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id="toc-Catalina_Sky_Survey_(including_Mount_Lemmon_Survey)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalina_Sky_Survey_(including_Mount_Lemmon_Survey)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Catalina Sky Survey (including Mount Lemmon Survey)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalina_Sky_Survey_(including_Mount_Lemmon_Survey)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kiso_Observatory_(Tomo-e_Gozen)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kiso_Observatory_(Tomo-e_Gozen)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Kiso Observatory (Tomo-e Gozen)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kiso_Observatory_(Tomo-e_Gozen)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Large Synoptic Survey Telescope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NEO_Survey_Telescope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NEO_Survey_Telescope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>NEO Survey Telescope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NEO_Survey_Telescope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NEOWISE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NEOWISE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>NEOWISE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NEOWISE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pan-STARRS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pan-STARRS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>Pan-STARRS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pan-STARRS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Surveillance_Telescope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Surveillance_Telescope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Space Surveillance Telescope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Surveillance_Telescope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacewatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacewatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Spacewatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacewatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zwicky_Transient_Facility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zwicky_Transient_Facility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Zwicky Transient Facility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zwicky_Transient_Facility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Follow-up_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Follow-up_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Follow-up observations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Follow-up_observations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Follow-up observations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Follow-up_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estimating_size_and_impact_severity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estimating_size_and_impact_severity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Estimating size and impact severity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estimating_size_and_impact_severity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Impact calculation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_calculation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact calculation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Minimum orbit intersection distance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Projecting_into_the_future" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Projecting_into_the_future"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Projecting into the future</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Projecting_into_the_future-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NEODyS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NEODyS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>NEODyS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NEODyS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentry_prediction_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentry_prediction_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sentry prediction system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentry_prediction_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_probability_calculation_pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_probability_calculation_pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Impact probability calculation pattern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_probability_calculation_pattern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_predicted_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_predicted_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Response to predicted impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_predicted_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness_of_the_current_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness_of_the_current_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effectiveness of the current system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness_of_the_current_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improving_impact_prediction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improving_impact_prediction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Improving impact prediction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Improving_impact_prediction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Improving impact prediction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Improving_impact_prediction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Opposition effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solutions_to_problems:_summary_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solutions_to_problems:_summary_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Solutions to problems: summary table</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solutions_to_problems:_summary_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_successfully_predicted_asteroid_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_successfully_predicted_asteroid_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of successfully predicted asteroid impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_successfully_predicted_asteroid_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2008TC3-groundpath-rev.png/250px-2008TC3-groundpath-rev.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2008TC3-groundpath-rev.png/375px-2008TC3-groundpath-rev.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2008TC3-groundpath-rev.png/500px-2008TC3-groundpath-rev.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span> was the first successfully predicted asteroid impact. This picture shows the estimated path and altitude of the <a href="/wiki/Meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteor">meteor</a> in red, with the possible location for the METEOSAT IR <a href="/wiki/Fireball_(meteor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fireball (meteor)">fireball</a> (bolide) as orange crosshairs and the <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization#International_Monitoring_System_(IMS)" title="Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization">infrasound detection</a> of the explosion in green</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Asteroid impact prediction</b> is the prediction of the dates and times of <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impacting Earth</a>, along with the locations and severities of the impacts. </p><p>The process of impact prediction follows three major steps: </p> <ol><li>Discovery of an asteroid and initial assessment of its <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> which is generally based on a short <a href="/wiki/Observation_arc" title="Observation arc">observation arc</a> of less than 2 weeks.</li> <li>Follow-up observations to improve the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_determination" title="Orbit determination">orbit determination</a></li> <li>Calculating if, when and where the orbit may <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(Euclidean_geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intersection (Euclidean geometry)">intersect</a> with <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> at some point in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The usual purpose of predicting an impact is to direct an appropriate response.<sup id="cite_ref-NEO_Preparedness_Plan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO_Preparedness_Plan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most asteroids are discovered by a camera on a telescope with a wide <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>. <a href="/wiki/Image_differencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image differencing">Image differencing</a> software compares a recent image with earlier ones of the same part of the sky, detecting objects that have moved, brightened, or appeared. Those systems usually obtain a few observations per night, which can be linked up into a very preliminary <a href="/wiki/Orbit_determination" title="Orbit determination">orbit determination</a>. This predicts approximate positions over the next few nights, and follow-ups can then be carried out by any telescope powerful enough to see the newly detected object. Orbit intersection calculations are then carried out by two independent systems, one (<a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry</a>) run by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and the other (<a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a>) by <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. </p><p>Current systems only detect an arriving object when several factors are just right, mainly the direction of approach relative to the Sun, the weather, and phase of the Moon. The overall success rate is around 1% and is lower for the smaller objects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few <a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth#Predicted_encounters" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">near misses</a> by medium-size asteroids have been predicted years in advance, with a tiny chance of actually striking Earth, and a handful of small actual impactors have successfully been detected hours in advance. All of the latter struck wilderness or ocean, and hurt no one. The majority of impacts are by small, undiscovered objects. They rarely hit a populated area, but can cause <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">widespread damage</a> when they do. Performance is improving in detecting smaller objects as existing systems are upgraded and new ones come on line, but all current systems have a blind spot around the Sun that can only be overcome by a dedicated space based system or by discovering objects on a previous approach to Earth many years before a potential impact. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1992 a report to <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> recommended a coordinated survey (christened <a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a>) to discover, verify and provide follow-up observations for <a href="/wiki/Earth-crossing_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth-crossing asteroid">Earth-crossing asteroids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison_1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This survey was scaled to discover 90% of all objects larger than one kilometer within 25 years. Three years later, a further NASA report recommended search surveys that would discover 60–70% of the short-period, near-Earth objects larger than one kilometer within ten years and obtain 90% completeness within five more years.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, NASA formally embraced the goal of finding and cataloging, by 2008, 90% of all near-Earth objects (NEOs) with diameters of 1 km or larger that could represent a collision risk to Earth. The 1 km diameter metric was chosen after considerable study indicated that an impact of an object smaller than 1 km could cause significant local or regional damage but is unlikely to cause a worldwide catastrophe.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison_1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of an object much larger than 1 km diameter could well result in worldwide damage up to, and potentially including, <a href="/wiki/Human_extinction" title="Human extinction">extinction of the human race</a>. The NASA commitment has resulted in the funding of a number of NEO search efforts, which made considerable progress toward the 90% goal by the target date of 2008 and also produced the first ever successful prediction of an asteroid impact (the 4-meter <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span> was detected 19 hours before impact). However, the 2009 discovery of several NEOs approximately 2 to 3 kilometers in diameter (e.g. <span class="nowrap">2009 CR<sub>2</sub></span>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_HC82" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 HC82">2009 HC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">82</span></span></a></span>, <span class="nowrap">2009 KJ</span>, <span class="nowrap">2009 MS</span> and <span class="nowrap">2009 OG</span>) demonstrated there were still large objects to be detected. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/375px-%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>One of the 7,000 buildings damaged by the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Three years later, in 2012, the 40 meter diameter asteroid <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a> was discovered and successfully predicted to be on close but non-colliding approach to Earth again just 11 months later. This was a landmark prediction as the object was only <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001200000000000000♠"></span>20 m × 40 m</span>, and it was closely monitored as a result. On the day of its closest approach and by coincidence, a smaller asteroid was also approaching Earth, unpredicted and undetected, from a direction close to the Sun. Unlike <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a> it was on a collision course and it impacted Earth 16 hours before <a href="/wiki/367943_Duende" title="367943 Duende">367943 Duende</a> passed, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a>. It injured 1,500 people and damaged over 7,000 buildings, raising the profile of the dangers of even small asteroid impacts if they occur over populated areas. The asteroid is estimated to have been 17 m across. </p><p>In April 2018, the <a href="/wiki/B612_Foundation" title="B612 Foundation">B612 Foundation</a> stated "It's 100 per cent certain we'll be hit [by a devastating asteroid], but we're not 100 per cent sure when."<sup id="cite_ref-INQ-20180428_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INQ-20180428-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>, in his final book <i><a href="/wiki/Brief_Answers_to_the_Big_Questions_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brief Answers to the Big Questions (book)">Brief Answers to the Big Questions</a></i>, considered an asteroid collision to be the biggest threat to the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-WP-20181015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP-20181015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-QZ-20181014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QZ-20181014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2018, the US <a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Technology_Council" title="National Science and Technology Council">National Science and Technology Council</a> warned that America is unprepared for an asteroid impact event, and has developed and released the National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Strategy Action Plan to better prepare.<sup id="cite_ref-WH-20180621_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-20180621-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GIZ-20180621_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GIZ-20180621-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICARUS-220180522_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICARUS-220180522-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180614_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180614-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20180614c_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20180614c-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_near-Earth_asteroids">Discovery of near-Earth asteroids</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery of near-Earth asteroids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first step in predicting impacts is detecting asteroids and determining their orbits. Finding faint <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth objects</a> against the much more numerous background <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> is very much a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/needle_in_a_haystack" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/needle in a haystack">needle in a haystack</a> search. It is achieved by <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_survey" title="Astronomical survey">sky surveys</a> that are designed to discover near Earth asteroids. Unlike the majority of telescopes that have a narrow <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> and high magnification, survey telescopes have a wide field of view to scan the entire sky in a reasonable amount of time with enough sensitivity to pick up the faint near-Earth objects they are searching for. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">NEO</a> focused surveys revisit the same area of sky several times in succession. Movement can then be detected using <a href="/wiki/Image_differencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image differencing">image differencing</a> techniques. Anything that moves from image to image against the background of stars is compared to a catalogue of all known objects, and if it is not already known is reported as a new discovery along with its <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">precise position</a> and the observation time. This then allows other observers to confirm and add to the data about the newly discovered object.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cataloging_vs_warning_surveys">Cataloging vs warning surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cataloging vs warning surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asteroid surveys can be broadly classified as either <i>cataloging surveys</i>, which use larger telescopes to mostly identify larger asteroids well before they come notably close to Earth, or <i>warning surveys</i>, which use smaller telescopes to mostly look for smaller asteroids within several million kilometers of Earth. Cataloging systems focus on finding larger asteroids years in advance and they scan the sky slowly (of the order of once per month), but deeply. Warning systems focus on scanning the sky relatively quickly (of the order of once per night). They typically cannot detect objects that are as faint as cataloging systems but they will not miss an asteroid that dramatically brightens for just a few days when it passes very close to Earth. Some systems compromise and scan the sky approximately once per week.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cataloging_systems">Cataloging systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cataloging systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For larger <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> (> 100 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a> to 1 <a href="/wiki/Kilometre" title="Kilometre">km</a> across), prediction is based on cataloging the asteroid, years to centuries before it could impact. This technique is possible as their size makes them bright enough to be seen from a long distance. Their orbits therefore can be measured and any future impacts predicted long before they are on an impact approach to Earth. This long period of warning is important as an impact from a 1 km object would cause worldwide damage and a minimum of around a decade of lead time would be needed to deflect it away from Earth. As of 2018, the inventory is nearly complete for the kilometer-size objects (around 900) which would cause global damage, and approximately one third complete for 140 meter objects (around 8500) which would cause major regional damage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Orbit_distributions_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orbit_distributions-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Asteroid_analytics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asteroid_analytics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of the cataloging is somewhat limited by the fact that some proportion of the objects have been <a href="/wiki/Lost_minor_planet" title="Lost minor planet">lost</a> since their discovery, due to insufficient observations to accurately determine their orbits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Warning_systems">Warning systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Warning systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smaller <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">near-Earth objects</a> number into millions and therefore impact Earth much more often, though obviously with much less damage. The vast majority remain undiscovered.<sup id="cite_ref-Asteroid_analytics_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Asteroid_analytics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They seldom pass close enough to Earth that they become bright enough to observe, and so most can only be observed when within a few million kilometers of Earth. They therefore cannot usually be catalogued well in advance and can only be warned about, a few weeks to days in advance. </p><p>Current mechanisms for detecting asteroids on approach rely on ground based visible-light <a href="/wiki/Telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telescopes">telescopes</a> with wide fields of view. Those currently can monitor the sky at most every night, and therefore miss most of the smaller asteroids which are bright enough to detect for less than a day. Such very small asteroids much more commonly <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact</a> Earth than larger ones, but they make little damage. Missing them therefore has limited consequences. Much more importantly, ground-based telescopes are blind to most of the asteroids which impact the <a href="/wiki/Day#Daytime" title="Day">day</a> side of the planet and will miss even large ones. These and other problems mean very few impacts are successfully predicted (see <a href="#Effectiveness_of_the_current_system">§Effectiveness of the current system</a> and <a href="#Improving_impact_prediction">§Improving impact prediction</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Asteroids detected by warning systems are much too close to their time of potential impact to deflect them away from Earth, but there is still enough time to mitigate the consequences of the impact by evacuating and otherwise preparing the affected area. Warning systems can also detect asteroids which have been successfully catalogued as existing, but whose orbit was insufficiently well determined to allow a prediction of where they are now. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lost_minor_planet" title="Lost minor planet">Lost minor planet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surveys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main NEO focussed surveys are listed below, along with future telescopes that are already funded. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Locations of the major near Earth asteroid surveys. The addition of Kiso, SST and the Southern ATLAS locations mean the surveys are no longer solely clustered in the north west of the globe"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg/600px-Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="368" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg/900px-Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg/1200px-Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="785" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_NEO_survey_sites.jpg" title="File:Global NEO survey sites.jpg"> </a></div>Locations of the major near Earth asteroid surveys. The addition of Kiso, SST and the Southern ATLAS locations mean the surveys are no longer solely clustered in the north west of the globe</div></div></div> <p>Originally all the surveys were clustered together in a relatively small part of the Northern Hemisphere. This meant that around 15% of the sky at extreme Southern declination was never monitored,<sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-SA-Physics-World_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-SA-Physics-World-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the rest of the Southern sky was observed over a shorter season than the Northern sky. Moreover, as the hours of darkness are fewer in summertime, the lack of a balance of surveys between North and South meant that the sky was scanned less often in the Northern summer. The ATLAS telescopes now operating at the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Astronomical_Observatory" title="South African Astronomical Observatory">South African Astronomical Observatory</a> and El Sauce observatory in Chile now cover this gap in the south east of the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-nature-ATLAS-southern_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-ATLAS-southern-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-SA-Physics-World_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-SA-Physics-World-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once it is completed, the <a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">Large Synoptic Survey Telescope</a> will improve the existing cover of the southern sky. The 3.5 m <a href="/wiki/Space_Surveillance_Telescope" title="Space Surveillance Telescope">Space Surveillance Telescope</a>, which was originally also in the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest United States">southwest United States</a>, was dismantled and moved to <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> in 2017. When completed, this should also improve the global coverage. Construction has been delayed due to the new site being in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclone</a> region, but was completed in September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-SSTA-Cyclonic-Delay_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSTA-Cyclonic-Delay-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Survey </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Telescope diameter (<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Number of telescopes </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Time to scan entire visible sky (when clear)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Limiting <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Hemisphere </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Activity </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Peak yearly observations<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Residuals_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Residuals-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Survey category </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">ATLAS</a> </td> <td>0.5</td> <td>2</td> <td>2 nights</td> <td>19</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>2016–present</td> <td>1,908,828</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.5</td> <td>2</td> <td>1 night</td> <td>19</td> <td>Southern</td> <td>2022–present<sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>NA</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a> </td> <td>1.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>30 nights</td> <td>21.5</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>1998–present</td> <td>see Mount Lemmon Survey</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr> <td>0.7</td> <td>1</td> <td>7 nights</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>1998–present</td> <td>1,934,824</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <td>0.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>Southern</td> <td>2004–2013</td> <td>264,634</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiso_Observatory" title="Kiso Observatory">Kiso Observatory</a> </td> <td>1.05</td> <td>1</td> <td>0.2 nights (2 hours)</td> <td>18</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>2019–present</td> <td>?</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffcc00"> <td><a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">Large Synoptic<br />Survey Telescope</a> </td> <td>8.4</td> <td>1</td> <td>3–4 nights</td> <td>27</td> <td>Southern</td> <td><b>2022</b></td> <td>NA</td> <td>Both </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Near-Earth_Asteroid_Research" title="Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research">Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research</a> </td> <td>1.0</td> <td>2</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>1998–2012</td> <td>3,346,181</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory_Near-Earth-Object_Search" title="Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search">Lowell Observatory Near-Earth-Object Search</a> </td> <td>0.6</td> <td>1</td> <td>41 nights</td> <td>19.5</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>1998–2008</td> <td>836,844</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Survey" title="Mount Lemmon Survey">Mount Lemmon Survey</a> </td> <td>1.52</td> <td>1</td> <td>?</td> <td>~21</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>2005–present</td> <td>2,920,211</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Tracking" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking">Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking</a> </td> <td>?</td> <td>2</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>1995–2007</td> <td>1,214,008</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffcc00"> <td><a href="/wiki/NEOSM" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOSM">NEOSM</a> </td> <td>0.5</td> <td>1</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point#L1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">SEL1</a></td> <td><b>2026</b><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20210611_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20210611-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neosm-planet-soc_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neosm-planet-soc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>NA</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#ffcc00"> <td><a href="/wiki/NEOSTEL" title="NEOSTEL">NEO Survey Telescope</a> </td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 night</td> <td>21</td> <td>Northern</td> <td><b>2022</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>NA</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NEOWISE" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a> </td> <td>0.4</td> <td>1</td> <td>~6 months</td> <td>~22</td> <td>Earth Orbit</td> <td>2009–present</td> <td>2,279,598</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> </td> <td>1.8</td> <td>2</td> <td>30 nights</td> <td>23</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>2010–present</td> <td>5,254,605</td> <td>Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Space_Surveillance_Telescope" title="Space Surveillance Telescope">Space Surveillance Telescope</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">3.5</td> <td rowspan="2">1</td> <td rowspan="2">6 nights</td> <td rowspan="2">20.5</td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0c0">Northern</td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0c0">2014–2017</td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0c0">6,973,249</td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0c0">Warning survey </td></tr> <tr> <td>Southern</td> <td>2022–present<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>NA</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a> </td> <td>1.8</td> <td>1</td> <td>?</td> <td>?</td> <td rowspan="2">Northern</td> <td rowspan="2">1980–1998<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spacewatch_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacewatch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td rowspan="2">1,532,613</td> <td rowspan="2">Cataloging survey </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="#c0c0c0"> <td>0.9</td> <td>1</td> <td>?</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a> </td> <td>1.2</td> <td>1</td> <td>3 nights</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>2018–present</td> <td>483,822</td> <td>Warning survey </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ATLAS">ATLAS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: ATLAS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_Terrestrial-impact_Last_Alert_System" title="Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System">Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System</a></div> <p>ATLAS, the "Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System" uses four 0.5-metre telescopes. Two are located on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Haleakala_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Haleakala Observatory">Haleakala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa_Observatory" title="Mauna Loa Observatory">Mauna Loa</a>, one at the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Astronomical_Observatory" title="South African Astronomical Observatory">South African Astronomical Observatory</a>, and one in Chile.<sup id="cite_ref-nature-ATLAS-southern_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nature-ATLAS-southern-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-how-it-works_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-how-it-works-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a field of view of 30 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a> each, the telescopes survey the observable sky down to <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> 19 with 4 exposures every night.<sup id="cite_ref-CESG-Recorder_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CESG-Recorder-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArXib2018_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArXib2018-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The survey has been operational with the two Hawaii telescopes since 2017, and in 2018 obtained NASA funding for two additional telescopes sited in the Southern hemisphere. They were expected to take 18 months to build.<sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-specs_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-specs-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their southern locations provide coverage of the 15% of the sky that cannot be observed from Hawaii, and combined with the Northern hemisphere telescopes give non-stop coverage of the equatorial night sky (the South African location is not only in the opposite hemisphere to Hawaii, but also at an opposing longitude).<sup id="cite_ref-ATLAS-how-it-works_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ATLAS-how-it-works-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full ATLAS concept consists of eight of its 50-centimeter diameter f/2 <a href="/wiki/Wright_camera" title="Wright camera">Wright</a>-<a href="/wiki/Schmidt_corrector_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt corrector plate">Schmidt telescopes</a>, spread over the globe for 24h/24h coverage of the full-night-sky. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catalina_Sky_Survey_(including_Mount_Lemmon_Survey)"><span id="Catalina_Sky_Survey_.28including_Mount_Lemmon_Survey.29"></span>Catalina Sky Survey (including Mount Lemmon Survey)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Catalina Sky Survey (including Mount Lemmon Survey)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a></div> <p>In 1998, the Catalina Sky Survey (CSS) took over from Spacewatch in surveying the sky for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. It uses two telescopes, a 1.5 m <a href="/wiki/Cassegrain_reflector" title="Cassegrain reflector">Cassegrain reflector</a> telescope on the peak of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon" title="Mount Lemmon">Mount Lemmon</a> (also known as a survey in its own right, the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lemmon_Survey" title="Mount Lemmon Survey">Mount Lemmon Survey</a>), and a 0.7 m <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt</a> telescope near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bigelow_(Arizona)" title="Mount Bigelow (Arizona)">Mount Bigelow</a> (both in the Tucson, Arizona area in the south west of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). Both sites use identical cameras which provide a <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> of 5 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a> on the 1.5 m telescope and 19 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a> on the Catalina Schmidt. The Cassegrain reflector telescope takes three to four weeks to survey the entire sky, detecting objects fainter than <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> 21.5. The 0.7 m telescope takes a week to complete a survey of the sky, detecting objects fainter than <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> 19.<sup id="cite_ref-CSS-Facilities_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSS-Facilities-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination of telescopes, one slow and one medium, has so far detected more <a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Object" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Earth Object">near Earth Objects</a> than any other single survey. This shows the need for a combination of different types of telescopes. </p><p>CSS used to include a telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, the <a href="/wiki/Siding_Spring_Survey" title="Siding Spring Survey">Siding Spring Survey</a>. However operations ended in 2013 after funding was discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-guard-closure_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-closure-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kiso_Observatory_(Tomo-e_Gozen)"><span id="Kiso_Observatory_.28Tomo-e_Gozen.29"></span>Kiso Observatory (Tomo-e Gozen)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kiso Observatory (Tomo-e Gozen)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kiso_Observatory" title="Kiso Observatory">Kiso Observatory</a></div> <p>The Kiso Observatory uses a 1.05m <a href="/wiki/Schmidt_camera" title="Schmidt camera">Schmidt</a> telescope on <a href="/wiki/Mt._Ontake" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Ontake">Mt. Ontake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kiso-observatory-overview_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiso-observatory-overview-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 2019 the Kiso Observatory added a new instrument to the telescope, "Tomo-e Gozen", designed to detect fast moving and rapidly changing objects. It has a wide field of view (20 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a>) and scans the sky in just 2 hours, far faster than any other survey as of 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-canon-tomoe-gozen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canon-tomoe-gozen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This puts it squarely in the warning survey category. In order to scan the sky so quickly, the camera captures 2 frames per second, which means the sensitivity is lower than other metre class telescopes (which have much longer exposure times), giving a limiting magnitude of just 18.<sup id="cite_ref-iau-kiso-apmag-18_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-kiso-apmag-18-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kiso-18thmag-slide_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kiso-18thmag-slide-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite not being able to see dimmer objects which are detectable by other surveys, the ability to scan the entire sky several times per night allows it to spot fast moving asteroids that other surveys miss. It has discovered a significant number of near-Earth asteroids as a result (for example see <a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2021" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2021">List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2021</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope">Large Synoptic Survey Telescope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Large Synoptic Survey Telescope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">Large Synoptic Survey Telescope</a></div> <p>The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) is a wide-field survey reflecting telescope with an 8.4 meter primary mirror, currently under construction on <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Pach%C3%B3n" title="Cerro Pachón">Cerro Pachón</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. It will survey the entire available sky around every three nights. Science operations are due to begin in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-LSST-summary-factsheet_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSST-summary-factsheet-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scanning the sky relatively fast but also being able to detect objects down to <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> 27, it should be good at detecting nearby fast moving objects as well as excellent for larger slower objects that are currently further away. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission">Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NEOSM" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOSM">NEOSM</a></div> <p>A planned space-based 0.5m <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescope</a> designed to survey the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> for <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">potentially hazardous asteroids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEO_Home_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO_Home-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telescope will use a passive cooling system, and so unlike its predecessor <a href="/wiki/NEOWISE" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a>, it will not suffer from a performance degradation due to running out of coolant. It does still have a limited mission duration however as it needs to use propellant for <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station_keeping" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital station keeping">orbital station keeping</a> in order to maintain its position at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#Sun–Earth" title="Lagrange point">SEL1</a>. From here, the mission will search for asteroids hidden from Earth based satellites by the Sun's glare. It is planned for launch in 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20210611_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20210611-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neosm-planet-soc_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neosm-planet-soc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NEO_Survey_Telescope">NEO Survey Telescope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: NEO Survey Telescope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NEOSTEL" title="NEOSTEL">NEOSTEL</a></div> <p>The Near Earth Object Survey TELescope (<a href="/wiki/NEOSTEL" title="NEOSTEL">NEOSTEL</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a> funded project, starting with an initial prototype currently under construction. The telescope is of a new "fly-eye" design that combines a single reflector with multiple sets of optics and CCDs, giving a very wide field of view (around 45 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a>). When complete it will have the widest field of view of any telescope and will be able to survey the majority of the visible sky in a single night. If the initial prototype is successful, three more telescopes are planned for installation around the globe. Because of the novel design, the size of the primary mirror is not directly comparable to more conventional telescopes, but is equivalent to a conventional 1–metre telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-NEOSTEL_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-NEOSTEL-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The telescope itself should be complete by end of 2019, and installation on Mount Mufara, Sicily should be complete in 2020 but was pushed back to 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ESA-NEOSTEL_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-NEOSTEL-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek-Flyeye_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-Flyeye-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: NEOWISE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg/250px-418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg/375px-418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg/500px-418872main_wise20100122-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Viewed from space by <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal camera">thermal camera</a>, asteroid <a href="/wiki/2010_AB78" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 AB78">2010 AB78</a> appears redder than the background stars as it emits most of its light at longer infrared wavelengths. In visible light it is very faint and difficult to see.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer</a></div> <p>The Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer is a 0.4 m <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared-wavelength</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space telescope</a> launched in December 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-WISE-MSC_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISE-MSC-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-launch_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launch-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and placed in hibernation in February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-wright_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wright-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was re-activated in 2013 specifically to search for near-Earth objects under the <a href="/wiki/NEOWISE" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a> mission.<sup id="cite_ref-cbc20130822_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbc20130822-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this stage, the spacecraft's <a href="/wiki/Cryogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogen">cryogenic</a> coolant had been depleted and so only two of the spacecraft's four sensors could be used. Whilst this has still led to new discoveries of asteroids not previously seen from ground-based telescopes, the productivity has dropped significantly. In its peak year when all four sensors were operational, <a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a> made 2.28 million asteroid observations. In recent years, with no cryogen, NEOWISE typically makes approximately 0.15 million asteroid observations annually.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Residuals_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Residuals-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next generation of infrared space telescopes has been designed so that they do not need cryogenic cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-NEOCAM-Instrument_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEOCAM-Instrument-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pan-STARRS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a>, the "Panoramic Survey Telescope And Rapid Response System", currently (2018) consists of two 1.8 m <a href="/wiki/Ritchey%E2%80%93Chr%C3%A9tien_telescope" title="Ritchey–Chrétien telescope">Ritchey–Chrétien telescopes</a> located at <a href="/wiki/Haleakala" class="mw-redirect" title="Haleakala">Haleakala</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. It has discovered a large number of new asteroids, <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">variable stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovae</a> and other celestial objects.<sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Discoverers_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Discoverers-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its primary mission is now to detect near-Earth objects that threaten <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impact events</a>, and it is expected to create a database of all objects visible from Hawaii (three-quarters of the entire sky) down to <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> 24. The Pan-STARRS NEO survey searches all the sky north of <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> −47.5.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It takes three to four weeks to survey the entire sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Pan-STARRS_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pan-STARRS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Astronomy_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Astronomy-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_Surveillance_Telescope">Space Surveillance Telescope</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Space Surveillance Telescope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Surveillance_Telescope" title="Space Surveillance Telescope">Space Surveillance Telescope</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Space_Surveillance_Telescope" title="Space Surveillance Telescope">Space Surveillance Telescope</a> (SST) is a 3.5 m telescope that detects, tracks, and can discern small, obscure objects, in deep space with a wide <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a> system. The SST mount uses an advanced servo-control technology, that makes it one of the quickest and most agile telescopes of its size.<sup id="cite_ref-SST-GS_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SST-GS-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DARPA-SST_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DARPA-SST-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a field of view of 6 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a> and can scan the visible sky in 6 clear nights down to <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">apparent magnitude</a> 20.5. Its primary mission is tracking orbital debris. This task is similar to that of spotting near-Earth asteroids and so it is capable of both.