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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_and_Early_Modern_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Late Middle and Early Modern Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_and_Early_Modern_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Рицарски турнир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рицарски турнир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnir_(srednji_vijek)" title="Turnir (srednji vijek) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turnir (srednji vijek)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneig" title="Torneig – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Torneig" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryt%C3%AD%C5%99sk%C3%BD_turnaj" title="Rytířský turnaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rytířský turnaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnier" title="Turnier – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Turnier" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turniir_(v%C3%B5itlusm%C3%A4ng)" title="Turniir (võitlusmäng) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Turniir (võitlusmäng)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC_(%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Τουρνουά (Μεσαίωνας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρνουά (Μεσαίωνας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_medieval" title="Torneo medieval – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torneo medieval" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo" title="Torneo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torneo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مسابقات قرون وسطایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مسابقات قرون وسطایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournoi_(Moyen_%C3%82ge)" title="Tournoi (Moyen Âge) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tournoi (Moyen Âge)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%84%B8_%ED%86%A0%EB%84%88%EB%A8%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="중세 토너먼트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="중세 토너먼트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneo_medievale" title="Torneo medievale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torneo medievale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8" title="טורניר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורניר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovagi_torna" title="Lovagi torna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lovagi torna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Витешки турнир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витешки турнир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riddertoernooi" title="Riddertoernooi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Riddertoernooi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%B8%8A%E6%A7%8D%E8%A9%A6%E5%90%88" title="馬上槍試合 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="馬上槍試合" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridderturnering" title="Ridderturnering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ridderturnering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turniej_rycerski" title="Turniej rycerski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turniej rycerski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torneio_medieval" title="Torneio medieval – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torneio medieval" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnir" title="Turnir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turnir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Рыцарский турнир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыцарский турнир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Витешки турнир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витешки турнир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnajaiset" title="Turnajaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turnajaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornerspel" title="Tornerspel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tornerspel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%80" title="Лицарський турнір – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лицарський турнір" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q736161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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For tournaments in general, see <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tournament (disambiguation)">tournament (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Manesse_(Herzog)_von_Anhalt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg/220px-Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg/330px-Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg/440px-Codex_Manesse_%28Herzog%29_von_Anhalt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>An early 14th century depiction of mounted combat in a tournament from the German <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tournament</b>, or <b>tourney</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>torneiement</i>, <i>tornei</i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalrous</a> competition or <a href="/wiki/Mock_combat" title="Mock combat">mock fight</a> that was common in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> (12th to 16th centuries), and is a type of <a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">hastilude</a>. Tournaments included <a href="/wiki/Melee" title="Melee">mêlée</a>, hand-to-hand combat, contests of strength or <a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">accuracy</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousts</a>. Some considered the tournaments to be frivolous pursuits of celebrity, even a potential threat to public order.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the shows were popular and often put on in honor of <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronations</a>, marriages, or births; to celebrate recent conquests or peace treatises; or to welcome <a href="/wiki/Ambassador" title="Ambassador">ambassadors</a>, lords, or others considered to be of great importance. Other times tournaments were held for no particular reason at all, simply for entertainment. Certain tournaments are depicted throughout the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Manesse" title="Codex Manesse">Codex Manesse</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></div> <p>The word <i>tournament</i> evolved from the Middle English <i>tornement</i> which entered the English lexicon from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>torneiement</i> around the 12th century. That noun and its associated verb, <i>tornoier</i>, ultimately derive from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">tornare</i></span> ("to turn") which also gave rise to the Italian <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">torneo</i></span>, the modern French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tournoi</i></span>, and modern English's <i>tourney</i>. <i>Tournament</i> and its derivates had been adopted