemistry Laboratory (WCL)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif/200px-Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif/300px-Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif/400px-Phoenix_wet_chemistry_lab.gif 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of how the wet chemistry lab onboard <i>Phoenix</i> mixes a Martian soil sample with water</figcaption></figure> <p>The wet chemistry lab (WCL) sensor assembly and leaching solution were designed and built by <a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WCL actuator assembly was designed and built by Starsys Research in Boulder, Colorado. <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> developed the reagent pellets, barium ISE, and ASV electrodes, and performed the preflight characterization of the sensor array.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The robotic arm scooped up some soil and put it in one of four wet chemistry lab cells, where water was added, and, while stirring, an array of electrochemical sensors measured a dozen dissolved ions such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> that leached out from the soil into the water. This provided information on the biological compatibility of the soil, both for possible indigenous microbes and for possible future Earth visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of the four wet chemistry labs were identical, each containing 26 chemical sensors and a temperature sensor. The polymer Ion Selective Electrodes (ISE) were able to determine the concentration of ions by measuring the change in electric potential across their ion-selective membranes as a function of concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Journal_of_Geophysical_Research_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Journal_of_Geophysical_Research-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two gas sensing electrodes for oxygen and carbon dioxide worked on the same principle but with gas-permeable membranes. A gold micro-electrode array was used for the <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry" title="Cyclic voltammetry">cyclic voltammetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anodic_stripping_voltammetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anodic stripping voltammetry">anodic stripping voltammetry</a>. Cyclic voltammetry is a method to study ions by applying a waveform of varying potential and measuring the current–voltage curve. Anodic stripping voltammetry first deposits the metal ions onto the gold electrode with an applied potential. After the potential is reversed, the current is measured while the metals are stripped off the electrode.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_and_Electrical_Conductivity_Probe_(TECP)"><span id="Thermal_and_Electrical_Conductivity_Probe_.28TECP.29"></span>Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg/200px-Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg/300px-Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg/400px-Phoenix_thermal_and_electrical_conductivity_probe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP) with four metal sensing needles mounted in a plastic head.</figcaption></figure> <p>The MECA contains a Thermal and Electrical Conductivity Probe (TECP).<sup id="cite_ref-DecagonTECP_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecagonTECP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TECP, designed by <a href="/wiki/Decagon_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Decagon Devices">Decagon Devices</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DecagonTECP_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DecagonTECP-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has four probes that made the following measurements: <a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a> temperature, relative humidity, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_permittivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric permittivity">dielectric permittivity</a>, wind speed, and atmospheric temperature. </p><p>Three of the four probes have tiny heating elements and temperature sensors inside them. One probe uses internal heating elements to send out a pulse of heat, recording the time the pulse is sent and monitoring the rate at which the heat is dissipated away from the probe. Adjacent needles sense when the heat pulse arrives. The speed that the heat travels away from the probe as well as the speed that it travels between probes allows scientists to measure thermal conductivity, specific heat (the ability of the regolith to conduct heat relative to its ability to store heat) and thermal diffusivity (the speed at which a thermal disturbance is propagated in the soil).<sup id="cite_ref-NASATECPTechReport_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASATECPTechReport-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probes also measured the <a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">dielectric permittivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>, which can be used to calculate moisture and salinity of the <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>. Needles 1 and 2 work in conjunction to measure salts in the regolith, heat the soil to measure thermal properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity) of the regolith, and measure soil temperature. Needles 3 and 4 measure liquid water in the regolith. Needle 4 is a reference thermometer for needles 1 and 2.<sup id="cite_ref-NASATECPTechReport_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASATECPTechReport-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TECP humidity sensor is a relative humidity sensor, so it must be coupled with a temperature sensor in order to measure absolute humidity. Both the relative humidity sensor and a temperature sensor are attached directly to the circuit board of the TECP and are, therefore, assumed to be at the same temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-NASATECPTechReport_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASATECPTechReport-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meteorological_station">Meteorological station</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Meteorological station"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Meteorological Station (MET) recorded the daily <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Mars" title="Climate of Mars">weather of Mars</a> during the course of the <i>Phoenix</i> mission. It is equipped with a wind indicator and pressure and temperature sensors. The MET also contains a <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">lidar</a> (light detection and ranging) device for sampling the number of dust particles in the air. It was designed in Canada by <a href="/wiki/Optech" title="Optech">Optech</a> and <a href="/wiki/MacDonald,_Dettwiler_and_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates">MDA</a>, supported by the Canadian Space Agency. A team initially led by <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a>'s Professor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diane_Michelangeli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diane Michelangeli (page does not exist)">Diane Michelangeli</a><sup id="cite_ref-cbc-20070907_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc-20070907-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until her death in 2007, when Professor James Whiteway took over,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oversaw the science operations of the station. The York University team includes contributions from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aarhus" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Aarhus">University of Aarhus</a> (Denmark),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dalhousie_University" title="Dalhousie University">Dalhousie University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Finnish Meteorological Institute">Finnish Meteorological Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Optech" title="Optech">Optech</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Canada" title="Geological Survey of Canada">Geological Survey of Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canadarm" title="Canadarm">Canadarm</a> maker MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates (MDA) of Richmond, B.C. built the MET.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:181448main_met-hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/181448main_met-hires.jpg/220px-181448main_met-hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/181448main_met-hires.jpg/330px-181448main_met-hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/181448main_met-hires.jpg/440px-181448main_met-hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Meteorological Station (MET) built by the Canadian Space Agency.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_MET_telltale_Sol_2_cropped_part_gamma_4.01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenix_MET_telltale_Sol_2_cropped_part_gamma_4.01.png/170px-Phoenix_MET_telltale_Sol_2_cropped_part_gamma_4.01.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenix_MET_telltale_Sol_2_cropped_part_gamma_4.01.png/255px-Phoenix_MET_telltale_Sol_2_cropped_part_gamma_4.01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Phoenix_MET_telltale_Sol_2_cropped_part_gamma_4.01.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption><i>Phoenix</i> deployed and then imaged the MET weather mast that holds the wind-strength and direction-measuring <a href="/wiki/Tell-tale_(sailing)" title="Tell-tale (sailing)">tell-tale</a> at a height of 2.3 m. This enhanced image shows wind from the northeast on Sol 3.</figcaption></figure> <p>The surface wind velocity, pressure, and temperature were also monitored over the mission (from the tell-tale, pressure, and temperature sensors) and show the evolution of the atmosphere with time. To measure dust and ice contribution to the atmosphere, a lidar was employed. The lidar collected information about the time-dependent structure of the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">planetary boundary layer</a> by investigating the vertical distribution of dust, ice, fog, and clouds in the local atmosphere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg/220px-279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg/330px-279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg/440px-279902main_Temperature_SD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Plot of the minimum daily temperature measured by Phoenix</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three temperature sensors (<a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a>) on a 1 m (3.3 ft) vertical mast (shown in its stowed position) at heights of approximately 250, 500 and 1,000 mm (9.8, 19.7 and 39.4 in) above the lander deck. The sensors were referenced to a measurement of absolute temperature at the base of the mast. A pressure sensor built by Finnish Meteorological Institute is located in the Payload Electronics Box, which sits on the surface of the deck, and houses the acquisition electronics for the MET payload. The Pressure and Temperature sensors commenced operations on Sol 0 (May 26, 2008) and operated continuously, sampling once every 2 seconds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Telltale is a joint Canadian/Danish instrument (right) which provides a coarse estimate of wind speed and direction. The speed is based on the amount of deflection from vertical that is observed, while the wind direction is provided by which way this deflection occurs. A mirror, located under the telltale, and a calibration "cross," above (as observed through the mirror) are employed to increase the accuracy of the measurement. Either camera, <a href="#Surface_stereo_imager">SSI</a> or <a href="#Robotic_arm_and_camera">RAC</a>, could make this measurement, though the former was typically used. Periodic observations both day and night aid in understanding the <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">diurnal</a> variability of wind at the <i>Phoenix</i> landing site.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The wind speeds ranged from 11 to 58 km/h (6.8 to 36.0 mph). The usual average speed was 36 km/h (22 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-asc-csa.gc.ca_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-csa.gc.ca-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lidar_open.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lidar_open.jpg/220px-Lidar_open.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lidar_open.jpg/330px-Lidar_open.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Lidar_open.jpg/440px-Lidar_open.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>First operation of lidar on Mars; telescope (black tube) and laser window (smaller opening in foreground) can be seen.</figcaption></figure> <p>The vertical-pointing lidar was capable of detecting multiple types of <a href="/wiki/Backscattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Backscattering">backscattering</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mie_Scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mie Scattering">Mie Scattering</a>), with the delay between laser pulse generation and the return of light scattered by atmospheric particles determining the altitude at which scattering occurs. Additional information was obtained from backscattered light at different wavelengths (colors), and the <i>Phoenix</i> system transmitted both 532 nm and 1064 nm. Such wavelength dependence may make it possible to discriminate between ice and dust, and serve as an indicator of the effective particle size.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sol_004_lidar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sol_004_lidar.jpg/220px-Sol_004_lidar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sol_004_lidar.jpg/330px-Sol_004_lidar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sol_004_lidar.jpg/440px-Sol_004_lidar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>Contour plot of second lidar operation. The colors show evolution of dust passing overhead with time (red/orange: more dust, blue/green: less dust)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Phoenix</i> lidar's laser was a passive <a href="/wiki/Q-switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-switch">Q-switched</a> <a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG" class="mw-redirect" title="Nd:YAG">Nd:YAG</a> laser with the dual wavelengths of 1064 nm and 532 nm. It operated at 100 Hz with a pulse width of 10 ns. The scattered light was received by two detectors (green and IR) and the green signal was collected in both analog and photon counting modes.<sup id="cite_ref-Car2004_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Car2004-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif/180px-Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif/270px-Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif/360px-Phoenix_Lidar_Laser_Movie.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Lidar operating (thin vertical beam at center right).