<sup id="cite_ref-DTIC-SST-Results_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DTIC-SST-Results-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SST was initially deployed for testing and evaluation at the <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. On 6 December 2013, it was announced that the telescope system would be moved to the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Communication_Station_Harold_E._Holt" title="Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt">Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Exmouth,_Western_Australia" title="Exmouth, Western Australia">Exmouth, Western Australia</a>. The SST was moved to <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 2017, captured first light in 2020 and after a two and a half year testing programme became operational in September 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spacewatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spacewatch" title="Spacewatch">Spacewatch</a></div> <p>Spacewatch was an early sky survey focussed on finding near Earth asteroids, founded in 1980. It was the first to use <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a> <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensors</a> to search for them, and the first to develop <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> to detect moving objects automatically in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a>. This led to a huge increase in productivity. Before 1990 a few hundred observations were made each year. After automation, annual productivity jumped by a factor of 100 leading to tens of thousands of observations per year. This paved the way for the surveys we have today.<sup id="cite_ref-spacewatch_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacewatch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the survey is still in operation, in 1998 it was superseded by Catalina Sky Survey. Since then it has focused on following up on discoveries by other surveys, rather than making new discoveries itself. In particular it aims to prevent high priority <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHOs</a> from being lost after their discovery. The survey telescopes are 1.8 m and 0.9 m. The two follow-up telescopes are 2.3 m and 4 m.<sup id="cite_ref-spacewatch_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacewatch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zwicky_Transient_Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Zwicky Transient Facility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zwicky_Transient_Facility" title="Zwicky Transient Facility">Zwicky Transient Facility</a> (ZTF) was commissioned in 2018, superseding the <a href="/wiki/Palomar_Transient_Factory" title="Palomar Transient Factory">Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory</a> (2009–2017). It is designed to detect <a href="/wiki/Transient_astronomical_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient astronomical event">transient objects</a> that rapidly change in brightness, for example <a href="/wiki/Supernovae" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernovae">supernovae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray_burst" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma ray burst">gamma ray bursts</a>, collisions between two <a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron stars</a>, as well as moving objects such as <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>. The ZTF is a 1.2 m telescope that has a field of view of 47 <a href="/wiki/Square_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Square degrees">square degrees</a>, designed to image the entire northern sky in three nights and scan the plane of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> twice each night to a limiting <a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a> of 20.5.<sup id="cite_ref-unblinking-eye-in-sky_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unblinking-eye-in-sky-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of data produced by ZTF is expected to be 10 times larger than its predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Follow-up_observations">Follow-up observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Follow-up observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG/280px-NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG" decoding="async" width="280" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG/420px-NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG/560px-NEA-sizes-vs-uncertainties-compact.PNG 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption> The orbits of kilometre class <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroid">NEAs</a> are generally well known as there are usually many follow-up observations. Large numbers of smaller NEAs however have highly uncertain orbits due to insufficient follow-up after discovery. Many have been <a href="/wiki/Lost_minor_planet" title="Lost minor planet">lost</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-MPC-NEA_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-NEA-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Once a new <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> has been discovered and reported, other observers can confirm the finding and help define the orbit of the newly discovered object. The <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> (MPC) acts as the global clearing house for information on asteroid orbits. It publishes lists of new discoveries that need verifying and still have uncertain orbits, and it collects the resulting follow-up observations from around the world. Unlike the initial discovery, which typically requires unusual and expensive wide-field telescopes, ordinary telescopes can be used to confirm the object as its position is now approximately known. There are far more of these around the globe, and even a well equipped <a href="/wiki/Amateur_astronomy" title="Amateur astronomy">amateur astronomer</a> can contribute valuable follow-up observations of moderately bright asteroids. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Shefford_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Shefford Observatory">Great Shefford Observatory</a> in the back garden of amateur <a href="/wiki/Peter_Birtwhistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Birtwhistle">Peter Birtwhistle</a> typically submits thousands of observations to the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> every year.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPC-Residuals_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPC-Residuals-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, some surveys (for example CSS and Spacewatch) have their own dedicated follow-up telescopes.<sup id="cite_ref-spacewatch_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spacewatch-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Follow-up observations are important because once a sky survey has reported a discovery it may not return to observe the object again for days or weeks. By this time it may be too faint for it to detect, and in danger of becoming a <a href="/wiki/Lost_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost asteroid">lost asteroid</a>. The more observations and the longer the <a href="/wiki/Observation_arc" title="Observation arc">observation arc</a>, the greater the accuracy of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_determination" title="Orbit determination">orbit model</a>. This is important for two reasons: </p> <ol><li>for imminent impacts it helps to make a better prediction of where the impact will occur and whether there is any danger of hitting a populated area.</li> <li>for asteroids that will miss Earth this time round, the more accurate the orbit model is, the further into the future its position can be predicted. This allows recovery of the asteroid on its subsequent approaches, and impacts to be predicted years in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estimating_size_and_impact_severity">Estimating size and impact severity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Estimating size and impact severity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assessing the size of the asteroid is important for predicting the severity of the impact, and therefore the actions that need to be taken (if any). With just observations of reflected visible light by a conventional telescope, the object could be anything from 50% to 200% of the estimated diameter, and therefore anything from one-eighth to eight times the estimated volume and mass.<sup id="cite_ref-NEOCAM-Infrared_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEOCAM-Infrared-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, one key follow-up observation is to measure the asteroid in the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal infrared">thermal infrared</a> spectrum (long-wavelength infrared), using an <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescope</a>. The amount of thermal radiation given off by an asteroid together with the amount of reflected visible light allows a much more accurate assessment of its size than just how bright it appears in the visible spectrum. Jointly using thermal infrared and visible measurements, a thermal model of the asteroid can estimate its size to within about 10% of the true size. </p><p>One example of such a follow-up observation was for <a href="/wiki/3671_Dionysus" title="3671 Dionysus">3671 Dionysus</a> by <a href="/wiki/UKIRT" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIRT">UKIRT</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescope</a> at the time (1997).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second example was the 2013 ESA <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel Space Observatory</a> follow-up observations of <a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">99942 Apophis</a>, which showed it was 20% larger and 75% more massive than previously estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-esanews1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-esanews1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However such follow-ups are rare. The size estimates of most near-Earth asteroids are based on visible light only.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-NEO-Close-Approach-Data_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-NEO-Close-Approach-Data-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the object was discovered by an infrared survey telescope initially, then an accurate size estimate will become available with visible light follow-up, and infrared follow-up will not be needed. However, none of the ground-based survey telescopes listed above operate at thermal infrared wavelengths. The <a href="/wiki/NEOWISE" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOWISE">NEOWISE</a> satellite had two thermal infrared sensors but they stopped working when the <a href="/wiki/Cryogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogen">cryogen</a> ran out. There are therefore currently no active thermal infrared sky surveys which are focused on discovering near-Earth objects. There are plans for a new space based thermal infrared survey telescope, <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission">Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission</a>, due to launch in 2025. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_calculation">Impact calculation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Impact calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance">Minimum orbit intersection distance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Minimum orbit intersection distance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minimum_orbit_intersection_distance" title="Minimum orbit intersection distance">Minimum orbit intersection distance</a></div> <p>The minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) between an asteroid and the Earth is the distance between the closest points of their <a href="/wiki/Osculating_orbit" title="Osculating orbit">orbits</a>. This first check is a coarse measure that does not allow an impact prediction to be made, but is based solely on the <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> parameters and gives an initial measure of how close to Earth the asteroid could come. If the MOID is large then the two objects never come near each other. In this case, unless the orbit of the asteroid is <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">perturbed</a> so that the MOID is reduced at some point in the future, it will never impact Earth and can be ignored. However, if the MOID is small then it is necessary to carry out more detailed calculations to determine if an impact will happen in the future. Asteroids with a MOID of less than 0.05 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical Unit">AU</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> brighter than 22 are categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_asteroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Potentially hazardous asteroid">potentially hazardous asteroid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NEO-Groups_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO-Groups-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projecting_into_the_future">Projecting into the future</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Projecting into the future"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_LA-orbit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2018_LA-orbit.png/250px-2018_LA-orbit.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2018_LA-orbit.png/375px-2018_LA-orbit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/2018_LA-orbit.png/500px-2018_LA-orbit.png 2x" data-file-width="2873" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbit</a> and positions of <a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, 30 days before impact. The diagram shows how orbit data can be used to predict impacts well in advance. This particular asteroid's orbit was only known a few hours before impact. The diagram was made later.</figcaption></figure> <p>Once the initial <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> is known, the potential positions can be forecast years into the future and compared to the future position of Earth. If the distance between the asteroid and the centre of the Earth is less than <a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">Earth radius</a> then a potential impact is predicted. To take account of the uncertainties in the orbit of the asteroid, many future projections are made (simulations) with slightly different parameters within the range of the uncertainty. This allows a percentage chance of impact to be estimated. For example, if 1,000 simulations are carried out and 73 result in an impact, then the prediction would be a 7.3% chance of impact.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentry-Intro_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentry-Intro-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NEODyS">NEODyS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: NEODyS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a></div> <p>NEODyS (Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site) is a <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> service that provides information on near Earth objects. It is based on a continually and (almost) automatically maintained database of near Earth asteroid orbits. The site provides a number of services to the NEO community. The main service is an impact monitoring system (CLOMON2) of all near-Earth asteroids covering a period until the year 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-NEODyS-2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEODyS-2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NEODyS website includes a Risk Page where all NEOs with probabilities of hitting the Earth greater than 10<sup>−11</sup> from now until 2100 are shown in a risk list. In the table of the risk list the NEOs are divided into: </p> <ul><li>"special", as was the case of <a href="/wiki/(99942)_Apophis" class="mw-redirect" title="(99942) Apophis">(99942) Apophis</a></li> <li>"observable", objects which are presently observable and which critically need a follow-up in order to improve their orbit</li> <li>"possible recovery", objects which are not visible at present, but which are possible to recover in the near future</li> <li>"lost", objects which have an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> (H) brighter than 25 but which are virtually lost, their orbit being too uncertain; and</li> <li>"small", objects with an absolute magnitude fainter than 25; even when those are "lost", they are considered too small to result in heavy damage on the ground (though the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> would have been fainter than this).</li></ul> <p>Each object has its own impactor table (IT) which shows many parameters useful to determine the risk assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-NEODyS-Risk-List_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEODyS-Risk-List-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentry_prediction_system">Sentry prediction system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sentry prediction system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry (monitoring system)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sentry_(monitoring_system)" title="Sentry (monitoring system)">Sentry System</a> continually scans the MPC catalog of known asteroids, analyzing their orbits for any possible future impacts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a>, it gives a list of possible future impacts, along with the probability of each. It uses a slightly different <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> to <a href="/wiki/NEODyS" title="NEODyS">NEODyS</a>, and so provides a useful cross-check and corroboration. </p><p>Currently, no impacts are predicted (the single highest probability impact currently listed is ~7 m asteroid <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_RF12" title="2010 RF12">2010 RF<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">12</span></span></a></span>, which is due to pass Earth in September 2095 with only a 10% predicted chance of impacting; its size is also small enough that any damage from an impact would be minimal).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vox_article_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox_article-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_probability_calculation_pattern">Impact probability calculation pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Impact probability calculation pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AsteroidImpactProb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AsteroidImpactProb.png/250px-AsteroidImpactProb.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AsteroidImpactProb.png/375px-AsteroidImpactProb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/AsteroidImpactProb.png/500px-AsteroidImpactProb.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Why predicted asteroid impact probability often goes up, then down</figcaption></figure> <p>The ellipses in the diagram on the right show the predicted position of an example asteroid at closest Earth approach. At first, with only a few asteroid observations, the error ellipse is very large and includes the Earth. The impact prediction probability is small because the Earth cover a small fraction of the large error ellipse. (Often times the error ellipse extends for tens if not hundreds of millions of km.) Further observations shrink the error ellipse. If it still includes the Earth, this raises the predicted impact probability, since the fixed-size Earth now covers a larger fraction of the smaller error region. Finally, yet more observations (often radar observations, or discovery of a previous sighting of the same asteroid on much older archival images) shrink the ellipse, usually revealing that the Earth is outside the smaller error region and the impact probability is then near zero.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rare cases, the Earth remains in the ever shrinking error ellipse and the impact probability then approaches one. </p><p>For asteroids that are actually on track to hit Earth, the predicted probability of impact never stops increasing as more observations are made. This initially very similar pattern makes it difficult to quickly differentiate between asteroids which will be millions of kilometres from Earth and those which will actually hit it. This in turn makes it difficult to decide when to raise an alarm as gaining more certainty takes time, which reduces the time available to react to a predicted impact. However raising the alarm too soon has the danger of causing a <a href="/wiki/False_alarm" title="False alarm">false alarm</a> and creating a <a href="/wiki/Boy_Who_Cried_Wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Who Cried Wolf">Boy Who Cried Wolf</a> effect if the asteroid in fact misses Earth. NASA will raise an alert if an asteroid has a better than 1% chance of impacting. </p><p>In December 2004 when <a href="/wiki/99942_Apophis" title="99942 Apophis">Apophis</a> was estimated to have a 2.7% chance of impacting Earth on 13 April 2029, the uncertainty region for this asteroid had shrunk to 82,818 km.<sup id="cite_ref-VI2029_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VI2029-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Response_to_predicted_impact">Response to predicted impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Response to predicted impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once an impact has been predicted the potential severity needs to be assessed, and a response plan formed.<sup id="cite_ref-NEO_Preparedness_Plan_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO_Preparedness_Plan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the time to impact and the predicted severity this may be as simple as giving a warning to citizens. For example, although unpredicted, the 2013 impact at Chelyabinsk was spotted through the window by teacher Yulia Karbysheva. She thought it prudent to take precautionary measures by ordering her students to stay away from the room's windows and to perform a <a href="/wiki/Duck_and_cover" title="Duck and cover">duck and cover</a> maneuver. The teacher, who remained standing, was seriously lacerated when the blast arrived and window glass severed a <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> in one of her arms and left <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a>, but none of her students, whom she ordered to hide under their desks, suffered lacerations.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20130217_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20130217-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chelyabinsk_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chelyabinsk-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the impact had been predicted and a warning had been given to the entire population, similar simple precautionary actions could have vastly reduced the number of injuries. Children who were in other classes were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-spiegel883565_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiegel883565-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a more severe impact is predicted, the response may require evacuation of the area, or with sufficient lead time available, an avoidance mission to repel the asteroid. According to expert testimony in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in 2013, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> would require at least five years of preparation before a mission to intercept an asteroid could be launched which was demonstrated by kinetically deflecting a <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor planet moon">minor planet moon</a>, non-hazardous <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Object#Near-Earth_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth Object">NEO</a> Asteroid called <a href="/wiki/Dimorphos" title="Dimorphos">Dimorphos</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Double_Asteroid_Redirection_Test" title="Double Asteroid Redirection Test">DART</a> spacecraft.<sup id="cite_ref-US-Congress-20130410_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US-Congress-20130410-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a ten-month journey to the Didymos system, the impactor collided with Dimorphos on 26 September 2022 at a speed of around 15,000 miles per hour (24,000 kilometres per hour).