in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> (via <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>) by 1300. </p><p>The Old French <i>tornoier</i> originally meant "to <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a> and tilt", but came to refer to the knightly tournament more generally while <i>joster</i>, meaning "approach, meet"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also adopted before 1300), came to refer to jousting specifically. </p><p>By the end of the 12th century, <i><span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">tornement</i></span></i> and Latinized <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">torneamentum</i></span></i> had become the generic term for all kinds of knightly <a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">hastiludes</a> or martial displays. <a href="/wiki/Roger_of_Hoveden" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger of Hoveden">Roger of Hoveden</a> writing in the late 12th century defined <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">torneamentum</i></span></i> as "military exercises carried out, not in the knight's spirit of hostility (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nullo interveniente odio</i></span></i>), but solely for practice and the display of prowess (<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pro solo exercitio, atque ostentatione virium</i></span></i>)."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medieval equestrian warfare and equestrian practices hark back to Roman antiquity, just as the notion of <i><a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a></i> goes back to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a></i> in Roman times.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There may be an element of continuity connecting the medieval tournament to the <i><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">hippika gymnasia</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_cavalry" title="Roman cavalry">Roman cavalry</a>, but due to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">sparsity of written records</a> during the 5th to 8th centuries this is difficult to establish. It is known that such cavalry games were central to military training in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, with records of Louis and Charles' military games at Worms in 843. At this event which was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Nithard" title="Nithard">Nithard</a>, the initial chasing and fleeing was followed by a general <a href="/wiki/Melee_(tournament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melee (tournament)">mêlée</a> of all combatants. </p><p>Documentation of equestrian practice during the 9th to 10th centuries is sparse, but it is clear that the tournament was a development of the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. It is recognized by several medieval historical sources: a chronicler of Tours in the late 12th century attributes the "invention" of the knightly tournament to an <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ingelger" title="House of Ingelger">Angevin</a> baron, Geoffroi de Preulli, who supposedly died in 1066. In <a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">16th-century German</a> historiography, the setting down of the first tournament laws is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler" title="Henry the Fowler">Henry the Fowler</a> (r. 919–936); this tradition is cited by <a href="/wiki/Georg_R%C3%BCxner" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Rüxner">Georg Rüxner</a> in his <i>Thurnierbuch</i> of c. 1530 as well as by <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Hector_Mair" title="Paulus Hector Mair">Paulus Hector Mair</a> in his <i>De Arte Athletica</i> (c. 1544/5).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known use of the word "tournament" comes from peace legislation by <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III,_Count_of_Hainaut" title="Baldwin III, Count of Hainaut">Count Baldwin III</a> of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hainaut" title="County of Hainaut">Hainaut</a> for the town of <a href="/wiki/Valenciennes" title="Valenciennes">Valenciennes</a>, dated to 1114. It refers to the keepers of the peace in the town leaving it "for the purpose of frequenting javelin sports, tournaments and such like."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A pattern of regular tournament meetings across northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> is evident in sources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> for the life of <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Good" title="Charles the Good">Charles, Count of Flanders</a> (1119–27). The sources of the 1160s and 1170s portray the event in the developed form it maintained into the 14th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="During_the_High_Middle_Ages">During the High Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During the High Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tournaments centered on the <i><a href="/wiki/Melee_(tournament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Melee (tournament)">mêlée</a></i>, a general fight where the knights were divided into two sides and charged at each other, fighting with blunted weapons. <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">Jousting</a>, a single combat of two knights riding at each other, was a component of the tournament but was never its main feature.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard form of a tournament is evident in sources as early as the 1160s and 1170s, notably <i>The History of William Marshal</i> and the Arthurian romances of <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tournaments might be held at all times of the year except the penitential season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> (the forty days preceding the Triduum of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>). The general custom was to hold them on Mondays and Tuesdays, though any day but Friday and Sunday might be used. The site of the tournament was customarily announced a <a href="/wiki/Fortnight" title="Fortnight">fortnight</a> before it was to be held. The most famous tournament fields were in northeastern France (including between <a href="/wiki/Ressons-sur-Matz" title="Ressons-sur-Matz">Ressons-sur-Matz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gournay-sur-Aronde" title="Gournay-sur-Aronde">Gournay-sur-Aronde</a> near <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a>, in use between the 1160s and 1240s) which attracted hundreds of foreign knights from all over Europe for the 'lonc sejor' (the tournament season). </p><p>Knights arrived individually or in companies to stay at one or other of the two settlements designated as their lodgings. The tournament began on a field outside the principal settlement, where stands were erected for spectators. On the day of the tournament one side was formed of those 'within' the principal settlement, and another of those "outside." </p><p>Parties hosted by the principal magnates present were held in both settlements, and preliminary jousts (called the <i>vespers</i> or <i>premières commençailles</i>) offered knights an