</figcaption></figure> <p>The lidar was operated for the first time at noon on Sol 3 (May 29, 2008), recording the first surface extraterrestrial atmospheric profile. This first profile indicated well-mixed dust in the first few kilometers of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">atmosphere of Mars</a>, where the planetary boundary layer was observed by a marked decrease in scattering signal. The contour plot (right) shows the amount of dust as a function of time and altitude, with warmer colors (red, orange) indicating more dust, and cooler colors (blue, green), indicating less dust. There is also an instrumentation effect of the laser warming up, causing the appearance of dust increasing with time. A layer at 3.5 km (2.2 mi) can be observed in the plot, which could be extra dust, or—less likely, given the time of sol this was acquired—a low altitude ice cloud.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The image on the left shows the lidar laser operating on the surface of Mars, as observed by the <a href="#Surface_stereo_imager">SSI</a> looking straight up; the laser beam is the nearly-vertical line just right of center. Overhead dust can be seen both moving in the background, as well as passing through the laser beam in the form of bright sparkles.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the beam appears to terminate is the result of the extremely small angle at which the <a href="#Surface_stereo_imager">SSI</a> is observing the laser—it sees farther up along the beam's path than there is dust to reflect the light back down to it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The laser device discovered snow falling from clouds; this was not known to occur before the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also determined that cirrus clouds formed in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_highlights">Mission highlights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mission highlights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch">Launch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Launch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif/220px-Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif/330px-Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif/440px-Animation_of_Phoenix_trajectory.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Animation of <i>Phoenix</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> trajectory from August 5, 2007, to May 25, 2008<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:magenta; color:black;"> </span>  <i>Phoenix</i></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Yellow ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue ; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Lime ; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></span></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg/100px-Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg/150px-Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg/200px-Phoenix_Launch_04_08_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Phoenix</i> is launched atop a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II_7925" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta II 7925">Delta II 7925</a> rocket</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg/200px-Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg/300px-Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg/400px-Phoenix_mars_launch_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">Noctilucent cloud</a> created from the launch vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p><i>Phoenix</i> was launched on August 4, 2007, at 5:26:34 a.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EDT</a> (09:26:34 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>) on a <a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">Delta II</a> 7925 launch vehicle from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_17" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 17">Pad 17-A</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station</a>. The launch was nominal with no significant anomalies. The <i>Phoenix</i> lander was placed on a <a href="/wiki/Trajectory" title="Trajectory">trajectory</a> of such precision that its first trajectory course correction burn, performed on August 10, 2007, at 7:30 a.m. EDT (11:30 UTC), was only 18 m/s. The launch took place during a <a href="/wiki/Launch_window" title="Launch window">launch window</a> extending from August 3, 2007, to August 24, 2007. Due to the small launch window, the rescheduled launch of the <a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i> mission</a> (originally planned for July 7) had to be launched after <i>Phoenix</i> in September. The Delta II rocket was chosen due to its successful launch history, which includes launches of the <i>Spirit</i> and <i>Opportunity</i> <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> in 2003 and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">noctilucent cloud</a> was created by the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> from the Delta II 7925 rocket used to launch <i>Phoenix</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colors in the cloud formed from the prism-like effect of the ice particles present in the exhaust trail. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cruise">Cruise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cruise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry,_descent,_and_landing"><span id="Entry.2C_descent.2C_and_landing"></span>Entry, descent, and landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Entry, descent, and landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Descent_of_Phoenix_with_a_crater_in_the_background_taken_by_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Descent_of_Phoenix_with_a_crater_in_the_background_taken_by_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg/256px-Descent_of_Phoenix_with_a_crater_in_the_background_taken_by_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Descent_of_Phoenix_with_a_crater_in_the_background_taken_by_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg/384px-Descent_of_Phoenix_with_a_crater_in_the_background_taken_by_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter.jpg 1.5x, 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style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top: <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> (MRO) imaged <i>Phoenix</i> (lower left corner) in the line of sight to the 10-km-wide <a href="/wiki/Heimdal_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heimdal (Martian crater)">Heimdal Crater</a> (the craft is actually 20 km from it). (left) MRO imaged <i>Phoenix</i> suspended from its parachute during descent through the <a href="/wiki/Martian_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian atmosphere">Martian atmosphere</a>. (right) <br /> Bottom: <i>Phoenix</i> landing site near N. polar cap (left); MRO image of <i>Phoenix</i> on the surface of Mars. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/images/press/PSP_008591_2485_RGB_Lander_Inserts.html">a larger image</a> showing the parachute / backshell, and heat shield. (right)</div></div></div></div> <p>The Jet Propulsion Laboratory made adjustments to the orbits of its two active satellites around Mars, <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> and Mars Odyssey, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> similarly adjusted the orbit of its <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> spacecraft to be in the right place on May 25, 2008, to observe <i>Phoenix</i> as it entered the atmosphere and then landed on the surface. This information helps designers to improve future landers.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The projected landing area was an ellipse 100 by 20 km (62 by 12 mi) covering terrain which has been informally named "<a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_(Mars)" title="Green Valley (Mars)">Green Valley</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains the largest concentration of water ice outside the poles. </p><p><i>Phoenix</i> entered the Martian atmosphere at nearly 21,000 km/h (13,000 mph), and within 7 minutes had decreased its speed to 8 km/h (5.0 mph) before touching down on the surface. Confirmation of atmospheric entry was received at 4:46 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Daylight Time">PDT</a> (23:46 <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>). Radio signals received at 4:53:44 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Daylight Time">PDT</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> confirmed that <i>Phoenix</i> had survived its difficult descent and landed 15 minutes earlier, thus completing a 680 million km (422 million miles) flight from Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-landingpr_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-landingpr-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For unknown reasons, the parachute was deployed about 7 seconds later than expected, leading to a landing position some 25–28 km (16–17 mi) east, near the edge of the predicted 99% <a href="/wiki/Landing_ellipse" class="mw-redirect" title="Landing ellipse">landing ellipse</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a>'s</i> <a href="/wiki/HiRISE" title="HiRISE">High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE)</a> camera photographed <i>Phoenix</i> suspended from its parachute during its descent through the Martian atmosphere. This marked the first time ever one spacecraft photographed another in the act of landing on a planet<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the Moon not being a planet, but a <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">satellite</a>). The same camera also imaged <i>Phoenix</i> on the surface with enough resolution to distinguish the lander and its two solar cell arrays. Ground controllers used <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler</a> tracking data from <i>Odyssey</i> and <i>Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</i> to determine the lander's precise location as <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&params=68.218830_N_234.250778_E_globe:Mars"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">68°13′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">234°15′03″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">68.218830°N 234.250778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">68.218830; 234.250778</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Phoenix</i> landed in the <a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_(Mars)" title="Green Valley (Mars)">Green Valley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a> on May 25, 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the late Martian northern hemisphere spring (<a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Martian_calendars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">L<sub>s</sub></a>=76.73), where the Sun shone on its solar panels the whole Martian day.<sup id="cite_ref-mars24_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars24-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Martian northern Summer solstice (June 25, 2008), the Sun appeared at its maximum elevation of 47.0 degrees. <i>Phoenix</i> experienced its first sunset at the start of September 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-mars24_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mars24-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landing was made on a flat surface, with the lander reporting only 0.3 degrees of tilt. Just before landing, the craft used its thrusters to orient its solar panels along an east–west axis to maximize power generation. The lander waited 15 minutes before opening its solar panels, to allow dust to settle. The first images from the lander became available around 7:00 p.m. PDT (2008-05-26 02:00 UTC).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The images show a surface strewn with pebbles and incised with small troughs into polygons about 5 m (16 ft) across and 10 cm (3.9 in) high, with the expected absence of large rocks and hills. </p><p>Like the 1970s era <i><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></i> spacecraft, <i>Phoenix</i> used <a href="/wiki/Retrorocket" title="Retrorocket">retrorockets</a> for its final descent.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments conducted by Nilton Renno, mission co-investigator from the University of Michigan, and his students have investigated how much surface dust would be kicked up on landing.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers at Tufts University, led by co-investigator Sam Kounaves, conducted additional in-depth experiments to identify the extent of the ammonia contamination from the <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine#Rocket_fuel" title="Hydrazine">hydrazine propellant</a> and its possible effects on the chemistry experiments. In 2007, a report to the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a> by <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_University" title="Washington State University">Washington State University</a> professor Dirk Schulze-Makuch, suggested that Mars might harbor <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">peroxide</a>-<a href="/wiki/Alternative_biochemistry#Other_solvents_or_cosolvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative biochemistry">based life forms</a> which the <i>Viking</i> landers failed to detect because of the unexpected chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-viking_killers_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viking_killers-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hypothesis was proposed long after any modifications to <i>Phoenix</i> could be made. One of the <i>Phoenix</i> mission investigators, NASA astrobiologist <a href="/wiki/Christopher_McKay_(planetary_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher McKay (planetary scientist)">Chris McKay</a>, stated that the report "piqued his interest" and that ways to test the hypothesis with <i>Phoenix'</i>s instruments would be sought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_mission">Surface mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Surface mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communications_from_the_surface">Communications from the surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Communications from the surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg/220px-Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="532" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg/330px-Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg/440px-Phoenix_mission_horizon_stitched_high_definition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="2933" /></a><figcaption>Approximate-color photomosaic of thermal contraction crack polygons in Martian <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Robotic_arm" title="Robotic arm">robotic arm</a>'s first movement was delayed by one day when, on May 27, 2008, commands from Earth were not relayed to the <i>Phoenix</i> lander on Mars. The commands went to NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter as planned, but the orbiter's <a href="/wiki/Electra_(radio)" title="Electra (radio)">Electra</a> UHF radio system for relaying commands to <i>Phoenix</i> temporarily shut off. Without new commands, the lander instead carried out a set of backup activities. On May 27 the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter relayed images and other information from those activities back to Earth. </p><p>The robotic arm was a critical part of the <i>Phoenix</i> Mars mission. On May 28, scientists leading the mission sent commands to unstow its robotic arm and take more images of its landing site. The images revealed that the spacecraft landed where it had access to digging down a polygon across the trough and digging into its center.