<sup id="cite_ref-Rincon-2021-11-24_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rincon-2021-11-24-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collision successfully decreased Dimorphos's <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital period</a> around Didymos by <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001320000000000000♠"></span>32<span style="margin-left:0.3em;margin-right:0.15em;">±</span>2</span> minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-DartPressUpdateNASA_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DartPressUpdateNASA-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Temming-2020-06-29_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Temming-2020-06-29-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crane-2021-11-23_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crane-2021-11-23-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DartUpdateNASA_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DartUpdateNASA-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness_of_the_current_system">Effectiveness of the current system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Effectiveness of the current system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of the current system can be assessed a number of ways. The diagram below illustrates the number of successfully predicted impacts each year compared to the number of unpredicted <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/Impact_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact events">impacts</a> recorded by <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_Commission_for_the_Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty_Organization#International_Monitoring_System_(IMS)" title="Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization">infrasound sensors designed to detect detonation of nuclear devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_JPL_Impact_Reports_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_JPL_Impact_Reports-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shows that the success rate is increasing over time, but that the vast majority are still missed. </p> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:600px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:300px;min-width:600px;max-width:600px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:220px;min-width:500px;max-width:500px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:3.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:#00FF00;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #00FF00;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:189.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:#00FF00;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #00FF00;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:313.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:#00FF00;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #00FF00;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:344.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:#00FF00;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #00FF00;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:437.5px;top:211px;height:8px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:#00FF00;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #00FF00;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:468.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:#00FF00;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid #00FF00;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:3.5px;top:66px;height:149px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 34"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:34.5px;top:79px;height:140px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 32"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:65.5px;top:70px;height:149px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 34"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:96.5px;top:88px;height:131px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 30"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:127.5px;top:66px;height:153px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 35"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:158.5px;top:114px;height:105px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 24"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:189.5px;top:71px;height:144px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 33"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:220.5px;top:31px;height:188px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 43"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:251.5px;top:79px;height:140px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 32"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:282.5px;top:92px;height:127px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 29"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:313.5px;top:49px;height:166px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 38"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:344.5px;top:36px;height:179px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 41"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:375.5px;top:40px;height:179px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 41"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:406.5px;top:79px;height:140px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 32"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:437.5px;top:39px;height:171px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 39"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:468.5px;top:66px;height:149px;min-width:22px;max-width:22px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Unpredicted impacts: 34"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:220px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:166px;padding:0 2px">10</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:176px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:122px;padding:0 2px">20</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:132px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:78px;padding:0 2px">30</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:88px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:34px;padding:0 2px">40</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:44px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">50</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:220px;left:100px;width:500px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2008" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2008">2008</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:15.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:32px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2009" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2009">2009</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:63px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2010" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2010">2010</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:77.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:94px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2011" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2011">2011</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:108.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:125px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2012" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2012">2012</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:139.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:156px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2013" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013">2013</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:170.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:187px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2014" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2014">2014</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:201.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:218px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2015" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015">2015</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:232.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:249px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2016" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2016">2016</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:263.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:280px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2017" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2017">2017</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:294.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:311px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2018" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2018">2018</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:325.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:342px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2019" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2019">2019</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:356.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:373px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2020" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2020">2020</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:387.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:404px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2021" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2021">2021</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:418.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:435px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2022" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2022">2022</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:449.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:466px;top:10px;min-width:29px;max-width:29px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2022" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2022">2023</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:480.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#00FF00;border:1px solid #00FF00;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Successfully predicted impacts</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:red;border:1px solid red;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Unpredicted impacts</li></ul> </div> </div> <p>One problem with assessing effectiveness this way is that the sensitivity of infrasound sensors extends to small asteroids, which generally do very little damage. The missed asteroids do tend to be small, and missing small asteroids is relatively unimportant. By contrast, missing a large day-side impacting asteroid is highly problematic, with the unpredicted mid-size <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> providing a mild real-life example. In order to assess the effectiveness for detecting the (rare) larger asteroids which do matter, a different approach is needed. </p><p>That effectiveness for larger asteroid can be assessed by looking at warning times for asteroids which did not impact Earth but came close. The below diagram for asteroids which came closer than the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> shows how far in advance of closest approach they were first detected. Unlike actual asteroid impacts, where infrasound sensors provide <a href="/wiki/Ground_truth" title="Ground truth">ground truth</a>, it is impossible to know for sure how many close approaches were undetected. The below chart therefore and by construction excludes any asteroids which went completely undetected. Of the asteroids that were detected, the diagram shows that about half were not detected until after they had passed Earth. If they had been on course to impact Earth, they would not have been spotted before they hit, primarily because they approached from a direction close to the Sun. This includes larger asteroids such as <a href="/wiki/2018_AH" title="2018 AH">2018 AH</a>, which approached from a direction close to the Sun and wasn't detected until 2 days after it had passed. It is estimated to be around 100 times more massive than the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">List of asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:600px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:300px;min-width:600px;max-width:600px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:220px;min-width:500px;max-width:500px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:94.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:blue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid blue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 year in advance: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:139.5px;top:218px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:blue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid blue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 year in advance: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:364.5px;top:218px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:blue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid blue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 year in advance: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:409.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:blue;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid blue;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 year in advance: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:4.5px;top:216px;height:3px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:turquoise;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid turquoise;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 7 weeks in advance: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:184.5px;top:218px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:turquoise;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid turquoise;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 7 weeks in advance: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:139.5px;top:214px;height:3px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 week in advance: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:229.5px;top:218px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 week in advance: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:274.5px;top:218px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 week in advance: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:364.5px;top:216px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 week in advance: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:454.5px;top:211px;height:8px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:green;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid green;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered > 1 week in advance: 4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:4.5px;top:126px;height:89px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 41"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:49.5px;top:194px;height:25px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 12"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:94.5px;top:196px;height:19px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:139.5px;top:188px;height:25px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 12"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:184.5px;top:198px;height:19px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:229.5px;top:200px;height:17px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 8"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:274.5px;top:205px;height:12px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:319.5px;top:183px;height:36px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 17"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:364.5px;top:165px;height:50px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 23"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:409.5px;top:159px;height:56px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 26"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:454.5px;top:167px;height:43px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Discovered up to 1 week in advance: 20"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:4.5px;top:106px;height:19px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 9"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:94.5px;top:194px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:139.5px;top:186px;height:1px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:184.5px;top:194px;height:3px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 2"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:229.5px;top:189px;height:10px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:274.5px;top:198px;height:6px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:319.5px;top:172px;height:10px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 5"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:364.5px;top:152px;height:12px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:409.5px;top:135px;height:23px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 11"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:454.5px;top:143px;height:23px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:yellow;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid yellow;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="< 24 hours warning: 11"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:4.5px;top:16px;height:89px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 41"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:49.5px;top:170px;height:23px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 11"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:94.5px;top:152px;height:41px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 19"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:139.5px;top:173px;height:12px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:184.5px;top:168px;height:25px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 12"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:229.5px;top:149px;height:39px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 18"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:274.5px;top:161px;height:36px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 17"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:319.5px;top:88px;height:83px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 38"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:364.5px;top:95px;height:56px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 26"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:409.5px;top:16px;height:118px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 54"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:454.5px;top:40px;height:102px;min-width:34px;max-width:34px;background-color:red;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid red;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="No warning: 47"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:220px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:188px;padding:0 2px">10</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:198px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:166px;padding:0 2px">20</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:176px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:144px;padding:0 2px">30</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:154px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:122px;padding:0 2px">40</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:132px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:100px;padding:0 2px">50</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:110px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:78px;padding:0 2px">60</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:88px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:56px;padding:0 2px">70</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:66px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:34px;padding:0 2px">80</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:44px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:12px;padding:0 2px">90</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:22px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">100</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:220px;left:100px;width:500px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">2000–2009</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:22.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:46px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2010" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2010">2010</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:67.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:91px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2011" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2011">2011</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:112.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:136px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2012" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2012">2012</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:157.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:181px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2013" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013">2013</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:202.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:226px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2014" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2014">2014</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:247.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:271px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2015" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015">2015</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:292.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:316px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2016" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2016">2016</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:337.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:361px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2017" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2017">2017</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:382.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:406px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2018" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2018">2018</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:427.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:451px;top:10px;min-width:43px;max-width:43px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2019" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2019">2019</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:472.5px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:blue;border:1px solid blue;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Discovered > 1 year in advance</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:turquoise;border:1px solid turquoise;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Discovered > 7 weeks in advance</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:green;border:1px solid green;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Discovered > 1 week in advance</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:gray;border:1px solid gray;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Discovered up to 1 week in advance</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:yellow;border:1px solid yellow;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> < 24 hours warning</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:red;border:1px solid red;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> No warning</li></ul> </div> </div> <p>It is worth noting that the number of detections is increasing as more survey sites come on line (for example ATLAS in 2016 and ZTF in 2018), but that approximately half of the detections are invariably made after the asteroid passes the Earth. The below charts visualise the warning times of the close approaches listed in the above bargraph, by the size of the asteroid instead of by the year they occurred in. The sizes of the charts show the relative sizes of the asteroids to scale. This is based the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">absolute magnitude</a> of each asteroid, an approximate measure of size based on brightness. For comparison, the approximate size of a person is also shown. </p><p><b>Abs Magnitude 30 and greater</b> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of man standing and facing forward"><img alt="Silhouette of man standing and facing forward" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg/4px-Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg/6px-Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg/8px-Silhouette_of_man_standing_and_facing_forward.