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id="toc-Plantagenet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plantagenet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span><i>Plantagenet</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plantagenet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angevins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angevins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span><i>Angevins</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angevins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angevin_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angevin_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Angevin kings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Angevin_kings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Angevin kings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Angevin_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arrival in England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angevin_zenith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angevin_zenith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Angevin zenith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angevin_zenith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_the_loss_of_Anjou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_the_loss_of_Anjou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Decline and the loss of Anjou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_the_loss_of_Anjou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main line</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_line-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main line subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baronial_conflict_and_the_establishment_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baronial_conflict_and_the_establishment_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Baronial conflict and the establishment of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baronial_conflict_and_the_establishment_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_change_and_the_reform_of_feudalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_change_and_the_reform_of_feudalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Constitutional change and the reform of feudalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_change_and_the_reform_of_feudalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_in_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_in_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Expansion in Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_in_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_the_House_of_Valois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_the_House_of_Valois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Conflict with the House of Valois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_the_House_of_Valois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descendants_of_Edward_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descendants_of_Edward_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Descendants of Edward III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descendants_of_Edward_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise_of_the_main_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise_of_the_main_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Demise of the main line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise_of_the_main_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Lancaster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Lancaster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>House of Lancaster</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-House_of_Lancaster-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle House of Lancaster subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-House_of_Lancaster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Henry_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Henry IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Henry V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_VI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_VI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Henry VI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_VI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_York" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_York"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>House of York</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-House_of_York-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle House of York subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-House_of_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-regnal_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-regnal_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-regnal history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-regnal_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_over_the_crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_over_the_crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Conflict over the crown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_over_the_crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Edward IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Princes_in_the_Tower_and_Richard_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Princes_in_the_Tower_and_Richard_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Princes in the Tower and Richard III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Princes_in_the_Tower_and_Richard_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_of_Tudor_and_other_Plantagenet_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_of_Tudor_and_other_Plantagenet_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>House of Tudor and other Plantagenet descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_of_Tudor_and_other_Plantagenet_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tudor</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tudor-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tudor subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tudor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-De_La_Pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_La_Pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>De La Pole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_La_Pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stafford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stafford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Stafford</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stafford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudor_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudor_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Tudor succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tudor_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_Plantagenet_monarchs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_Plantagenet_monarchs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Timeline of Plantagenet monarchs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_Plantagenet_monarchs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Genealogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Plantagenet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_van_Plantagen%C3%AAt" title="Huis van Plantagenêt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Huis van Plantagenêt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%86%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Плантагенетцәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Плантагенетцәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="بلانتاجانت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلانتاجانت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Plantagenet" title="Casa de Plantagenet – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Casa de Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenetl%C9%99r" title="Plantagenetlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plantagenetlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Плантагенеты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плантагенеты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Плантагенэты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плантагенэты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Плантагенет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плантагенет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet" title="Plantagenet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiegezh_Plantagenet" title="Tiegezh Plantagenet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tiegezh Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet" title="Plantagenet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Плантагенетсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плантагенетсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantageneti" title="Plantageneti – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plantageneti" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Plantagenet" title="Huset Plantagenet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Huset Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haus_Plantagenet" title="Haus Plantagenet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haus Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Οίκος των Πλανταγενετών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οίκος των Πλανταγενετών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82" title="Плантагенетт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Плантагенетт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Plantagenet" title="Casa de Plantagenet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Casa de Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planta%C4%9Denetoj" title="Plantaĝenetoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plantaĝenetoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet" title="Plantagenet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%86%D9%87" title="دودمان پلانتاژنه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان پلانتاژنه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt" title="Maison Plantagenêt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maison Plantagenêt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teaghlach_na_bPlantaig%C3%ADneach" title="Teaghlach na bPlantaigíneach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teaghlach na bPlantaigíneach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Plantagenet" title="Casa de Plantagenet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Casa de Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%9C%ED%83%9C%EC%A0%80%EB%84%B7%EA%B0%80" title="플랜태저넷가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플랜태저넷가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Պլանտագենետների հարստություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլանտագենետների հարստություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="प्लांटएजेंट हाउस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लांटएजेंट हाउस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Anjou-Plantagenet" title="Dinastija Anjou-Plantagenet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Anjou-Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="House of Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Plantagenet" title="Wangsa Plantagenet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wangsa Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantageneti" title="Plantageneti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plantageneti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%92%27%D7%A0%D7%98" title="בית פלנטג'נט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית פלנטג'נט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="პლანტაგენეტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლანტაგენეტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Плантагенеттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плантагенеттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenistae" title="Plantagenistae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plantagenistae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenetu_dinastija" title="Plantagenetu dinastija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plantagenetu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagen%C3%AAt" title="Plantagenêt – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plantagenêt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagen%C3%AAt-h%C3%A1z" title="Plantagenêt-ház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plantagenêt-ház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Плантагенети – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плантагенети" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اسرة بلانتاجينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسرة بلانتاجينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerabat_Plantagenet" title="Kerabat Plantagenet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerabat Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huis_Plantagenet" title="Huis Plantagenet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Huis Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E6%9C%9D" title="プランタジネット朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プランタジネット朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt" title="Maison Plantagenêt – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Maison Plantagenêt" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huus_Plantagenet" title="Huus Plantagenet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Huus Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantageneci" title="Plantageneci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plantageneci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Plantageneta" title="Dinastia Plantageneta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Plantageneta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_de_Plantagenet" title="Casa de Plantagenet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Casa de Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Плантагенеты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плантагенеты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="House of Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenetovci" title="Plantagenetovci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plantagenetovci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Плантагенети – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плантагенети" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet_(dinastija)" title="Plantagenet (dinastija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plantagenet (dinastija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet" title="Plantagenet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huset_Plantagenet" title="Huset Plantagenet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Huset Plantagenet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ราชวงศ์แพลนแทเจอนิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์แพลนแทเจอนิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Plantagenet Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plantagenet Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Плантагенети – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плантагенети" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%B9" title="خاندان پلانٹیجنیٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خاندان پلانٹیجنیٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%E1%BB%99c_Plantagenet" title="Vương tộc Plantagenet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương tộc 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Angevin royal dynasty that ruled England in the Middle Ages</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Plantagenet" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Plantagenet (disambiguation)">Plantagenet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">House of Plantagenet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of the Plantagenet coat of arms, three gold lions on a red background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg/140px-Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg/210px-Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg/280px-Blason_maison_Plantagen%C3%AAt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_House_of_Plantagenet" title="Armorial of the House of Plantagenet">Armorial of Plantagenet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent house</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ingelger" title="House of Ingelger">House of Ingelger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland"><img alt="Lordship of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Banner_of_Llywelyn_%28Square%29.svg/15px-Banner_of_Llywelyn_%28Square%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Banner_of_Llywelyn_%28Square%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_Llywelyn_%28Square%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Banner_of_Llywelyn_%28Square%29.svg/30px-Banner_of_Llywelyn_%28Square%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="312" data-file-height="312" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> (titular)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">12th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_V_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey V of Anjou">Geoffrey V of Anjou</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current head</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_12th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 12th Duke of Beaufort">Henry Somerset, 12th Duke of Beaufort</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_France_%28XII-XIII%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy_of_England_and_France" title="Dual monarchy of England and France">King of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">claim</a>)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> (titular)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily"><img alt="Sicily" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sicily_%28revised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sicily">King of Sicily</a> (claim)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland"><img alt="Lordship of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Lordship_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Lord of Cyprus</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Gwynedd.svg/15px-Flag_of_Gwynedd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Gwynedd.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gwynedd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Flag_of_Gwynedd.svg/30px-Flag_of_Gwynedd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine"><img alt="Aquitaine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Aquitaine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="Duke of Aquitaine">Duke of Aquitaine</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy"><img alt="Normandy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/23px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/35px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Normandie.svg/45px-Flag_of_Normandie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany"><img alt="Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kroaz_Du.svg/23px-Kroaz_Du.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kroaz_Du.svg/35px-Kroaz_Du.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Kroaz_Du.svg/45px-Kroaz_Du.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Brittany">Duke of Brittany</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony"><img alt="Gascony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Gascogne.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gascogne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Gascogne.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gascogne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Gascogne.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gascogne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gascony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Gascony">Duke of Gascony</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"><img alt="Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire"><img alt="Gloucestershire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Severn_Cross.svg/23px-Severn_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Severn_Cross.svg/35px-Severn_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Severn_Cross.svg/46px-Severn_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Duke of Gloucester">Duke of Gloucester</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arms_of_George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/20px-Arms_of_George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arms_of_George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/30px-Arms_of_George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Arms_of_George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg/40px-Arms_of_George_Plantagenet%2C_1st_Duke_of_Clarence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Clarence" title="Duke of Clarence">Duke of Clarence</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_(Seine-Maritime).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_%28Seine-Maritime%29.svg/20px-Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_%28Seine-Maritime%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_%28Seine-Maritime%29.svg/30px-Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_%28Seine-Maritime%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_%28Seine-Maritime%29.svg/40px-Blason_ville_fr_Aumale_%28Seine-Maritime%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Aumale" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Aumale">Duke of Aumale</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou"><img alt="Duchy of Anjou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Anjou.svg/23px-Flag_of_Anjou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Anjou.svg/35px-Flag_of_Anjou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Anjou.svg/45px-Flag_of_Anjou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Maine_%28province%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maine_%28province%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Maine_%28province%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maine_%28province%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Maine_%28province%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Maine_%28province%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Maine">Count of Maine</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Manche" title="Manche"><img alt="Manche" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Drapeau_non-officiel_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Manche.svg/23px-Drapeau_non-officiel_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Manche.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Drapeau_non-officiel_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Manche.svg/35px-Drapeau_non-officiel_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Manche.