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lander's robotic arm touched soil on Mars for the first time on May 31, 2008 (sol 6). It scooped dirt and started sampling the Martian soil for ice after days of testing its systems.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presence_of_shallow_subsurface_water_ice">Presence of shallow subsurface water ice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Presence of shallow subsurface water ice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_mars#Polar_ice_caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of mars">Martian polar ice caps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Patterned_ground" title="Patterned ground">polygonal cracking</a> at the landing zone had previously been observed from orbit, and is similar to patterns seen in <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> areas in polar and high altitude regions of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Phoenix</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s robotic arm camera took an image underneath the lander on sol 5 that shows patches of a smooth bright surface uncovered when thruster exhaust blew off overlying loose soil.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later shown to be water ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 19, 2008 (sol 24), NASA announced that <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>-sized clumps of bright material in the "Dodo-Goldilocks" trench dug by the robotic arm had <a href="/wiki/Vaporize" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaporize">vaporized</a> over the course of four days, strongly implying that they were composed of water ice which <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimed</a> following exposure. While <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a> also sublimes, under the conditions present it would do so at a rate much faster than observed.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 31, 2008 (sol 65), NASA announced that <i>Phoenix</i> confirmed the presence of water ice on Mars, as predicted in 2002 by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter. During the initial heating cycle of a new sample, TEGA's mass spectrometer detected water vapor when the sample temperature reached 0 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liquid water cannot exist on the surface of Mars with its present low atmospheric pressure, except at the lowest elevations for short periods.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <i>Phoenix</i> in good working order, NASA announced operational funding through September 30, 2008 (sol 125). The science team worked to determine whether the water ice ever thaws enough to be available for life processes and if carbon-containing chemicals and other raw materials for life are present. </p><p>Additionally during 2008 and early 2009 a debate emerged within NASA over the presence of 'blobs' which appeared on photos of the vehicle's landing struts, which have been variously described as being either water droplets or 'clumps of frost'.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes20090316_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes20090316-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of consensus within the <i>Phoenix</i> science project, the issue had not been raised in any NASA news conferences.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes20090316_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes20090316-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One scientist thought that the lander's thrusters splashed a pocket of <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> from just below the Martian surface onto the landing strut during the vehicle's landing. The salts would then have absorbed water vapor from the air, which would have explained how they appeared to grow in size during the first 44 sols (Martian days) before slowly evaporating as Mars temperature dropped.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTimes20090316_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes20090316-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="clear:both; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first two trenches dug by Phoenix in Martian soil. The trench on the right, informally called "Baby Bear", is the source of the first samples delivered to the onboard TEGA and the optical microscope for analysis."><img alt="The first two trenches dug by Phoenix in Martian soil. The trench on the right, informally called "Baby Bear", is the source of the first samples delivered to the onboard TEGA and the optical microscope for analysis." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg/150px-PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg/225px-PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg/300px-PIA10775_First_trenches_dug_by_Phoenix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first two trenches dug by <i>Phoenix</i> in Martian soil. The trench on the right, informally called "Baby Bear", is the source of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318214753/http://www.planetary.org/news/2008/0612_Phoenix_Fledges_Science_Begins_on.html">first samples delivered</a> to the onboard <a href="#Thermal_and_evolved_gas_analyzer">TEGA</a> and the <a href="#Microscopy,_electrochemistry,_and_conductivity_analyzer">optical microscope</a> for analysis.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Clumps of bright material in the enlarged "Dodo-Goldilocks" trench vanished over the course of four days, implying that they were composed of ice which sublimated following exposure.[90]"><img alt="Clumps of bright material in the enlarged "Dodo-Goldilocks" trench vanished over the course of four days, implying that they were composed of ice which sublimated following exposure.[90]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif/75px-Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif" decoding="async" width="75" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif/112px-Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif/150px-Ice_sublimating_in_the_Dodo-Goldilocks_trench.gif 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clumps of bright material in the enlarged "Dodo-Goldilocks" trench vanished over the course of four days, implying that they were composed of ice which <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimated</a> following exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-Press_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Color versions of the photos showing ice sublimation, with the lower left corner of the trench enlarged in the insets in the upper right of the images."><img alt="Color versions of the photos showing ice sublimation, with the lower left corner of the trench enlarged in the insets in the upper right of the images." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg/134px-Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg/201px-Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg/268px-Evaporating_ice_on_Mars_Phoenix_lander_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Color versions of the photos showing ice sublimation, with the lower left corner of the trench enlarged in the insets in the upper right of the images.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wet_chemistry">Wet chemistry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wet chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 24, 2008 (sol 29), NASA's scientists launched a series of scientific tests. The robotic arm scooped up more soil and delivered it to 3 different on-board analyzers: an oven that baked it and tested the emitted gases, a microscopic imager, and a <a href="/wiki/Wet_chemistry" title="Wet chemistry">wet chemistry</a> laboratory (WCL).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lander's robotic arm scoop was positioned over the Wet Chemistry Lab delivery funnel on Sol 29 (the 29th Martian day after landing, i.e. June 24, 2008). The soil was transferred to the instrument on sol 30 (June 25, 2008), and <i>Phoenix</i> performed the first wet chemistry tests. On Sol 31 (June 26, 2008) <i>Phoenix</i> returned the wet chemistry test results with information on the salts in the soil, and its acidity. The wet chemistry lab (WCL)<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_2009_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_2009-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was part of the suite of tools called the Microscopy, Electrochemistry and Conductivity Analyzer (MECA).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 579px;clear:both; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenix footpad image, taken over 15 minutes after landing to ensure any dust stirred up had settled."><img alt="Phoenix footpad image, taken over 15 minutes after landing to ensure any dust stirred up had settled." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg/150px-Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg/225px-Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg/300px-Phoenix_mission_landing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Phoenix</i> footpad image, taken over 15 minutes after landing to ensure any dust stirred up had settled.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of the first surface images from Phoenix."><img alt="One of the first surface images from Phoenix." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg/150px-Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg/225px-Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg/300px-Phoenix_Sol1_pic3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of the first surface images from <i>Phoenix</i>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View underneath lander towards south foot pad, showing patchy exposures of a bright surface, possibly ice.[88]"><img alt="View underneath lander towards south foot pad, showing patchy exposures of a bright surface, possibly ice.[88]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg/150px-PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg/225px-PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg/300px-PIA10741_Possible_Ice_Below_Phoenix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View underneath lander towards south foot pad, showing patchy exposures of a bright surface, possibly ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of rocks near the Phoenix Lander (May 25, 2008)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg/800px-PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg/1200px-PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg/1600px-PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="1236" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg" title="File:PIA13804-MarsPhoenixLander-Panorama-20080525b.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Phoenix" title="List of rocks on Mars">rocks</a> near the <i>Phoenix</i> Lander (May 25, 2008).</div></div></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of rocks near the Phoenix Lander (August 19, 2008)."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg/800px-PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg/1200px-PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg/1600px-PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5100" data-file-height="1924" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg" title="File:PIA11044-PhoenixLander-WorkspaceNames-20080819.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of <a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Phoenix" title="List of rocks on Mars">rocks</a> near the <i>Phoenix</i> Lander (August 19, 2008).</div></div></div> <p>A 360-degree panorama assembled from images taken on <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars#Sols" title="Timekeeping on Mars">sols</a> 1 and 3 after landing. The upper portion has been vertically stretched by a factor of 8 to bring out details. Visible near the horizon at full resolution are the backshell and parachute (a bright speck above the right edge of the left <a href="/wiki/Solar_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar array">solar array</a>, about 300 m (980 ft) distant) and the heat shield and its bounce mark (two end-to-end dark streaks above the center of the left solar array, about 150 m (490 ft) distant); on the horizon, left of the weather mast, is a crater. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_mission">End of the mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: End of the mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif/250px-PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif/375px-PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif/500px-PIA22223-Mars-PhoenixLander-Animation-20171221.gif 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption>Phoenix lander – before/after 10 years (animation; December 21, 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-SP-20180222_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-20180222-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The solar-powered lander operated two months longer than its three-month prime mission. The lander was designed to last 90 days, and had been running on bonus time since the successful end of its primary mission in August 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Sky_&_Telescope_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sky_&_Telescope-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WRD-20081110_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRD-20081110-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 28, 2008 (sol 152), the lander went into <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a> due to power constraints based on the insufficient amount of sunlight reaching the lander,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as expected at this time of year. It was decided then to shut down the four heaters that keep the equipment warm, and upon bringing the lander back from <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a>, commands were sent to turn off two of the heaters rather than only one as was originally planned for the first step. The heaters involved provide heat to the robotic arm, TEGA instrument and a pyrotechnic unit on the lander that were unused since landing, so these three instruments were also shut down. </p><p>On November 10, Phoenix Mission Control reported the loss of contact with the <i>Phoenix</i> lander; the last signal was received on November 2.