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="2795" /></a><figcaption>Silhouette of man standing and facing forward</figcaption></figure><p> (size of a person for comparison) </p><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:22px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:22px;min-height:22px;max-width:22px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:11px;left:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:11px;right:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;right:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;right:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border-width:4.7727211302931px 9.9106575469266px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:22px;min-height:22px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/22px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/33px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/44px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_ccbb5ec36357808f" /></span><map name="ImageMap_ccbb5ec36357808f"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,8,22,8,22,8,21,8,21,8,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,20,6,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,3,19,3,18,3,18,3,18,3,18,3,18,2,18,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,14,1,14,1,14,0,14,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,1,8,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,4,2,4,2,4,3,4,3,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,4,3,4,2,4,2,4,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,14,0,14,0,14,0,14,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,16,1,16,1,16,11,11" alt="After closest approach: 4 (57.1%)" title="After closest approach: 4 (57.1%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,18,2,18,2,18,3,18,3,18,3,19,3,19,3,19,3,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,20,4,20,4,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,8,22,8,22,8,22,8,22,8,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,14,22,14,22,14,22,14,22,14,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,18,20,18,20,18,19,18,19,18,19,18,19,19,19,19,19,19,19,19,18,19,18,19,18,20,18,20,18,20,18,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,21,17,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,14,21,14,22,14,22,14,22,14,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="< 24 hours before: 3 (42.9%)" title="< 24 hours before: 3 (42.9%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="up to 7 days before: 0 (0.0%)" title="up to 7 days before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:22px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:22px;min-height:22px;max-width:22px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:11px;left:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:11px;right:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;right:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;right:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border-width:1.0781885436252px 10.947031993394px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:11px;left:11px;width:11px;height:11px;border-width:10.162674857624px 0px 0px 4.209517756016px;border-top-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:22px;min-height:22px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/22px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/33px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/44px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_207dc0b01f3fb36d" /></span><map name="ImageMap_207dc0b01f3fb36d"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,8,22,8,22,8,21,8,21,8,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,20,6,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,3,19,3,18,3,18,3,18,3,18,3,18,2,18,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,14,1,14,1,14,0,14,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,12,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,1,8,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,4,2,4,2,4,3,4,3,4,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,3,4,3,4,2,4,2,4,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,2,5,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,6,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,7,1,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,8,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,9,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,10,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,11,0,12,0,12,0,12,11,11" alt="After closest approach: 33 (51.6%)" title="After closest approach: 33 (51.6%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,0,12,0,12,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,13,0,14,0,14,0,14,0,14,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,15,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,16,1,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,17,2,18,2,18,2,18,3,18,3,18,3,18,3,19,3,19,3,19,3,19,4,19,4,19,4,19,4,20,4,20,4,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,20,5,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,6,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,7,21,8,22,8,22,8,22,8,22,8,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,9,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,10,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,11,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,14,22,14,22,14,22,14,22,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,11,11" alt="< 24 hours before: 19 (29.7%)" title="< 24 hours before: 19 (29.7%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,15,21,15,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,17,21,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,18,20,18,20,18,19,18,19,18,19,18,19,19,19,19,19,19,19,19,18,19,18,19,18,19,18,20,18,20,18,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,20,17,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,16,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,15,21,14,22,14,22,14,22,14,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,13,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,12,22,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="up to 7 days before: 12 (18.8%)" title="up to 7 days before: 12 (18.8%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="11,11,22,11,22,11,11,11" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abs Magnitude 29–30</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:34px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:34px;min-height:34px;max-width:34px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:3.5344987439019px 16.628509212475px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:14.722431864335px 8.5px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:12.633462033116px 0px 0px 11.375220308101px;border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:12.633462033116px 0px 0px 11.375220308101px;border-top-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:34px;min-height:34px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/34px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/51px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/68px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_c9c8905f8098750a" /></span><map name="ImageMap_c9c8905f8098750a"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,34,17,34,17,34,16,34,16,34,16,34,15,34,15,34,15,34,14,34,14,34,14,33,13,33,13,33,13,33,12,33,12,33,12,33,11,33,11,33,11,33,11,32,10,32,10,32,10,32,9,32,9,32,9,31,8,31,8,31,8,31,7,31,7,31,7,30,7,30,6,30,6,30,6,29,6,29,5,29,5,29,5,29,5,28,4,28,4,28,4,28,4,27,4,27,3,27,3,26,3,26,3,26,3,26,2,25,2,25,2,25,2,24,2,24,2,24,2,23,1,23,1,23,1,22,1,22,1,22,1,21,1,21,1,21,1,20,1,20,0,20,0,20,0,19,0,19,0,19,0,18,0,18,0,18,0,17,0,17,0,16,0,16,0,16,0,15,0,15,0,15,0,14,0,14,0,14,0,13,1,13,1,13,1,12,1,12,1,12,1,11,1,11,1,11,1,11,1,10,2,10,2,10,2,9,2,9,2,9,2,8,2,8,3,8,3,7,3,7,3,7,3,7,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,7,3,7,3,7,3,7,3,8,3,8,2,8,2,9,2,9,2,9,2,10,2,10,1,10,1,10,1,11,1,11,1,11,1,12,1,12,1,12,1,13,0,13,0,13,0,14,0,14,0,14,0,15,0,15,0,15,0,16,0,16,0,16,0,17,0,17,0,17,0,18,0,18,0,18,0,19,0,19,0,19,0,20,0,20,0,20,0,21,17,17" alt="After closest approach: 8 (53.3%)" title="After closest approach: 8 (53.3%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,0,21,0,21,1,21,1,22,1,22,1,22,1,23,1,23,1,23,1,23,1,24,2,24,2,24,2,25,2,25,2,25,2,26,2,26,3,26,3,27,3,27,3,27,3,27,4,28,4,28,4,28,4,28,4,29,5,29,5,29,5,29,5,30,6,30,6,30,6,30,6,30,7,31,7,31,7,31,8,31,8,31,8,32,8,32,17,17" alt="< 24 hours before: 2 (13.3%)" title="< 24 hours before: 2 (13.3%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,8,32,9,32,9,32,9,32,10,32,10,33,10,33,11,33,11,33,11,33,12,33,12,33,12,33,12,33,13,34,13,34,13,34,14,34,14,34,14,34,15,34,15,34,15,34,16,34,16,34,16,34,17,34,17,34,18,34,18,34,18,34,19,34,19,34,19,34,20,34,20,34,20,34,21,34,21,34,21,33,22,33,22,33,22,33,23,33,23,33,23,33,23,33,24,33,24,32,24,32,25,32,25,32,25,32,26,32,26,31,26,31,27,31,27,31,27,31,27,31,28,30,28,30,28,30,28,30,17,17" alt="up to 7 days before: 3 (20.0%)" title="up to 7 days before: 3 (20.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,28,30,28,30,17,17" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,28,30,29,29,29,29,29,29,29,29,29,29,30,28,30,28,30,28,30,28,31,27,31,27,31,27,31,26,31,26,31,26,32,26,32,25,32,25,32,25,32,24,32,24,33,24,33,23,33,23,33,23,33,22,33,22,33,22,33,21,33,21,33,21,34,20,34,20,34,20,34,19,34,19,34,19,34,18,34,18,34,18,34,17,34,17,17,17" alt="> 7 weeks before: 2 (13.3%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 2 (13.3%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,34,17,34,17,17,17" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:34px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:34px;min-height:34px;max-width:34px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:2.9520190203378px 16.741731801208px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;right:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:14.722431864335px 8.5px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:17px;left:17px;width:17px;height:17px;border-width:1.9735795401289px 0px 0px 16.885052081613px;border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:34px;min-height:34px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/34px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/51px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/68px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_76d2d43d3083ccd6" /></span><map name="ImageMap_76d2d43d3083ccd6"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,34,17,34,17,34,16,34,16,34,16,34,15,34,15,34,15,34,14,34,14,34,14,33,13,33,13,33,13,33,12,33,12,33,12,33,11,33,11,33,11,33,11,32,10,32,10,32,10,32,9,32,9,32,9,31,8,31,8,31,8,31,7,31,7,31,7,30,7,30,6,30,6,30,6,29,6,29,5,29,5,29,5,29,5,28,4,28,4,28,4,28,4,27,4,27,3,27,3,26,3,26,3,26,3,26,2,25,2,25,2,25,2,24,2,24,2,24,2,23,1,23,1,23,1,22,1,22,1,22,1,21,1,21,1,21,1,20,1,20,0,20,0,20,0,19,0,19,0,19,0,18,0,18,0,18,0,17,0,17,0,16,0,16,0,16,0,15,0,15,0,15,0,14,0,14,0,14,0,13,1,13,1,13,1,12,1,12,1,12,1,11,1,11,1,11,1,11,1,10,2,10,2,10,2,9,2,9,2,9,2,8,2,8,3,8,3,7,3,7,3,7,3,7,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,6,4,7,3,7,3,7,3,7,3,8,3,8,2,8,2,9,2,9,2,9,2,10,2,10,1,10,1,10,1,11,1,11,1,11,1,12,1,12,1,12,1,13,0,13,0,13,0,14,0,14,0,14,0,15,0,15,0,15,0,16,0,16,0,16,0,17,0,17,0,17,0,18,0,18,0,18,0,19,0,19,0,19,0,20,0,20,17,17" alt="After closest approach: 57 (52.8%)" title="After closest approach: 57 (52.8%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,0,20,0,20,0,21,0,21,1,21,1,22,1,22,1,22,1,23,1,23,1,23,1,24,1,24,2,24,2,24,2,25,2,25,2,26,2,26,2,26,3,26,3,27,3,27,3,27,3,27,4,28,4,28,4,28,4,29,5,29,5,29,5,29,5,29,5,30,6,30,6,30,6,30,6,31,7,31,7,31,7,31,8,31,8,31,8,32,8,32,17,17" alt="< 24 hours before: 15 (13.9%)" title="< 24 hours before: 15 (13.9%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,8,32,9,32,9,32,9,32,10,32,10,33,10,33,11,33,11,33,11,33,12,33,12,33,12,33,12,33,13,34,13,34,13,34,14,34,14,34,14,34,15,34,15,34,15,34,16,34,16,34,16,34,17,34,17,34,18,34,18,34,18,34,19,34,19,34,19,34,20,34,20,34,20,34,21,34,21,34,21,33,22,33,22,33,22,33,23,33,23,33,23,33,23,33,24,33,24,32,24,32,25,32,25,32,25,32,26,32,26,31,26,31,27,31,27,31,27,31,27,31,28,30,28,30,28,30,28,30,29,29,29,29,29,29,29,29,30,29,30,28,30,28,30,28,30,27,31,27,31,27,31,27,31,26,31,26,32,26,32,26,32,25,32,25,32,24,32,24,32,24,33,24,33,23,33,23,33,23,33,22,33,22,33,22,33,21,33,21,33,21,34,20,34,20,34,20,34,19,34,19,17,17" alt="up to 7 days before: 34 (31.5%)" title="up to 7 days before: 34 (31.5%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,34,19,34,19,34,18,34,18,34,18,34,17,34,17,17,17" alt="> one week before: 2 (1.9%)" title="> one week before: 2 (1.9%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,34,17,34,17,17,17" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="17,17,34,17,34,17,17,17" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Absolute Magnitude 28–29</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:54px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:54px;min-height:54px;max-width:54px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:0px 24.944747377805px 10.332452673857px 0px;border-bottom-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:10.332452673857px 24.944747377805px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:54px;min-height:54px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/54px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/81px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/108px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_dda1e48da1b23a6a" /></span><map name="ImageMap_dda1e48da1b23a6a"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,27,54,27,54,26,54,26,54,25,54,25,54,24,54,23,53,23,53,22,53,22,53,21,53,21,53,20,53,20,53,19,52,19,52,18,52,18,52,17,52,17,52,16,51,16,51,15,51,15,50,14,50,14,50,13,50,13,49,12,49,12,49,11,49,11,48,11,48,10,48,10,47,9,47,9,46,9,46,8,46,8,45,7,45,7,45,7,44,6,44,6,43,6,43,5,42,5,42,5,42,4,41,4,41,4,40,4,40,3,39,3,39,3,38,3,38,2,37,2,37,2,36,2,36,2,35,1,35,1,34,1,33,1,33,1,32,1,32,1,31,1,31,1,31,0,30,0,29,0,29,0,28,0,28,0,27,0,27,0,26,0,26,0,25,0,25,0,24,0,23,0,23,1,22,1,22,1,21,1,21,1,20,1,20,1,19,1,19,1,18,2,18,2,17,2,17,2,16,2,16,3,15,3,15,3,14,3,14,4,13,4,13,4,12,4,12,5,11,5,11,5,11,6,10,6,10,6,9,7,9,7,8,7,8,8,8,8,7,8,7,9,6,9,6,10,6,10,6,11,5,11,5,11,5,12,4,12,4,13,4,13,4,14,3,14,3,15,3,15,2,16,2,16,2,16,2,17,27,27" alt="After closest approach: 7 (43.8%)" title="After closest approach: 7 (43.8%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,2,17,2,17,2,18,1,18,1,19,1,19,1,20,1,20,1,21,1,21,0,22,0,22,0,23,0,23,0,24,0,25,0,25,0,26,0,26,0,27,0,27,0,28,0,28,0,29,0,29,0,30,0,31,0,31,0,32,0,32,1,33,1,33,1,34,1,34,1,35,1,35,1,36,1,36,2,37,2,37,2,38,27,27" alt="< 24 hours before: 2 (12.5%)" title="< 24 hours before: 2 (12.5%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,2,38,2,38,2,38,3,39,3,39,3,40,3,41,4,41,4,41,4,42,5,42,5,43,5,43,5,43,6,44,6,44,6,45,7,45,7,46,8,46,8,46,8,47,9,47,9,48,9,48,10,48,10,49,11,49,11,49,12,49,12,50,13,50,13,50,14,50,14,51,14,51,15,51,15,52,16,52,16,52,17,52,17,52,18,53,18,53,19,53,19,53,20,53,21,53,21,53,22,54,22,54,23,54,23,54,24,54,24,54,25,54,25,54,26,54,26,54,27,54,28,54,28,54,29,54,29,54,30,54,30,54,31,54,31,54,32,54,32,53,33,53,33,53,34,53,34,53,35,53,35,53,36,53,36,52,37,52,38,52,38,52,38,52,39,51,39,51,40,51,40,50,41,50,41,50,42,50,42,49,43,49,43,49,43,48,44,48,44,48,45,48,45,47,46,47,46,46,46,46,47,46,47,45,47,45,48,44,48,44,48,43,49,43,49,43,49,42,50,42,50,41,50,41,50,40,51,40,51,39,51,39,51,38,52,38,52,37,52,37,52,36,52,36,53,35,53,35,53,34,53,34,53,33,53,33,53,32,53,32,53,31,54,31,54,30,54,29,54,29,54,28,54,28,54,27,54,27,27,27" alt="up to 7 days before: 7 (43.8%)" title="up to 7 days before: 7 (43.8%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,27,54,27,27,27" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,27,54,27,27,27" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,27,54,27,27,27" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:54px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:54px;min-height:54px;max-width:54px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:10.181560725585px 25.00671552186px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;right:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:19.77125399814px 18.387428187244px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:1.3044612471887px 0px 0px 26.968470124473px;border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:1.3044612471887px 0px 0px 26.968470124473px;border-top-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:27px;left:27px;width:27px;height:27px;border-width:1.3044612471887px 0px 0px 26.968470124473px;border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:54px;min-height:54px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/54px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="54" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/81px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/108px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_23ae8ceb188dbe1e" /></span><map name="ImageMap_23ae8ceb188dbe1e"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,27,54,27,54,26,54,26,54,25,54,25,54,24,54,23,53,23,53,22,53,22,53,21,53,21,53,20,53,20,53,19,52,19,52,18,52,18,52,17,52,17,52,16,51,16,51,15,51,15,50,14,50,14,50,13,50,13,49,12,49,12,49,11,49,11,48,11,48,10,48,10,47,9,47,9,46,9,46,8,46,8,45,7,45,7,45,7,44,6,44,6,43,6,43,5,42,5,42,5,42,4,41,4,41,4,40,4,40,3,39,3,39,3,38,3,38,2,37,2,37,2,36,2,36,2,35,1,35,1,34,1,33,1,33,1,32,1,32,1,31,1,31,1,31,0,30,0,29,0,29,0,28,0,28,0,27,0,27,0,26,0,26,0,25,0,25,0,24,0,23,0,23,1,22,1,22,1,21,1,21,1,20,1,20,1,19,1,19,1,18,2,18,2,17,2,17,2,16,2,16,3,15,3,15,3,14,3,14,4,13,4,13,4,12,4,12,5,11,5,11,5,11,6,10,6,10,6,9,7,9,7,8,7,8,8,8,8,7,8,7,9,6,9,6,10,6,10,6,11,5,11,5,11,5,12,4,12,4,13,4,13,4,14,3,14,3,15,3,15,2,16,2,16,2,16,2,17,2,18,1,18,1,19,1,19,1,20,1,20,1,21,1,21,1,22,0,22,0,23,0,23,0,24,0,24,0,25,0,25,0,26,0,26,0,27,0,28,0,28,0,29,0,29,0,30,0,30,0,31,0,31,0,32,0,32,1,33,1,33,1,34,1,35,1,35,1,36,1,36,2,37,2,37,2,37,27,27" alt="After closest approach: 73 (56.2%)" title="After closest approach: 73 (56.2%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,2,37,2,38,2,38,2,39,3,39,3,40,3,40,4,41,4,41,4,42,4,42,5,43,5,43,5,43,6,44,6,44,6,45,7,45,7,45,7,46,8,46,8,47,8,47,27,27" alt="< 24 hours before: 9 (6.9%)" title="< 24 hours before: 9 (6.9%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,8,47,9,47,9,48,10,48,10,48,11,49,11,49,11,49,12,50,12,50,13,50,13,50,14,51,14,51,15,51,15,52,16,52,16,52,17,52,17,52,18,52,18,53,19,53,19,53,20,53,20,53,21,53,21,53,22,54,22,54,23,54,23,54,24,54,25,54,25,54,26,54,26,54,27,54,27,54,28,54,28,54,29,54,29,54,30,54,31,54,31,54,32,54,32,54,32,53,33,53,33,53,34,53,35,53,35,53,36,53,36,52,37,52,37,52,38,52,38,52,39,52,39,51,40,51,40,51,41,50,41,50,42,50,42,50,42,49,43,49,43,49,44,48,44,48,45,48,45,47,45,47,46,46,46,46,46,46,47,45,47,45,48,45,48,44,48,44,49,43,49,43,49,42,49,42,50,42,50,41,50,41,50,40,51,40,51,39,51,39,52,38,52,38,52,37,52,37,52,36,52,36,53,35,53,35,53,34,53,33,53,33,53,32,53,32,53,31,54,31,54,30,54,30,54,29,54,29,54,28,27,27" alt="up to 7 days before: 47 (36.2%)" title="up to 7 days before: 47 (36.2%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,28,54,28,27,27" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,28,54,28,27,27" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="27,27,54,28,54,28,54,27,54,27,27,27" alt="> one year before: 1 (0.8%)" title="> one year before: 1 (0.8%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Absolute Magnitude 27–28</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:86px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:86px;min-height:86px;max-width:86px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:0px 42.709249382904px 4.9919953073849px 0px;border-bottom-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:14.706866163004px 40.406782693794px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:86px;min-height:86px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/86px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/129px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/172px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_36d7349689b35020" /></span><map name="ImageMap_36d7349689b35020"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,43,86,43,86,42,86,41,86,40,86,39,86,38,86,37,85,37,85,36,85,35,85,34,85,33,84,32,84,31,84,31,83,30,83,29,83,28,83,27,83,27,82,26,82,25,81,24,81,23,80,23,80,22,80,21,79,20,79,20,78,19,78,18,77,18,77,17,76,16,76,15,75,15,74,14,74,14,74,13,73,12,72,12,71,11,71,11,70,10,70,9,69,9,68,9,68,8,67,7,66,7,65,6,65,6,64,6,63,5,62,5,61,4,61,4,60,4,59,3,58,3,58,3,57,3,56,2,55,2,54,2,53,2,52,1,52,1,51,1,50,1,49,1,49,0,48,0,47,0,46,0,45,0,44,0,43,0,43,0,42,0,41,0,40,0,39,0,38,0,37,0,37,1,36,1,35,1,34,1,33,1,32,2,31,2,31,2,30,2,29,3,28,3,27,3,27,3,26,4,25,4,24,4,23,5,23,5,22,6,21,6,20,6,20,7,19,7,18,8,18,9,17,9,16,9,15,10,15,11,14,11,13,12,13,12,12,13,12,13,11,14,10,15,10,15,9,16,9,17,8,18,8,18,7,19,7,20,6,20,6,21,6,22,5,22,5,23,4,24,4,25,3,26,3,26,3,27,3,28,2,29,2,30,2,31,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,34,0,35,0,36,0,37,0,38,0,38,43,43" alt="After closest approach: 13 (48.1%)" title="After closest approach: 13 (48.1%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,0,38,0,39,0,40,0,41,0,42,0,43,0,43,0,44,0,45,0,46,0,47,0,48,0,49,0,49,0,50,0,51,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,1,55,2,56,2,57,2,58,3,58,43,43" alt="< 24 hours before: 2 (7.4%)" title="< 24 hours before: 2 (7.4%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,3,58,3,59,3,59,3,60,4,61,4,62,4,63,5,63,5,64,6,65,6,66,6,66,7,67,7,68,8,68,9,69,9,70,9,71,10,71,11,72,11,73,12,73,12,74,13,74,14,75,14,76,15,76,15,77,16,77,17,78,18,78,18,79,19,79,20,80,21,80,22,80,22,81,23,81,24,82,25,82,25,83,26,83,27,83,28,83,28,84,29,84,30,84,31,85,32,85,33,85,34,85,34,85,35,86,36,86,37,86,37,86,38,86,39,86,40,86,41,86,42,86,43,86,43,86,44,86,45,86,46,86,47,86,48,86,49,86,49,86,50,86,51,86,52,85,53,85,54,85,55,85,55,84,56,84,57,84,58,83,58,83,59,83,60,83,61,82,62,82,63,81,63,81,64,80,65,80,65,80,66,79,67,79,68,78,68,78,69,77,70,77,71,76,71,76,72,75,72,74,73,74,74,73,74,73,75,72,75,71,76,71,77,70,77,69,77,69,78,68,78,67,79,67,80,66,80,65,80,65,81,64,81,63,81,62,82,61,82,61,83,60,83,59,83,58,83,57,84,56,84,55,84,55,84,54,85,53,85,52,85,52,85,51,85,50,86,49,86,48,86,47,86,46,86,46,86,45,86,44,86,43,43,43" alt="up to 7 days before: 12 (44.4%)" title="up to 7 days before: 12 (44.4%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,43,86,43,43,43" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,43,86,43,43,43" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,43,86,43,43,43" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:86px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:86px;min-height:86px;max-width:86px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:19.018413679417px 38.565527885906px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;right:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:30.405591591022px 30.405591591022px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:8.3888838466935px 0px 0px 42.173767057339px;border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:2.8123345568961px 0px 0px 42.90793369926px;border-top-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:43px;left:43px;width:43px;height:43px;border-width:2.8123345568961px 0px 0px 42.90793369926px;border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:86px;min-height:86px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/86px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/129px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/172px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_e9ed544af15261ae" /></span><map name="ImageMap_e9ed544af15261ae"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,43,86,43,86,42,86,41,86,40,86,39,86,38,86,37,85,37,85,36,85,35,85,34,85,33,84,32,84,31,84,31,83,30,83,29,83,28,83,27,83,27,82,26,82,25,81,24,81,23,80,23,80,22,80,21,79,20,79,20,78,19,78,18,77,18,77,17,76,16,76,15,75,15,74,14,74,14,74,13,73,12,72,12,71,11,71,11,70,10,70,9,69,9,68,9,68,8,67,7,66,7,65,6,65,6,64,6,63,5,62,5,61,4,61,4,60,4,59,3,58,3,58,3,57,3,56,2,55,2,54,2,53,2,52,1,52,1,51,1,50,1,49,1,49,0,48,0,47,0,46,0,45,0,44,0,43,0,43,0,42,0,41,0,40,0,39,0,38,0,37,0,37,1,36,1,35,1,34,1,33,1,32,2,31,2,31,2,30,2,29,3,28,3,27,3,27,3,26,4,25,4,24,4,23,5,23,5,22,6,21,6,20,6,20,7,19,7,18,8,18,9,17,9,16,9,15,10,15,11,14,11,13,12,13,12,12,13,12,13,11,14,10,15,10,15,9,16,9,17,8,18,8,18,7,19,7,20,6,20,6,21,6,22,5,22,5,23,4,24,4,25,3,26,3,26,3,27,3,28,2,29,2,30,2,31,1,31,1,32,1,33,1,34,1,34,0,35,0,36,0,37,0,38,0,39,0,40,0,40,0,41,0,42,0,43,0,44,0,45,0,46,0,46,0,47,0,48,0,49,0,50,0,51,0,52,1,52,1,53,1,54,1,55,2,56,2,57,2,58,3,58,3,59,3,60,3,61,4,61,4,62,43,43" alt="After closest approach: 55 (57.3%)" title="After closest approach: 55 (57.3%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,4,62,5,63,5,64,6,65,6,65,6,66,7,67,7,68,8,68,8,69,9,70,9,70,10,71,10,71,11,72,12,73,12,74,12,74,43,43" alt="< 24 hours before: 5 (5.2%)" title="< 24 hours before: 5 (5.2%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,12,74,13,74,14,75,14,75,15,76,15,77,16,77,17,77,18,78,18,79,19,79,20,80,21,80,21,80,22,81,23,81,24,82,24,82,25,83,26,83,27,83,28,83,28,84,29,84,30,84,31,84,31,85,32,85,33,85,34,85,35,86,36,86,37,86,37,86,38,86,39,86,40,86,41,86,42,86,43,86,43,86,44,86,45,86,46,86,47,86,48,86,49,86,49,86,50,86,51,86,52,85,53,85,54,85,55,85,55,84,56,84,57,84,58,83,58,83,59,83,60,83,61,82,61,82,62,81,63,81,64,81,65,80,65,80,66,79,67,79,68,78,68,78,69,77,70,77,71,76,71,76,72,75,72,74,73,74,74,74,74,73,75,72,75,71,76,71,76,70,77,70,77,69,78,68,78,68,79,67,79,66,80,65,80,65,80,64,81,63,81,62,82,61,82,61,83,60,83,59,83,58,83,57,84,57,84,56,84,55,84,54,85,53,85,52,85,52,43,43" alt="up to 7 days before: 33 (34.4%)" title="up to 7 days before: 33 (34.4%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,85,52,85,51,85,50,86,49,86,48,86,47,86,46,86,46,43,43" alt="> one week before: 2 (2.1%)" title="> one week before: 2 (2.1%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,46,86,46,43,43" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="43,43,86,46,86,45,86,44,86,43,86,43,43,43" alt="> one year before: 1 (1.0%)" title="> one year before: 1 (1.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Absolute Magnitude 26–27</b> </p><p>(probable size of the <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a>) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:136px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:136px;min-height:136px;max-width:136px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:136px;min-height:136px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/136px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/204px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/272px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_8e7d24d589f15745" /></span><map name="ImageMap_8e7d24d589f15745"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,136,68,135,67,135,66,135,65,135,63,135,62,135,61,135,59,135,58,135,56,135,55,134,54,134,52,133,51,133,50,133,48,132,47,132,46,131,44,131,43,131,42,130,41,129,39,129,38,128,37,127,36,126,35,126,33,125,32,124,31,124,30,123,29,122,28,121,27,120,26,120,24,119,24,118,22,117,22,116,20,115,20,114,18,113,18,112,17,111,16,110,15,109,14,107,14,107,13,105,12,105,11,103,10,102,10,101,9,100,8,99,7,97,7,96,7,95,6,94,5,92,5,91,5,90,4,88,3,87,3,86,3,84,3,83,2,82,2,80,1,79,1,78,1,77,1,75,1,74,1,73,1,71,1,70,1,69,1,68,0,68,68" alt="After closest approach: 5 (25.0%)" title="After closest approach: 5 (25.