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Drapeau_non-officiel_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Manche.svg/45px-Drapeau_non-officiel_fr_d%C3%A9partement_Manche.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Mortain" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Mortain">Count of Mortain</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes"><img alt="Nantes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nantes.svg/23px-Nantes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nantes.svg/35px-Nantes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nantes.svg/45px-Nantes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nantes">Count of Nantes</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou"><img alt="Poitou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Poitou.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poitou.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Poitou.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poitou.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Poitou.svg/45px-Flag_of_Poitou.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Poitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Poitou">Count of Poitou</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire"><img alt="Buckinghamshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG/23px-FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG/35px-FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG/46px-FlagOfBuckinghamshire.PNG 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Buckingham" title="Earl of Buckingham">Earl of Buckingham</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall"><img alt="Cornwall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_Cornwall.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cornwall.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Earl of Cornwall">Earl of Cornwall</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg/20px-Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg/30px-Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg/40px-Coronet_of_the_British_Heir_Apparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="233" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex"><img alt="Essex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/23px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/35px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Essex.svg/45px-Flag_of_Essex.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Essex" title="Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster"><img alt="Ulster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Ulster.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ulster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Ulster.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ulster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Ulster.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ulster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ulster" title="Earl of Ulster">Earl of Ulster</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk"><img alt="Norfolk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Norfolk.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norfolk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Norfolk.svg/35px-Flag_of_Norfolk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Flag_of_Norfolk.svg/46px-Flag_of_Norfolk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Earl of Norfolk">Earl of Norfolk</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent"><img alt="Kent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FlagOfKent.svg/23px-FlagOfKent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FlagOfKent.svg/35px-FlagOfKent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/FlagOfKent.svg/46px-FlagOfKent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Kent" title="Earl of Kent">Earl of Kent</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback,_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/20px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/30px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg/40px-Arms_of_Edmund_Crouchback%2C_Earl_of_Leicester_and_Lancaster.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Earl of Lancaster">Earl of Lancaster</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Coke,_Earls_of_Leicester.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arms_of_Coke%2C_Earls_of_Leicester.svg/20px-Arms_of_Coke%2C_Earls_of_Leicester.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arms_of_Coke%2C_Earls_of_Leicester.svg/30px-Arms_of_Coke%2C_Earls_of_Leicester.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arms_of_Coke%2C_Earls_of_Leicester.svg/40px-Arms_of_Coke%2C_Earls_of_Leicester.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg/20px-Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg/30px-Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg/40px-Marquess_of_Salisbury_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg/20px-Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg/30px-Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg/40px-Arms_of_Jean_de_Bretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Richmond" title="Earl of Richmond">Earl of Richmond</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolution</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1430 (Lancaster, female)</li> <li>1471 (Lancaster, male)</li> <li>1499 (York, male)</li> <li>1541 (York, female)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">1485<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1485</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cadet branches</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of Beaufort</a> <small>(legitimised)</small></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">Periods</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">English history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"> </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="text-align:left; padding-bottom:0;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43–410</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">410–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 449–1066</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">Norman/Angevin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1066–1216</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Plantagenet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1216–1485</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1485–1603 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1558–1603</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1603–1714 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1603–1625</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1625–1649</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;">(<a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1649–1660</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1660–1714</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1714–1837 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regency era</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><i>1811–1820</i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1837–1901</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1901–1914</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar Britain</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1919–1939</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">Second World War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (political)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_post-war_Britain_(1945%E2%80%931979)" title="Social history of post-war Britain (1945–1979)">Post-war Britain (social)</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1945–1979</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>See also</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Political history (1979–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1979%E2%80%93present)" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1979–present)">Social history (1979–present)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periods_in_English_history" title="Template talk:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periods_in_English_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periods in English history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>House of Plantagenet</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/plænˈtædʒənət/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i>plan-TAJ-ə-nət</i></a>) was a <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a> which originated from the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">county of Anjou</a>. The name Plantagenet is used by modern historians to identify four distinct royal houses: the <a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevins</a>, who were also counts of Anjou; the main line of the Plantagenets following the loss of Anjou; and the Houses of <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a>, two of the Plantagenets’ <a href="/wiki/Cadet_branch" title="Cadet branch">cadet branches</a>. The family held the <a href="/wiki/English_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="English throne">English throne</a> from 1154, with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, until 1485, when <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> died. </p><p>England was transformed under the Plantagenets, although only partly intentionally. The Plantagenet kings were often forced to negotiate compromises such as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, which constrained royal power in return for financial and military support. The king was no longer just the most powerful man in the nation, holding the prerogative of judgement, feudal tribute and warfare, but had defined duties to the realm, underpinned by a sophisticated justice system. A distinct national identity was shaped by their conflict with the French, Scots, Welsh and Irish, as well as by the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> as the primary language. </p><p>In the 15th century, the Plantagenets were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> and beset with social, political and economic problems. Popular revolts were commonplace, triggered by the denial of numerous freedoms. English nobles raised private armies, engaged in private feuds and openly defied <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a>. </p><p>The rivalry between the House of Plantagenet's two cadet branches of York and Lancaster brought about the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>, a decades-long fight for the English succession. It culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a> in 1485, when the reign of the Plantagenets and the <a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">English Middle Ages</a> both met their end with the death of King Richard III. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>, a Lancastrian, became king of England; five months later he married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, thus ending the Wars of the Roses and giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a>. The Tudors worked to centralise English royal power, which allowed them to avoid some of the problems that had plagued the last Plantagenet rulers. The resulting stability allowed for the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> and the advent of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">early modern Britain</a>. Every monarch of England, and later the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, from Henry VII to present has been a descendant of the Plantagenets. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plantagenet"><i>Plantagenet</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plantagenet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 15th century, near the end of the dynastic line, <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York</a>, adopted Plantagenet as his family name. <i>Plantegenest</i> (or <i>Plante Genest</i>) had been a 12th-century nickname for his ancestor <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Anjou">Count of Anjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a>. One of many popular theories suggests the blossom of the <a href="/wiki/Cytisus_scoparius" title="Cytisus scoparius">common broom</a>, a bright yellow ("gold") flowering plant, called <i><a href="/wiki/Genisteae" title="Genisteae">genista</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">medieval Latin</a>, as the source of the nickname.<sup id="cite_ref-plant2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plant2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is uncertain why Richard of York chose this specific name, although during the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> (1455–1487) it emphasised Richard's status as Geoffrey's patrilineal descendant. The retrospective usage of the name for all of Geoffrey's male-line descendants was popular during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tudor_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor dynasty">Tudor dynasty</a>, perhaps encouraged by the further legitimacy it gave to Richard's great-grandson, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in the late 17th century that it passed into common usage among historians.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angevins"><i>Angevins</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Angevins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin kings of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_II_Plantagenet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient depiction of the first Plantagenet King Henry the 2nd of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Henry_II_Plantagenet.jpg/170px-Henry_II_Plantagenet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Henry_II_Plantagenet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> (1154–1189) is considered by some to be the first Plantagenet king of England, and the first Angevin.</figcaption></figure> <p><i lang="fr"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Angevin#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:Angevin">Angevin</a></i> is French for "of <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>". The three Angevin kings were the 12th-century Geoffrey of Anjou's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>, and grandsons <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a> and <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a>. Noble houses were regularly denominated by a territory or place of birth, eg., <a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">House of Wessex</a>. "Angevin" can also refer to the period of history in which they reigned. Many historians identify the Angevins as a distinct English royal house. "Angevin" is also used in reference to any sovereign or government derived from Anjou. As a noun, it refers to any native of Anjou or an Angevin ruler, and specifically to other <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">counts and dukes of Anjou</a>, including the ancestors of the three kings who formed the English royal house; their cousins, who held the crown of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem#House_of_Anjou" title="King of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>; and to unrelated members of the French royal family who were later granted the titles and formed different dynasties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capetian House of Anjou</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois-Anjou" title="House of Valois-Anjou">Valois House of Anjou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, there is disagreement between those who consider John's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a>, to be the first Plantagenet monarch, and those who do not distinguish between Angevins and Plantagenets and therefore consider the first Plantagenet to be Henry II.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Norgate" title="Kate Norgate">Kate Norgate</a> in 1887. There was no known contemporary collective name for all of the territories under the rule of the Angevin Kings of England. This led to circumlocutions such as "our kingdom and everything subject to our rule whatever it may be" or "the whole of the kingdom which had belonged to his father". The "Empire" portion of "Angevin Empire" has been controversial, especially as these territories were not subject to any unified laws or systems of governance, and each retained its own laws, traditions, and feudal relationships. In 1986, a convention of historians concluded that there had not been an Angevin state, and therefore no "Angevin Empire", but that the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">espace Plantagenet</i></span> (French for "Plantagenet area") was acceptable.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, historians have continued to use "Angevin Empire".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illuminated diagram showing the Angevins; coloured lines connect the two to show the lineal descent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg/310px-The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg/465px-The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg/620px-The_Children_of_Henry2_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century depiction of Henry II and his legitimate children: <a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="William IX, Count of Poitiers">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The later <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Counts of Anjou">counts of Anjou</a>, including the Plantagenets, descended from <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Count_of_G%C3%A2tinais" title="Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais">Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais</a>, and his wife <a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Anjou,_Duchess_of_Burgundy" title="Ermengarde of Anjou, Duchess of Burgundy">Ermengarde of Anjou</a>. In 1060, the couple inherited the title via <a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">cognatic kinship</a> from <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ingelger" title="House of Ingelger">an Angevin family</a> that was descended from a noble named <a href="/wiki/Ingelger" title="Ingelger">Ingelger</a>, whose recorded history dates from 870.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies190_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies190-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 10th and 11th centuries, power struggles occurred between rulers in northern and western France, including those of Anjou, <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a>, and the kings of France. In the early 12th century, Geoffrey of Anjou married <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">King Henry I</a>'s only surviving legitimate child and heir to the English throne from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">House of Normandy</a>. As a result of this marriage, Geoffrey's son <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> inherited the English throne as well as Norman and Angevin titles, thus marking the beginning of the Angevin and Plantagenet dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marriage was the third attempt of Geoffrey's father, <a href="/wiki/Fulk_V,_Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulk V, Count of Anjou">Fulk V, Count of Anjou</a>, to build a political alliance with Normandy. He first espoused his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Anjou" title="Matilda of Anjou">Matilda</a>, to <a href="/wiki/William_Adelin" title="William Adelin">William Adelin</a>, Henry I's heir. After William drowned in the wreck of the <i><a href="/wiki/White_Ship" class="mw-redirect" title="White Ship">White Ship</a></i>, Fulk married another of his daughters, <a href="/wiki/Sibylla_of_Anjou" title="Sibylla of Anjou">Sibylla</a>, to <a href="/wiki/William_Clito" title="William Clito">William Clito</a>, son of Henry I's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>. Henry I had the marriage annulled to avoid strengthening William's rival claim to Normandy. Finally Fulk achieved his goal through the marriage of Geoffrey and Matilda. Fulk then passed his titles to Geoffrey and became <a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">King of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies1999p309_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1999p309-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Angevin_kings">Angevin kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Angevin kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin kings of England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_in_England">Arrival in England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arrival in England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_1154-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of King Henry the second's continental holdings in 1154 covering parts of today's France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/France_1154-en.svg/220px-France_1154-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/France_1154-en.svg/330px-France_1154-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/France_1154-en.svg/440px-France_1154-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a>'s continental holdings in 1154 (in various shades of red), forming part of the "<a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>When Henry II was born in 1133, his maternal grandfather, Henry I, was reportedly delighted, saying that the boy was "the heir to the kingdom". The birth reduced the risk that the King's realm would pass to his son-in-law's family, which was possible if the marriage of Matilda and Geoffrey ended childless. The birth of a second son, also named <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Nantes" title="Geoffrey, Count of Nantes">Geoffrey</a>, increased the likelihood of partible inheritance following French custom, in which Henry would receive the English maternal inheritance and Geoffrey the Angevin paternal inheritance. This would separate the realms of England and Anjou.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2001_11–12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2001_11–12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to secure an orderly succession, Geoffrey and Matilda sought more power from Henry I, but quarrelled with him after the king refused to give them power that might be used against him. When he died in December 1135, the couple were in Anjou, allowing Matilda's cousin <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a> to seize the crown of England. Stephen's contested accession initiated the widespread civil unrest later called the Anarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama2000p117_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama2000p117-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Count Geoffrey had little interest in England. Instead he commenced a ten-year war for the duchy of Normandy, but it became clear that to bring this conflict to a successful conclusion, Stephen would need to be challenged in England. In 1139, Matilda and her half-brother, <a href="/wiki/Robert,_1st_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester">Robert</a>, invaded England.