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demise of the craft occurred as a result of a dust storm that reduced power generation even further.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the spacecraft's work ended, the analysis of data from the instruments was in its earliest stages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Communication_attempts_2010">Communication attempts 2010</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Communication attempts 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though it was not designed to survive the frigid Martian winter, the spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Safe_mode_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe mode (spacecraft)">safe mode</a> kept the option open to reestablish communications if the lander could recharge its batteries during the next Martian spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan.11_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan.11-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, its landing location is in an area that is usually part of the <a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">north polar ice cap</a> during the Martian winter, and the lander was seen from orbit to be encased in <a href="/wiki/Dry_ice" title="Dry ice">dry ice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-spcflite-now-encased_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spcflite-now-encased-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that, at its peak, the layer of CO<sub>2</sub> ice in the lander's vicinity would total about 30 grams/cm<sup>2</sup>, which is enough to make a dense slab of dry ice at least 19 cm (7.5 in) thick.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was considered unlikely that the spacecraft could endure these conditions, as its fragile solar panels would likely break off under so much weight.<sup id="cite_ref-ice_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ice-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientists attempted to make contact with <i>Phoenix</i> starting January 18, 2010 (sol -835), but were unsuccessful. Further attempts in February and April also failed to pick up any signal from the lander.<sup id="cite_ref-Jan.11_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jan.11-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spcflite-now-encased_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spcflite-now-encased-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NoContact_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoContact-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Project manager Barry Goldstein announced on May 24, 2010, that the project was being formally ended. Images from the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> showed that its solar panels were apparently irretrievably damaged by freezing during the Martian winter.<sup id="cite_ref-latimes-wont-rise_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latimes-wont-rise-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_of_the_mission">Results of the mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Results of the mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Landscape">Landscape</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Landscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike some other places visited on Mars with landers (<i><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Pathfinder</a></i>), nearly all the rocks near <i>Phoenix</i> are small. For about as far as the camera can see, the land is flat, but shaped into polygons between 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) in diameter and are bounded by troughs that are 20 to 50 cm (7.9 to 19.7 in) deep. These shapes are due to ice in the soil expanding and contracting due to major temperature changes. The microscope showed that the soil on top of the polygons is composed of flat particles (probably a type of clay) and rounded particles. Also, unlike other places visited on Mars, the site has no ripples or dunes.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2009_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2009-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice is present a few inches below the surface in the middle of the polygons, and along its edges, the ice is at least 20 cm (8 in) deep. When the ice is exposed to the Martian atmosphere it slowly <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">sublimates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Space-20090702_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-20090702-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">dust devils</a> were observed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weather">Weather</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Weather"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Snow was observed to fall from cirrus clouds. The clouds formed at a level in the atmosphere that was around −65 °C (−85 °F), so the clouds would have to be composed of water-ice, rather than carbon dioxide-ice (dry ice) because, at the low pressure of the Martian atmosphere, the temperature for forming carbon dioxide ice is much lower—less than −120 °C (−184 °F). It is now thought that water ice (snow) would have accumulated later in the year at this location.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This represents a milestone in understanding Martian weather. Wind speeds ranged from 11 to 58 km/h (6.8 to 36.0 mph). The usual average speed was 36 km/h (22 mph). These speeds seem high, but the atmosphere of Mars is very thin—less than 1% of the Earth's—and so did not exert much force on the spacecraft. The highest temperature measured during the mission was −19.6 °C (−3.3 °F), while the coldest was −97.7 °C (−143.9 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-asc-csa.gc.ca_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asc-csa.gc.ca-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_cycles">Climate cycles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Climate cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interpretation of the data transmitted from the craft was published in the journal <i>Science</i>. As per the peer reviewed data the presence of water ice has been confirmed and that the site had a wetter and warmer climate in the recent past. Finding <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> in the Martian soil leads scientists to think that the site had been wet or damp in the geological past. During seasonal or longer period diurnal cycles water may have been present as thin films. The tilt or obliquity of Mars changes far more than the Earth; hence times of higher humidity are probable.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surface_chemistry">Surface chemistry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Surface chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemistry results showed the surface soil to be moderately <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkaline</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 7.7 ±0.5.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Journal_of_Geophysical_Research_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Journal_of_Geophysical_Research-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Geophysical_Research_Letters_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Geophysical_Research_Letters-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall level of <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> is modest. TEGA analysis of its first soil sample indicated the presence of bound water and CO<sub>2</sub> that were released during the final (highest-temperature, 1,000 °C) heating cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elements detected and measured in the samples are chloride, <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Geophysical_Research_Letters_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Geophysical_Research_Letters-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further data analysis indicated that the soil contains soluble sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) at a minimum of 1.1% and provided a refined formulation of the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Geophysical_Research_Letters_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2010_Geophysical_Research_Letters-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of the <i>Phoenix</i> WCL also showed that the Ca(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in the soil has not interacted with liquid water of any form, perhaps for as long as 600 million years. If it had, the highly soluble Ca(ClO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in contact with liquid water would have formed only CaSO<sub>4</sub>. This suggests a severely arid environment, with minimal or no liquid water interaction.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pH and salinity level were viewed as benign from the standpoint of biology. </p> <dl><dt>Perchlorate</dt></dl> <p>On August 1, 2008, <i>Aviation Week</i> reported that "<i>The White House has been alerted by NASA about plans to make an announcement soon on major new </i>Phoenix<i> lander discoveries concerning the "potential for life" on Mars, scientists tell Aviation Week & Space Technology.</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a subdued media speculation on whether some evidence of past or present life had been discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To quell the speculation, NASA released the preliminary findings stating that Mars soil contains <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span>) and thus may not be as life-friendly as thought earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of almost 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorates</a> in the soil was an unexpected finding with broad implications.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_2009_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_2009-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laboratory research published in July 2017 demonstrated that when irradiated with a simulated Martian UV flux, perchlorates become bacteriocidal.<sup id="cite_ref-bacteriocidal_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bacteriocidal-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other compounds of the Martian surface, <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, act in synergy with irradiated perchlorates to cause a 10.8-fold increase in cell death when compared to cells exposed to UV radiation after 60 seconds of exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-bacteriocidal_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bacteriocidal-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that abraded silicates (quartz and basalt) lead to the formation of toxic <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results leaves the question of the presence of organic compounds open-ended since heating the samples containing perchlorate would have broken down any organics present.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the cold subsurface of Mars, which provides substantial protection against UV radiation, halotolerant organisms might survive enhanced perchlorate concentrations by physiological adaptations similar to those observed in the yeast <i><a href="/wiki/Debaryomyces_hansenii" title="Debaryomyces hansenii">Debaryomyces hansenii</a></i> exposed in lab experiments to increasing <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perchlorate" title="Sodium perchlorate">NaClO<sub>4</sub></a> concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">Perchlorate</a> (ClO<sub>4</sub>) is a strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizer</a>, so it has the potential of being used for rocket fuel and as a source of oxygen for future missions.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, when mixed with water, perchlorate can greatly lower freezing point of water, in a manner similar to how salt is applied to roads to melt ice. So, perchlorate may be allowing small amounts of liquid water to form on the surface of Mars today. <a href="/wiki/Gully_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gully (Mars)">Gullies</a>, which are common in certain areas of Mars, may have formed from perchlorate melting ice and causing water to erode soil on steep slopes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19574385_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19574385-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perchlorates have also been detected at the landing site of the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a>, nearer equatorial Mars, and in the martian meteorite EETA79001,<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2014_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2014-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting a "global distribution of these salts".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131001_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131001-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only highly refractory and/or well-protected <a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">organic compounds</a> are likely to be preserved in the frozen subsurface.<sup id="cite_ref-Kounaves_et_al_2014_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kounaves_et_al_2014-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Organic_Molecule_Analyzer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer">MOMA</a> instrument planned to fly on the 2022 <a href="/wiki/ExoMars_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="ExoMars rover">ExoMars rover</a> will employ a method that is unaffected by the presence of perchlorates to detect and measure sub-surface organics.<sup id="cite_ref-MOMA_ESA_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MOMA_ESA-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phoenix_DVD"><i>Phoenix</i> DVD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Phoenix DVD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg/220px-Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg/330px-Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg/440px-Phoenix_mini-DVD_on_Mars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The "<i>Phoenix</i> DVD" on Mars.</figcaption></figure> <p>Attached to the deck of the lander (next to the US flag) is a special DVD compiled by <a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a>. The disc contains <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/outreach/visions-of-mars">Visions of Mars</a>, a multimedia collection of literature and art about the Red Planet. Works include the text of <a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a>' 1897 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds" title="The War of the Worlds">War of the Worlds</a></i> (and the <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Worlds (radio)">1938 radio broadcast</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Percival_Lowell" title="Percival Lowell">Percival Lowell</a>'s 1908 book <i>Mars as the Abode of Life</i> with a map of his <a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">proposed canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>'s 1950 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Chronicles" title="The Martian Chronicles">The Martian Chronicles</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a>'s 1993 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Green_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Mars">Green Mars</a></i>. There are also messages directly addressed to future Martian visitors or settlers from, among others, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>. In 2006, The Planetary Society collected a quarter of a million names submitted through the Internet and placed them on the disc, which claims, on the front, to be "the first library on Mars."