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,68,0,68,0,68,68" alt="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" title="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,68,0,67,1,65,1,64,1,63,1,61,1,60,1,58,1,57,1,56,1,54,1,53,2,52,2,50,3,49,3,48,3,46,4,45,4,44,5,42,5,41,5,40,6,39,7,37,7,36,8,35,9,34,10,33,10,31,11,31,12,29,12,28,13,27,14,26,15,25,16,24,16,23,17,22,18,21,19,20,20,19,21,18,22,17,23,16,24,15,25,14,26,14,27,13,29,12,29,11,31,10,31,10,33,9,34,8,35,7,36,7,37,6,39,6,40,5,41,5,42,4,44,4,45,3,46,3,48,3,49,2,50,2,52,1,53,1,54,1,56,1,57,1,58,0,59,0,61,0,62,0,63,0,65,0,66,0,67,0,69,0,70,0,71,0,73,0,74,0,75,0,77,1,78,1,80,1,81,1,82,1,84,2,85,2,86,3,88,3,89,3,90,4,92,4,93,5,94,5,95,6,97,6,98,7,99,7,100,8,101,9,103,10,104,10,105,11,106,12,107,13,108,14,109,14,111,15,112,16,113,17,114,18,115,19,116,20,116,20,118,22,118,22,120,24,120,24,121,26,122,27,123,28,124,29,124,31,125,31,126,33,126,34,127,35,128,36,129,37,129,39,130,40,131,41,131,42,131,44,132,45,133,46,133,48,133,49,134,50,134,52,135,53,135,54,135,55,135,56,135,58,135,59,136,61,136,62,136,63,136,65,136,66,136,67,136,69,136,70,136,71,136,73,136,74,136,75,136,77,136,78,135,80,135,81,135,82,135,84,135,85,134,86,134,88,133,89,133,90,133,92,132,92,131,94,131,95,131,97,130,98,129,99,129,100,128,101,127,103,126,103,126,105,125,106,124,107,124,108,123,109,122,110,121,112,120,112,120,114,118,114,118,116,117,116,116,118,115,118,114,119,113,120,112,121,111,122,109,122,109,123,107,124,106,125,105,126,104,126,103,127,102,128,101,129,99,129,98,129,97,130,96,131,95,131,93,131,92,132,90,133,89,133,88,133,86,133,85,134,84,134,83,135,82,135,80,135,79,135,78,135,76,135,75,135,73,135,72,135,71,135,69,136,69,68,68" alt="up to 7 days before: 15 (75.0%)" title="up to 7 days before: 15 (75.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,136,69,136,69,68,68" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,136,69,136,69,68,68" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,136,69,136,69,68,68" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:136px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:136px;min-height:136px;max-width:136px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border-width:39.969397155888px 55.013155617496px 0px 0px;border-right-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;right:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border-width:52.394900508754px 43.344831302911px 0px 0px;border-right-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border-width:39.969397155888px 0px 0px 55.013155617496px;border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border-width:8.5226598823727px 0px 0px 67.463799689384px;border-top-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:68px;left:68px;width:68px;height:68px;border-width:8.5226598823727px 0px 0px 67.463799689384px;border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:136px;min-height:136px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/136px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/204px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/272px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_493e1382b13d72f1" /></span><map name="ImageMap_493e1382b13d72f1"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,136,68,135,67,135,66,135,65,135,63,135,62,135,61,135,59,135,58,135,56,135,55,134,54,134,52,133,51,133,50,133,48,132,47,132,46,131,44,131,43,131,42,130,41,129,39,129,38,128,37,127,36,126,35,126,33,125,32,124,31,124,30,123,29,122,28,121,27,120,26,120,24,119,24,118,22,117,22,116,20,115,20,114,18,113,18,112,17,111,16,110,15,109,14,107,14,107,13,105,12,105,11,103,10,102,10,101,9,100,8,99,7,97,7,96,7,95,6,94,5,92,5,91,5,90,4,88,3,87,3,86,3,84,3,83,2,82,2,80,1,79,1,78,1,77,1,75,1,74,1,73,1,71,1,70,1,69,1,67,1,66,1,65,1,63,1,62,1,61,1,59,1,58,1,56,1,55,1,54,2,52,2,51,3,50,3,48,3,47,3,46,4,44,5,43,5,42,5,41,6,39,7,38,7,37,7,36,8,35,9,33,10,32,10,31,11,30,12,29,12,28,14,27,14,25,15,24,16,23,17,22,18,21,18,20,20,20,20,18,21,18,22,16,23,16,24,15,25,14,27,13,28,12,29,12,30,11,31,10,32,10,33,9,35,8,35,7,37,7,38,6,39,5,41,5,41,5,43,4,44,3,46,3,47,3,48,2,50,2,51,1,52,1,54,1,54,1,56,1,57,1,58,0,60,0,61,0,63,0,64,0,65,0,67,0,68,0,69,0,71,0,72,0,73,0,75,0,76,0,78,1,79,1,80,1,82,1,83,1,84,2,86,2,87,3,88,3,90,3,91,4,92,5,93,5,95,5,96,6,97,7,99,7,100,8,101,9,102,10,103,10,104,11,105,12,107,12,107,13,108,68,68" alt="After closest approach: 30 (60.0%)" title="After closest approach: 30 (60.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,13,108,14,109,14,110,15,112,16,113,17,114,18,115,19,116,20,116,20,118,22,118,22,120,24,120,24,121,68,68" alt="< 24 hours before: 2 (4.0%)" title="< 24 hours before: 2 (4.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,24,121,25,122,27,122,27,123,29,124,30,125,31,126,32,126,33,127,35,128,35,129,37,129,38,129,39,130,41,131,41,131,43,132,44,132,46,133,47,133,48,133,50,134,51,134,52,135,54,135,55,135,56,135,57,135,58,136,60,136,61,136,63,136,64,136,65,136,67,136,68,136,69,136,71,136,72,136,73,136,75,136,76,136,78,135,79,135,80,135,82,135,83,135,84,134,86,134,87,133,88,133,90,133,91,132,92,132,93,131,95,131,96,130,97,130,99,129,99,129,101,128,102,127,103,126,104,126,105,125,107,124,107,123,109,122,110,122,111,121,112,120,113,119,114,118,115,117,116,116,117,116,118,114,119,114,120,112,120,112,121,110,122,109,122,108,68,68" alt="up to 7 days before: 13 (26.0%)" title="up to 7 days before: 13 (26.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,122,108,124,107,124,106,125,105,126,104,126,103,127,101,128,100,129,99,129,98,129,97,130,95,131,94,131,93,131,92,132,90,133,89,133,88,133,86,133,85,134,84,134,82,135,81,135,80,135,78,135,77,135,77,68,68" alt="> one week before: 4 (8.0%)" title="> one week before: 4 (8.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,135,77,135,77,68,68" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="68,68,135,77,135,75,135,74,135,73,135,71,135,70,135,69,136,69,68,68" alt="> one year before: 1 (2.0%)" title="> one year before: 1 (2.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Absolute Magnitude 25–26</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:214px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:214px;min-height:214px;max-width:214px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:214px;min-height:214px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/214px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/321px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/428px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_be83779fc723bcf8" /></span><map name="ImageMap_be83779fc723bcf8"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,214,107,213,106,213,104,213,102,213,100,213,97,213,95,213,93,212,91,212,89,212,87,211,85,211,82,210,80,210,78,209,76,208,74,208,72,207,70,205,67,205,66,204,64,203,62,202,60,201,58,200,57,199,55,198,52,197,50,196,49,195,47,194,45,193,44,190,42,189,41,188,39,187,37,185,35,184,34,183,32,181,31,180,29,178,28,177,27,174,25,173,24,171,22,169,21,168,20,166,18,165,17,163,16,161,15,158,14,157,13,155,12,153,11,151,11,149,10,148,9,146,7,143,7,141,6,139,5,137,5,135,4,133,4,131,3,128,3,126,2,124,2,123,2,121,1,119,1,117,1,114,1,112,1,110,1,108,1,106,1,104,1,102,1,100,1,97,1,95,1,93,1,91,2,89,2,87,2,85,3,82,3,80,4,78,4,76,5,74,5,72,6,70,7,67,7,66,9,64,10,62,11,60,11,58,12,57,13,55,14,52,15,50,16,49,17,47,18,45,19,44,21,42,22,40,24,39,25,36,27,35,28,33,29,32,31,31,32,29,33,28,35,26,36,25,39,24,40,22,42,20,44,19,45,18,47,17,49,16,50,15,52,14,55,13,56,12,58,11,60,10,62,9,64,7,65,7,67,6,70,5,72,5,74,4,76,3,78,3,80,2,82,2,85,2,86,1,88,1,90,1,92,0,94,0,96,0,98,0,101,0,103,0,105,0,107,0,107,107,107" alt="After closest approach: 3 (50.0%)" title="After closest approach: 3 (50.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,0,107,0,107,107,107" alt="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" title="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,0,107,0,109,0,111,0,113,0,116,0,118,0,120,0,122,1,124,1,126,1,128,2,131,2,133,3,135,3,137,4,139,5,141,5,143,6,146,7,148,7,149,9,151,10,153,11,155,12,157,13,158,14,161,15,163,16,165,17,166,18,168,19,170,20,171,22,173,24,174,25,177,26,178,28,180,29,181,30,183,32,184,33,186,35,187,36,188,39,190,40,192,42,193,44,194,45,195,47,197,48,198,50,199,52,200,55,201,56,202,58,203,60,204,62,204,64,205,65,207,67,208,70,208,72,209,74,210,76,210,78,211,80,211,82,212,85,212,87,213,89,213,90,213,92,214,94,214,96,214,98,214,101,214,103,214,105,214,107,214,109,214,111,214,113,214,116,214,118,214,120,214,122,213,124,213,126,213,128,212,131,212,133,211,135,211,137,210,139,210,141,209,143,208,146,208,147,207,149,205,151,204,153,204,155,203,156,202,158,201,161,200,163,199,164,198,166,197,168,196,169,194,171,193,173,192,174,190,177,188,178,187,180,186,181,184,182,183,184,182,185,180,187,179,188,177,189,175,190,173,193,171,194,170,195,168,196,166,197,165,198,163,199,161,200,159,201,157,202,155,203,153,204,151,205,150,205,148,207,146,208,143,208,141,209,139,210,137,210,135,211,133,211,131,211,129,212,127,212,125,212,123,213,121,213,119,213,117,213,114,213,112,213,110,213,108,214,108,107,107" alt="up to 7 days before: 3 (50.0%)" title="up to 7 days before: 3 (50.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,214,108,214,108,107,107" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,214,108,214,108,107,107" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,214,108,214,108,107,107" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:214px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:214px;min-height:214px;max-width:214px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border-width:0px 100.54711042409px 36.596155335847px 0px;border-bottom-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;right:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border-width:68.77827423646px 0px 0px 81.966755413731px;border-top-color:green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border-width:36.596155335847px 0px 0px 100.54711042409px;border-top-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:107px;left:107px;width:107px;height:107px;border-width:36.596155335847px 0px 0px 100.54711042409px;border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:214px;min-height:214px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/214px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="214" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/321px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/428px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_fe985066dc084393" /></span><map name="ImageMap_fe985066dc084393"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,214,107,213,106,213,104,213,102,213,100,213,97,213,95,213,93,212,91,212,89,212,87,211,85,211,82,210,80,210,78,209,76,208,74,208,72,207,70,205,67,205,66,204,64,203,62,202,60,201,58,200,57,199,55,198,52,197,50,196,49,195,47,194,45,193,44,190,42,189,41,188,39,187,37,185,35,184,34,183,32,181,31,180,29,178,28,177,27,174,25,173,24,171,22,169,21,168,20,166,18,165,17,163,16,161,15,158,14,157,13,155,12,153,11,151,11,149,10,148,9,146,7,143,7,141,6,139,5,137,5,135,4,133,4,131,3,128,3,126,2,124,2,123,2,121,1,119,1,117,1,114,1,112,1,110,1,108,1,106,1,104,1,102,1,100,1,97,1,95,1,93,1,91,2,89,2,87,2,85,3,82,3,80,4,78,4,76,5,74,5,72,6,70,7,67,7,66,9,64,10,62,11,60,11,58,12,57,13,55,14,52,15,50,16,49,17,47,18,45,19,44,21,42,22,40,24,39,25,36,27,35,28,33,29,32,31,31,32,29,33,28,35,26,36,25,39,24,40,22,42,20,44,19,45,18,47,17,49,16,50,15,52,14,55,13,56,12,58,11,60,10,62,9,64,7,65,7,67,6,70,6,71,107,107" alt="After closest approach: 8 (44.4%)" title="After closest approach: 8 (44.4%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,6,71,5,73,4,75,4,77,3,79,3,81,2,83,2,86,1,88,1,90,1,92,0,94,0,96,0,98,0,101,0,103,0,105,0,107,0,107,107,107" alt="< 24 hours before: 1 (5.6%)" title="< 24 hours before: 1 (5.6%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,0,107,0,109,0,111,0,113,0,116,0,118,0,120,0,122,1,124,1,126,1,128,2,131,2,133,3,135,3,137,4,139,5,141,5,143,6,146,7,148,7,149,9,151,10,153,11,155,12,157,13,158,14,161,15,163,16,165,17,166,18,168,19,170,20,171,22,173,24,174,25,177,26,178,28,180,29,181,30,183,32,184,33,186,35,187,36,188,39,190,40,192,42,193,44,194,45,195,47,197,48,198,50,199,52,200,55,201,56,202,58,203,60,204,62,204,64,205,65,207,67,208,70,208,72,209,74,210,76,210,78,211,80,211,82,212,85,212,87,213,89,213,90,213,92,214,94,214,96,214,98,214,101,214,103,214,105,214,107,214,109,214,111,214,113,214,116,214,118,214,120,214,122,213,124,213,126,213,128,212,131,212,133,211,135,211,137,210,139,210,141,209,143,208,146,208,147,207,149,205,151,204,153,204,155,203,156,202,158,201,161,200,163,199,164,198,166,197,168,196,169,194,171,193,173,192,174,190,177,188,178,187,180,186,181,184,182,183,184,182,185,180,187,179,188,177,188,177,107,107" alt="up to 7 days before: 7 (38.9%)" title="up to 7 days before: 7 (38.9%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,188,177,189,174,192,173,193,171,194,169,195,168,196,166,197,164,198,163,199,161,200,158,201,157,202,155,203,153,204,151,205,149,205,147,207,146,207,144,107,107" alt="> one week before: 1 (5.6%)" title="> one week before: 1 (5.6%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,207,144,207,144,107,107" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="107,107,207,144,208,142,209,140,209,138,210,136,210,134,211,132,211,129,212,127,212,125,212,123,213,121,213,119,213,117,213,114,213,112,213,110,213,108,214,108,107,107" alt="> one year before: 1 (5.6%)" title="> one year before: 1 (5.6%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Absolute Magnitude less than 25 (largest)</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:340px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:340px;min-height:340px;max-width:340px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:340px;min-height:340px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/340px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/510px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/680px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_866b888cbd77721b" /></span><map name="ImageMap_866b888cbd77721b"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,340,170,338,168,338,165,338,162,338,158,338,155,338,151,338,148,337,145,337,141,337,138,335,134,335,131,333,128,333,124,332,121,330,117,330,114,328,111,326,107,326,105,325,102,323,99,321,95,320,92,318,90,316,87,315,83,313,80,311,78,309,75,308,71,306,70,303,66,301,65,299,61,298,60,294,56,292,54,291,51,287,49,286,46,282,44,281,43,277,39,275,37,272,36,269,34,267,32,264,29,262,27,258,26,255,24,252,22,250,20,247,19,243,17,240,17,236,15,235,14,231,12,228,12,224,10,221,9,218,9,214,7,211,7,207,5,204,5,201,3,197,3,196,3,192,2,189,2,185,2,182,2,179,2,175,2,172,2,168,2,165,2,162,2,158,2,155,2,151,2,148,2,145,3,141,3,138,3,134,5,131,5,128,7,124,7,121,9,117,9,114,10,111,12,107,12,105,14,102,15,99,17,95,17,92,19,90,20,87,22,83,24,80,26,78,27,75,29,71,31,70,34,66,36,63,37,61,39,58,43,56,44,53,46,51,49,49,51,46,53,44,56,41,58,39,61,37,63,36,66,32,70,31,71,29,75,27,78,26,80,24,83,22,87,20,88,19,92,17,95,15,99,14,102,12,104,12,107,10,111,9,114,9,117,7,121,5,124,5,128,3,131,3,134,3,136,2,139,2,143,2,146,0,150,0,153,0,156,0,160,0,163,0,167,0,170,0,170,170,170" alt="After closest approach: 1 (50.0%)" title="After closest approach: 1 (50.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,0,170,0,170,170,170" alt="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" title="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,0,170,0,173,0,177,0,180,0,184,0,187,0,190,0,194,2,197,2,201,2,204,3,207,3,211,5,214,5,218,7,221,9,224,9,228,10,231,12,235,12,236,14,240,15,243,17,247,19,250,20,252,22,255,24,258,26,262,27,264,29,267,31,270,32,272,36,275,37,277,39,281,41,282,44,286,46,287,48,291,51,292,53,296,56,298,58,299,61,303,63,304,66,306,70,308,71,309,75,313,77,315,80,316,83,318,87,320,88,321,92,323,95,325,99,325,102,326,104,328,107,330,111,330,114,332,117,333,121,333,124,335,128,335,131,337,134,337,138,338,141,338,143,338,146,340,150,340,153,340,156,340,160,340,163,340,167,340,170,340,173,340,177,340,180,340,184,340,187,340,190,340,194,338,197,338,201,338,204,337,207,337,211,335,214,335,218,333,221,333,224,332,228,330,231,330,233,328,236,326,240,325,243,325,247,323,248,321,252,320,255,318,258,316,260,315,264,313,267,311,269,308,272,306,275,304,277,303,281,299,282,298,286,296,287,292,289,291,292,289,294,286,298,284,299,281,301,279,303,275,306,272,308,270,309,267,311,264,313,262,315,258,316,255,318,253,320,250,321,247,323,243,325,240,326,238,326,235,328,231,330,228,330,224,332,221,333,218,333,214,335,211,335,207,335,206,337,202,337,199,337,196,338,192,338,189,338,185,338,182,338,179,338,175,338,172,340,172,170,170" alt="up to 7 days before: 1 (50.0%)" title="up to 7 days before: 1 (50.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,340,172,340,172,170,170" alt="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one week before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,340,172,340,172,170,170" alt="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,340,172,340,172,170,170" alt="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" title="> one year before: 0 (0.0%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:340px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:340px;min-height:340px;max-width:340px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:red"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border-width:0px 157.05952052692px 65.056183502065px 0px;border-bottom-color:yellow"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border-width:0px 157.05952052692px 65.056183502065px 0px;border-bottom-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;right:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:lightgrey"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border:0;background-color:green"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border-width:157.05952052692px 0px 0px 65.056183502065px;border-top-color:turquoise"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:170px;left:170px;width:170px;height:170px;border-width:120.20815280171px 0px 0px 120.20815280171px;border-top-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:340px;min-height:340px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/340px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/510px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/680px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_8e682425c2afe9e6" /></span><map name="ImageMap_8e682425c2afe9e6"><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,340,170,338,168,338,165,338,162,338,158,338,155,338,151,338,148,337,145,337,141,337,138,335,134,335,131,333,128,333,124,332,121,330,117,330,114,328,111,326,107,326,105,325,102,323,99,321,95,320,92,318,90,316,87,315,83,313,80,311,78,309,75,308,71,306,70,303,66,301,65,299,61,298,60,294,56,292,54,291,51,287,49,286,46,282,44,281,43,277,39,275,37,272,36,269,34,267,32,264,29,262,27,258,26,255,24,252,22,250,20,247,19,243,17,240,17,236,15,235,14,231,12,228,12,224,10,221,9,218,9,214,7,211,7,207,5,204,5,201,3,197,3,196,3,192,2,189,2,185,2,182,2,179,2,175,2,172,2,168,2,165,2,162,2,158,2,155,2,151,2,148,2,145,3,141,3,138,3,134,5,131,5,128,7,124,7,121,9,117,9,114,10,111,12,107,12,105,14,102,15,99,17,95,17,92,19,90,20,87,22,83,24,80,26,78,27,75,29,71,31,70,34,66,36,63,37,61,39,58,43,56,44,53,46,51,49,49,51,46,53,44,56,41,58,39,61,37,63,36,66,32,70,31,71,29,75,27,78,26,80,24,83,22,87,20,88,19,92,17,95,15,99,14,102,12,104,12,105,170,170" alt="After closest approach: 7 (43.8%)" title="After closest approach: 7 (43.8%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,12,105,12,105,170,170" alt="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" title="< 24 hours before: 0 (0.0%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,12,105,10,109,10,112,9,116,7,119,7,122,5,126,5,128,3,131,3,134,2,138,2,141,2,145,0,148,0,151,0,155,0,158,0,162,0,165,0,168,0,172,0,175,0,179,0,182,0,185,0,189,0,192,2,196,2,199,2,202,3,206,3,209,5,213,5,216,7,219,7,223,9,226,9,230,10,231,12,235,14,238,14,241,15,245,17,248,19,250,20,253,22,257,24,260,26,262,27,265,29,269,32,270,34,274,36,275,37,279,39,281,43,284,44,286,48,289,49,291,51,294,54,296,56,298,60,301,61,303,65,304,68,308,70,309,73,311,75,313,78,315,82,316,85,318,87,320,90,321,94,323,97,325,99,326,102,326,105,328,109,330,112,332,116,332,119,333,122,335,124,335,128,337,131,337,134,337,138,338,141,338,145,338,148,340,151,340,155,340,158,340,162,340,165,340,168,340,168,340,170,170" alt="up to 7 days before: 5 (31.2%)" title="up to 7 days before: 5 (31.2%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,168,340,172,340,175,340,179,340,182,340,185,340,189,340,192,340,196,338,199,338,202,338,206,337,209,337,213,335,216,335,219,333,223,332,226,332,230,330,233,328,235,328,170,170" alt="> one week before: 1 (6.2%)" title="> one week before: 1 (6.2%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,235,328,238,326,240,325,243,323,247,323,250,321,253,320,255,318,258,316,262,315,264,311,267,309,270,308,272,306,275,304,277,301,281,299,282,298,286,294,287,292,289,291,170,170" alt="> 7 weeks before: 1 (6.2%)" title="> 7 weeks before: 1 (6.2%)" /><area href="#noSuchAnchor" shape="poly" coords="170,170,289,291,292,289,294,286,296,284,299,281,301,279,303,275,304,274,308,270,309,267,311,265,313,262,315,258,316,257,318,253,320,250,321,247,323,245,325,241,325,238,326,235,328,231,330,228,330,224,332,223,332,219,333,216,335,213,335,209,335,206,337,202,337,199,337,196,338,192,338,189,338,185,338,182,338,179,338,175,338,172,340,172,170,170" alt="> one year before: 2 (12.5%)" title="> one year before: 2 (12.5%)" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000–2009</th> <th>2010–2019 </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>As can be seen, the ability to predict larger asteroids has significantly improved since the early years of the 21st century, with some now being catalogued (predicted more than 1 year in advance), or having usable early warning times (greater than a week). </p><p>One final statistic which casts some light on the effectiveness of the current system is the average warning time for an asteroid impact. Based on the few successfully predicted asteroid impacts, the average time between initial detection and impact is currently around 9 hours. There is however some delay between the initial observation of the asteroid, data submission, and the follow-up observations and calculations which lead to an impact prediction being made. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#List_of_successfully_predicted_asteroid_impacts">§ List of successfully predicted asteroid impacts</a></div> <div style="padding-top:10px;margin-top:1em;max-width:600px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-height:300px;min-width:600px;max-width:600px;"> <div style="float:right;position:relative;min-height:220px;min-width:500px;max-width:500px;border-left:1px black solid;border-bottom:1px black solid;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:31px;top:165px;height:54px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 1"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:131px;top:55px;height:164px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:231px;top:0px;height:219px;min-width:36px;max-width:36px;background-color:gray;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;border:1px solid gray;border-bottom:none;overflow:hidden;" title="Successfully predicted impacts: 4"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;height:220px;min-width:100px;max-width:100px;"> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:155px;padding:0 2px">1</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:165px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:100px;padding:0 2px">2</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:110px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:45px;padding:0 2px">3</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:55px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;height=20px;text-align:right;vertical-align:middle;width:90px;top:-10px;padding:0 2px">4</div> <div style="position:absolute;height=1px;min-width:5px;top:0px;left:96px;border:1px solid black;"></div> </div> <div style="position:absolute;top:220px;left:100px;width:500px;"> <div style="position:absolute;left:1px;top:10px;min-width:98px;max-width:98px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">under 30 minutes notice</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:50px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:101px;top:10px;min-width:98px;max-width:98px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">0.5–3.5 hours notice (30–210 minutes)</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:150px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:201px;top:10px;min-width:98px;max-width:98px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">3.5–24 hours notice (210–1440 minutes)</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:250px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:301px;top:10px;min-width:98px;max-width:98px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1–7 days notice</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:350px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> <div style="position:absolute;left:401px;top:10px;min-width:98px;max-width:98px;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">1 week notice or more (over 10000 minutes)</div> <div style="position:absolute;left:450px;height:10px;width:1px;border-left:1px solid black;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Improving_impact_prediction">Improving impact prediction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Improving impact prediction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the already-funded telescopes mentioned above, two separate approaches have been suggested by NASA to improve impact prediction. Both approaches focus on the first step in impact prediction (discovering near-Earth asteroids) as this is the largest weakness in the current system. The first approach uses more powerful ground-based telescopes similar to the <a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">LSST</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LSST_schedule_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSST_schedule-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being ground-based, such telescopes will still only observe part of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">the sky around Earth</a>. In particular, all ground-based telescopes have a large blind spot for any asteroids coming from the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, they are affected by weather conditions, <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">phase of the Moon</a>. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ground based telescopes can only detect objects approaching on the night-side of the planet, away from the Sun. Roughly half of impacts occur on the day-side of the planet."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/600px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/900px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg/1200px-SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg" title="File:SmallAsteroidImpacts-Frequency-Bolide-20141114.jpg"> </a></div>Ground based telescopes can only detect objects approaching on the night-side of the planet, away from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>. Roughly half of impacts occur on the day-side of the planet.</div></div></div> <p>To get around all of these issues, the second approach suggested is the use of <a href="/wiki/Space_telescopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Space telescopes">space-based telescopes</a> which can observe a much larger region of <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">the sky around Earth</a>. Although they still cannot point directly towards the Sun, they do not have the problem of <a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">blue sky</a> to overcome and so can detect asteroids much closer in the sky to the Sun than ground-based telescopes.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_article_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox_article-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unaffected by weather or <a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">airglow</a> they can also operate 24 hours per day all year round. Finally, telescopes in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">space</a> have the advantage of being able to use <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> sensors without the interference of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Earth's atmosphere</a>. These sensors are better for detecting asteroids than optical sensors, and although there are some ground based <a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">infrared telescopes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/UKIRT" class="mw-redirect" title="UKIRT">UKIRT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they are not designed for detecting asteroids. Space-based telescopes are more expensive, however, and tend to have a shorter lifespan. Therefore, Earth-based and space-based technologies complement each other to an extent.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the majority of the IR spectrum is blocked by Earth's atmosphere, the very useful <a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal infrared">thermal</a> (long-wavelength infrared) <a href="/wiki/Frequency_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency band">frequency band</a> is not blocked (see gap at 10 μm in the diagram below). This allows for the possibility of ground based <a href="/wiki/Thermal_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal image">thermal imaging</a> surveys designed for detecting near earth asteroids, though none are currently planned. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum and the types of telescope used to view different parts of it"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/600px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/900px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg/1200px-Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="780" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Atmospheric_electromagnetic_opacity.svg" title="File:Atmospheric electromagnetic opacity.svg"> </a></div>A diagram of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a> and the types of <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> used to view different parts of it</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_effect">Opposition effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Opposition effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a further issue that even telescopes in Earth orbit do not overcome (unless they operate in the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal infrared">thermal infrared</a> spectrum). This is the issue of illumination. Asteroids go through <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">phases</a> similar to the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">lunar phases</a>. Even though a telescope in orbit may have an unobstructed view of an object that is close in the sky to the Sun, it will still be looking at the dark side of the object. This is because the Sun is shining primarily on the side facing away from the Earth, as is the case with the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> when it is in a <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> phase. Because of this <a href="/wiki/Opposition_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition effect">opposition effect</a>, objects are far less bright in these phases than when fully illuminated, which makes them difficult to detect (see chart and diagram below). </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart bar-chart-left"> <caption>Known asteroids passing <1 <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar distance (astronomy)">LD</a> from Earth </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">year </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15em">discovered on <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(astronomy)" title="Opposition (astronomy)">opposition</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15em">discovered later</th> <th scope="col" style="width: 15em">discovered prior </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2001 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2002 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2003 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">5</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2004 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">10</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2005 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">6</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2006 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">12</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">2007 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">15</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2008" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2008">2008</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">20</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2009" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2009">2009</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:2.9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">19</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2010" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2010">2010</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">22</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2011" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2011">2011</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">27</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">3</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2012" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2012">2012</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">22</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2013" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2013">2013</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:3.5em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">23</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2014" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2014">2014</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.8em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">32</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2015" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2015">2015</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.1em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">27</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2016" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2016">2016</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:9em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">60</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2017" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2017">2017</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:8.4em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">56</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.2em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">1</span></span></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth_in_2018" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2018">2018</a> </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:13.7em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">91</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">0</span></span></div></td> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 15em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.3em;"></div><span class="bar-chart-bar-numbers" style="width: 15em;"><span class="nowrap">2</span></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>This problem can be solved by the use of thermal infrared surveys (either ground based or space based). Ordinary telescopes depend on observing light reflected from the Sun, which is why the opposition effect occurs. Telescopes which <a href="/wiki/Thermal_imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal imager">detect thermal infrared light</a> depend only on the temperature of the object. Its thermal glow can be detected from any angle, and is particularly useful for differentiating asteroids from the background stars, which have a different thermal signature.<sup id="cite_ref-NEOCAM-Infrared_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEOCAM-Infrared-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This problem can also be solved without using thermal infrared, by positioning a <a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">space telescope</a> away from Earth, closer to the Sun. The telescope can then look back towards Earth from the same direction as the Sun, and any asteroids closer to Earth than the telescope will then be in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opposition" class="extiw" title="wikt:opposition">opposition</a>, and much better illuminated. There is a point between the Earth and Sun where the gravities of the two bodies are perfectly in balance, called the Sun-Earth L1 <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a> (SEL1). It is approximately 1.6 million kilometres (1 million miles) from Earth, about four times as far away as the Moon, and is ideally suited for placing such a space telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One problem with this position is Earth glare. Looking outward from SEL1, Earth itself is at full brightness, which prevents a telescope situated there from seeing that area of sky. Fortunately, this is the same area of sky that ground-based telescopes are best at spotting asteroids in, so the two complement each other. </p><p>Another possible position for a space telescope would be even closer to the Sun, for example in a <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>-like orbit. This would give a wider view of Earth orbit, but at a greater distance. Unlike a telescope at the SEL1 <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a>, it would not stay in sync with Earth but would orbit the Sun at a similar rate to Venus. Because of this, it would not often be in a position to provide any warning of asteroids shortly before impact, but it would be in a good position to catalog objects before they are on final approach, especially those which primarily orbit closer to the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One issue with being as close to the Sun as Venus is that the craft may be too warm to use <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> wavelengths. A second issue would be communications. As the telescope will be a long way from Earth for most of the year (and even behind the Sun at some points) communication would often be slow and at times impossible, without expensive improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solutions_to_problems:_summary_table">Solutions to problems: summary table</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Solutions to problems: summary table"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table summarises which of the various problems encountered by current telescopes are solved by the various different solutions. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Proposed solution </th> <th>Global<br />coverage </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Clouds</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Daylight" title="Daylight">Blue<br />sky</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lunar_phase" title="Lunar phase">Full<br />moon</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Opposition_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition effect">Opposition<br />Effect</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Infrared_telescope" title="Infrared telescope">Thermal<br />Infrared</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Airglow" title="Airglow">Airglow</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Geographically separated ground based survey telescopes </th> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>More powerful ground based survey telescopes </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infrared ground based NEO survey telescopes<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Telescope in Earth orbit </th> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-orbit_moonglow_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbit_moonglow-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infrared Telescope in Earth orbit </th> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-orbit_moonglow_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbit_moonglow-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Telescope at SEL1 </th> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-SEL1_earthglow_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEL1_earthglow-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Infrared Telescope at SEL1 </th> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span><br /><sup id="cite_ref-SEL1_earthglow_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEL1_earthglow-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Telescope in Venus-like orbit </th> <td></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near-Earth_Object_Surveillance_Mission_2">Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NEOSM" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOSM">NEOSM</a></div> <p>In 2017, NASA proposed a number of alternative solutions to detect 90% of near-Earth objects of size 140 m or larger over the next few decades. As the detection sensitivity drops off with size but does not cut off, this will also improve the detection rates for the smaller objects which impact Earth much more often. Several of the proposals use a combination of an improved ground-based telescope and a space-based telescope positioned at the SEL1 <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-2017-SDT-Update_14-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-2017-SDT-Update-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NEO_Preparedness_Plan_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEO_Preparedness_Plan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vox_article_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox_article-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of large ground based telescopes are already in the late stages of construction (see above). A space based mission situated at SEL1, <a href="/wiki/NEOSM" class="mw-redirect" title="NEOSM">NEOSM</a> has now also been funded. It is planned for launch in 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20210611_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20210611-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neosm-planet-soc_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neosm-planet-soc-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_successfully_predicted_asteroid_impacts"><span class="anchor" id="List"></span> List of successfully predicted asteroid impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: List of successfully predicted asteroid impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is the list of all near-Earth objects which have or may have impacted the Earth and which were predicted beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-NEODyS_Past_Impactors_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NEODyS_Past_Impactors-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list would also include any objects identified as having greater than 50% chance of impacting in the future, but no such future <a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">impacts</a> are predicted at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Sentry_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sentry-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> detection ability increases it is expected that prediction will become more successful in the future. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="#Effectiveness_of_the_current_system">§ Effectiveness of the current system</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 0.9em;"> <tbody><tr> <th width="100">Date of<br />impact </th> <th>Date<br />discovered </th> <th width="100"><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Object</a> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Observation_arc" title="Observation arc">Observation arc</a><br />(minutes) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Warning<br />period<br />(days)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Cataloged</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Size (<a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">m</a>)<br /> </th> <th>(<a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude#Solar_System_bodies_(H)" title="Absolute magnitude">H</a>)<br />(abs. mag) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Velocity<br /><a href="/wiki/With_respect_to" class="mw-redirect" title="With respect to">wrt</a> Earth<br />(km/s) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Velocity<br />wrt Sun<br />(km/s) </th> <th>Impact<br />Location </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Explosion<br />Altitude<br />(km) </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Impact<br />Energy<br />(<a href="/wiki/Kiloton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloton">kt</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Meteorite_fall" title="Meteorite fall">Meteorites recovered</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>2008-10-07 02:46</td> <td>2008-10-06</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3">2008 TC<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">3</span></span></a></span></td> <td align="center">1,145</td> <td align="center">0.837</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">4.1</td> <td align="center">30.4</td> <td align="center">12.8</td> <td align="center">31.5</td> <td align="center">Northern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></td> <td align="center">37</td> <td align="center">0.98<sup id="cite_ref-Jenniskens2009_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenniskens2009-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014-01-02 03:04</td> <td>2014-01-01</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA</a></td> <td align="center">69</td> <td align="center">0.867</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">1.6–3.9</td> <td align="center">30.9</td> <td align="center">12.2</td> <td align="center">35.0</td> <td align="center">Central <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></td> <td align="center">unknown</td> <td align="center">unknown<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Farnocchia2016_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farnocchia2016-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018-06-02 16:45</td> <td>2018-06-02</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center">227</td> <td align="center">0.354</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">2.7</td> <td align="center">30.6</td> <td align="center">16.6</td> <td align="center">37.6</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>-<a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> border</td> <td align="center">28.7</td> <td align="center">1<sup id="cite_ref-JPL-new-discovery_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPL-new-discovery-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019-06-22 21:26</td> <td>2019-06-22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO</a></td> <td align="center">138</td> <td align="center">0.564</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">5.3–7.2</td> <td align="center">29.3</td> <td align="center">16.0</td> <td align="center">42.5</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>,<br />South of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></td> <td align="center">25</td> <td align="center">6<sup id="cite_ref-remanzacco_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remanzacco-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UH_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UH-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022-03-11 21:22</td> <td>2022-03-11</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_EB5" title="2022 EB5">2022 EB<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">5</span></span></a></span></td> <td align="center">112</td> <td align="center">0.082</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">4.2–5.7</td> <td align="center">31.3</td> <td align="center">18.5</td> <td align="center">41.4</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>,<br />South of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a></td> <td align="center">33.3</td> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022-11-19 08:26</td> <td>2022-11-19</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_WJ1" title="2022 WJ1">2022 WJ<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-ESA-C8FF042_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-C8FF042-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center">185</td> <td align="center">0.149</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">0.5–1.2<sup id="cite_ref-ESA-C8FF042_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESA-C8FF042-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center">33.5</td> <td align="center">14.3</td> <td align="center">37.9</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Brantford" title="Brantford">Brantford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td> <td align="center">unknown</td> <td align="center">unknown</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023-02-13 02:59</td> <td>2023-02-12</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_CX1" title="2023 CX1">2023 CX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></td> <td align="center">394</td> <td align="center">0.279</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">0.7</td> <td align="center">32.8</td> <td align="center">14.2</td> <td align="center">37.8</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">unknown</td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024-01-21 00:32</td> <td>2024-01-20</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_BX1" title="2024 BX1">2024 BX<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span></td> <td align="center">156</td> <td align="center">0.114</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">0.4</td> <td align="center">32.8</td> <td align="center">15.3</td> <td align="center">35.7</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Berlin,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin, Germany">Berlin, Germany</a></td> <td align="center">unknown</td> <td align="center">unknown</td> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:x-large;color:green">✓</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024-09-04 16:39</td> <td>2024-09-04</td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_RW1" title="2024 RW1">2024 RW<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;"><span style="font-size:80%;">1</span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="center">618</td> <td align="center">0.455</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">1.5–2.0</td> <td align="center">32.1</td> <td align="center">20.8</td> <td align="center">38.9</td> <td align="center">Northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td> <td align="center">25.0</td> <td align="center">0.2</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024-10-22 10:54</td> <td>2024-10-22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_UQ" title="2024 UQ">2024 UQ</a></td> <td align="center">14</td> <td align="center">0.074</td> <td align="center">No</td> <td align="center">1.2-1.5</td> <td align="center">32.7</td> <td align="center">23.6</td> <td align="center">38.1</td> <td align="center">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>,<br />between <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td> <td align="center">38.2</td> <td align="center">0.15</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to these objects, the meteoroid CNEOS20200918 was found in 2022 in archival ATLAS data, imaged 10 minutes before its 2020/09/18 impact. Although it technically could have been discovered before impact, it was only noticed in retrospect.