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the age of nine, Henry was repeatedly sent to England to be the male figurehead of the campaigns, since it became apparent that he would become king if England were conquered. In 1141, Stephen was captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1141)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1141)">Battle of Lincoln</a> and later exchanged for Robert, who had also been captured. Geoffrey continued the conquest of Normandy and, in 1150, transferred the duchy to Henry while retaining the primary role in the duchy's government.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three events allowed the Angevins' successful termination of the conflict: </p> <ul><li>Count Geoffrey died in 1151 before finalizing the division of his realm between Henry and Henry's younger brother Geoffrey, who would have inherited Anjou. According to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Newburgh" title="William of Newburgh">William of Newburgh</a>, who wrote in the 1190s, Count Geoffrey decided that Henry would receive England and Anjou for as long as he needed the resources for the conflict against Stephen. Count Geoffrey instructed that his body should not be buried until Henry swore an oath that the young Geoffrey would receive Anjou when England and Normandy were secured.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._L._Warren" title="W. L. Warren">W. L. Warren</a> cast doubt on this account on the grounds that it was written later, based on a single contemporary source, it would be questionable that either Geoffrey or Henry would consider such an oath binding and it would break the inheritance practice of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young Geoffrey died in 1158, before receiving Anjou, but he had become <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nantes">count of Nantes</a> when the citizens of Nantes rebelled against their ruler. Henry had supported the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillingham_2001_21_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillingham_2001_21-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> was granted an annulment of his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> on 18 March 1152, and she married Henry (who would become Henry II) on 18 May 1152. Consequently, the Angevins acquired the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Duchy of Aquitaine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Stephen's wife and elder son, <a href="/wiki/Eustace_IV,_Count_of_Boulogne" title="Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne">Eustace</a>, died in 1153, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wallingford" title="Treaty of Wallingford">Treaty of Wallingford</a>. The treaty agreed to the peace offer that Matilda had rejected in 1142, recognised Henry as Stephen's heir, guaranteed Stephen's second son <a href="/wiki/William_I,_Count_of_Boulogne" title="William I, Count of Boulogne">William</a> his father's estates and allowed Stephen to be king for life. Stephen died soon afterwards, and Henry acceded to the throne in late 1154.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angevin_zenith">Angevin zenith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Angevin zenith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of Henry's siblings, <a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William</a> and Geoffrey died unmarried and childless, but the tempestuous marriage of Henry and Eleanor, who already had two daughters (<a href="/wiki/Marie_of_France,_Countess_of_Champagne" title="Marie of France, Countess of Champagne">Marie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alix_of_France" title="Alix of France">Alix</a>) through her first marriage to King Louis, produced eight children in thirteen years:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="William IX, Count of Poitiers">William IX, Count of Poitiers</a> (1153–1156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a> (1155–1183)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda, Duchess of Saxony</a> (1156–1189) – married <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Bavaria">Duke of Bavaria</a>. The eldest amongst the couple's children, Richenza, is probably the daughter English chroniclers call Matilda, who was left in Normandy with her grandparents in 1185 and married firstly to Geoffrey, <a href="/wiki/Lords,_counts_and_dukes_of_Perche" title="Lords, counts and dukes of Perche">count of Perche</a>, and secondly to <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_III,_Lord_of_Coucy" title="Enguerrand III, Lord of Coucy">Enguerrand de Coucy</a>. The eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" title="Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine">Henry</a>, became <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">duke of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_palatine_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Count palatine of the Rhine">count palatine of the Rhine</a>. His brother Otto was nominated by his uncle Richard I as <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_York" title="Earl of York">earl of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Poitiers" title="Count of Poitiers">count of Poitiers</a> before being elected <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">emperor</a> in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> candidate. Otto was crowned in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> but he was later excommunicated and declared deposed. Childless, Otto lost power following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">Welf</a> and Angevin forces at the Battle of Bouvines. The youngest child, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Winchester,_Lord_of_L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg">William of Winchester</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Helena of Denmark">Princess Helena of Denmark</a>. Their only son, <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" title="Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg">also called Otto</a>, was the sole male heir of his uncle Henry. The ducal house of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> and the British royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">house of Windsor</a> both descend from him.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard I, King of England">Richard I, King of England</a> (1157–1199). He had no legitimate offspring, but is thought to have had two illegitimate sons, of whom little is known, called Fulk and <a href="/wiki/Philip,_Lord_of_Cognac" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip, Lord of Cognac">Philip, Lord of Cognac</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany</a> (1158–1186) – married <a href="/wiki/Constance,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Constance, Duchess of Brittany">Constance</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Duke_Conan_IV_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke Conan IV of Brittany">Duke Conan IV of Brittany</a> and became duke of Brittany by right of his wife. The couple's son, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur I, Duke of Brittany</a>, was a competitor to his uncle John for the Angevin succession and disappeared mysteriously as an adolescent in 1203.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor, Queen of Castile</a> (1161–1214) – married <a href="/wiki/King_Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King Alfonso VIII of Castile">King Alfonso VIII of Castile</a>. The couple's children included <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry I of Castile">King Henry I of Castile</a> and four queen consorts, <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile" title="Berengaria of Castile">Berengaria of Leon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urraca_of_Castile,_Queen_of_Portugal" title="Urraca of Castile, Queen of Portugal">Urraca of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile_(died_1244)" title="Eleanor of Castile (died 1244)">Eleanor of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan, Queen of Sicily</a> (1165–1199) – married firstly <a href="/wiki/King_William_II_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="King William II of Sicily">King William II of Sicily</a> and secondly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Count_Raymond_VI_of_Toulouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Count Raymond VI of Toulouse (page does not exist)">Count Raymond VI of Toulouse</a>. Her children included <a href="/wiki/Raymond_VII_of_Toulouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond VII of Toulouse">Raymond VII of Toulouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir_2008_65_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir_2008_65-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a> (1166–1216)</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Miniature from an English psalter presenting a representation of the murder of Archbishop Becket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg/290px-English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="404" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg/435px-English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg/580px-English_-_Martyrdom_of_Saint_Thomas_Becket_-_Walters_W3415V_-_Open_Reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A miniature from an English <a href="/wiki/Psalter" title="Psalter">psalter</a> presenting a spirited account of the murder of Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span>. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Henry also had illegitimate children with several mistresses, possibly as many as twelve. These children included <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William</a>, Peter and four children who died young by <a href="/wiki/Alys_of_France,_Countess_of_Vexin" title="Alys of France, Countess of Vexin">Alys</a>, the daughter of Louis VII, while she was betrothed to his son Richard.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir_2008_65_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir_2008_65-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William's many competencies and importance as a royal bastard led to a long and illustrious career.<sup id="cite_ref-Longespee_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longespee-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry reasserted and extended previous suzerainties to secure possession of his inherited realm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1162, he attempted to re-establish what he saw as his authority over the English Church by appointing his friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> as <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> upon the death of the incumbent archbishop, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_of_Bec" title="Theobald of Bec">Theobald</a>. Becket's defiance as Archbishop alienated the king and his counsellors. Henry and Becket had repeated disputes over issues such as church tenures, the marriage of Henry's brother, and taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_2000_142_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama_2000_142-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry reacted by getting Becket and other English bishops to recognise sixteen ancient customs in writing for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Clarendon" title="Constitutions of Clarendon">Constitutions of Clarendon</a>, governing relations between the king, his courts and the church. When Becket tried to leave the country without permission, Henry tried to ruin him by filing legal cases relating to Becket's previous tenure as chancellor. Becket fled and remained in exile for five years. Relations later improved, and Becket returned, but they declined again when Henry's son was crowned as <a href="/wiki/Coregent" class="mw-redirect" title="Coregent">coregent</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>, which Becket perceived as a challenge to his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_2000_142_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama_2000_142-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Becket later excommunicated those who had offended him. When he received this news, Henry said: "What miserable drones and traitors have I nurtured and promoted in my household who let their lord be treated with such shameful contempt by a low-born clerk." Four of Henry's knights killed Becket in <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> after Becket resisted a failed arrest attempt. Henry was widely considered complicit in Becket's death throughout Christian Europe. This made Henry a pariah; in penance, he walked barefoot into Canterbury Cathedral, where he was severely whipped by monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama_2000_142_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama_2000_142-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1155, Henry claimed that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> had given him authorisation to reform the Irish church by assuming control of Ireland, but Professor Anne Duggan's research indicates that the <i><a href="/wiki/Laudabiliter" title="Laudabiliter">Laudabiliter</a></i> is a falsification of an existing letter and that was not in fact Adrian's intention.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireland_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It originally allowed Henry's brother William some territory. Henry did not personally act on this until 1171, by which time William was already dead. He invaded Ireland to assert his authority over knights who had accrued autonomous power after they recruited soldiers in England and Wales and colonised Ireland with his permission. Henry later gave Ireland to his youngest son, John.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1172, Henry gave John the castles of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chinon" title="Château de Chinon">Chinon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loudun" title="Loudun">Loudun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mirebeau" title="Mirebeau">Mirebeau</a> as a wedding gift. This angered Henry's eighteen-year-old son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>, who believed that those were his. A <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1173%E2%80%931174" title="Revolt of 1173–1174">rebellion</a> by Henry II's wife and three eldest sons ensued. <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII of France</a> supported the rebellion. <a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William the Lion</a>, king of the Scots, and others joined the revolt. After eighteen months, Henry subdued the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the 1195 seal of Richard I of England. Exhibited in the History Museum of Vendee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/220px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/330px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg/440px-Seal_-_Richard_I_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a>'s Great Seal of 1189, the History Museum of Vendée</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a> in 1182, Henry II gathered his children to plan a <a href="/wiki/Partible_inheritance" title="Partible inheritance">partible inheritance</a>: his eldest surviving son, Henry, would inherit England, Normandy and Anjou; Richard (his mother's favourite) would inherit the Duchy of Aquitaine; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey</a> would inherit Brittany; and John would inherit Ireland. This resulted in further conflict. The younger Henry rebelled again, but died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. Geoffrey died in 1186 after an accident in a tournament. In 1189, Richard and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a> reasserted their various claims, exploiting the aging Henry's failing health. Henry was forced to accept humiliating peace terms, including naming Richard his sole heir. The old King died two days later, defeated and miserable. French and English contemporary moralists viewed this fate as retribution for the murder of Becket;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even his favourite legitimate son, John, had rebelled although the constantly loyal illegitimate son Geoffrey remained with Henry until the end.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Richard's coronation, he quickly put the kingdom's affairs in order and departed on a Crusade for the Middle East. Opinion of Richard has fluctuated. He was respected for his military leadership and courtly manners. He rejected and humiliated the sister of the king of France. He deposed the king of Cyprus and later sold the island. On the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, he made an enemy of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_V,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Leopold V, Duke of Austria">Leopold V, Duke of Austria</a>, by showing disrespect to his banners as well as refusing to share the spoils of war. He was rumoured to have arranged the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Conrad_of_Montferrat" title="Conrad of Montferrat">Conrad of Montferrat</a>. His ruthlessness was demonstrated by his <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">massacre of 2,600 prisoners in Acre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He obtained victories during the Third Crusade, but failed to capture <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Steven Runciman</a> Richard was "a bad son, a bad husband and a bad king".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Jonathan Riley-Smith</a> described him as "vain ... devious and self-centred".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an alternate view <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">John Gillingham</a> points out that for centuries Richard was considered a model king.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Returning from the crusade with a small band of followers, Richard was captured by Leopold and was passed to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry VI</a>. Henry held Richard captive for eighteen months (1192–1194) while his mother raised the ransom, valued at 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)#England_and_Scotland" title="Mark (currency)">marks</a>. In Richard's absence, Philip II overran large portions of Normandy and John acquired control of Richard's English lands. After returning to England, Richard forgave John and re-established his authority in England. He left again in 1194 and battled Philip for five years, attempting to regain the lands seized during his captivity. When close to complete victory, he was injured by an arrow during a siege and died ten days later.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_the_loss_of_Anjou">Decline and the loss of Anjou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and the loss of Anjou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Carta_(British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of one of the four surviving copies of Magna Carta held in British Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/350px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/525px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg/700px-Magna_Carta_%28British_Library_Cotton_MS_Augustus_II.106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>One of only four surviving <a href="/wiki/Exemplified_copy" title="Exemplified copy">exemplifications</a> of the 1215 text of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>Richard's failure to provide an heir caused a succession crisis and conflict between supporters of the claim of his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur</a>, and John. <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_des_Roches" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume des Roches">Guillaume des Roches</a> led the magnates of Anjou, Maine, and Touraine declaring for Arthur.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnONDB_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnONDB-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once again Philip II of France attempted to disturb the Plantagenet territories on the European mainland by supporting his vassal Arthur's claim to the English crown. John won a significant victory while preventing Arthur's forces from capturing his mother, seizing the entire rebel leadership at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mirebeau" title="Battle of Mirebeau">Battle of Mirebeau</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany" title="Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany">Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John disregarded his allies' opinions on the fate of the prisoners, many of them their neighbours and kinsmen. Instead he kept his prisoners so vilely and in such evil distress that it seemed shameful and ugly to all those who were with him and who saw this cruelty, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_Guillaume_le_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal">Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnONDB_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnONDB-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of John's behaviour the powerful Thouars, Lusignan, and des Roches families rebelled and John lost control of Anjou, Maine, Touraine, and northern Poitou. His son, King Henry III, maintained the claim to the Angevin territories until December 1259 when he formally surrendered them and in return was granted Gascony as duke of Aquitaine and a vassal of the king of France.<sup id="cite_ref-RidgewayH3ONDB_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RidgewayH3ONDB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John's reputation was further damaged by the rumour, described in the <a href="/wiki/Margam_Abbey" title="Margam Abbey">Margam annals</a>, that while drunk he himself had murdered Arthur, and if not true it is almost certain John ordered the killing.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnONDB_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnONDB-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two contrasting schools of thought explaining the sudden collapse of John's position. <a href="/wiki/J._C._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Holt">Sir James Holt</a> suggests this was the inevitable result of superior French resources. <a href="/wiki/John_Gillingham" title="John Gillingham">John Gillingham</a> identifies diplomatic and military mismanagement and points out that Richard managed to hold the Angevin territory with comparable finances.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nick Barratt has calculated that Angevin resources available for use in the war were 22 per cent less than those of Philip, putting the Angevins at a disadvantage.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1214, John had re-established his authority in England and planned what Gillingham has called a grand strategy to recapture Normandy and Anjou.