<sup id="cite_ref-vom_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vom-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This DVD is made of a special silica glass designed to withstand the Martian environment, lasting for hundreds (if not thousands) of years on the surface while it awaits retrieval by future explorers. This is similar in concept to the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a> that was sent on the <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i> missions. </p><p>The text just below the center of the disk reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This archive, provided to the NASA <i>Phoenix</i> mission by The Planetary Society, contains literature and art (Visions of Mars), greetings from Mars visionaries of our day, and names of 21st century Earthlings who wanted to send their names to Mars. This DVD-ROM is designed to be read on personal computers in 2007. Information is stored in a spiral groove on the disc. A laser beam can scan the groove when metallized or a microscope can be used. Very small bumps and holes represent the zeroes and ones of digital information. The groove is about 0.74 micrometres wide. For more information refer to the standards document ECMA-268 (80 mm DVD Read-Only Disk).<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A previous CD version was supposed to have been sent with the Russian spacecraft <i>Mars 94</i>, intended to land on Mars in Fall 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Presskit-2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Presskit-2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Presskit-2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/phoenix-launch-presskit.pdf">"Phoenix Launch Mission to the Martian Polar North"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (published August 2007). July 5, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122162510/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press_kits/phoenix-launch-presskit.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Society+weblog&rft.atitle=Phoenix+Sol+2+press+conference%2C+in+a+nutshell&rft.date=2008-05-27&rft.aulast=Lakdawalla&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetary.org%2Fblog%2Farticle%2F00001470%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The landing site is here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="worldwind://goto/world=Mars&lat=68.21883&lon=234.250778&alt=1200000">[1]</a> on the NASA <a href="/wiki/World_Wind" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wind">World Wind</a> planetary viewer (free installation required)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228000225/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/">"<i>Phoenix</i> Mars Mission"</a>. 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June 26, 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Transcript&rft.atitle=Sci-fi+books+go+to+Mars&rft.date=1993-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fda.tj.news%2Fviewer%3Fopub%3DTimes_Transcript%26date%3D19930626%26page%3D51%26search%3DJohn%2520Marr%26filename%3D0512_TT_A8630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix+%28spacecraft%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix_(spacecraft)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoenix_mission" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phoenix mission">Phoenix mission</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>LPL, LMSS, JPL and NASA links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228000225/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/"><i>Phoenix</i> mission lead home page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111023024529/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/present/phoenix.html"><i>Phoenix</i> summary</a> at JPL</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151019071127/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Phoenix"><i>Phoenix</i> Profile</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/Phoenix">NASA's <i>Phoenix</i> Photojournal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://an.rsl.wustl.edu/phx">NASA's Phoenix Analyst's Notebook</a> for accessing mission data and documents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/images/raw/SSI/ssi_gallery_collection_archive_1.html">NASA Archives of raw <i>Phoenix</i> mission images</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602060614/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/images/raw/SSI/ssi_gallery_collection_archive_1.html">Archived</a> June 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, most recent first</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tR91HkTZ9VY">NASA TV broadcast of <i>Phoenix</i> landing</a> (YouTube copy of NASA broadcast from 8 minutes before until 2 minutes after touchdown)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/blogs.php">Blogs of the scientists and engineers of the <i>Phoenix</i> team from launch through the end of the mission.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728002532/http://phoenix.lpl.arizona.edu/blogs.php">Archived</a> July 28, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/outreach/visions-of-mars-the-stories">Complete List of Works on the <i>Phoenix</i> DVD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planetary.org/outreach/introduction-to-visions-of-mars">Written Introduction to the <i>Visions of Mars</i> Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160106143921/http://www.jumpcut.com/view/?id=E794095644A711DCBF54000423CF0184"><i>Phoenix</i> Mission Details Video</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20080528165747/http://orionspace.net/mars/phoenix/22">may 2008-2.html Mars Express Support to <i>Phoenix</i> Landing</a> Includes animation of <i>Phoenix</i> descent and landing, plus KSC images of pre-flight processing and launch</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314230936/http://www.finda.com.au/story/2008/05/27/nasa-probe-sends-first-pictures-mars/">Article and news footage on the <i>Phoenix</i> landing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724075008/http://www.isset.ualberta.ca/what_we_do.html">Canadian contribution at the University of Alberta</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5075490/nasas-phoenix-mars-lander-guest-blogging-on-giz">Mars <i>Phoenix</i> Blog Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.oreilly.com/2008/07/the-software-behind-the-mars-p.html">Software Behind the Mars <i>Phoenix</i> Lander (Audio Interview)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mars.bartal.org/?p=17">Color panorama of the landing site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629115003/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=1679027418837385215&hl=en"><i>Phoenix</i> EDL Reconstruction 1B</a> – 9 minute video simulation based on actual EDL data</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spacefoundation.org/2009/02/19/the-phoenix-mars-lander-team-wins-2009-jack-swigert-award-for-space-exploration/"><i>Phoenix</i> Mars Lander wins 2009 John L. "Jack" Swigert, Jr., Award for Space Achievement</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1plIgTG9x-A">Chris McKay: Results of the Phoenix Mission to Mars and Analog Sites on Earth</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="position: relative; width: 620px; margin: 0 auto;" class="noresize"> <figure class="mw-halign-center noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img alt="Map of Mars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/600px-Mars_Map.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/900px-Mars_Map.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Mars_Map.JPG/1200px-Mars_Map.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2180" data-file-height="1244" resource="/wiki/File:Mars_Map.JPG" /></span><figcaption> <div style="float: right;">(<a href="/wiki/Template:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template:Features and artificial objects on Mars">view</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Features_and_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="Template talk:Features and artificial objects on Mars">discuss</a>)</div><a href="/wiki/Image_map" title="Image map">Interactive image map</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Mars">global topography of Mars</a>, overlaid with the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Martian rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">landers</a>. Coloring of the base map indicates relative elevations of Martian surface.<hr /><div style="text-align:right; font-size:smaller; font-style:italic; padding-top:0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano_cursor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/10px-Mano_cursor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/15px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Mano_cursor.svg/20px-Mano_cursor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="440" /></a></span><b> Clickable image: </b>Clicking on the labels will open a new article.</div><div style="float: left;">(<span style="font-size:85%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF4F00; color:black;"> </span> Active</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000; color:white;"> </span> Inactive</span> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> Planned)</span></span></div> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_map" title="Template:Mars map">Mars map</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars#Landing_site_namings_and_memorials" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">Mars Memorials list</a>) </span></div></figcaption></figure> <div style="position: absolute; left: 440px; top: 137px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><img alt="Beagle 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Beagle 2</i></small></span></a> </span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 523px; top: 173px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory#Landing_site" title="Bradbury Landing"><img alt="Bradbury Landing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 97px; top: 174px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;text-align:right;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Curiosity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 520px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><img alt="Deep Space 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 100px; top: 301px"><span style="display:inline;text-align:right;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Deep Space 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 521px; top: 153px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><img alt="InSight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><span style="color:white"><small><i>InSight</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 373px; top: 234px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><img alt="Mars 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 2</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 65px; top: 235px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><img alt="Mars 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 3</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 270px; top: 195px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><img alt="Mars 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Mars3landericon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="21" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars 6</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 545px; top: 300px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><img alt="Mars Polar Lander" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 54px; top: 283px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 4px;text-align:right;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander"><span style="color:white"><small>Mars Polar Lander ↓</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 300px; top: 175px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity"><img alt="Opportunity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Opportunity</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 417px; top: 125px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance"><img alt="Perseverance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/CuriosityIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 436.5px; top: 121px"><span style="display:inline;border:#fff 1px solid;background-color:#FF4F00;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Perseverance</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 116px; top: 28px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/PhoenixIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Phoenix</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 275px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin"><img alt="Rosalind Franklin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px;background-color:#FFFF00;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><span style="color:black;background: white;"><small><i>Rosalind Franklin</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 278px; top: 169px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><img alt="Schiaparelli EDM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/EDMIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 342px; top: 170px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Schiaparelli</i> EDM</small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 260px; top: 124px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner"><img alt="Sojourner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/SojournerIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Sojourner</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 562px; top: 184px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit"><img alt="Spirit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/RoverIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 38px; top: 201px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;text-align:right;padding:0 4px 0 4px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Spirit</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 445px; top: 105px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><img alt="Tianwen-1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/ZhurongIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;border:#000 1px solid;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Zhurong</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 231px; top: 119px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><img alt="Viking 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; right: 388px; top: 120px"><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 1</i></small></span></a></span></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 495px; top: 67px"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><img alt="Viking 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/VikingIcon.