individual showcase for their talents. On the day of the event, the tournament was opened by a review (<span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">regars</i></span>) in which both sides paraded and called out their war cries. There was then a further opportunity for individual jousting carried out between the <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">rencs</i></span>, the two lines of knights. The opportunity for jousting at this point was customarily offered to the new, young knights who were present. </p><p>At some time in mid-morning the knights would line up for the charge (<i>estor</i>). At the signal which was usually a <a href="/wiki/Bugle" title="Bugle">bugle</a> or <a href="/wiki/Herald" title="Herald">herald</a>'s cry, the two knights would ride at each other and meet with levelled <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lances</a>. Those remaining on horseback would turn quickly (the action which gave the tournament its name) and single out knights to attack. There is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squires</a> were present at the lists (the staked and embanked line in front of the stands) to offer their masters up to three replacement lances. The mêlée would tend then to degenerate into running battles between parties of knights seeking to take ransoms, and would spread over several square miles between the two settlements which defined the tournament area. Most tournaments continued until both sides were exhausted, or until the light faded. A few ended earlier, if one side broke in the charge, panicked and ran for its home base looking to get behind its lists and the shelter of the armed infantry which protected them. Following the tournament the patron of the day would offer lavish banquets and entertainment. Prizes were offered to the best knight on either side and awarded during the meals.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title=" (September 2013)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melee">Melee</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Melee"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Special:EditPage/Tournament (medieval)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg/220px-Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg/330px-Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg/440px-Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Two teams stand ready just before the match begins; each side has 24 knights, each with a banner-bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a central spectators' box for the four judges, and one on each side for the ladies; inscribed over the boxes is <i>plus est en vous</i> which is the motto of the <a href="/wiki/Gruuthuse" title="Gruuthuse">Gruuthuse</a> family of Bruges.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg/220px-Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg/330px-Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg/440px-Turnierbuch_des_Ren%C3%A9_von_Anjou_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>A tournament in progress (<a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="René d'Anjou">René d'Anjou</a>), only the banners of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Duke of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a> are shown left in the field of view. The individual knights' banners are seen to the right.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Melee</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> or /ˈmeleɪ/, French: <i>mêlée</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[mɛle]</a></span>; in English frequently spelled as <i>mêlée,</i> <i>melée,</i> or simply <i>melee</i>) is a term for a type of mock combat in medieval tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "mêlée" was the "mass tournament" where two teams, either on foot or horse, clashed in formation. The aim was to smash into the enemy in massed formation, with the aim of throwing them back or breaking their ranks. Following a successful maneuver of this kind, the rank would attempt to turn around without breaking formation (<span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">widerkere</i></span> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">tornei</i></span>); this action was so central that it would become eponymous of the entire tradition of the <i>tourney</i> or <i>tournament</i> by the mid-12th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Weapons were often blunted before fights in order to prevent serious injury. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> term for this type of contest was <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">buhurt</i></span> (adopted in French as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bouhourt</i></span>); some sources may also make a distinction between <i>mêlée</i> or mass tournament and <span title="Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)-language text"><i lang="gmh">buhurt</i></span>, as the latter could refer to a wider class of equestrian games not necessarily confined to the formal tournament reserved to nobility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Old French <i>meslee</i> "brawl, confused fight; mixture, blend" (12th century)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the feminine past participle of the verb <i>mesler</i> "to mix" (ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> <i>misculāta</i> "mixed", from Latin <i>miscēre</i> "to mix"; compare <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lange" title="Mélange">mélange</a></i>; <i>meddle, medley</i>). The modern French form <i>mêlée</i> was borrowed into English in the 17th century and is not the historical term used for tournament mock battles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The term <i>buhurt</i> may be related to <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hurter#Old_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:hurter">hurter</a></i> "to push, collide with" (cognate with English <i>to hurt</i>) or alternatively from a <a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Frankish</a> <i>bihurdan</i> "to fence; encompass with a fence or paling"). </p><p>Tournaments often contained a mêlée consisting of knights fighting one another on foot or mounted, either divided into two sides or fighting as a free-for-all. The object was to capture opposing knights so that they could be ransomed, and this could be a very profitable business for such skilled knights as <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a>. </p><p>The mêlée or <i>buhurt</i> was the main form of the tournament in its early phase during the 12th and 13th centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a>, while in existence since at least the 12th century as part of tournaments, did not play the central role it would acquire later by the late 15th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jousting">Jousting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jousting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">Jousting</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg/220px-Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg/330px-Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/60/Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg/440px-Jorg_Breu_Sr_Tournament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>The joust outlasted the tournament proper and was widely practiced well into the 16th century (sketch by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_the_Elder" title="Jörg Breu the Elder">Jörg Breu the Elder</a>, 1510).