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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Graham (chemist)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="توماس غراهام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس غراهام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="توماس قراهام – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس قراهام" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Томас Грэм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Грэм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Томас Греъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Греъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(Chemiker)" title="Thomas Graham (Chemiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Graham (Chemiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(kemiisto)" title="Thomas Graham (kemiisto) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Graham (kemiisto)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85" title="توماس گراهام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس گراهام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chimiste)" title="Thomas Graham (chimiste) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Graham (chimiste)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%84" title="토머스 그레이엄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 그레이엄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(kemi%C4%8Dar)" title="Thomas Graham (kemičar) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Graham (kemičar)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chimico)" title="Thomas Graham (chimico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Graham (chimico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Томас Грэм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Томас Грэм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტომას გრემი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტომას გრემი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0" title="トーマス・グレアム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・グレアム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Грэм, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грэм, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_(%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A5%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F)" title="තෝමස් ග්‍රැහැම් (රසායන විද්‍යාඥයා) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝමස් ග්‍රැහැම් (රසායන විද්‍යාඥයා)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(kemik)" title="Thomas Graham (kemik) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Graham (kemik)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Томас Грејам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Грејам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D)" title="தாமசு கிரகாம் (வேதியியலாளர்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமசு கிரகாம் (வேதியியலாளர்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Graham" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Томас Грем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Грем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="托馬斯·格雷姆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="托馬斯·格雷姆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Graham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Graham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Lithograph portrait of Thomas Graham in 1856" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Graham.jpg/220px-Thomas_Graham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Graham.jpg/330px-Thomas_Graham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Thomas_Graham.jpg/440px-Thomas_Graham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Graham in 1856</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1805-12-21</span>)</span>21 December 1805<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1869<span style="display:none">(1869-09-16)</span> (aged 63)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham%27s_law" title="Graham's law">Graham's law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Dialysis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1838, 1850)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1862)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Anderson's Institution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Graham_(chemist)_signature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29_signature.png/150px-Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29_signature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29_signature.png/225px-Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29_signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29_signature.png/300px-Thomas_Graham_%28chemist%29_signature.png 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="210" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Graham</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">FRSE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">DCL</a></span></span> (20 December 1805<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 11 September 1869) was a Scottish <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> known for his pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Dialysis_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialysis (biochemistry)">dialysis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a> of gases. He is regarded as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graham was born in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland and was educated at the <a href="/wiki/High_School_of_Glasgow" title="High School of Glasgow">High School of Glasgow</a>. Graham's father was a successful textile manufacturer, and wanted his son to enter into the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>. Instead, defying his father's wishes, Graham became a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> in 1819. There he developed a strong interest in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, studying under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)" title="Thomas Thomson (chemist)">Professor Thomas Thomson</a>, who was impressed and influenced by the young man. He left the university after receiving his MA in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later studied medicine at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> and then briefly taught chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow University">Glasgow University</a> Portland Street Medical School. In 1828 he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>, his proposer was Edward Turner. He won the Society's <a href="/wiki/Keith_Medal" title="Keith Medal">Keith Medal</a> for the period 1831–33.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>in 1830 he was appointed to be the first professor of chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Anderson's Medical School</a>, a post later named the Freeland Chair of Chemistry. He also delivered lectures to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Glasgow Mechanics' Institution</a> before moving to take up a professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where Graham founded the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Society of London">Chemical Society of London</a> in 1841. In 1866, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p>His final position was the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Master of the Mint</a>, where he stayed from 1855 until his death. He was the last person to hold that position:<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> afterwards the post was amalgamated into the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> while all the actual responsibilities were transferred to the Deputy Master. </p><p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Square" title="Gordon Square">Gordon Square</a> in London but his body was returned to Glasgow for burial in the family plot at <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Cathedral" title="Glasgow Cathedral">Glasgow Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>On the Law of Diffusion of Gases</i> (1833)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_works">Scientific works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: further information, based on verifiable sources, elaborating on Graham's laws, and extending the information on Graham's contributions. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thomas Graham is known for his studies on the behavior of gases, which resulted in his formulation of two relationships, both since becoming known as "Graham's laws," the first regarding gas <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cussler2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cussler2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the second regarding gas <a href="/wiki/Effusion" title="Effusion">effusion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Trefil2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trefil2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the former case, Graham deduced that when measured repeatedly under the same conditions of pressure and temperature, the rate of diffusive mixing of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density, and given the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a>, also inversely proportional to the square root of its <a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">molar mass</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Thomas_Graham_(chemist)#Dubious" title="Talk:Thomas Graham (chemist)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In the same way, in the latter case, regarding <a href="/wiki/Effusion" title="Effusion">effusion</a> of a gas through a pin hole in to a vacuum, Graham deduced that the rate of <a href="/wiki/Effusion" title="Effusion">effusion</a> of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass. These two are sometimes referred to as a combined law (describing both phenomena). </p><p>In applied areas, Graham also made fundamental discoveries related to <a href="/wiki/Dialysis_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialysis (biochemistry)">dialysis</a>, a process used in research and industrial settings, as well as in modern health care. Graham's study of <a href="/wiki/Colloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloids">colloids</a> resulted in his ability to separate colloids and crystalloids using a so-called "dialyzer", using technology that is a rudimentary forerunner of technology in modern <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">kidney dialysis</a> machines. These studies were foundational in the field known as <a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and Graham is credited as one of its founders.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also proposed the <a href="/wiki/Association_theory" title="Association theory">association theory</a> which claimed that the substances such as <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> that we now know are polymers are composed from smaller molecules hold together by unknown forces. It remained the most popular explanation until <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Macromolecular" class="mw-redirect" title="Macromolecular">macromolecular</a> theory of 1920s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours,_activities,_and_recognition"><span id="Honours.2C_activities.2C_and_recognition"></span>Honours, activities, and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Honours, activities, and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Square,_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/George_Square%2C_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg/220px-George_Square%2C_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/George_Square%2C_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg/330px-George_Square%2C_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/George_Square%2C_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg/440px-George_Square%2C_Statue_Of_Thomas_Graham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2600" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Graham in <a href="/wiki/George_Square" title="George Square">George Square</a>, Glasgow</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Elected an Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a> (1828) receiving its <a href="/wiki/Keith_Medal" title="Keith Medal">Keith Medal</a> for 1831–33</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1836)</li> <li>First President of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Society" title="Chemical Society">Chemical Society of London</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1837 and 1863)</li> <li>Honorary doctorate (DCL) from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> of the Royal Society (1862)</li> <li>Prix Jecker of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1862)</li> <li>A statue of Graham, sculpted by <a href="/wiki/William_Brodie_(sculptor)" title="William Brodie (sculptor)">William Brodie</a> in <a href="/wiki/George_Square" title="George Square">George Square</a> in Glasgow was erected by the city in 1872<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Royal College of Science and Technology">Royal College of Science and Technology</a> (the successor of Anderson's Institution, where Graham once worked, which ultimately became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a>), named its new Chemistry building the <i>Thomas Graham Building</i> in 1962.</li> <li>The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England is named <i>Thomas Graham House</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graham%27s_law" title="Graham's law">Graham's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_diffusion" title="Gaseous diffusion">Gaseous diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">Dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">Colloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fick%27s_laws_of_diffusion" title="Fick's laws of diffusion">Fick's laws of diffusion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Graham">"Thomas Graham | British chemist"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Thomas+Graham+%7C+British+chemist&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FThomas-Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stanley, Michael (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-11224">"Thomas Graham | British chemist"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11224">10.1093/ref:odnb/11224</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Graham+%7C+British+chemist&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11224&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-11224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/colloid">"Colloid | Physics"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Colloid+%7C+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fcolloid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124115814/http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson1869" class="citation journal cs1">Williamson, Alexander (4 November 1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1869-11-04_1_1/page/20/mode/2up?view=theater">"The Late Professor Graham"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 20–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1869Natur...1...20W">1869Natur...1...20W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F001020a0">10.1038/001020a0</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Late+Professor+Graham&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=1869-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F001020a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1869Natur...1...20W&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_nature-uk_1869-11-04_1_1%2Fpage%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallab_Ghosh2009" class="citation book cs1">Pallab Ghosh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5j3jt06Fcs8C&pg=PA1"><i>Colloid and Interface Science</i></a>. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-3857-9"><bdi>978-81-203-3857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloid+and+Interface+Science&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-203-3857-9&rft.au=Pallab+Ghosh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5j3jt06Fcs8C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cussler2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cussler2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._L._Cussler2009" class="citation book cs1">E. L. Cussler (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dq6LdJyN8ScC&pg=PA13"><i>Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 13–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87121-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87121-1"><bdi>978-0-521-87121-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diffusion%3A+Mass+Transfer+in+Fluid+Systems&rft.pages=13-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87121-1&rft.au=E.+L.+Cussler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddq6LdJyN8ScC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trefil2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trefil2003_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_S._Trefil2003" class="citation book cs1">James S. Trefil (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofsciencea00tref"><i>The Nature of Science: An A–Z Guide to the Laws and Principles Governing Our Universe</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/natureofsciencea00tref/page/187">187</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-31938-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-31938-1"><bdi>978-0-618-31938-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Science%3A+An+A%E2%80%93Z+Guide+to+the+Laws+and+Principles+Governing+Our+Universe&rft.pages=187-&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-618-31938-1&rft.au=James+S.+Trefil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnatureofsciencea00tref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB32705">George Square Thomas Graham Statue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland" title="Historic Environment Scotland">Historic Environment Scotland</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Graham_(chemist)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Thomas_Graham" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Thomas Graham">Thomas Graham</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham (chemist)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_Thomas1833" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Thomas (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H4U6AAAAMAAJ&q=thomas+graham">"Researches on the Arseniates, Phosphates, and Modifications of Phosphoric Acid"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>123</b>. The Alembic club: 253–284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1833.0015">10.1098/rstl.1833.0015</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Researches+on+the+Arseniates%2C+Phosphates%2C+and+Modifications+of+Phosphoric+Acid&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=253-284&rft.date=1833&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1833.0015&rft.au=Graham%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH4U6AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthomas%2Bgraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Graham, Thomas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Graham,_Thomas">"Graham, Thomas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 318–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Graham%2C+Thomas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=318-319&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Graham+%28chemist%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050828071813/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Graham.html">Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/first/professorgraham.html">Obituary from <i>Nature</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/A._W._Williamson" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. Williamson">A. W. Williamson</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/3e818889-2650-39a1-a5ab-a57933213f58">Papers of Thomas Graham</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/9bad1cea-2935-3892-aa63-b982d67cc079">Records of Glasgow Mechanics' Institution / College of Science and Arts</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Herschel,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet">Sir John Herschel, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Master of the Mint</a> </b><br />1855–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished<br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><i><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Robert Lowe</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></i></span> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Masters_of_the_Royal_Mint_(1331–1879)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Template:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Template talk:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masters_of_the_Mint" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masters of the Mint"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_the_Royal_Mint_(1331–1879)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Mint" title="Master of the Mint">Masters</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mint" title="Royal Mint">Royal Mint</a> (1331–1879)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a><br />(1216–1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Richard de Snowshill/Richard of Grimsby (1331)</li> <li>Henry de Bruselee and John Chichester (1351–?)</li> <li>Walter dei Bardi (1361–1361)</li> <li>John Chichester (1365–1367)</li> <li>Walter dei Bardi (1375–1391)</li> <li>John Wildeman (1391–1391)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a><br />(1399–1485)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Richard Garner (1411–1414)</li> <li>Sir Lewis John (1413–1414)</li> <li>Sir Lewis John (1418–1420)</li> <li>Bartholomew Goldbeter (1421–1432)</li> <li>John Paddesley (1435–1446)</li> <li>Robert Manfield (1446–1459)</li> <li>Sir Richard Tonstall (1459–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hastings,_1st_Baron_Hastings" title="William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings">William Hastings</a> (1461–April 1483)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> (April–June 1483)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brackenbury" title="Robert Brackenbury">Robert Brackenbury</a> (June 1483–1485)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a><br />(1485–1603)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir Giles Daubeney (1485–1490)</li> <li>Sir Bartholomew Reed and Robert Fenrother (1492–1498)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount,_4th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy">4th Baron Mountjoy</a> (1509–1534)</li> <li>Ralph Rowlet/Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bowes" title="Martin Bowes">Martin Bowes</a> (1543)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bowes" title="Martin Bowes">Martin Bowes</a> (1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_York_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="John York (Master of the