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was that John would draw the French from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, while another army, under his nephew <a href="/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto IV</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and his half-brother William attacked from the north. He also brought his niece Eleanor of Brittany, aiming to establish her as Duchess of Brittany. The plan failed when John's allies were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines" title="Battle of Bouvines">Battle of Bouvines</a>. Otto retreated and was soon overthrown, William was captured by the French and John agreed to a five-year truce.<sup id="cite_ref-Longespee_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longespee-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JohnONDB_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnONDB-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From then on John also gave up the claim to Brittany of Eleanor and had her confined for life.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John's defeat weakened his authority in England, and his barons forced him to agree to <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> in 1215, which limited royal power. Both sides failed to abide by the terms of Magna Carta, leading to the <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>, in which rebellious barons invited <a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Prince Louis</a>, the husband of <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche</a>, Henry II's granddaughter, to invade England.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnONDB_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnONDB-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis did so but in October 1216, before the conflict was conclusively ended, John died.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official website of the British Monarchy presents John's death as the end of the Angevin dynasty and the beginning of the Plantagenet dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_line">Main line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Main line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baronial_conflict_and_the_establishment_of_Parliament">Baronial conflict and the establishment of Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Baronial conflict and the establishment of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All subsequent English monarchs were descendants of the Angevin line via John, who had five legitimate children with <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> – King of England for most of the 13th-century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard</a> – <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Romans" title="King of the Romans">King of the Romans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_consort_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of England, Queen consort of Scotland">Joan</a> – queen consort of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II of Scotland</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella</a> – wife of the Holy Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Leicester" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor of Leicester">Eleanor</a> – wife of <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal</a>'s son (also named <a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 2nd Earl of Pembroke">William</a>), and later the English rebel <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>John also had illegitimate children with several mistresses. These children probably included nine sons called <a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRoy" title="Richard FitzRoy">Richard</a>, Oliver, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Geoffrey, John FitzJohn or Courcy, Odo or Eudes FitzRoy, Ivo, Henry, Richard the constable of <a href="/wiki/Wallingford_Castle" title="Wallingford Castle">Wallingford Castle</a> and three daughters called <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Lady_of_Wales" title="Joan, Lady of Wales">Joan</a>, Matilda the abbess of Barking and Isabella la Blanche.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joan was the best known of these, since she married Prince <a href="/wiki/Llewelyn_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Llewelyn the Great">Llewelyn the Great</a> of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Cast of the effigy of King Henry the third in Westminster Abbey, c. 1272" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg/220px-WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg/330px-WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg/440px-WLA_vanda_Cast_of_Tomb_Effigy_Henry_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4147" data-file-height="2674" /></a><figcaption>A cast of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_effigy" title="Tomb effigy">tomb effigy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1272</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke">William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke</a>, was appointed regent for the nine-year-old King Henry on King John's death. Thereafter, support for Louis declined, and he renounced his claims in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth" title="Treaty of Lambeth">Treaty of Lambeth</a> after Marshal's victories at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1217)">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)" title="Battle of Sandwich (1217)">Sandwich</a> in 1217.<sup id="cite_ref-RidgewayH3ONDB_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RidgewayH3ONDB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshal regime issued an amended Magna Carta as a basis for future government.<sup id="cite_ref-RidgewayH3ONDB_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RidgewayH3ONDB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the Treaty of Lambeth, hostilities continued and Henry was forced to compromise with the newly crowned Louis VIII of France and Henry's stepfather, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_X_of_Lusignan" title="Hugh X of Lusignan">Hugh X of Lusignan</a>. They both overran much of Henry's remaining continental lands, further eroding the Angevins' power on the continent. In his political struggles, Henry perceived many similarities between himself and England's patron saint, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, he named his first son Edward and built the existing magnificent shrine for the Confessor.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama2000p172_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama2000p172-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1225, a great council approved a tax of £40,000 to dispatch an army, which quickly retook Gascony. During an assembly feudal prerogatives of the king were challenged by the barons, bishops and magnates who demanded that the king reissue Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest in exchange for support. Henry declared that the charters were issued of his own "spontaneous and free will" and confirmed them with the royal seal, giving the new <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta#The_Great_Charter_1225" title="Magna Carta">Great Charter</a> and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 much more authority than any previous versions.<sup id="cite_ref-RidgewayH3ONDB_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RidgewayH3ONDB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry III had nine children:<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (1239–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a> (1240–1275). Her three children predeceased her husband, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III of Scotland</a>; consequently, the crown of Scotland became vacant on the death of their only grandchild, <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret, Maid of Norway</a> in 1290.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_England" title="Beatrice of England">Beatrice, Countess of Richmond</a> (1242–1275). She initially married John de Montfort of Dreux, and later married <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John II, Duke of Brittany">John II, Duke of Brittany</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a> (1245–1296), who was granted the titles and estates of <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Leicester" title="Earl of Leicester">earldom of Leicester</a> after Henry defeated Montfort in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>. Henry later granted Edmund the earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Earl of Lancaster">Lancaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Ferrers" title="Earl Ferrers">Ferrers</a>. From 1276, through his second wife Edmund was <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">Count of Champagne</a> and Brie.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Lancastrians would attempt to use Henry IV's maternal descent from Edmund to legitimise his claim to the throne, spuriously claiming that Edmund was the eldest son of Henry III but had not become king due to deformity.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his second marriage to <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Artois" title="Blanche of Artois">Blanche</a>, the widow of <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_Navarre" title="Henry I of Navarre">Henry I of Navarre</a>, Edmund was at the centre of European aristocracy. Blanche's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Joan_I_of_Navarre" title="Joan I of Navarre">Joan</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen regnant</a> of Navarre and queen consort of France through her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a>. Edmund's son <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas</a> became the most powerful nobleman in England, adding to his inheritance the earldoms of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Lincoln" title="Earl of Lincoln">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Salisbury</a> through his marriage to the heiress of <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lacy,_3rd_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln">Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TEoLONDB_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TEoLONDB-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Four others who died as children: Richard (1247–1256), John (1250–1256), William (c. 1251/1252–1256), <a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_England" title="Katherine of England">Katherine</a> (c. 1252/3–1257) and Henry (no recorded dates).</li></ul> <p>Henry was bankrupted by his military expenditure and general extravagance. The pope offered Henry's brother <a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>, but the military cost of displacing the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick</a> was prohibitive. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a> wrote that Richard stated: "You might as well say, 'I make you a present of the moon – step up to the sky and take it down'." Instead, Henry purchased the kingdom for his son Edmund, which angered many powerful barons. The barons led by Henry's brother-in-law Simon de Montfort forced him to agree to the <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford" title="Provisions of Oxford">Provisions of Oxford</a>, under which his debts were paid in exchange for substantial reforms. In France, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1259)" title="Treaty of Paris (1259)">Treaty of Paris</a>, Henry formally surrendered the territory of his Angevin ancestors to <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>, receiving in return the title duke of Aquitaine and the territory of Gascony as a vassal of the French king.<sup id="cite_ref-RidgewayH3ONDB_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RidgewayH3ONDB-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montfort_Evesham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of a 13th-century representation of the death of Simon de Montfort" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Montfort_Evesham.jpg/440px-Montfort_Evesham.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Montfort_Evesham.jpg/660px-Montfort_Evesham.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Montfort_Evesham.jpg/880px-Montfort_Evesham.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>The death of <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a> in 1265</figcaption></figure> <p>Disagreements between the barons and the king intensified. The barons, under <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester</a>, captured most of southeast England in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes" title="Battle of Lewes">Battle of Lewes</a> in 1264, Henry and Prince Edward were defeated and taken prisoner. De Montfort assembled the <a href="/wiki/Montfort%27s_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort's Parliament">Great Parliament</a>, recognized as the first Parliament because it was the first time the cities and boroughs had sent representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama2000p181_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama2000p181-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward escaped, raised an army and defeated and killed de Montfort at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a> in 1265.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Savage retribution was inflicted upon the rebels, and authority restored to Henry. With the realm now peaceful, Edward left England to join Louis IX on the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth Crusade</a>; he was one of the last crusaders. Louis died before Edward's arrival, but Edward decided to continue. The result was disappointing; Edward's small force only enabled him to capture <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a> and launch a handful of raids. After surviving an assassination attempt, Edward left for Sicily later in the year, never to participate in a crusade again. When Henry III died, Edward acceded to the throne; the barons swore allegiance to him even though he did not return for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_change_and_the_reform_of_feudalism">Constitutional change and the reform of feudalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constitutional change and the reform of feudalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward I married <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile" title="Ferdinand III of Castile">King Ferdinand of Castile</a>, a great-grandson of Henry II through his second daughter Eleanor in 1254. Edward and Eleanor had sixteen children; five daughters survived to adulthood, but only one son survived Edward:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Bar" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar">Eleanor, Countess of Bar</a> (1264/69−1298)</li> <li>Three daughters (Joan, Alice, and Juliana/Katherine) and two sons (John and Henry) born between 1265 and 1271. They died between 1265 and 1274 with little historical trace.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Acre" title="Joan of Acre">Joan, Countess of Gloucester</a> (1272–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Alphonso, Earl of Chester">Alphonso, Earl of Chester</a> (1273–1284)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret, Duchess of Brabant</a> (1275–1333)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Woodstock" title="Mary of Woodstock">Mary of Woodstock</a> (1278–1332), who became a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a></li> <li>Isabella (1279–1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth, firstly Countess of Holland and on widowhood, secondly Countess of Hereford</a> (1282–1316). Among her eleven children were the earls of <a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a>, and the countesses of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Ormond_(Scotland)" title="Earl of Ormond (Scotland)">Ormond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li>Two other daughters (Beatrice and Blanche), who died as children.</li></ul> <p>Following Eleanor's death in 1290, Edward married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III of France</a>, in 1299. Edward and Margaret had two sons, who both lived to adulthood, and a daughter who died as a child:<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Thomas</a> (1300–1338), whose daughter <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Margaret, Duchess of Norfolk">Margaret</a> inherited his estates. Margaret's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Mowbray,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Mowbray</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Duke of Norfolk">duke of Norfolk</a>, but Richard II exiled him and stripped him of his titles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Woodstock,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent">Edmund, Earl of Kent</a> (1301 to 1330). Edmund's loyalty to his half-brother, Edward II, resulted in his execution by order of the rebel Mortimer and his lover, Edward's queen, Isabella. His daughter, Joan, inherited his estates and married her own cousin, <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a>; together, they had <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard</a>, who later became the English king.</li> <li>Eleanor (1306–1311).</li></ul> <p>Evidence for Edward's involvement in legal reform is hard to find but his reign saw a major programme of legal change. Much of the drive and determination is likely to have come from the king and his experience of the baronial reform movement of the late 1250s and early 1260s. With the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statutes of Mortmain</a>, Edward imposed his authority over the Church; the statutes prohibited land donation to the Church, asserted the rights of the Crown at the expense of traditional feudal privileges, promoted the uniform administration of justice, raised income and codified the legal system. His military campaigns left him in heavy debt and when <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a> confiscated the Duchy of <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> in 1294, Edward needed funds to wage war in France. When Edward summoned a precedent-setting <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">assembly</a> in order to raise more taxes for military finance, he included lesser landowners and merchants. The resulting parliament included barons, clergy, knights, and burgesses for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_in_Britain">Expansion in Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Expansion in Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Scottish_Independence" title="Wars of Scottish Independence">Wars of Scottish Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Conquest of Wales by Edward I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coloured map depicting Wales (adjacent to the Kingdom of England, coloured dark orange) following the Treaty of Montgomery of 1267. Gwynedd, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality, is green; the territories conquered by Llywelyn are purple; the territories of Llywelyn's vassals are blue; the lordships of the Marcher barons are shown as light orange; and the lordships of the King of England are shown in yellow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg/170px-Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg/255px-Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg/340px-Wales_after_the_Treaty_of_Montgomery_1267_Colorblind.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Wales after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Montgomery" title="Treaty of Montgomery">Treaty of Montgomery</a> of 1267: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#009E73; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's principality</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CC79A7; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Territories conquered by <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#56B4E9; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Territories of Llywelyn's vassals</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E69F00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Lordships of the <a href="/wiki/Marcher_barons" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher barons">Marcher barons</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F0E442; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Lordships of the King of England</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D55E00; color:black; -webkit-column-break-inside: avoid;"> </span> Kingdom of England</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On his accession, Edward I sought to organise his realm, enforcing his claims to primacy in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Llywelyn_ap_Gruffudd" title="Llywelyn ap Gruffudd">Llywelyn ap Gruffudd</a> claimed to rule <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> "entirely separate from" England but Edward viewed him to be "a rebel and disturber of the peace". Edward's determination, military experience and skilful naval manoeuvres ended what was to him rebellion. The invasion was executed by one of the largest armies ever assembled by an English king, comprising Anglo-Norman cavalry and Welsh archers and laying the foundation for future victories in France. Llywelyn was driven into the mountains, later dying in battle. The <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> established England's authority over Wales, and Edward's son was proclaimed the first English <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> upon his birth. Edward spent vast sums on his two Welsh campaigns with a large portion of it spent on a network of castles.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward asserted that the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">king of Scotland</a> owed him feudal allegiance, and intended to unite the two nations by marrying his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward</a> to <a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a>, the sole heir of King <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Margaret died in 1290, <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">competition for the Scottish crown</a> ensued. By invitation of Scottish magnates, Edward I resolved the dispute, ruling in favour of <a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John Balliol</a>, who duly swore loyalty to him and became king. Edward insisted that he was Scotland's sovereign and possessed the right to hear appeals against Balliol's judgements, undermining Balliol's authority. Balliol allied with France in 1295; Edward invaded Scotland the following year, deposing and exiling Balliol.