</figcaption></figure> <p>As has been said, jousting formed part of the tournament event from as early a time as it can be observed. It was an evening prelude to the big day, and was also a preliminary to the grand charge on the day itself. In the 12th century, jousting was occasionally banned in tournaments. The reasons given are that it distracted knights from the main event, and allowed a form of cheating. Count <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip of Flanders</a> made a practice in the 1160s of turning up armed with his retinue to the preliminary jousts, and then declining to join the mêlée until the knights were exhausted and ransoms could be swept up. </p><p>But jousting had its own devoted constituency by the early 13th century, and in the 1220s it began to have its own exclusive events outside the tournament. The biographer of <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a> observed c.1224 that in his day noblemen were more interested in jousting than tourneying. In 1223, we have the first mention of an exclusively jousting event, the Round Table held in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ibelin,_the_Old_Lord_of_Beirut" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Ibelin, the Old Lord of Beirut">John d'Ibelin, lord of Beirut</a>. Round Tables were a 13th-century enthusiasm and can be reconstructed to have been an elimination jousting event. They were held for knights and <a href="/wiki/Squire" title="Squire">squires</a> alike. Other forms of jousting also arose during the century, and by the 14th century the joust was poised to take over the vacancy in <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> amusement caused by the decline of the tournament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popularity">Popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first English mention of tourneying is in a charter of <a href="/wiki/Arden_family" title="Arden family">Osbert of Arden, Lord of Kingsbury</a> of Warwickshire, which reveals that he travelled to both <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a> and London, but also crossed the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> to join in events in France. The charter dates to the late 1120s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great tournaments of northern France attracted many hundreds of knights from <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, England, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>. There is evidence that 3000 knights attended the tournament at <a href="/wiki/Lagny-sur-Marne" title="Lagny-sur-Marne">Lagny-sur-Marne</a> in November 1179 promoted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a> in honour of his son's coronation. The state tournaments at Senlis and Compiègne held by <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a> in 1279 can be calculated to have been even larger events.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Aristocratic enthusiasm for the tournament meant that it had travelled outside its northern French heartland before the 1120s. The first evidence for it in England and the Rhineland is found in the 1120s. References in the Marshal biography indicate that in the 1160s tournaments were being held in central France and Great Britain. The contemporary works of <a href="/wiki/Bertran_de_Born" title="Bertran de Born">Bertran de Born</a> talk of a tourneying world that also embraced northern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, Scotland and the Empire. The chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Lauterberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lauterberg">Lauterberg</a> indicates that by 1175 the enthusiasm had reached the borders of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </p><p>Despite this huge interest and wide distribution, royal and ecclesiastical authority was deployed to prohibit the event. In 1130, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_II" title="Pope Innocent II">Pope Innocent II</a> at a church council at Clermont denounced the tournament and forbade <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> burial for those killed in them. The usual ecclesiastical justification for prohibiting them was that it distracted the aristocracy from more acceptable warfare in the defense of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> elsewhere. However, the reason for the ban imposed on them in England by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> was most likely because of its persistent threat to public order.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knights going to tournaments were accused of theft and violence against the unarmed. Henry II was keen to re-establish public order in England after the disruption during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">Stephen</a> (1135–1154). He did not prohibit tournaments in his continental domains, and indeed three of his sons were avid pursuers of the sport. </p><p>Tournaments were allowed in England once again after 1192, when <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> identified six sites where they would be permitted and gave a scale of fees by which patrons could pay for a license. But both <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">King John</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, introduced fitful and capricious prohibitions which much annoyed the aristocracy and eroded the popularity of the events. In France, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a> prohibited tourneying within his domains in 1260, and his successors for the most part maintained the ban. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is a debated issue as to what extent specialized arms and armor were used in mêlée tournaments, and to what extent the military equipment of knights and their <a href="/wiki/Medieval_horses" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval horses">horses</a> in the 12th and 13th centuries was devised to meet the perils and demands of tournaments, rather than warfare. It is, however, clear from the sources that the weapons used in tournaments were initially the same as those used in war. It is not by any means certain that swords were blunted for most of the history of the tournament. This must have changed by the mid 13th century, at least in jousting encounters. There is a passing reference to a special spear for use in jousting in the <i>Prose Lancelot</i> (c. 1220).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1252 jousting at Walden, the lances used had <span title="Margu-language text"><i lang="mhg">sokets</i></span>, curved ring-like punches instead of points. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>'s <i>Statute of Arms</i> of 1292 says that blunted knives and swords should be used in tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_Middle_and_Early_Modern_Ages">Late Middle and Early Modern Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Late Middle and Early Modern Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Tournament_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="King René's Tournament Book">King René's Tournament Book</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bem_cavalgar" title="Bem cavalgar">Bem cavalgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thurnierbuch" title="Thurnierbuch">Thurnierbuch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freydal" title="Freydal">Freydal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg/220px-Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg/330px-Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg/440px-Ren%C3%A9_d%27Anjou_Livre_des_tournois_France_Provence_XVe_si%C3%A8cle_Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9327" data-file-height="6114" /></a><figcaption>Watercolor, probably by <a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_d%27Eyck" title="Barthélemy d'Eyck">Barthélemy d'Eyck</a>, from <a href="/wiki/King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Tournament_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="King René's Tournament Book">King René's Tournament Book</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg/250px-Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg/375px-Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg/500px-Hausbuch_Wolfegg_21v_22r_Scharfrennen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>German Tournament ca. 1480, by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Housebook" title="Master of the Housebook">Master of the Housebook</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The tournament had a resurgence of popularity in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the reign of the martial and crusading king, <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1307</span>), and under his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England"> Edward III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–1377</span>), yet nonetheless the tournament died out in the latter's reign. Edward III encouraged the move towards pageantry and a predominance of jousting in his sponsored events. In one of the last true tournaments held in England (in 1342 at <a href="/wiki/Dunstable" title="Dunstable">Dunstable</a>), the mêlée was postponed so long by jousting that the sun was sinking by the time the lines charged. </p><p>A tournament took place in <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> in 1350 which was attended by Edward III's son, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince"> the Black Prince</a>. The tournament, held at the expense of the citizens of Norwich, cost £37.4s.6d.;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> approximately 5 years' wages for a skilled craftsman. The tournament survived little longer in France or <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy"> Burgundy</a>. The last known tournament at <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> took place in 1379. That same year the citizens of <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> rioted when the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Flanders" title="Count of Flanders">count of Flanders</a> announced a tournament to be held at their city. The cause of their discontent was the associated expense for them. </p><p>By using costumes, drama, and symbolism tournaments became a form of art, which raised the expenses for these events considerably. They had political purposes: to impress the populace and guests with their opulence, as well as with the courage of the participants. Loyalty to a lord or lady was expressed through clothes and increasingly elaborate enactments. Tournaments also served cultural purposes. As the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Courtly_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtly Love">Courtly Love</a> became more influential, women played a more important role in the events. Events often took place in honor of a lady, and ladies participated in the playacting and symbolism. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> regularly held tournaments, during which people often dressed up, sometimes as the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200888–89_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200888–89-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1331, the participants of one tournament all wore green cloaks decorated with golden arrows. In the same year at a tournament at <a href="/wiki/Cheapside" title="Cheapside">Cheapside</a>, the king and other participants dressed as <a href="/wiki/Tartars" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartars">Tartars</a> and led the ladies, who were in the colors of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a>, in a procession at the start of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200893_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200893-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward III's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1377–1399</span>), would first distribute his <a href="/wiki/Livery_badge" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery badge">livery badges</a> with the <a href="/wiki/White_Hart" title="White Hart">White Hart</a> at a tournament at <a href="/wiki/Smithfield,_London" title="Smithfield, London">Smithfield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mythology and storytelling were popular aspects of tournaments. An example of this is the tournament in 1468 that Duke <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a> of Burgundy organised to celebrate his marriage with <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a>. The tournament was supposedly at the bidding of the 'Lady of the Hidden Ile'. A golden tree had been erected with all the coats of arms of the participating knights. They were dressed like famous figures from legend and history, while their squires were dressed as harlequins. A notable example of an elaborate costume was that of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_I,_Count_of_Ligny" title="Anthony I, Count of Ligny">Anthony of Luxembourg</a>. Chained in a black castle he entered the lists. He could only be freed with a golden key and approval of the attending ladies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg/250px-10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg/375px-10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg/500px-10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_1511_Westminster_Tournament_Roll" class="mw-redirect" title="The 1511 Westminster Tournament Roll">The 1511 Westminster Tournament Roll</a></i> Detail showing <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a>, the military aspect of the tournaments was secondary to the display of wealth. For a tournament honoring his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Orsini" title="Clarice Orsini">Clarice Orsini</a> in 1469, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" title="Lorenzo de' Medici">Lorenzo de' Medici</a> had his standard designed by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>. He also wore a large amount of jewelry, including the famous Medici diamond 'Il Libro'.