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also a number of objects which have been observed in orbit which may have impacted shortly after being observed, but may not have. It is difficult to know the true number of these possible impactors as unconfirmed tracklets have a wide range of possible orbits, and only a portion of these are consistent with earth impact. One example is <a href="/wiki/A106fgF" class="mw-redirect" title="A106fgF">A106fgF</a>, an object observed on January 22, 2018 with an observation arc of only 39 minutes. <sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">List of asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides" title="List of bolides">List of bolides</a> – asteroids and meteoroids that impacted Earth</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smaller asteroids which are only bright enough to observe briefly. Larger asteroids are visible for long enough to overcome the more temporary conditions that prevent observation such as bad weather or a bright moon in the sky, however close proximity to the Sun in the sky can prevent all sizes of asteroid from being discovered. This is particularly true for <a href="/wiki/Aten_asteroid" title="Aten asteroid">Aten asteroids</a>, which spend the majority of their time closer to the Sun than Earth and are therefore difficult to detect without a space based system orbiting inside of Earth's orbit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Incompleteness refers to the fraction of undiscovered asteroids, not the amount of time remaining to achieve completeness. The asteroids remaining to be discovered are the ones which are hardest to find.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The exact percentage of objects discovered is uncertain but is estimated using statistical techniques. 2018 estimates for objects at least 1 km in size put the figure somewhere between 89% and 99%, with an expected value of 94%. This matches the figure from a 2017 NASA report which was estimated independently using a different technique</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because of daylight telescopes cannot see the portion of the sky around the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and because the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is in the way can only see so far North and South of the latitude that they are positioned at. The time given is the time it takes for a survey to complete coverage of the part of the sky that it <i>can</i> see from where it is located, assuming good weather.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The limiting magnitude indicates how bright an object needs to be before the telescope can detect it, larger numbers are better (fainter objects can be detected).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This total includes all asteroid observations, not just <a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_asteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-Earth asteroids">Near-Earth asteroids</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spacewatch is still operational, however in 1998 <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Sky_Survey" title="Catalina Sky Survey">Catalina Sky Survey</a> (which is also run by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>) took over survey duties. Since then Spacewatch has focused on follow-up observations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Around the time of the full Moon, the Moon is so bright that it lights up the atmosphere making faint objects impossible to see for several days per month</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This refers to the opposition effect as seen from Earth, the fact that objects outside of the narrow cone centered on Earth are much fainter and harder to spot without using thermal infrared (see diagram above)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Use of thermal infrared allows objects to be seen at all angles as detection doesn't depend on reflected sunlight. It also allows an accurate size estimate of the object which is important for predicting the severity of an impact.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although many IR wavelengths are blocked by the atmosphere, there is a window from 8 μm to 14 μm that allows detection of IR at useful wavelengths such as 12 μm. A 12 μm sensor was used by WISE to detect asteroids during its space based mission. Although some ground based IR surveys exist which can detect 12 μm (such as <a href="/wiki/UKIRT_Infrared_Deep_Sky_Survey" title="UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey">UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey</a>), none are designed to detect moving objects such as asteroids.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orbit_moonglow-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_moonglow_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orbit_moonglow_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Telescopes in Earth orbit are affected to an extent by the glow of the moon, but not in the same way as ground based telescopes where the light from the moon is scattered across the sky by the atmosphere</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEL1_earthglow-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEL1_earthglow_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEL1_earthglow_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Telescopes at SEL1 are primarily affected by the glare of the Earth rather than the Moon, but not in the same way as ground based telescopes where the light from the moon is scattered across the sky by the atmosphere</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Telescopes in a Venus-like orbit have no problems with atmosphere but being closer to the Sun, may be too warm to effectively use thermal infrared sensors. This problem could be overcome by using <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> coolant but this increases cost and gives the telescope a limited lifespan due to the coolant running out</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The listed warning period is the time between the first observation and the impact. The time between the first impact prediction and the impact is necessarily shorter, and some of the impacts were actually predicted after they occurred.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are two main strategies for predicting <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> impacts with <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, the Cataloging Strategy and the Warning Strategy. The Cataloging Strategy aims to detect all near Earth objects which could at some point in the future impact Earth. Accurate orbit predictions are made which can then anticipate any future impact years in advance. The larger and therefore most dangerous objects are amenable to this strategy as they can be observed from a sufficient distance. The more numerous but less dangerous smaller objects cannot so easily be detected this way as they are fainter and cannot be seen until they are relatively close by. The Warning Strategy aims to detect impactors months or days before they reach Earth (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2017_neo_sdt_final_e-version.pdf">NASA 2017 Update on Enhancing the Search and Characterization of Near Earth Objects</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171120074246/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2017_neo_sdt_final_e-version.pdf">Archived</a> 20 November 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA</a> exploded over the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">mid-Atlantic</a>, far from the nearest infrasound detectors. Although some detections were made, reliable figures are not known</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA</a> was estimated to have an 82% chance of impacting Earth somewhere between the central Pacific ocean and Africa (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projectpluto.com/temp/z.png">Impact path</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084708/https://www.projectpluto.com/temp/z.png">Archived</a> 13 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Several reports from South Africa and Botswana confirmed that it did indeed impact in South-central Africa and additional observations that came in after the impact post-predicted a consistent impact location.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Using the observation arc, it was only possible to estimate a 9% chance of impact between the South Atlantic, southern Africa, the Indian ocean, Indonesia, or the Pacific ocean. Whether the asteroid did impact Earth or not remains uncertain due to its small size and since much of the potential impact area is at sea or sparsely populated.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=53Js-_vo3mo"><span class="plainlinks">How Does NASA Spot a Near-Earth Asteroid?</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEO_Preparedness_Plan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEO_Preparedness_Plan_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEO_Preparedness_Plan_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEO_Preparedness_Plan_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7166">"Federal Government Releases National Near-Earth Object Preparedness Plan"</a>. <i>Centre for NEO Studies</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiso+Observatory&rft.atitle=Kiso+Observatory+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fkisohp%2FOVERVIEW%2Foverview_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid+impact+prediction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFthe_Tomo-e_Gozen_project" class="citation web cs1">the Tomo-e Gozen project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtk.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/kisohp/NEWS/pr20190930/pr20190930e.html">"UTokyo starts a full operation of Tomo-e Gozen"</a>. <i>Kiso Observatory</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiso+Observatory&rft.atitle=UTokyo+starts+a+full+operation+of+Tomo-e+Gozen&rft.au=the+Tomo-e+Gozen+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtk.ioa.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp%2Fkisohp%2FNEWS%2Fpr20190930%2Fpr20190930e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid+impact+prediction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canon-tomoe-gozen-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canon-tomoe-gozen_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.canon/en/news/2019/20190930.html">"Kiso Observatory, University of Tokyo, commences full operation of 'Tomo-e Gozen', a new observation system equipped with 84 Canon ultra-high-sensitivity CMOS sensors"</a>. <i>Canon Global</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Previous+NEO+Confirmation+Page+Objects&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorplanetcenter.net%2Fiau%2FNEO%2FToConfirm_PrevDes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid+impact+prediction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K24/K24R68.html">"MPEC 2024-R68 : 2024 RW1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240904144200/https://minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K24/K24R68.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04583">2209.04583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PSJ.....4..103C">2023PSJ.....4..103C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2FPSJ%2Facc9b1">10.3847/PSJ/acc9b1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252200041">252200041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Planetary+Science+Journal&rft.atitle=Exoatmospheric+detection+of+a+meter-sized+Earth+impactor&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=103&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2209.04583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252200041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2FPSJ%2Facc9b1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PSJ.....4..103C&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Wiegert%2C+Paul+A.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Peter+G.&rft.au=Vida%2C+Denis&rft.au=Heinze%2C+Aren&rft.au=Denneau%2C+Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252FPSJ%252Facc9b1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsteroid+impact+prediction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_impact_prediction&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.passc.net/EarthImpactDatabase/">Earth Impact Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/impacteffects/">Earth Impact Effects Program</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/ca/">NASA JPL Predicted Close Approaches (including impacts)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Template talk:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Politics_of_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li> <li>Asteroid impact <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Cold War space race</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_race" title="Mars race">Mars race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese<br />space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bombs,_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Chinese_anti-satellite_missile_test" title="2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test">2007 test</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Shenzhou</span></span> program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh" style="font-style: normal;">Tiangong</span></span> program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Space_Policy_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Space Policy Institute (page does not exist)">European Space Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li> <li>Mars and beyond <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-<i>Newton</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaia_(spacecraft)" title="Gaia (spacecraft)">Gaia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_Interferometer_Space_Antenna" title="Laser Interferometer Space Antenna">LISA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a> <ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li> <li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European<br /> initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British<br />space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation#History" title="RAND Corporation">RAND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">WS-117L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">1958 NASA Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Challenger</i> disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush<br />space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <i>Columbia</i> disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_Systems_Architecture_Study" title="Exploration Systems Architecture Study">ESAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2005" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2005">2005 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration#Space_policy_speech_at_Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2010" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2010">2010 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Authorization_Act_of_2014" title="NASA Authorization Act of 2014">2014 NASA Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump<br /> space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Science,_Space,_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet<br /> space<br /> program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> (1986–2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li> <li>Mars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng_program" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng program">North Korean space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental<br /> or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">International Space Exploration Coordination Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG standards</a></li> <li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces,<br /> units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Aerospace_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">AJA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">IRGC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO"><img alt="NATO" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/15px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/23px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/30px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Command" title="Allied Air Command">NATO</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/15px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/23px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg/30px-North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="317" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African<br />and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America<br />and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><sup><small>1</small></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> <sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_impact_events" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_impact_events" title="Template:Modern impact events"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_impact_events" title="Template talk:Modern impact events"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_impact_events" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern impact events"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_impact_events" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_event" title="Impact event">Modern impact events</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On Earth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Pre-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1490 <a href="/wiki/Qingyang_event" title="Qingyang event">Qingyang</a></li> <li>1783 <a href="/wiki/1783_Great_Meteor" title="1783 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li> <li>1860 <a href="/wiki/1860_Great_Meteor" title="1860 Great Meteor">Great Meteor</a></li> <li>1908 <a href="/wiki/Tunguska_event" title="Tunguska event">Tunguska</a></li> <li>1913 <a href="/wiki/1913_Great_Meteor_Procession" title="1913 Great Meteor Procession">Great Meteor Procession</a></li> <li>1930 <a href="/wiki/1930_Curu%C3%A7%C3%A1_River_event" title="1930 Curuçá River event">Curuçá River</a></li> <li>1938 <a href="/wiki/Chicora_meteor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicora meteor">Chicora meteor</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/Sikhote-Alin_meteorite" title="Sikhote-Alin meteorite">Sikhote-Alin meteor</a></li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/Murchison_meteorite" title="Murchison meteorite">Murchison meteor</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/1972_Great_Daylight_Fireball" title="1972 Great Daylight Fireball">Great Daylight Fireball</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_meteoroid_of_13_October_1990" title="Earth-grazing meteoroid of 13 October 1990">Earth-grazing meteoroid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:center;">Post-2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Eastern_Mediterranean_event" title="2002 Eastern Mediterranean event">2002 Eastern Mediterranean event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Carancas_impact_event" title="2007 Carancas impact event">2007 Carancas impact event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_TC3" title="2008 TC3"><span class="nowrap">2008 TC<sub>3</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Buzzard_Coulee_meteorite" title="Buzzard Coulee meteorite">Buzzard Coulee meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Sulawesi_superbolide" title="2009 Sulawesi superbolide">2009 Sulawesi superbolide</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Sutter%27s_Mill_meteorite" title="Sutter's Mill meteorite">Sutter's Mill meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_Kingdom_meteoroid" title="2012 United Kingdom meteoroid">2012 United Kingdom meteoroid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Novato_meteorite" title="Novato meteorite">Novato meteor</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteor" title="Chelyabinsk meteor">Chelyabinsk meteor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk_meteorite" title="Chelyabinsk meteorite">Chelyabinsk meteorite</a></li></ul></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig_meteorite" title="Braunschweig meteorite">Braunschweig meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_AA" title="2014 AA">2014 AA impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Ontario_fireball" title="2014 Ontario fireball">2014 Ontario fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Kerala_meteoroid" title="2015 Kerala meteoroid">2015 Kerala meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Thailand_bolide" title="2015 Thailand bolide">2015 Thailand bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WT1190F" title="WT1190F">WT1190F impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_China_bolide" title="2017 China bolide">2017 China bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_LA" title="2018 LA">2018 LA impact</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_meteor" title="Kamchatka meteor">Kamchatka meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_MO" title="2019 MO">2019 MO impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_China_bolide" title="2020 China bolide">2020 China bolide</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/Winchcombe_meteorite" title="Winchcombe meteorite">Winchcombe meteor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_EB5" title="2022 EB5"><span class="nowrap">2022 EB<sub>5</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_WJ1" title="2022 WJ1"><span class="nowrap">2022 WJ<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_CX1" title="2023 CX1"><span class="nowrap">2023 CX<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_BX1" title="2024 BX1"><span class="nowrap">2024 BX<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_RW1" title="2024 RW1"><span class="nowrap">2024 RW<sub>1</sub></span> impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_UQ" title="2024 UQ">2024 UQ impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Mars" title="Impact events on Mars">Impact events on Mars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">On <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impact_events_on_Jupiter" title="Impact events on Jupiter">Impact events on Jupiter</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Comet_Shoemaker%E2%80%93Levy_9" title="Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9">Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2009 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2010 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/2016_Jupiter_impact_event" title="2016 Jupiter impact event">Jupiter impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predicted_asteroid_impacts_on_Earth" title="List of predicted asteroid impacts on Earth">Predicted asteroid impacts on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asteroid_close_approaches_to_Earth" title="List of asteroid close approaches to Earth">Asteroid close approaches to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bolides" title="List of bolides">Bolides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_air_burst" title="Meteor air burst">Meteor air bursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meteorite_falls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of meteorite falls">Meteorite falls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Asteroids crossing Earth's orbit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asteroid impact prediction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Asteroid impact avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolide" title="Bolide">Bolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth-grazing_fireball" title="Earth-grazing fireball">Earth-grazing fireball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_procession" title="Meteor procession">Meteor procession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_shower" title="Meteor shower">Meteor shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">Potentially hazardous object</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output 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