Mint)">Sir John York</a> (1547–1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton_(mercer)" title="Thomas Egerton (mercer)">Thomas Egerton</a> (1553–1555)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stanley_(Royal_Mint)" title="Thomas Stanley (Royal Mint)">Thomas Stanley</a> (1560–1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lonyson" title="John Lonyson">John Lonyson</a> (1571–1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Richard Martin</a> (1582–1603)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a><br />(1603–1649)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Martin_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="Richard Martin (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir Richard Martin</a> (1603–1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Villiers_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Edward Villiers (Master of the Mint)">Sir Edward Villiers</a> (1617–1623)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randal_Cranfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Randal Cranfield (page does not exist)">Randal Cranfield</a> (1623–1626)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a> (1626–1635)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a>/Sir <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Aylesbury,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Aylesbury, 1st Baronet">Thomas Aylesbury</a> (1635–1643)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a> (1643–1649)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(1649%E2%80%931660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interregnum (1649–1660)">Interregnum</a><br />(1649–1660)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aaron_Guerdon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aaron Guerdon (page does not exist)">Aaron Guerdon</a> (1649–1653)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a><br />(1660–1714)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a> (1660–1662)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Freeman_(lawyer)" title="Ralph Freeman (lawyer)">Ralph Freeman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Slingsby_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Henry Slingsby (Master of the Mint)">Henry Slingsby</a> (1662–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Slingsby_(Master_of_the_Mint)" title="Henry Slingsby (Master of the Mint)">Henry Slingsby</a> (1667–1680)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Buckworth-Herne-Soame_baronets" title="Buckworth-Herne-Soame baronets">John Buckworth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(English_banker)" title="Charles Duncombe (English banker)">Charles Duncombe</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hoare_(gold_merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoare (gold merchant) (page does not exist)">James Hoare</a> (1680–1684)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neale" title="Thomas Neale">Thomas Neale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncombe_(Lord_Mayor_of_the_City_of_London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Duncombe (Lord Mayor of the City of London)">Charles Duncombe</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Hoare_(gold_merchant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Hoare (gold merchant) (page does not exist)">James Hoare</a> (1684–1686)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Neale" title="Thomas Neale">Thomas Neale</a> (1686–1699)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1700–1714)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a><br />(1714–1901)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conduitt" title="John Conduitt">John Conduitt</a> (1727–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arundell_(died_1758)" title="Richard Arundell (died 1758)">Hon. Richard Arundell</a> (1737–1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Chetwynd,_3rd_Viscount_Chetwynd" title="William Chetwynd, 3rd Viscount Chetwynd">3rd Viscount Chetwynd</a> (1745–1769)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cadogan,_1st_Earl_Cadogan" title="Charles Cadogan, 1st Earl Cadogan">1st Earl Cadogan</a> (1769–1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Effingham" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Effingham">3rd Earl of Effingham</a> (1784–1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of Chesterfield">5th Earl of Chesterfield</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Townshend,_2nd_Marquess_Townshend" title="George Townshend, 2nd Marquess Townshend">2nd Marquess Townshend</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Yonge,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir George Yonge, 5th Baronet">Sir George Yonge</a> (1794–1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">2nd Earl of Liverpool</a> (1799–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Perceval,_2nd_Baron_Arden" title="Charles Perceval, 2nd Baron Arden">2nd Baron Arden</a> (1801–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(1748%E2%80%931811)" title="John Smyth (1748–1811)">John Smyth</a> (1802–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">3rd Earl Bathurst</a> (1804–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Charles_Spencer" title="Lord Charles Spencer">Lord Charles Spencer</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bathurst" title="Charles Bathurst">Charles Bathurst</a> (1806–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">3rd Earl Bathurst</a> (1807–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Trench,_2nd_Earl_of_Clancarty" title="Richard Trench, 2nd Earl of Clancarty">2nd Earl of Clancarty</a> (1812–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wellesley-Pole,_3rd_Earl_of_Mornington" title="William Wellesley-Pole, 3rd Earl of Mornington">3rd Earl of Mornington</a> (1814–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wallace,_1st_Baron_Wallace" title="Thomas Wallace, 1st Baron Wallace">1st Baron Wallace</a> (1823–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">George Tierney</a> (1827–1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">John Charles Herries</a> (1828–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland" title="George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland">1st Earl of Auckland</a> (1830–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Abercromby,_1st_Baron_Dunfermline" title="James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline">1st Baron Dunfermline</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">1st Baron Ashburton</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Labouchere,_1st_Baron_Taunton" title="Henry Labouchere, 1st Baron Taunton">1st Baron Taunton</a> (1835–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> (1841–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Clerk,_6th_Baronet" title="Sir George Clerk, 6th Baronet">Sir George Clerk</a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lalor_Sheil" title="Richard Lalor Sheil">Richard Lalor Sheil</a> (1846–1850)</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> (1850–1855)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Graham</a> (1855–1869)</li> <li>Vacant (1869–1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Office abolished in 1879 with duties given to the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1851–1900)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> (1851)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> (1852)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04490364?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1625056">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11871838X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11871838X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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