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward was less successful in Gascony, which was overrun by the French. With his resources depleting, Edward was forced to reconfirm the Charters, including Magna Carta, to obtain the necessary funds. In 1303 the French king restored Gascony to Edward by signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1303)" title="Treaty of Paris (1303)">Treaty of Paris</a>. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/William_Wallace" title="William Wallace">William Wallace</a> rose in Balliol's name and recovered most of Scotland. Wallace was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Falkirk_(1298)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Falkirk (1298)">Battle of Falkirk</a>, after which <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> rebelled and was crowned king of Scotland. Edward died while travelling to Scotland for another campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-EIODNB_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIODNB-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_(c.1320-1330),_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Battle of Bannockburn reproduced from the Holkham Bible" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_%28c.1320-1330%29%2C_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg/260px-Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_%28c.1320-1330%29%2C_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_%28c.1320-1330%29%2C_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg/390px-Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_%28c.1320-1330%29%2C_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_%28c.1320-1330%29%2C_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg/520px-Peers_and_commoners_fighting_-_The_Holkham_Bible_Picture_Book_%28c.1320-1330%29%2C_f.40_-_BL_Add_MS_47682.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1157" data-file-height="1574" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the <a href="/wiki/Holkham_Bible" title="Holkham Bible">Holkham Bible</a> showing knights and foot soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> in 1314.</figcaption></figure> <p>King Edward II's coronation oath on his succession in 1307 was the first to reflect the king's responsibility to maintain the laws that the community "shall have chosen" (<span title="Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)-language text"><i lang="frm">aura eslu</i></span> in French).<sup id="cite_ref-McKisack19594_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKisack19594-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was not unpopular initially but faced three challenges: discontent over the financing of wars; his household spending; and the role of his <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a> <a href="/wiki/Piers_Gaveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Piers Gaveston">Piers Gaveston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIODNB_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIODNB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Parliament decided that Gaveston should be exiled the king was left with no choice but to comply.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBPG_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBPG-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward engineered Gaveston's return, but was forced to agree to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Ordainers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordainers">Ordainers</a>, led by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster</a>, to reform the royal household with Piers Gaveston exiled again.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIODNB_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIODNB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Gaveston returned again to England, he was abducted and executed after a mock trial.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBPG_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBPG-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ramifications of this drove Thomas and his adherents from power. Edward's humiliating defeat by Bruce at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> in 1314, confirming Bruce's position as an independent king of Scots, leading to Lancaster being appointed head of the king's council.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIODNB_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIODNB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward finally repealed the Ordinances after defeating and executing Lancaster at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boroughbridge" title="Battle of Boroughbridge">Battle of Boroughbridge</a> in 1322.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIODNB_68-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIODNB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French monarchy asserted its rights to encroach on Edward's legal rights in Gascony. Resistance to one judgement in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Sardos,_Lot-et-Garonne" title="Saint-Sardos, Lot-et-Garonne">Saint-Sardos</a> resulted in Charles IV declaring the duchy forfeit. Charles's sister, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Queen Isabella</a>, was sent to negotiate and agreed a treaty that required Edward to pay homage in France to Charles. Edward resigned Aquitaine and Ponthieu to his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward</a>, who travelled to France to give homage in his stead. With the English heir in her power, Isabella refused to return to England unless Edward II dismissed his favourites, and she became the mistress of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_1st_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIODNB_68-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIODNB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple invaded England and, with <a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster</a>, captured the king.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBToL_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBToL-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward II abdicated on condition that his son would inherit the throne rather than Mortimer. Although there is no historical record of the cause of death, he is popularly believed to have been murdered at Berkeley Castle by having a red-hot poker thrust into his bowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama220_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama220-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A coup by Edward III ended four years of control by Isabella and Mortimer. Mortimer was executed. Though removed from power, Isabella was treated well, and lived in luxury for the next 27 years.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIODNB_68-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIODNB-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_the_House_of_Valois">Conflict with the House of Valois</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conflict with the House of Valois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1337%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1337–60)">Hundred Years' War (1337–60)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1369%E2%80%9389)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1369–89)">Hundred Years' War (1369–89)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_iv_and_family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of vellum manuscript from 1313 of Isabella, third from left, with her father, Philip IV, her future French king brothers, and Philip's brother, Charles of Valois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Philip_iv_and_family.jpg/220px-Philip_iv_and_family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Philip_iv_and_family.jpg/330px-Philip_iv_and_family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Philip_iv_and_family.jpg/440px-Philip_iv_and_family.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="1855" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella</a> (third from left) with her father, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a>, her future French king brothers, and Philip's brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Valois" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Valois">Charles of Valois</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1328, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV of France</a> died without a male heir. Queen Isabella made a claim to the throne of France on behalf of her son Edward, on the grounds that he was a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> grandson of Philip IV of France. However, the precedents set by Philip V's succession over his niece <a href="/wiki/Joan_II_of_Navarre" title="Joan II of Navarre">Joan II of Navarre</a> and Charles IV's succession over his nieces meant that the senior grandson of Philip III in the male line, Phillip of Valois, became king. Not yet in power, Edward paid homage to Phillip as Duke of Aquitaine. </p><p>In 1337, Phillip confiscated Aquitaine and Ponthieu from Edward, alleging he was harbouring Phillip's fugitive cousin and enemy, <a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Artois" title="Robert III of Artois">Robert of Artois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Edward proclaimed himself king of France to encourage the Flemish to rise in open rebellion against the French king. The conflict, later known as the Hundred Years' War, included a significant English naval victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sluys" title="Battle of Sluys">Battle of Sluys</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a victory on land at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Crécy</a>, leaving Edward free to capture the important port of <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. A subsequent victory against Scotland at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Neville's Cross">Battle of Neville's Cross</a> resulted in the capture of <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a> and reduced the threat from Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death_in_England" title="Black Death in England">Black Death</a> brought a halt to Edward's campaigns by killing perhaps a third of his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only Plantagenet known to have died from the Black Death was Edward III's daughter <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England_(1335%E2%80%931348)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of England (1335–1348)">Joan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Battle of Crecy taken from Froissart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/220px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/330px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg/440px-Battle_of_crecy_froissart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1755" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Battle of Crécy">Battle of Crécy</a> was an important Plantagenet victory of the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> in France. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward, the Black Prince</a> resumed the war with destructive <a href="/wiki/Chevauch%C3%A9e" title="Chevauchée">chevauchées</a> starting from Bordeaux. His army was caught by a much larger French force at <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, but the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">battle</a> was a decisive English victory, resulting in the capture of <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II of France</a>. John agreed to a <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Treaty of London">treaty</a> promising the French would pay a four million écus ransom. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Br%C3%A9tigny" title="Treaty of Brétigny">Treaty of Brétigny</a> was demonstrably popular in England, where it was both ratified in parliament and celebrated with great ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To reach agreement, clauses were removed that would have had Edward renounce his claim to the French crown in return for territory in Aquitaine and the town of Calais. These were entered in another agreement to be effected only after the transfer of territory by November 1361, but both sides prevaricated over their commitments for the following nine years. Hostages from the Valois family were held in London while John returned to France to raise his ransom. Edward had restored the lands of the former Angevin Empire, holding Normandy, Brittany, Anjou, Maine and the coastline from <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> to Spain. When the hostages escaped back to France, John was horrified that his word had been broken and returned to England, where he eventually died.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fighting in the Hundred Years' War spilled from the French and Plantagenet lands into surrounding realms, including the dynastic conflict in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> between Peter of Castile and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile" title="Henry II of Castile">Henry II of Castile</a>. The Black Prince allied himself with Peter, defeating Henry at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%A1jera" title="Battle of Nájera">Battle of Nájera</a>. Edward and Peter fell out when Peter was unable to reimburse Edward's military expenses, leaving him bankrupt.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Prince_ODNB_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Prince_ODNB-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plantagenets continued to interfere, and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, the Black Prince's brother, married Peter's daughter <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance</a>, claiming the Crown of Castile in her name. He invaded with an army of 5,000 men; however, fighting was inconclusive, before Gaunt agreed to a treaty with <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Castile" title="John I of Castile">King Juan of Castile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNGJoG_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNGJoG-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terms of the treaty included the marriage of John of Gaunt's daughter <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Katherine</a> to Juan's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Enrique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KoL_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KoL-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a> maintained the terms of the treaty of Brétigny but encouraged others in Aquitaine to challenge the authority of the Plantagenets in Aquitaine.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Prince_ODNB_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Prince_ODNB-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prince, who had suffered a debilitating illness for nearly a decade which often restricted his movement to being carried in a litter,<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Prince_ODNB_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Prince_ODNB-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> returned to England, where he soon died.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p93_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p93-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John of Gaunt assumed leadership in France with limited success, and peace negotiations over several years were inconclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNGJoG_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNGJoG-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descendants_of_Edward_III">Descendants of Edward III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Descendants of Edward III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Froissart,_Chroniques,_154v,_12148_btv1b8438605hf336,_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Richard II and the peasants revolt taken from Froissart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg/260px-Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg/390px-Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg/520px-Jean_Froissart%2C_Chroniques%2C_154v%2C_12148_btv1b8438605hf336%2C_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="3144" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> meets the rebels of the 1381 <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a>, in an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illumination</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jean_Froissart" title="Jean Froissart">Froissart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles" title="Froissart's Chronicles"><i>Chronicles</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>, Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p>The marriage of Edward III and <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a> produced thirteen children and thirty-two grandchildren:<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward</a> (1330–1376)—married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Kent" title="Joan of Kent">Joan of Kent</a>, a granddaughter of Edward I, with whom he had two sons:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Edward (1365–1371/2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard</a> (1367–1400)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England,_Lady_of_Coucy" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of England, Lady of Coucy">Isabella</a> (1332–1382)—married <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_VII,_Lord_of_Coucy" class="mw-redirect" title="Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy">Enguerrand VII, Lord of Coucy</a>, and had two daughters:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_I_de_Coucy,_Countess_of_Soissons" title="Marie I de Coucy, Countess of Soissons">Marie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_de_Coucy,_Countess_of_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippa de Coucy, Countess of Oxford">Philippa</a></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England_(1335%E2%80%931348)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan of England (1335–1348)">Joan</a> (1335–1348)</li> <li>William (1334/6–1337)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence">Lionel</a> (1338–1368)—had one daughter with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh,_4th_Countess_of_Ulster" title="Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster">Elizabeth de Burgh</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippa,_5th_Countess_of_Ulster" title="Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster">Philippa</a> (1355–1378/81)—through Philippa, the House of York, by <a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">cognatic kinship</a>, asserted that its claim to the throne was superior to the House of Lancaster's. Philippa's granddaughter and heir, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Mortimer">Anne Mortimer</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge</a>, the Duke of York's heir. The <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Earl of Northumberland">earls of Northumberland</a> and Clifford, significant supporters of the Lancasters during the Wars of the Roses, were descendants of Philippa through her other daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mortimer" title="Elizabeth Mortimer">Elizabeth Mortimer</a>.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> (1340–1399)—married <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Lancaster" title="Blanche of Lancaster">Blanche of Lancaster</a>, the heiress to the duchy of Lancaster and a direct descendant of Henry III, and had seven children with her:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Lancaster" title="Philippa of Lancaster">Philippa</a> (1360–1415)—married <a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Portugal" title="John I of Portugal">John I of Portugal</a>.</li> <li>John (c. 1362/1364)—died as an infant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Lancaster,_Duchess_of_Exeter" title="Elizabeth of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter">Elizabeth</a> (1364–1426)—married <a href="/wiki/John_Hastings,_3rd_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke">John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Holland,_1st_Duke_of_Exeter" title="John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter">John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter</a>; and <a href="/wiki/John_Cornwall,_1st_Baron_Fanhope" title="John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope">John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope</a>; respectively.</li> <li>Edward of Lancaster (1365–1365)</li> <li>John of Lancaster (1366)—died as an infant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry</a> (1367–1413)</li> <li>Isabella of Lancaster (b. 1368)—died as a child.</li></ul></dd> <dd>After Blanche's death in 1369, John married <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance of Castile</a>, trying unsuccessfully to obtain the throne of Castile. The marriage produced two children: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine of Lancaster</a> (1372–1418)—married <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_Castile" title="Henry III of Castile">Henry III of Castile</a>, with whom she was a great-grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, first wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> of England.</li> <li>John (1374–1375)</li></ul></dd> <dd>Constance died in 1394, after which John married <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Swynford" title="Katherine Swynford">Katherine Swynford</a> on 13 January 1396. Their four children were born before they married. The pope legitimised them in 1396, as did Richard II by charter, on the condition that their children could not ascend the throne: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John</a> (c. 1371/1372–1410)—grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby">Margaret Beaufort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>'s mother.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Beaufort" title="Henry Beaufort">Henry</a> (1375–1447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter">Thomas</a> (1377–1427)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan</a> (1379–1440)—Joan's son, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a>, and her grandson, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_16th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick">Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick</a>, were leading supporters of the House of York.</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund</a> (1341–1402)—founder of the House of York. He had three children with <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_York" title="Isabella of Castile, Duchess of York">Isabella of Castile</a>:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York">Edward</a> (1373–1415)—killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance of York">Constance</a> (1374–1416)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard</a>—(1375–1415)</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Blanche (1342)—died as a child.