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frans_Hogenberg_(1535-1590)_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_(1559)_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frans_Hogenberg_%281535-1590%29_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_%281559%29_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG/220px-Frans_Hogenberg_%281535-1590%29_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_%281559%29_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frans_Hogenberg_%281535-1590%29_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_%281559%29_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG/330px-Frans_Hogenberg_%281535-1590%29_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_%281559%29_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Frans_Hogenberg_%281535-1590%29_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_%281559%29_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG/440px-Frans_Hogenberg_%281535-1590%29_Hendrik_II_dodelijk_verwond_door_Gabriel_de_Lorges_%281559%29_19-1-2018_12-54-10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="2716" /></a><figcaption>The fatal tournament between <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel,_comte_de_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel, comte de Montgomery">Gabriel Montgomery</a> (1559)</figcaption></figure> <p>Royalty also held tournaments to stress the importance of certain events and their nobility's loyalty. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> and his queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a> presided over a series of tournaments when their infant son <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry</a> became <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> in 1494. These tournaments were noted for their display of wealth. On the first day, the participants showed their loyalty by wearing the King's colors on their bodies and the Queen's colors on their helmets. They further honored the royal family by wearing the colors of the King's mother, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby">Margaret Beaufort</a>, on the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1511, at the court of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a>, a tournament was held in honor of the king's wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Charles Brandon</a> came out of a tower which was moved onto the battlefield, dressed like a pilgrim. He only took off his pilgrim's clothes after the queen had given him permission to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1559, King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> died during a tournament when a sliver from the shattered lance of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Montgomery">Gabriel Montgomery</a>, captain of the Scottish Guard at the French Court, pierced his eye and entered his brain. The death of Henry II caused his 15-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a> to take the throne, beginning a period of political instability that ultimately led to the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. </p><p>Spanish knights in the 16th century also practised a team fight known as the "cane game".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire"> Spanish Italy</a>, tournaments could include an equivalent <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">gioco de canne</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The decline of the true tournament, as opposed to the joust, was not a straightforward process, although the word continued to be used for jousts until the 16th century - forced by the prominent place that tourneying occupied in popular <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">Arthurian</a> romance literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pas_d%27Armes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pas d'Armes">Pas d'Armes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Horses in the Middle Ages">Horses in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melee" title="Melee">Melee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_medieval_battles" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical medieval battles">Historical medieval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mock_combat" title="Mock combat">Mock combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastilude" title="Hastilude">Hastilude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nations_(Medieval_Tournament)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Nations (Medieval Tournament)">Battle of the Nations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOgrodnik-Fujcik2021" class="citation web cs1">Ogrodnik-Fujcik, Katarzyna (2021-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalists.net/2021/02/henry-young-king-tournament/">"Henry the Young King: Top Star in the Tournament World"</a>. <i>Medievalists.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medievalists.net&rft.atitle=Henry+the+Young+King%3A+Top+Star+in+the+Tournament+World&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.aulast=Ogrodnik-Fujcik&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalists.net%2F2021%2F02%2Fhenry-young-king-tournament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/joust">"joust | Etymology, origin and meaning of joust by etymonline"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=joust+%7C+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+joust+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fjoust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cited after <a href="/wiki/Charles_du_Fresne,_sieur_du_Cange" title="Charles du Fresne, sieur du Cange">Du Cange</a> (<i>Glossarium</i>, 1678, s.v. 'Tourneamentum'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhit.com/the-knights-code-what-does-chivalry-really-mean/">"The Knight's Code: What Does Chivalry Really Mean?"</a>. <i>History Hit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Hit&rft.atitle=The+Knight%27s+Code%3A+What+Does+Chivalry+Really+Mean%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhit.com%2Fthe-knights-code-what-does-chivalry-really-mean%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Disem Eerliebenden gebreuch des ritterspils hat Heinricus des namens der erst, Römisch Kaiser, auff das er nicht gar verfiele, [...] und das hochloblich ritterspil den turnier aufgerichtet, unnd denselben anno .938. mit rat seiner fürsten und herren, [...] mitt zwelff loblichen eerlichen und Christlichen Articulen gezieret. Dergestalt, das niemandt von dem Adel, Fürsten oder Grafen, das ritterspil den turnier hat gebrauchen dürffen, der wider bemelte zwelff artickel gehandlet hat</i>. ("So that this honourable custom of knightly sport should not be lost, Henry, the first of this name, Roman Emperor, did establish the noble knightly sport of the tournament, and in the year 938 aided by the counsel of his lords and noblemen, did adorn it with twelve honourable and Christian articles, in such a manner that nobody from among the noblemen, dukes or counts, who had acted against any of the twelve articles, might participate in the knightly game of tournament.") Mair, preface</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Jousting/">"Medieval