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span><span style="display:inline;background-color:#000;padding:0 4px 0 2px;white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><span style="color:white"><small><i>Viking 2</i> </small></span></a> </span></div> </div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Astrobiology" title="Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Astrobiology" title="Template talk:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Astrobiology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Astrobiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric sciences">Atmospheric sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetology" class="mw-redirect" title="Exoplanetology">Exoplanetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomicrobiology" title="Geomicrobiology">Geomicrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_oceanography" title="Planetary oceanography">Planetary oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_science" title="Planetary science">Planetary science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001" title="Allan Hills 84001">Allan Hills 84001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomolecule" title="Biomolecule">Biomolecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake_equation" title="Drake equation">Drake equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Extraterrestrial sample curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_types_of_biochemistry" title="Hypothetical types of biochemistry">Hypothetical types of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_microorganisms_tested_in_outer_space" title="List of microorganisms tested in outer space">List of microorganisms tested in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean planet">Ocean planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Search for extraterrestrial intelligence">Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_000593" title="Yamato 000593">Yamato meteorite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Planetary_habitability" title="Planetary habitability">Planetary<br />habitability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_habitable_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumstellar habitable zone">Circumstellar habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_analog" title="Earth analog">Earth analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_habitable_zone" title="Galactic habitable zone">Galactic habitable zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_binary_star_systems" title="Habitability of binary star systems">Habitability of binary star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_natural_satellites" title="Habitability of natural satellites">Habitability of natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_neutron_star_systems" title="Habitability of neutron star systems">Habitability of neutron star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_red_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of red dwarf systems">Habitability of red dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_K-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_F-type_main-sequence_star_systems" title="Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems">Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitable_zone_for_complex_life" title="Habitable zone for complex life">Habitable zone for complex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" title="List of potentially habitable exoplanets">List of potentially habitable exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhabitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Superhabitable planet">Superhabitable planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Space<br /> missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Earth orbit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flyer_Unit#Experimentation_data" title="Space Flyer Unit">BIO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17#Biological_cosmic_ray_experiment" title="Apollo 17">BIOCORE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biolab" title="Biolab">Biolab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIOPAN" title="BIOPAN">BIOPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosatellite_program" title="Biosatellite program">Biosatellite program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposing_Microorganisms_in_the_Stratosphere" title="Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere">E-MIST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exobiology_Radiation_Assembly" title="Exobiology Radiation Assembly">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuCROPIS" title="EuCROPIS">Eu:CROPIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Duration_Exposure_Facility#EXOSTACK" title="Long Duration Exposure Facility">EXOSTACK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EXPOSE" title="EXPOSE">EXPOSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Lunar_lander" title="Chang'e 4">Lunar Micro Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O/OREOS" title="O/OREOS">O/OREOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OREOcube" title="OREOcube">OREOcube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanpopo_(mission)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanpopo (mission)">Tanpopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Production_System" title="Vegetable Production System">VEGGIE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Mars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_lander_biological_experiments" title="Viking lander biological experiments">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Comets and<br />asteroids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Heliocentric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BioSentinel" title="BioSentinel">BioSentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(Titan_space_probe)" title="Dragonfly (Titan space probe)">Dragonfly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)"><i>Rosalind Franklin</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Enceladus_mission" title="Breakthrough Enceladus mission">Breakthrough Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRUIE" title="BRUIE">BRUIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAESAR_(spacecraft)" title="CAESAR (spacecraft)">CAESAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Explorer" title="Enceladus Explorer">Enceladus Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Finder" title="Enceladus Life Finder">Enceladus Life Finder‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Life_Signatures_and_Habitability" title="Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability">Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus_Orbilander" title="Enceladus Orbilander">Enceladus Orbilander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoLance" title="ExoLance">ExoLance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_of_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Explorer of Enceladus and Titan">Explorer of Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_Enceladus_and_Titan" title="Journey to Enceladus and Titan">Journey to Enceladus and Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Investigation_For_Enceladus" title="Life Investigation For Enceladus">Life Investigation For Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanus_(Titan_orbiter)" title="Oceanus (Titan orbiter)">Oceanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEO" title="THEO">THEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trident_(spacecraft)" title="Trident (spacecraft)">Trident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Cancelled and <br />undeveloped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Interplanetary_Flight_Experiment" title="Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment">Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">Red Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_Planet_Finder" title="Terrestrial Planet Finder">Terrestrial Planet Finder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Institutions<br />and programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Society_of_Britain" title="Astrobiology Society of Britain">Astrobiology Society of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Science_and_Technology_for_Exploring_Planets" title="Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets">Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Initiatives" title="Breakthrough Initiatives">Breakthrough Initiatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Listen" title="Breakthrough Listen">Breakthrough Listen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Breakthrough Message">Breakthrough Message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakthrough_Starshot" title="Breakthrough Starshot">Breakthrough Starshot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan_Institute" title="Carl Sagan Institute">Carl Sagan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Life_Detection_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Life Detection Science">Center for Life Detection Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astrobiology_Network_Association" title="European Astrobiology Network Association">European Astrobiology Network Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MERMOZ" title="MERMOZ">MERMOZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astrobiology_Institute" title="NASA Astrobiology Institute">NASA Astrobiology Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Worlds_Exploration_Program" title="Ocean Worlds Exploration Program">Ocean Worlds Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Astrobiology_Center" title="Spanish Astrobiology Center">Spanish Astrobiology Center‎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" title="Category:Astrobiology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrobiology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Astrobiology">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mars_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mars_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mars spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Spacecraft missions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">List of missions to Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">List of Mars orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_Mars" title="List of artificial objects on Mars">List of artificial objects on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)"><i>Psyche</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2023, flyby in 2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)"><i>Hera</i></a><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i><sup>‡</sup> (2024, flyby in 2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Timeline of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission"><i>Hope</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1#Orbiter" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> orbiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/100px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/150px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg/200px-2001_mars_odyssey_wizja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5824" data-file-height="4737" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_landing_(PIA09943_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/100px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg/200px-Phoenix_landing_%28PIA09943_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSL_Artist_Concept_(PIA14164_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/100px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/150px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg/200px-MSL_Artist_Concept_%28PIA14164_crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1" title="Mars 1">Mars 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_2" title="Zond 2">Zond 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_6_and_7" title="Mariner 6 and 7">Mariner 6 and 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i><sup>‡</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_9" title="Mariner 9">Mariner 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4" title="Mars 4">Mars 4</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5" title="Mars 5">Mars 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1">Viking 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2">Viking 2</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_1" title="Phobos 1">Phobos 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_2" title="Phobos 2">Phobos 2</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_landers" title="List of Mars landers">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2" title="Mars 2">Mars 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_3" title="Mars 3">Mars 3</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_6" title="Mars 6">Mars 6</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_7" title="Mars 7">Mars 7</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_1" title="Viking 1"><i>Viking 1</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_2" title="Viking 2"><i>Viking 2</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder"><i>Mars Pathfinder</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a><sup>†</sup> / <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_2" title="Beagle 2">Beagle 2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">ExoMars <i>Schiaparelli</i></a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1"><i>Tianwen-1</i> lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PrOP-M" title="PrOP-M">PrOP-M</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Spirit" title="Timeline of Spirit">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px"><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Failedlaunches" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Failed<br />launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.1" title="Mars 1M No.1">Mars 1M No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_1M_No.2" title="Mars 1M No.2">1M No.