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Waltham" title="Mary of Waltham">Mary of Waltham</a> (1344–1362)—married <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John V, Duke of Brittany">John V, Duke of Brittany</a>. No issue.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Pembroke" title="Margaret, Countess of Pembroke">Margaret</a> (1346–1361)—married <a href="/wiki/John_Hastings,_2nd_Earl_of_Pembroke_(4th_Creation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (4th Creation)">John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke</a>. No issue.</li> <li>Joan (b. 1351)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Thomas</a> (1355–1397)—murdered or executed for treason by order of Richard II; his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Gloucester" title="Anne of Gloucester">Anne</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Stafford,_5th_Earl_of_Stafford" title="Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford">Edmund Stafford</a>.</li></ul> <p>Edward's long reign had forged a new national identity, reinforced by Middle English beginning to establish itself as the spoken and written language of government. As a result, he is considered by many historians in cultural respects the first 'English' post-conquest ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-EIIIODNB_72-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIIIODNB-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demise_of_the_main_line">Demise of the main line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demise of the main line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_II_King_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Medieval painting of King Richard II" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Richard_II_King_of_England.jpg/170px-Richard_II_King_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Richard_II_King_of_England.jpg/255px-Richard_II_King_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Richard_II_King_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a> (c. 1390). <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Black Prince's ten-year-old son succeeded as <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a> on the death of his grandfather, nominally exercising all the powers of kingship, supported by various councils. His government levied <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_medieval_England" title="Taxation in medieval England">poll taxes</a> to finance military campaigns which, combined with the poor state of the economy, resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a> in 1381, followed by brutal reprisals against the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-RIIODNB_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIIODNB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king's uncle <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzAlan,_11th_Earl_of_Arundel" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel">Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_12th_Earl_of_Warwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick">Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick</a>; became known as the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Appellant" title="Lords Appellant">Lords Appellant</a> when they sought to impeach five of the king's favourites and restrain what was increasingly seen as tyrannical and capricious rule. Later they were joined by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry Bolingbroke</a>, the son and heir of John of Gaunt, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Mowbray,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk">Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk</a>. Initially, they were successful in establishing a commission to govern England for one year, but they were forced to rebel against Richard, defeating an army under <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Vere,_Duke_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland">Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford</a>, at the skirmish of <a href="/wiki/Radcot_Bridge_(Battle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcot Bridge (Battle)">Radcot Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RIIODNB_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIIODNB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard was reduced to a figurehead with little power. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Merciless_Parliament" title="Merciless Parliament">Merciless Parliament</a>, de Vere and <a href="/wiki/Michael_de_la_Pole,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk">Michael de la Pole, 1st Earl of Suffolk</a>, who had fled abroad, were sentenced to death in their absence. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Neville" title="Alexander Neville">Alexander Neville, Archbishop of York</a>, had all his possessions confiscated. Several of Richard's council were executed. On John of Gaunt's return from Spain, Richard was able to re-establish his power, having Gloucester murdered in captivity in Calais. Warwick was stripped of his title. Bolingbroke and Mowbray were exiled.<sup id="cite_ref-RIIODNB_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIIODNB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When John of Gaunt died in 1399, Richard disinherited John's son, Henry, who invaded England in response with a small force that quickly grew in numbers. Meeting little resistance, Henry deposed Richard to have himself crowned Henry IV of England. Richard died in captivity early the next year, probably murdered, bringing an end to the main Plantagenet line. None of Henry's heirs were free from challenge on the grounds of not being the true heir of Richard II and that the Lancastrian dynasty had gained the throne by an act of <a href="/wiki/Usurpation" class="mw-redirect" title="Usurpation">usurpation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RIIODNB_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RIIODNB-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Lancaster">House of Lancaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: House of Lancaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War_(1415%E2%80%931453)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)">Hundred Years' War (1415–1453)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_IV">Henry IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Henry IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry married his Plantagenet cousin <a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun" title="Mary de Bohun">Mary de Bohun</a>, who was paternally descended from Edward I and maternally from Edmund Crouchback.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had seven children:<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Edward (b. 1382; died as a child)—buried at <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Castle" title="Monmouth Castle">Monmouth Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouth" title="Monmouth">Monmouth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry</a> (1386–1422)—had one son:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry</a> (1421–1471)—also had one son:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward</a> (1453–1471)</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas, Duke of Clarence">Thomas</a> (1387–1421)—killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baug%C3%A9" title="Battle of Baugé">Battle of Baugé</a>. His marriage to <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Holland">Margaret Holland</a> proved childless; he had an illegitimate son named John, also known as the Bastard of Clarence.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Duke of Bedford">John</a> (1389–1435)—had two childless marriages: to <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Burgundy" title="Anne of Burgundy">Anne of Burgundy</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John the Fearless</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_of_Luxembourg" title="Jacquetta of Luxembourg">Jacquetta of Luxembourg</a>. John had an illegitimate son and daughter, named Richard and Mary, respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey</a> (1390–1447)—died under suspicious circumstances while imprisoned for treason against Henry VI; his death may have been the result of a stroke.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_England" title="Blanche of England">Blanche</a> (1392–1409)—married <a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Count_Palatine_of_the_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis III, Count Palatine of the Rhine">Louis III, Count Palatine of the Rhine</a>, in 1402.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_England" title="Philippa of England">Philippa</a> (1394–1430)—married <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, in 1406.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="15th century illuminated manuscript of the Battle of Agincourt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg/170px-Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg/255px-Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg/340px-Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet_-_Slag_bij_Azincourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Parchment miniature of Henry V's victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> in 1415, from <a href="/wiki/Enguerrand_de_Monstrelet" title="Enguerrand de Monstrelet">Enguerrand de Monstrelet</a>'s <i>Chronique de France</i> circa 1495</figcaption></figure> <p>Henry went to convoluted legal means to justify his succession. Many Lancastrians asserted that his mother had had legitimate rights through her descent from <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a>, who it was claimed was the elder son of Henry III of England, set aside due to deformity.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama264_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama264-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Mortimer,_5th_Earl_of_March" title="Edmund Mortimer, 5th Earl of March">Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March</a>, was the heir presumptive to Richard II and Henry used multiple rationales stressing his Plantagenet descent, divine grace, powerful friends, and Richard's misgovernment.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBHIV_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBHIV-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In fact, Mortimer never showed interest in the throne. The later marriage of his sister <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Mortimer" title="Anne de Mortimer">Anne</a> to <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge</a> consolidated this claim to the throne with that of the more junior <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a>. Henry planned to resume war with France, but was plagued with financial problems, declining health and frequent rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-mortimer353_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortimer353-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated a Scottish invasion, a serious rebellion by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland</a> in the North and <a href="/wiki/Owain_Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Owain Glyndŵr">Owain Glyndŵr</a>'s rebellion in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-mortimer353_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mortimer353-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many saw it as a punishment from God when Henry was later struck down with unknown but chronic illnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBHIV_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBHIV-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_V">Henry V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Henry V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Henry IV died in 1413. His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a>, aware that <a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI of France</a>'s mental illness had caused instability in France, invaded to assert the Plantagenet claims and won a near total victory over the French at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schama265_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schama265-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent years Henry recaptured much of Normandy and secured marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Troyes" title="Treaty of Troyes">Treaty of Troyes</a> stated that Henry's heirs would inherit the throne of France, but conflict continued with <a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">the Dauphin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_VI">Henry VI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Henry VI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Henry V died in 1422, his nine-month-old son succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a>. During the minority of Henry VI the war caused political division among his Plantagenet uncles, Bedford, <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Gloucester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Beaufort">Cardinal Beaufort</a>. Humphrey's wife was accused of treasonable <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a> after two astrologers in her employ unwisely, if honestly, predicted a serious illness would endanger Henry VI's life, and Humphrey was later arrested and died in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Depopulation stemming from the Black Death led to increased wages, static food costs and a resulting improvement in the standard of living for the peasantry. However, under Henry misgovernment and harvest failures depressed the English economy to a pitiful state known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Slump_(15th_century)" title="Great Slump (15th century)">Great Slump</a>. The economy was in ruins by 1450, a consequence of the loss of France, piracy in the channel and poor trading relations with the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic slowdown began in the 1430s in the north of the country, spreading south in the 1440s, with the economy not recovering until the 1480s.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also driven by multiple harvest failures in the 1430s and disease amongst livestock, which drove up the price of food and damaged the wider economy.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain groups were particularly badly affected: cloth exports fell by 35 per cent in just four years at the end of the 1440s, collapsing by up to 90 per cent in some parts of the South-West.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crown's debts reached £372,000, Henry's deficit was £20,000 per annum, and tax revenues were half those of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_York">House of York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: House of York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-regnal_history">Pre-regnal history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pre-regnal history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Richard II made his uncle (Edward III's fourth son) Edmund the first <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">duke of York</a> in 1385. Edmund was married to Isabella, a daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Castile" title="Peter of Castile">Peter of Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Padilla" title="María de Padilla">María de Padilla</a> and the sister of <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Castile,_Duchess_of_Lancaster" title="Constance of Castile, Duchess of Lancaster">Constance of Castile</a>, who was the second wife of Edmund's brother John of Gaunt. Both of Edmund's sons were killed in 1415. The younger, <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard</a>, became involved in the <a href="/wiki/Southampton_Plot" title="Southampton Plot">Southampton Plot</a>, a conspiracy to depose Henry V in favour of Richard's brother-in-law Edmund Mortimer. When Mortimer revealed the plot to the king, Richard was executed for treason. Richard's childless older brother <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York">Edward</a> was killed at the Battle of Agincourt later the same year. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_York,_Countess_of_Gloucester" title="Constance of York, Countess of Gloucester">Constance of York</a> was Edmund's only daughter and was an ancestor of Queen <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a>. The increasingly interwoven Plantagenet relationships were demonstrated by Edmund's second marriage to <a href="/wiki/Joan_Holland" title="Joan Holland">Joan Holland</a>. Her sister <a href="/wiki/Alianore_Holland,_Countess_of_March" title="Alianore Holland, Countess of March">Alianore Holland</a> was mother to Richard's wife, Anne Mortimer. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Holland">Margaret Holland</a>, another of Joan's sisters, married <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John of Gaunt's son</a>. She later married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Clarence">Thomas of Lancaster</a>, John of Gaunt's grandson by King Henry IV. A third sister, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holland,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Eleanor Holland, Countess of Salisbury">Eleanor Holland</a>, was mother-in-law to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury</a>—John's grandson by his daughter <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland</a>. These sisters were all granddaughters of Joan of Kent, the mother of Richard II, and therefore Plantagenet descendants of Edward I.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edmund's son Richard was married to Anne Mortimer, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March">Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alianore_Holland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alianore Holland">Eleanor Holland</a> and great-granddaughter of Edward III's second surviving son Lionel. Anne died giving birth to their only son in September 1411.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's execution four years later left two orphans: <a href="/wiki/Isabel_of_Cambridge,_Countess_of_Essex" title="Isabel of Cambridge, Countess of Essex">Isabel</a>, who married into the Bourchier family, and a son who was also called Richard. </p><p>Although his earldom was forfeited, Richard (the father) was not <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainted</a>, and the four-year-old orphan Richard was his heir. Within months of his father's death, Richard's childless uncle, Edward Duke of York, was killed at Agincourt. Richard was allowed to inherit the title of Duke of York in 1426. In 1432 he acquired the earldoms of March and Ulster on the death of his maternal uncle Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, who had died campaigning with Henry V in France, and the earldom of Cambridge which had belonged to his father. </p><p>Being descended from Edward III in both the maternal and the paternal line gave Richard a significant claim to the throne if the Lancastrian line should fail, and by <a href="/wiki/Cognatic_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognatic primogeniture">cognatic primogeniture</a> arguably a superior claim.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBRoY_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBRoY-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emphasised the point by being the first to assume the Plantagenet surname in 1448. Having inherited the March and Ulster titles, he became the wealthiest and most powerful noble in England, second only to the king himself. Richard married <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville,_Duchess_of_York" title="Cecily Neville, Duchess of York">Cecily Neville</a>, a granddaughter of John of Gaunt, and had thirteen or possibly fifteen children:<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_York,_Duchess_of_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne of York, Duchess of Exeter">Anne of York</a> (1439–1476)—(<a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> taken from a descendant of her second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anne_St_Leger,_Baroness_de_Ros" title="Anne St Leger, Baroness de Ros">Anne St Leger, Baroness de Ros</a>, was used in the identification of <a href="/wiki/Exhumation_of_Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Exhumation of Richard III">the remains of Richard III</a>, which were found in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Henry (b. 1441; died as a child)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward</a> (1442–1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund</a> (1443–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" title="Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk">Elizabeth</a> (1444–1503)—married <a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk">John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk</a>; she was the mother of several claimants to the throne.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret</a> (1446–1503)—married <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bold" title="Charles the Bold">Charles the Bold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Burgundy" title="Duke of Burgundy">Duke of Burgundy</a>.</li> <li>William (b. 1447; died as a child)</li> <li>John (b. 1448; died as a child)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George</a> (1449–1478)</li> <li>Thomas (b. 1450/51; died as a child)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard</a> (1452–1485)</li> <li>Ursula (b. 1455; died as a child)</li> <li>In her will, Cecily stated that Katherine and Humphrey were her children, but they may have been her grandchildren through de la Pole.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Battle of Tewkesbury, as illustrated in the Ghent manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg/260px-MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg/390px-MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg/520px-MS_Ghent_-_Battle_of_Tewkesbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a> of 1471, as illustrated in the Ghent manuscript</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_over_the_crown">Conflict over the crown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conflict over the crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Henry VI had a mental breakdown, Richard was named regent, but the birth of a male heir resolved the question of succession.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBRoY_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBRoY-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Henry's sanity returned, the court party reasserted its authority, but Richard of York and the Nevilles defeated them at a skirmish called the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_St_Albans" title="First Battle of St Albans">First Battle of St Albans</a>. The ruling class was deeply shocked and reconciliation was attempted.