Jousting"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Medieval+Jousting&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FJousting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Chretien_de_Troyes/">"Chretien de Troyes"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Chretien+de+Troyes&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FChretien_de_Troyes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the reconstruction, see <a href="#CITEREFCrouch2006">Crouch 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/King_Ren%C3%A9%27s_Tournament_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="King René's Tournament Book">King René's Tournament Book</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Ren%C3%A9%27s+Tournament+Book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The motto <i>plus est en vous</i> (<i>meer is in u</i>) goes back to a tournament between <a href="/wiki/Jean_III_de_Gruuthuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean III de Gruuthuse">Jean III de Gruuthuse</a> and Jean de Ghistelles on 11 March 1393. Octave Delepierre, <i> Précis des annales de Bruges</i> (1835) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eIpDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA38">38f</a>. René of Anjou's contemporary <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Gruuthuse" title="Louis de Gruuthuse">Louis de Gruuthuse</a> himself was a famous competitor in tournaments during the 1440s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/melee">"Definition of MELEE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 2023-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MELEE&rft.date=2023-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmelee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/melee">"Melee Definition & Meaning"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Melee+Definition+%26+Meaning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmelee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/melee-medieval-military-games">"Mêlée | medieval military games | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=M%C3%AAl%C3%A9e+%7C+medieval+military+games+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fmelee-medieval-military-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/melee">"Definition of MELEE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 2023-09-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-15</span></span>. <q>It comes from the French mêlée, which in turn comes from the Old French meslee, meaning "mixture." Meslee comes from the Old French verb mesler, or medler, which means "to mix." This verb is also the source of medley ("a mixture or hodgepodge") and meddle ("to mix oneself in others' affairs" or "to interfere").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+MELEE&rft.date=2023-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fmelee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2006" class="citation book cs1">Crouch, David (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VO6esgdVQJsC&pg=PA47"><i>Tournament</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781852855314" title="Special:BookSources/9781852855314"><bdi>9781852855314</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tournament&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781852855314&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVO6esgdVQJsC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedievalists.net2021" class="citation web cs1">Medievalists.net (2021-02-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalists.net/2021/02/henry-young-king-tournament/">"Henry the Young King: Top Star in the Tournament World"</a>. <i>Medievalists.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medievalists.net&rft.atitle=Henry+the+Young+King%3A+Top+Star+in+the+Tournament+World&rft.date=2021-02-28&rft.au=Medievalists.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalists.net%2F2021%2F02%2Fhenry-young-king-tournament%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/tournament-medieval-military-games">"Tournament | Medieval Combat, Jousting & Archery | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-15</span></span>. <q>About 1292 a Statutum Armorum ("Statute of Arms") enacted that swords with points were not to be used (nor were pointed daggers, clubs, or maces).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tournament+%7C+Medieval+Combat%2C+Jousting+%26+Archery+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Ftournament-medieval-military-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlomefield1806" class="citation book cs1">Blomefield, Francis (1806). <i>A History of Norfolk Vol 3</i>. p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Norfolk+Vol+3&rft.pages=94&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=Blomefield&rft.aufirst=Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200888–89-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200888–89_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2008">Mortimer 2008</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMortimer200893-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMortimer200893_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMortimer2008">Mortimer 2008</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie1997" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, James L. (1997). <i>The Age of Richard II</i>. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Richard+II&rft.pages=132&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeightman2012" class="citation book cs1">Weightman, Christine (2012). <i>Margaret of York</i>. Blackwell. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+of+York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Weightman&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieda2013" class="citation book cs1">Frieda, Leonie (2013). <i>The Deadly Sisterhood</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deadly+Sisterhood&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Frieda&rft.aufirst=Leonie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2013" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (2013). <i>Elizabeth of York</i>. Vintage Books. p. 299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+of+York&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2004" class="citation book cs1">Ives, Eric (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofanneb00ives"><i>The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn</i></a></span>. Blackwell. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifedeathofanneb00ives/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631234791" title="Special:BookSources/9780631234791"><bdi>9780631234791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Anne+Boleyn&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780631234791&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifedeathofanneb00ives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieder2008" class="citation book cs1">Frieder, Braden K. (25 January 2008). "A Sport for Princes: The Art of the Tournament in the Renaissance". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp6YEAAAQBAJ"><i>Chivalry and the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court</i></a>. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271090757" title="Special:BookSources/9780271090757"><bdi>9780271090757</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>In Spain, knights practiced [...] another type of mounted combat, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">juego de canas</i></span> or 'cane game.' The cane game was run in Moorish costume with high stirrups and heart-shaped leather shields known as <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">adargas</i></span> [...]. At the signal to begin, opposing teams dashed at breakneck speed across the arena, casting blunted spears at each other and then wheeling around to return, protecting their backs with their shields as they retreated. The movements were repeated until men and horses were completely exhausted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Sport+for+Princes%3A+The+Art+of+the+Tournament+in+the+Renaissance&rft.btitle=Chivalry+and+the+Perfect+Prince%3A+Tournaments%2C+Art%2C+and+Armor+at+the+Spanish+Habsburg+Court&rft.place=Kirksville%2C+Missouri&rft.series=Sixteenth+Century+Essays+%26+Studies&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.isbn=9780271090757&rft.aulast=Frieder&rft.aufirst=Braden+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSp6YEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrieder2008" class="citation book cs1">Frieder, Braden K. (25 January 2008). "Appendix 2: A Chronology of Tournaments on the Grand Tour of Philip of Spain, 1548-1551". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sp6YEAAAQBAJ"><i>Chivalry and the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court</i></a>. Sixteenth Century Essays & Studies. Kirksville, Missouri: Truman State University Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271090757" title="Special:BookSources/9780271090757"><bdi>9780271090757</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>In Spanish Italy, this game was called a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">gioco de canne</i></span>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+2%3A+A+Chronology+of+Tournaments+on+the+Grand+Tour+of+Philip+of+Spain%2C+1548-1551&rft.btitle=Chivalry+and+the+Perfect+Prince%3A+Tournaments%2C+Art%2C+and+Armor+at+the+Spanish+Habsburg+Court&rft.place=Kirksville%2C+Missouri&rft.series=Sixteenth+Century+Essays+%26+Studies&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Truman+State+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.isbn=9780271090757&rft.aulast=Frieder&rft.aufirst=Braden+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSp6YEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Barker" title="Juliet Barker">J.R.V. Barker</a>, <i>The Tournament in England, 1100–1400</i> (Woodbridge, 1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85115-942-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85115-942-7">0-85115-942-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">R. Barber</a> and J.R.V. Barker, <i>Tournaments: Jousts, Chivalry and Pageants in the Middle Ages</i> (Woodbridge, 1989) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>J. Bumke, <i>Höfische Kultur: Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelalter</i> (Munich, 1986) English Translation by Thomas Dunlap: <i>Courtly Culture: Literature and Society in the High Middle Ages</i>, New York: overlook Duckworth, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7156-3273-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7156-3273-6">0-7156-3273-6</a>, section 4.3 "Tournaments".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Carolus-Barr%C3%A9" title="Louis Carolus-Barré">Louis Carolus-Barré</a>, 'Les grand tournois de Compiègne et de Senlis en l'honneur de Charles, prince de Salerne (mai 1279)', <i>Bullétin de la société nationale des antiquaires de France</i> (1978/79) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2005" class="citation cs2">Crouch, D (2005), <i>Tournament</i>, London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tournament&rft.place=London&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Mortimer_(historian)" title="Ian Mortimer (historian)">Mortimer, Ian</a> (2008), <i>The Perfect King The Life of Edward III, Father of the English Nation</i>, Vintage, pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>89</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+King+The+Life+of+Edward+III%2C+Father+of+the+English+Nation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>S. Muhlberger, <i>Jousts and Tournaments: Charny and Chivalric Sport in the Fourteenth Century</i> (Union City, Calif.:<a href="/wiki/Brian_R._Price#Writing,_editing_and_publishing" title="Brian R. Price">The Chivalry Bookshelf</a>, 2003) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhlberger2005" class="citation cs2">——— (2005), <i>Deeds of Arms: Formal Combats in the Late Fourteenth Century</i>, Highland Village, TX: The Chivalry Bookshelf</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deeds+of+Arms%3A+Formal+Combats+in+the+Late+Fourteenth+Century&rft.place=Highland+Village%2C+TX&rft.pub=The+Chivalry+Bookshelf&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Muhlberger&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayWatts2020" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Alan V.; Watts, Karen, eds. (2020). <i>The Medieval Tournament as Spectacle: Tourneys, Jousts and Pas d'Armes, 1100-1600</i>. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783275427" title="Special:BookSources/9781783275427"><bdi>9781783275427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Medieval+Tournament+as+Spectacle%3A+Tourneys%2C+Jousts+and+Pas+d%27Armes%2C+1100-1600&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781783275427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATournament+%28medieval%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>S. Nadot, <i>Rompez les lances ! Chevaliers et tournois au Moyen Age</i>, Paris, editions Autrement, 2010. (<i>Couch your lances! Knights and tournaments in the Middle Ages</i>) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>E. van den Neste, <i>Tournois, joutes, pas d'armes dans les villes de Flandre à la fin du moyen âge, 1300–1486</i> (Paris, 1996) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>M. Parisse, 'Le tournoi en France, des origines à la fin du xiii<sup>e</sup> siècle, in, <i>Das ritterliche Turnier in Mittelalter: Beitrage zu einer vergleichenden Formentund verhallengeschichte des Rittertum</i>, ed. J. Fleckenstein (Göttingen, 1985) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>J. Vale, <i>Edward III and Chivalry: Chivalric Society and its Context, 1270–1350</i> (Woodbridge, 1983). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tournament_(medieval)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knights%27_tournaments" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Knights' tournaments">Knights' tournaments</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Medieval_Tournament/">World History Encyclopedia - Medieval Tournament</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/FROISSART/INGLEVER.HTM">The Tournament at St. Inglevert</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/CHRONIQU/texts/deedsch.htm">A Collection of Accounts of Formal Deeds of Arms of the Fourteenth Century</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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