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-4_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-4 No.1">2MV-4 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2MV-3_No.1" title="Mars 2MV-3 No.1">2MV-3 No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_3" title="Mariner 3">Mariner 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.521" title="Mars 2M No.521">Mars 2M No.521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2M_No.522" title="Mars 2M No.522">2M No.522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_8" title="Mariner 8">Mariner 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_419" title="Kosmos 419">Mars 3MS No.170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EscaPADE" title="EscaPADE">EscaPADE</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera-hertz_Explorer" title="Tera-hertz Explorer">Tera-hertz Explorer (TEREX)</a> (mid 2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_Moons_eXploration" title="Martian Moons eXploration">Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2"><i>Mangalyaan-2</i></a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBR_Explorer" title="MBR Explorer">MBR Explorer</a><sup>‡</sup> (2028, flyby in 2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA-ESA_Mars_Sample_Return" title="NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return">NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Recovery_Helicopter" title="Mars Sample Recovery Helicopter">Mars Sample Recovery Helicopters</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Aerial_and_Ground_Global_Intelligent_Explorer" title="Mars Aerial and Ground Global Intelligent Explorer">MAGGIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Mars_program" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceX Mars program">SpaceX Mars program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cancelledor_not_developed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px;background: #ddddff;">Cancelled<br />or not developed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_Regional-scale_Environmental_Survey" title="Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey">Aerial Regional-scale Environmental Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_3" title="Beagle 3">Beagle 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Oxidant_and_Life_Detection" title="Biological Oxidant and Life Detection">Biological Oxidant and Life Detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_and_Phobos_Interior_Explorer" title="Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer">DePhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebreaker_Life" title="Icebreaker Life">Icebreaker Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsokhod" title="Marsokhod">Marsokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_4NM" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars 4NM">Mars 4NM & 5NM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_5M" title="Mars 5M">Mars 5M (Mars-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Aster" title="Mars-Aster">Mars-Aster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Geyser_Hopper" title="Mars Geyser Hopper">Mars Geyser Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Ice_Mapper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Exploration Ice Mapper">Mars Exploration Ice Mapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_One" title="Mars One">Mars One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Micro_Orbiter" title="Mars Micro Orbiter">Mars Micro Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_2001" title="Mars Surveyor 2001">Mars Surveyor Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Telecommunications_Orbiter" title="Mars Telecommunications Orbiter">Mars Telecommunications Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MELOS" title="MELOS">MELOS rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_MetNet" title="Mars MetNet">MetNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetLander" title="NetLander">NetLander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Light_(spacecraft)" title="Northern Light (spacecraft)">Northern Light</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Mars_Orbiter" title="Next Mars Orbiter">Next Mars Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_And_Deimos_%26_Mars_Environment" title="Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment">PADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_Collection_for_Investigation_of_Mars" title="Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars">Sample Collection for Investigation of Mars (SCIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky-Sailor" title="Sky-Sailor">Sky-Sailor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Red_Dragon" title="SpaceX Red Dragon">SpaceX Red Dragon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(spacecraft)" title="Vesta (spacecraft)">Vesta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:55px"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_flyby" title="Mars flyby">Flyby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars_orbiters" title="List of Mars orbiters">Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_landing" title="Mars landing">Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_atmospheric_entry" title="Mars atmospheric entry">Atmospheric entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Sample return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">Human mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_to_Stay" title="Mars to Stay">Permanent settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Mars" title="Colonization of Mars">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_of_Mars" title="Terraforming of Mars">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Strategies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Scout_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Scout Program">Mars Scout Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Next_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Next Generation">Mars Next Generation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:65px">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mars_Project" title="The Mars Project">The Mars Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Mars" title="The Case for Mars">The Case for Mars</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_Mars_Foundation" title="Inspiration Mars Foundation">Inspiration Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Institute" title="Mars Institute">Mars Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned. <sup>‡</sup> indicates use of the planet as a <a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">gravity assist</a> en route to another destination.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Template talk:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jet Propulsion Laboratory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACRIMSAT" title="ACRIMSAT">ACRIMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Spaceborne_Thermal_Emission_and_Reflection_Radiometer" title="Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer">ASTER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_infrared_sounder" title="Atmospheric infrared sounder">Atmospheric infrared sounder</a> (AIRS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRACE-FO" class="mw-redirect" title="GRACE-FO">GRACE-FO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._M._Keck_Observatory" title="W. M. Keck Observatory">Keck observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Binocular_Telescope" title="Large Binocular Telescope">Large Binocular Telescope</a> (LBT)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i> (MRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> (MSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_limb_sounder" title="Microwave limb sounder">Microwave limb sounder</a> (MLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-angle_imaging_spectroradiometer" title="Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer">Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer</a> (MISR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_Moisture_Active_Passive" title="Soil Moisture Active Passive">Soil Moisture Active Passive</a> (SMAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer">Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer</a> (TES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_Water_and_Ocean_Topography" title="Surface Water and Ocean Topography">SWOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager program</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini-Huygens</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)"><i>Deep Impact</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_2" title="Deep Space 2">Deep Space 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">spacecraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)"><i>Genesis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_Recovery_and_Climate_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment">GRACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS" title="IRAS">IRAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)"><i>Magellan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter" title="Mars Climate Orbiter">Mars Climate Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">Mars Cube One</a> (MarCO)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Observer" title="Mars Observer">Mars Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Polar_Lander" title="Mars Polar Lander">Mars Polar Lander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rovers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">Near-Earth Asteroid Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatterometer" title="Scatterometer">NSCAT</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Phoenix</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuikSCAT" title="QuikSCAT">QuikSCAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)"><i>Rosetta</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasat" title="Seasat">Seasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">Shuttle Radar Topography Mission</a> (SRTM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Mesosphere_Explorer" title="Solar Mesosphere Explorer">Solar Mesosphere Explorer</a> (SME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceborne_Imaging_Radar" title="Spaceborne Imaging Radar">Spaceborne Imaging Radar</a> (SIR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)"><i>Stardust</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry" title="Very-long-baseline interferometry">SVLBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TOPEX/Poseidon" title="TOPEX/Poseidon">TOPEX/Poseidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)"><i>Ulysses</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_and_Planetary_Camera" title="Wide Field and Planetary Camera">Wide Field and Planetary Camera</a> (WFPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Field_Infrared_Explorer" title="Wide Field Infrared Explorer">Wide Field Infrared Explorer</a> (WIRE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPHEREx" title="SPHEREx">SPHEREx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Lander_(NASA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Lander (NASA)">Europa Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Infrared_Exoplanet_Spectroscopy_Survey_Explorer" title="Fast Infrared Exoplanet Spectroscopy Survey Explorer">FINESSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology_Field_Laboratory" title="Astrobiology Field Laboratory">Astrobiology Field Laboratory</a> (AFL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Astrobiology_Explorer-Cacher" title="Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher">Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher</a> (MAX-C)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">Caltech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">NASA Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_Mountain_Observatory" title="Table Mountain Observatory">Table Mountain Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_Ambassadors" title="Solar System Ambassadors">Solar System Ambassadors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JPL_Science_Division" title="JPL Science Division">JPL Science Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="21st-century_space_probes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System_probes" title="Template talk:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System_probes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System probes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="21st-century_space_probes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">21st-century <a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">space probes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Solar_System_probes" title="List of active Solar System probes">Active space probes</a><br />(deep space missions)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parker_Solar_Probe" title="Parker Solar Probe">Parker Solar Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2"><i>Yutu-2</i> rover</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Mars_Mission" title="Emirates Mars Mission">Emirates Mars Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">TGO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">MRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">MSL</a> <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other planets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="List of missions to Mercury">Mercury</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akatsuki_(spacecraft)" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft)">Akatsuki</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Venus" title="List of missions to Venus">Venus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)">Juno</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_outer_planets" title="List of missions to the outer planets">Jupiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Juice</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i> <ul><li>Jupiter</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_minor_planets" title="List of missions to minor planets">Minor planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2" title="Hayabusa2">Hayabusa2</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MINERVA-II" title="Hayabusa2">MINERVA-II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_(spacecraft)" title="Lucy (spacecraft)">Lucy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hera_(space_mission)" title="Hera (space mission)">Hera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(spacecraft)" title="Psyche (spacecraft)">Psyche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interstellar space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">Completed after 2000</a><br />(by termination date)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEAR_Shoemaker" title="NEAR Shoemaker">NEAR Shoemaker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_1" title="Deep Space 1">Deep Space 1</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Galileo (spacecraft)">Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genesis_(spacecraft)" title="Genesis (spacecraft)">Genesis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa" title="Hayabusa">Hayabusa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stardust_(spacecraft)" title="Stardust (spacecraft)">Stardust</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Impact_(spacecraft)" title="Deep Impact (spacecraft)">Deep Impact</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2015 