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBRoY_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBRoY-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> York and the Nevilles fled abroad, but the Nevilles returned to win the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northampton_(1460)" title="Battle of Northampton (1460)">Battle of Northampton</a>, where they captured Henry.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBRoY_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBRoY-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Richard of York joined them he surprised Parliament by claiming the throne and forcing through the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Accord" title="Act of Accord">Act of Accord</a>, which stated that Henry would remain as king for his lifetime, but would be succeeded by York. Margaret found this disregard for her son's claims unacceptable, and so the conflict continued. York was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Battle of Wakefield</a> and his head set on display at <a href="/wiki/Micklegate_Bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Micklegate Bar">Micklegate Bar</a> along with those of <a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, and Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, who had been captured and beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBRoY_93-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBRoY-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scottish queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a> provided Margaret with support but London welcomed York's son <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward, Earl of March</a> and Parliament confirmed that Edward should be made king. He was crowned after consolidating his position with victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Battle of Towton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBEIV_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBEIV-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Edward's preferment of the former Lancastrian-supporting Woodville family, following his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a>, led Warwick and Clarence to help Margaret depose Edward and return Henry to the throne. Edward and <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a>, fled, but on their return, Clarence switched sides at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barnet" title="Battle of Barnet">Battle of Barnet</a>, leading to the death of the Neville brothers. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tewkesbury" title="Battle of Tewkesbury">Battle of Tewkesbury</a> brought the demise of the last of the male line of the Beauforts. The battlefield casualty of <a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the later probable murder of Henry VI extinguished the House of Lancaster.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_IV">Edward IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Edward IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the mid-1470s, the victorious House of York looked safely established, with seven living male princes: Edward IV, his two sons, his brother George and George's son, his brother Richard and Richard's son. Edward and Elizabeth Woodville themselves had ten children, seven of whom survived him:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth</a> (1466–1503)—<a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_York" title="Mary of York">Mary</a> (1467–1482)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily</a> (1469–1507)—initially married <a href="/wiki/John_Welles,_1st_Viscount_Welles" title="John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles">John Welles, 1st Viscount Welles</a>, and later married Thomas Kyme (or Keme) following John's death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward</a> (1470–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>)—briefly succeeded his father as King Edward V.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York_(1472)" title="Margaret of York (1472)">Margaret</a> (1472; died that year)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard</a> (1473–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1483</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_York_(daughter_of_Edward_IV)" title="Anne of York (daughter of Edward IV)">Anne</a> (1475–1511)—married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Bedford">George</a> (1477–1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine of York</a> (1479–1527)—married <a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_York" title="Bridget of York">Bridget of York</a> (1480–1517)—became a nun — possibly had an illegitimate daughter called <a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Eltham" title="Agnes of Eltham">Agnes of Eltham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Princes_in_the_Tower_and_Richard_III">Princes in the Tower and Richard III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Princes in the Tower and Richard III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dynastic infighting and misfortune quickly brought about the demise of the House of York. <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, plotted against his brother and was executed. Following Edward's premature death in 1483, the Three Estates of the Realm, assembled in an informal Parliament, declared Edward's two sons illegitimate on the grounds of an alleged prior marriage to <a href="/wiki/Lady_Eleanor_Talbot" title="Lady Eleanor Talbot">Lady Eleanor Talbot</a>, leaving Edward's marriage invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashdown_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashdown-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard III ascended to the throne, and the <a href="/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower" title="Princes in the Tower">Princes in the Tower</a>'s fate is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ashdown_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashdown-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard's son predeceased him and Richard was killed in 1485<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated5_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after an invasion by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>, who claimed the throne through his mother <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby">Margaret Beaufort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tudor assumed the throne as Henry VII, founding the Tudor dynasty and bringing the Plantagenet line of kings to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="House_of_Tudor_and_other_Plantagenet_descendants">House of Tudor and other Plantagenet descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: House of Tudor and other Plantagenet descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tudor">Tudor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tudor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Elizabeth of York (1465–1503)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg/170px-Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg/255px-Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg/340px-Elizabeth_of_York_from_Kings_and_Queens_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII,_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VII, of England">Henry VII, of England</a> seized the throne there were eighteen Plantagenet descendants who might today be thought to have a stronger hereditary claim, and by 1510 this number had been increased further by the birth of sixteen Yorkist children.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir2008p148_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir2008p148-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry mitigated this situation with his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>. She was the eldest daughter of Edward IV, and all their children were his cognatic heirs. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a> noted Henry VIII's pronounced resemblance to his grandfather Edward: "For just as Edward was the most warmly thought of by the English people amongst all English kings, so this successor of his, Henry, was very much like him in general appearance, in greatness of mind and generosity and for that reason was the most acclaimed and approved of all."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This did not deter <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy</a>—Edward's sister and Elizabeth's aunt—and members of the de la Pole family—children of Edward's sister and <a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_2nd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk">John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk</a>— from frequent attempts to destabilise Henry's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNBMoY_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNBMoY-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henry imprisoned Margaret's nephew <a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Edward, Earl of Warwick</a>, the son of her brother George, in the Tower of London, but in 1487 Margaret financed a rebellion led by <a href="/wiki/Lambert_Simnel" title="Lambert Simnel">Lambert Simnel</a> whose true identity remains uncertain, though he himself presented himself as 'Edward VI'. <a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_1st_Earl_of_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, 1st Earl of Lincoln</a>, joined the revolt, probably anticipating that it would further his own ambitions to the throne, but he was killed in the suppression of the uprising at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoke_Field" title="Battle of Stoke Field">Battle of Stoke Field</a> in 1487.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warwick was implicated by two further failed invasions supported by Margaret by the so called <a href="/wiki/Perkin_Warbeck" title="Perkin Warbeck">Perkin Warbeck</a> claiming to be Edward IV's son Richard of Shrewsbury, and supposedly Warbeck's later planned escape for them both; Warwick was executed in 1499; with his death the House of Plantagenet went extinct in the legitimate male line.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward's execution may simply have been a precondition for the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a> to <a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Katherine of Aragon">Katherine of Aragon</a> in 1501.<sup id="cite_ref-EEoW_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEoW-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_La_Pole">De La Pole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: De La Pole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John de la Pole's attainder meant that his brother Edmund inherited their father's titles, but much of the wealth of the duchy of Suffolk was forfeit. Edmund did not possess sufficient finances to maintain his status as a duke, so as a compromise he accepted the title of earl of Suffolk. Financial difficulties led to frequent legal conflicts and Edmund's indictment for murder in 1501. He fled with his brother Richard, while their remaining brother, William, was imprisoned in the Tower—where he would remain until his death 37 years later—as part of a general suppression of Edmund's associates. <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Castile" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip the Fair</a> had been holding Edmund and in 1506 he returned him to Henry. Edmund was imprisoned in the Tower. In 1513, he was executed after Richard de la Pole, whom <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a> had recognised as king of England the previous year, claimed the kingship in his own right.<sup id="cite_ref-EDLP_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EDLP-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard, known as the White Rose, plotted an invasion of England for years but was killed in 1525 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Battle of Pavia</a> while fighting as the captain of the French <a href="/wiki/Landsknechts" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsknechts">landsknechts</a> during <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="François I of France">François I of France</a>'s invasion of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-RDLP_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RDLP-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pole">Pole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole,_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient oil painting of Cardinal Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/170px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/255px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg/340px-El_cardenal_Reginald_Pole%2C_por_Sebastiano_del_Piombo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Warwick's sister, and therefore Edward IV's niece, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury</a>, was executed by Henry VIII in 1541. By then, the cause was more religious and political rather than dynastic. The attainder of her father, <a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">Clarence</a>, was a legal bar to any claims to the throne by his children. Additionally her marriage, arranged by Henry VII, to <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Pole">Sir Richard Pole</a>, his half-cousin and trusted supporter, was not auspicious. Nevertheless, it did allow the couple to be closely involved in court affairs. Margaret's fortunes improved under Henry VIII and in February 1512 she was restored to the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">earldom of Salisbury</a> and all the Warwicks' lands. This made her the first and, apart from <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, the only woman in 16th-century England to hold a peerage title in her own right.<sup id="cite_ref-Pole_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pole-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her daughter <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Pole,_Baroness_Stafford" title="Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford">Ursula</a> married the son of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham">Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham</a>. Buckingham's fall after arguments with the king over property, and Margaret's open support for <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Princess Mary</a> began the Poles' estrangement from the king. Hope of reconciliation was dashed by <i>De unitate</i>, the letter that Margaret's son <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a> wrote to Henry VIII, in which Reginald declared his opposition to the royal supremacy. In 1538 evidence came to light that Pole family members in England had been in communication with Reginald. Margaret's sons <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pole" title="Geoffrey Pole">Geoffrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pole,_1st_Baron_Montagu" title="Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu">Henry</a> were arrested for treason along with several friends and associates, including Henry's wife and brother-in-law—<a href="/wiki/Edward_Neville_(courtier)" title="Edward Neville (courtier)">Edward Neville</a>. Among those arrested was the king's cousin <a href="/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter">Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter</a>, his wife and 11-year-old son. Courteney's wife was released two years later, but their son spent 15 years in the Tower until Queen Mary released him. Except for the surviving Geoffrey Pole, all the others implicated were beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-Courteney_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courteney-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Margaret was attainted. The possibility of an invasion involving Reginald via her south coast estates and her embittered relationship with Henry VIII precluded any chance of pardon. However, the decision to execute her seems a spontaneous, rather than a premeditated, act. According to the Calendar of State Papers, her execution was botched at the hands of "a wretched and blundering youth ... who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". In 1886 she was beatified by Pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> on the grounds she had laid down her life for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> "and for the truth of the orthodox Faith".<sup id="cite_ref-Pole_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pole-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stafford">Stafford</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Stafford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham">Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham</a>, combined multiple lines of Plantagenet descent: from Edward III by his son Thomas of Woodstock, from Edward III via two of his Beaufort grandchildren, and from Edward I from Joan of Kent and the <a href="/wiki/Holland_family" title="Holland family">Holland family</a>. His father failed in his rebellion against Richard III in 1483 but was restored to his inheritance on the reversal of his father's <a href="/wiki/Attainder" title="Attainder">attainder</a> late in 1485. His mother married Henry VII's uncle <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Tudor" title="Jasper Tudor">Jasper Tudor</a>, and his wardship was entrusted to the king's mother, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Lady Margaret Beaufort</a>. In 1502, during Henry VII's illness, there was debate as to whether Buckingham or Edmund de la Pole should act as regent for Henry VIII. There is no evidence of continuous hostility between Buckingham and Henry VIII, but there is little doubt of the duke's dislike of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>, whom he believed to be plotting to ruin the old nobility. Therefore, Henry VIII instructed Wolsey to watch Buckingham, his brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_1st_Earl_of_Wiltshire" title="Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire">Henry Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire</a>, and three other peers. Neither Henry VIII nor his father planned to destroy Buckingham because of his lineage and Henry VIII even allowed Buckingham's son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stafford,_1st_Baron_Stafford" title="Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford">Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford</a>, to marry Ursula Pole, giving the Staffords a further line of royal blood descent. Buckingham himself was arrested in April 1521; he was found guilty on 16 May and executed the next day. Evidence was provided that the duke had been listening to prophecies that he would be king and that the Tudor family lay under God's curse for the execution of Warwick. This was said to explain Henry VIII's failure to produce a male heir. Much of this evidence consisted of ill-judged comments, speculation and bad temper, but it underlined the threat presented by Buckingham's descent.<sup id="cite_ref-Stafford_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stafford-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tudor_succession">Tudor succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Tudor succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Succession to Elizabeth I of England">Succession to Elizabeth I of England</a></div> <p>As late as 1600, with the Tudor succession in doubt, older Plantagenet lines remained as possible claimants to a disputed throne, and religious and dynastic factors gave rise to complications. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(record_keeper)" title="Thomas Wilson (record keeper)">Thomas Wilson</a> wrote in his report <i>The State of England, Anno Domini 1600</i> that there were 12 "competitors" for the succession. At the time of writing (about 1601), Wilson had been working on intelligence matters for <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Lord Buckhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Cecil">Sir Robert Cecil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WilsonTom_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilsonTom-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alleged competitors included five descendants of Henry VII and Elizabeth, including the eventual successor <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I of England</a>, but also seven from older Plantagenet lines:<sup id="cite_ref-Pro_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pro-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hastings,_3rd_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon">Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hastings,_4th_Earl_of_Huntingdon" title="George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon">George Hastings, 4th Earl of Huntingdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neville,_6th_Earl_of_Westmorland" title="Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland">Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_9th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranuccio_I_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma">Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a> and his infant daughter</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Ranulph_Crewe" title="Ranulph Crewe">Ranulph Crewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Chief Justice of the King's Bench</a>, argued that by 1626 the House of Plantagenet could not be considered to remain in existence in a speech during the Oxford Peerage case, which was to rule on who should inherit the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Oxford" title="Earl of Oxford">earldom of Oxford</a>. It was referred by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, who called for judicial assistance. Crewe said: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have labored to make a covenant with myself, that affection may not press upon judgement; for I suppose there is no man that hath any apprehension of gentry or nobleness, but his affection stands to the continuance of a house so illustrious, and would take hold of a twig or twine-thread to support it. And yet time hath his revolutions; there must be a period and an end to all temporal things – finis rerum – an end of names and dignities, and whatsoever is terrene; and why not of <a href="/wiki/De_Vere_family" class="mw-redirect" title="De Vere family">de Vere</a>? For where is <a href="/wiki/Bohun_family" title="Bohun family">Bohun</a>? Where is <a href="/wiki/House_of_Mowbray" title="House of Mowbray">Mowbray</a>? Where is <a href="/wiki/Mortimer" title="Mortimer">Mortimer</a>? Nay, which is more, and most of all, where is Plantagenet? They are entombed in the urns and sepulchres of mortality! yet let the name of de Vere stand so long as it pleaseth God.