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PROCYON" title="PROCYON">PROCYON</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IKAROS" title="IKAROS">IKAROS</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)"><i>Yutu</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayabusa2#MASCOT" title="Hayabusa2">MASCOT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 1">Longjiang-1</a></li></ul></li> <li>2019 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Cube_One" title="Mars Cube One">MarCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">MER</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang 2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test"><i>Double Asteroid Redirection Test</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission"><i>Mangalyaan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight"><i>InSight</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>2023 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)"><i>Pragyan</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)"><i>Zhurong</i> rover</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">List of Solar System probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_orbiters" title="List of extraterrestrial orbiters">List of extraterrestrial orbiters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_telescopes" title="List of space telescopes">List of space telescopes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_2006Orbital_launches_in_20072008_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2007" title="Template:Orbital launches in 2007"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_2007" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 2007"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_2007" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 2007"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_2006Orbital_launches_in_20072008_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/2006_in_spaceflight" title="2006 in spaceflight">← 2006</a></div><a href="/wiki/2007_in_spaceflight" title="2007 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">2007</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/2008_in_spaceflight" title="2008 in spaceflight">2008 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">January</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">Cartosat-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapan-TUBsat" title="Lapan-TUBsat">Lapan-TUBsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pehuensat-1" title="Pehuensat-1">Pehuensat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-59" title="Progress M-59">Progress M-59</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NSS-8" title="NSS-8">NSS-8</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">February</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beidou-1D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beidou-1D (page does not exist)">Beidou-1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS A</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS B</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS C</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS D</a>, <a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS E</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=IGS_Radar_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGS Radar 2 (page does not exist)">IGS Radar 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=IGS_Optical_3V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IGS Optical 3V (page does not exist)">IGS Optical 3V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">March</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTRO_(satellite)" title="ASTRO (satellite)">ASTRO</a>, <a href="/wiki/CFESat" title="CFESat">CFESat</a>, <a href="/wiki/FalconSAT#Satellites" title="FalconSAT">FalconSAT-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/MidSTAR-1" title="MidSTAR-1">MidSTAR-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEXTSat" title="NEXTSat">NEXTSat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Space_Test_Program#2007" title="Space Test Program">STPSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5A" title="Skynet 5A">Skynet 5A</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">INSAT-4B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">April</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-10" title="Soyuz TMA-10">Soyuz TMA-10</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_F3" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik F3">Anik F3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hai_Yang_1B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hai Yang 1B (page does not exist)">Hai Yang 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compass-M1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compass-M1 (page does not exist)">Compass-M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptSat_1" title="EgyptSat 1">EgyptSat 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saudisat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saudisat-3 (page does not exist)">Saudisat-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-3 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-4 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-5 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-5</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-6 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-6</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SaudiComsat-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SaudiComsat-7 (page does not exist)">SaudiComsat-7</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-3_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-3 (satellite) (page does not exist)">CP-3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CP-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CP-4 (page does not exist)">CP-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/CAPE-1" title="CAPE-1">CAPE-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertad_1" title="Libertad 1">Libertad 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=AeroCube_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AeroCube 2 (page does not exist)">AeroCube 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=CSTB-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CSTB-1 (page does not exist)">CSTB-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multi-Application_Survivable_Tether" title="Multi-Application Survivable Tether">MAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGILE_(satellite)" title="AGILE (satellite)">AGILE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Avionics_Module" title="Advanced Avionics Module">AAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Field_Infrared_Experiment" title="Near Field Infrared Experiment">NFIRE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy_of_Ice_in_the_Mesosphere" title="Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere">AIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">May</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astra_1L" title="Astra 1L">Astra 1L</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_17" title="Galaxy 17">Galaxy 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-60" title="Progress M-60">Progress M-60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NigComSat-1" title="NigComSat-1">NigComSat-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheda_PiXing_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheda PiXing 1 (page does not exist)">Zheda PiXing 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_65&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 65 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 65</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_69&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 69 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 69</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_71&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 71 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 71</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_72&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 72 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosat-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinosat-3">Sinosat-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">June</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2427 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-1" title="COSMO-1">COSMO-1</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-117" title="STS-117">STS-117</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS S3/4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofek-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofek-7">Ofek-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=USA-194&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA-194 (page does not exist)">USA-194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_II_(space_habitat)" title="Genesis II (space habitat)">Genesis II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2428&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2428 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2428</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">July</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe_2" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR-Lupe 2">SAR-Lupe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhongxing_6B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhongxing 6B (page does not exist)">Zhongxing 6B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T10_(satellite)" title="T10 (satellite)">DirecTV-10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">August</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-61" title="Progress M-61">Progress M-61</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-118" title="STS-118">STS-118</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Integrated_Truss_Structure" title="Integrated Truss Structure">ITS S5</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpaceHab" class="mw-redirect" title="SpaceHab">SpaceHab LSM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceway-3" title="Spaceway-3">Spaceway-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSAT-3a" title="BSAT-3a">BSAT-3a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">September</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4CR" title="INSAT-4CR">INSAT-4CR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JCSAT-11" title="JCSAT-11">JCSAT-11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2429&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2429 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">Kaguya</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Okina_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okina (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Okina</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouna_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouna (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Ouna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foton-M_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foton-M No.3 (page does not exist)">Foton-M No.3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Young_Engineers%27_Satellite_2" title="Young Engineers' Satellite 2">YES2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldView-1" title="WorldView-1">WorldView-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CBERS-2B" title="CBERS-2B">CBERS-2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)">Dawn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">October</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_11" title="Intelsat 11">Intelsat 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optus_D2" class="mw-redirect" title="Optus D2">Optus D2</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-11" title="Soyuz TMA-11">Soyuz TMA-11</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-195" title="USA-195">USA-195</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-196" title="USA-196">USA-196</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 66 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 66</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 67 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 67</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_78&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 78 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 78</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Globalstar_70&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globalstar 70 (page does not exist)">Globalstar 70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2430" title="Kosmos 2430">Kosmos 2430</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/STS-120" title="STS-120">STS-120</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/Harmony_(ISS_module)" title="Harmony (ISS module)">Harmony</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2431" title="Kosmos 2431">Kosmos 2431</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2432" title="Kosmos 2432">Kosmos 2432</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2433" title="Kosmos 2433">Kosmos 2433</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAR-Lupe_3" class="mw-redirect" title="SAR-Lupe 3">SAR-Lupe 3</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rubin-7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubin-7 (page does not exist)">Rubin-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-197" title="USA-197">USA-197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skynet_5B" title="Skynet 5B">Skynet 5B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_One_C1" title="Star One C1">Star One C1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirius 4">Sirius 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">December</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Globus-1M_No.11L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Globus-1M No.11L (page does not exist)">Globus-1M No.11L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COSMO-2" class="mw-redirect" title="COSMO-2">COSMO-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-198" title="USA-198">USA-198</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">Radarsat-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA-199" title="USA-199">USA-199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizons-2" title="Horizons-2">Horizons-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rascom-QAF_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Rascom-QAF 1">Rascom-QAF 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_M-62" title="Progress M-62">Progress M-62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2434" title="Kosmos 2434">Kosmos 2434</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2435" title="Kosmos 2435">Kosmos 2435</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2436" title="Kosmos 2436">Kosmos 2436</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).<br /><u>Crewed flights</u> are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/15px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/23px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/30px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span 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