<sup id="cite_ref-carew_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carew-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_Plantagenet_monarchs">Timeline of Plantagenet monarchs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Timeline of Plantagenet monarchs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_gvh6m0mva5uye5pjmvw7e93f0cv4vwl"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" coords="632,171,729,192" title="Richard III of England" alt="Richard III of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" coords="628,161,708,181" title="Edward V of England" alt="Edward V of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" coords="604,129,690,150" title="Edward IV of England" alt="Edward IV of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" coords="587,118,668,139" title="Henry VI of England" alt="Henry VI of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" coords="515,108,590,129" title="Henry V of England" alt="Henry V of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" coords="498,97,578,118" title="Henry IV of England" alt="Henry IV of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" coords="472,87,564,107" title="Richard II of England" alt="Richard II of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" coords="431,76,523,97" title="Edward III of England" alt="Edward III of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" coords="338,66,424,86" title="Edward II of England" alt="Edward II of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" coords="301,55,382,76" title="Edward I of England" alt="Edward I of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" coords="236,45,322,65" title="Henry III of England" alt="Henry III of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/John_of_England" coords="132,34,190,55" title="John of England" alt="John of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" coords="101,24,187,44" title="Richard I of England" alt="Richard I of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" coords="82,13,162,34" title="Henry II of England" alt="Henry II of England" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/House_of_York" coords="597,193,655,214" title="House of York" alt="House of York" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" coords="591,193,633,214" title="House of Lancaster" alt="House of Lancaster" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/House_of_York" coords="582,193,624,214" title="House of York" alt="House of York" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" coords="494,193,580,214" title="House of Lancaster" alt="House of Lancaster" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Angevin" coords="214,193,289,214" title="Angevin" alt="Angevin" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_gvh6m0mva5uye5pjmvw7e93f0cv4vwl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/gvh6m0mva5uye5pjmvw7e93f0cv4vwl.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Genealogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_monarchs_family_tree#House_of_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="English monarchs family tree">Plantagenet monarchs' family tree</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:lightgrey;">Family tree</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <dl><dd><i>This family tree includes selected members of the House of Plantagenet who were born legitimate.</i><sup id="cite_ref-HoP_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoP-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFAAAA; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#AAFFAA; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_V,_Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou</a><br />1113–1151</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II, King of England</a></b><br />1133–1189</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Nantes" title="Geoffrey, Count of Nantes">Geoffrey, Count of Nantes</a><br />1134–1158</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William FitzEmpress</a><br />1136–1164</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a><br />1155–1183</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I, King of England</a></b><br />1157–1199</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany</a><br />1158–1186</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a></b><br />1167–1216</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur I, Duke of Brittany</a><br />1187–1203</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III, King of England</a></b><br />1207–1272</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard, King of Germany</a><br />1209–1272</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I, King of England</a></b><br />1239–1307</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund, 1st Earl of Lancaster</a><br />1245–1296</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Almain" title="Henry of Almain">Henry of Almain</a><br />1235–1271</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall">Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall</a><br />1249–1300</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Alphonso, Earl of Chester">Alphonso, Earl of Chester</a><br />1273–1284</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II, King of England</a></b><br />1284–1327</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Thomas, 1st Earl of Norfolk</a><br />1300–1338</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Woodstock,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent">Edmund, 1st Earl of Kent</a><br />1301–1330</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster</a><br />c. 1278–1322</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster</a><br />c. 1281–1345</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III, King of England</a></b><br />1312–1377</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Eltham,_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall">John, Earl of Cornwall</a><br />1316–1336</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent">Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent</a><br />1326–1331</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John,_3rd_Earl_of_Kent" title="John, 3rd Earl of Kent">John, 3rd Earl of Kent</a><br />1330–1352</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Henry of Grosmont, Duke of Lancaster">Henry, Duke of Lancaster</a><br />c. 1310–1361</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward,<br />Prince of Wales</a><br />1330–1376</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John, Duke of Lancaster</a><br />1340–1399</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund, 1st Duke of York</a><br />1341–1402</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel, Duke of Clarence</a><br />1338–1368</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester">Thomas, Duke of Gloucester</a><br />1355–1397</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px; vertical-align:bottom"><i><small><a href="/wiki/House_of_Beaufort" title="House of Beaufort">House of<br /> Beaufort</a></small></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px; vertical-align:top"><small><i>Two generations<br /> skipped</i></small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II, King of England</a></b><br />1367–1400</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort, Earl of Somerset</a><br /><i>(legitimated)</i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV, King of England</a></b><br />1367–1413</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edward,_2nd_Duke_of_York" title="Edward, 2nd Duke of York">Edward, 2nd Duke of York</a><br />c. 1373–1415</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_Earl_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Conisburgh, Earl of Cambridge">Richard, Earl of Cambridge</a><br />1385–1415</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Mortimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Mortimer">Anne Mortimer</a><br />1388–1411</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Earl_of_Buckingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey, Earl of Buckingham">Humphrey, Earl of Buckingham</a><br />1382–1399</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px dotted;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dotted;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V, King of England</a></b><br />1386–1422</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence">Thomas, Duke of Clarence</a><br />1387–1421</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_Duke_of_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort, Duke of Somerset</a><br />1404–1444</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Duke of Bedford">John, Duke of Bedford</a><br />1389–1435</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a><br />1390–1447</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard, 3rd Duke of York</a><br />1411–1460</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI, King of England</a></b><br />1421–1471</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Richmond_and_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond and Derby">Margaret Beaufort</a><br />1443–1509</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV, King of England</a></b><br />1442–1483</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a><br />1443–1460</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George, Duke of Clarence</a><br />1449–1478</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III, King of England</a></b><br />1452–1485</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" title="Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk">Elizabeth, Duchess of Suffolk</a><br />1444–c.1503</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px; vertical-align:top"><i><small><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></small></i></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #FFAAAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward,<br />Prince of Wales</a><br />1453–1471</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII, King of England</a></b><br />1457–1509</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a><br />1466–1503</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V, King of England</a></b><br />1470–?</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Shrewsbury">Richard of Shrewsbury</a><br />1473–?</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Margaret Pole,<br /> Countess of Salisbury</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Edward, Earl of Warwick</a><br />1475–1499</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #AAFFAA;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Middleham">Edward, Prince of Wales</a><br />1473–1484</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px; vertical-align:top"><i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York,_Duchess_of_Suffolk#Issue" title="Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk"><small>House of <br />York-de la Pole</small></a></i></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:0px; vertical-align:top"><small><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury#Descendants" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">House of Pole</a></i></small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:lightgrey;">List of male-line members of the House of Plantagenet</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Kings of England are in bold. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a></b>, 1133–1189 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a>, 1155–1183</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></b>, 1157–1199</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany</a>, 1158–1186 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur I, Duke of Brittany">Arthur I, Duke of Brittany</a>, 1187–1203</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a></b>, 1167–1216 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a></b>, 1207–1272 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a></b>, 1239–1307 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a></b>, 1284–1327 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></b>, 1312–1377 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_the_Black_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward, the Black Prince">Edward, the Black Prince</a>, 1330–1376 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a></b>, 1367–1400</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, 1338–1368<sup id="cite_ref-Weirp96_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weirp96-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, 1340–1399<sup id="cite_ref-Lancaster_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lancaster-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a></b>, 1366–1413 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></b>, 1386–1422 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></b>, 1421–1471 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Westminster">Edward of Westminster</a>, 1453–1471</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas,_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas, Duke of Clarence">Thomas, Duke of Clarence</a>, 1387–1421</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John, Duke of Bedford">John, Duke of Bedford</a>, 1389–1435</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a>, 1390–1447</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York</a>, 1341–1402<sup id="cite_ref-HoY_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoY-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Norwich,_2nd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York">Edward of Norwich, 2nd Duke of York</a>, 1373–1415</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Conisburgh,_3rd_Earl_of_Cambridge" title="Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge">Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge</a>, 1375–1415 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York</a>, 1411–1460 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a></b>, 1442–1483 <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward V of England</a></b>, 1470–?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_1st_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York</a>, 1473–?</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_Earl_of_Rutland" title="Edmund, Earl of Rutland">Edmund, Earl of Rutland</a>, 1443–1460</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_1st_Duke_of_Clarence" class="mw-redirect" title="George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, 1st Duke of Clarence</a>, 1449–1478 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick</a>, 1475–1499, the last legitimate male-line Plantagenet</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a></b>, 1452–1485</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester</a>, 1355–1397 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_2nd_Earl_of_Buckingham" title="Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham">Humphrey, 2nd Earl of Buckingham</a>, 1381–1399</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Eltham,_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall">John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall</a>, 1316–1336</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk</a>, 1300–1338 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Norfolk" title="Edward of Norfolk">Edward of Norfolk</a>, 1313-1334</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Woodstock,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent">Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent</a>, 1301–1330 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent">Edmund, 2nd Earl of Kent</a>, 1326-1331</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_3rd_Earl_of_Kent" title="John, 3rd Earl of Kent">John, 3rd Earl of Kent</a>, 1330–1352</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback,_1st_Earl_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster">Edmund Crouchback, 1st Earl of Lancaster</a>, 1245–1296 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Plantagenet,_2nd_Earl_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster">Thomas Plantagenet, 2nd Earl of Lancaster</a>, 1278–1322</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_3rd_Earl_of_Lancaster" title="Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster">Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster</a>, 1281–1345 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Grosmont,_1st_Duke_of_Lancaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster">Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a>, 1310–1361</li></ul></li> <li>John of Beaufort, Lord of Beaufort, 1286–1317</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall</a>, 1209–1272 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Almain" title="Henry of Almain">Henry of Almain</a>, 1235–1271</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund,_2nd_Earl_of_Cornwall" title="Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall">Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall</a>, 1249–1300</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Plantagenet name is spelt in English sources in several ways, such as <i>Plantaganet</i>, <i>Plantagenett</i>, <i>Plantagenette</i>, <i>Plantaginet</i>, <i>Plantagynett</i>, etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-plant2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-plant2007_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlant2007">Plant 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner2001">Wagner 2001</a>, p. 206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeefe2008">Keefe 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Angevin" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Angevin">"Angevin"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Angevin&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DAngevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlockmansHoppenbrouwers2014">Blockmans & Hoppenbrouwers 2014</a>, p. 173; <a href="#CITEREFGillingham2007">Gillingham 2007</a>, pp. 15–23; <a href="#CITEREFPower2007">Power 2007</a>, pp. 85–86; <a href="#CITEREFWarren1991">Warren 1991</a>, pp. 228–229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, pp. 2–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For instance, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch, David</a> (1990). <i>William Marshal: Court, Career, and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire, 1147–1219</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-03786-1"><bdi>978-0-582-03786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Marshal%3A+Court%2C+Career%2C+and+Chivalry+in+the+Angevin+Empire%2C+1147%E2%80%931219&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-582-03786-1&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> and <a href="#CITEREFTurnerHeiser2014">Turner & Heiser 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies190-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies190_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1997">Davies 1997</a>, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1999p309-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1999p309_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1999">Davies 1999</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2001_11–12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2001_11–12_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, pp. 11–12, 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schama2000p117-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schama2000p117_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchama2000">Schama 2000</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, pp. 15–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarren1973">Warren 1973</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillingham_2001_21-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillingham_2001_21_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillingham2001">Gillingham 2001</a>, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 59–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorgate2004b">Norgate 2004b</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 66–67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir_2008_65-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir_2008_65_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir_2008_65_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longespee-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longespee_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longespee_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrickland2010">Strickland 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+tree&rft.pub=University+of+Leicester&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.le.ac.uk%2Frichardiii%2Fscience%2Ffamilytree.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNBEIV-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNBEIV_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2011">Horrox 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields1998" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Bertram (1998). <i>Royal Blood</i>. Regan Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">260–</span>261.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Blood&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=Regan+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Bertram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2015">Griffiths 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 139–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2013">Horrox 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashdown-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashdown_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashdown_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshdown-Hill2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashdown-Hill" title="John Ashdown-Hill">Ashdown-Hill, John</a> (2015). <i>The Mythology of Richard III</i>. Amberley. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+Richard+III&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Ashdown-Hill&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2018" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Matthew (2018). <i>The Survival of the Princes in the Tower</i>. Stroud: The History Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Survival+of+the+Princes+in+the+Tower&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunn2009">Gunn 2009</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2004">Anon 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir2008p148-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weir2008p148_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStarkey2009">Starkey 2009</a>, p. 305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNBMoY-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNBMoY_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2008">Jones 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHorrox2004">Horrox 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulwencreutz, Lars. <i>Ulwencreutz's the Royal Families in Europe V</i> (2003), p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEoW-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EEoW_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2008">Carpenter 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EDLP-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EDLP_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2008">Cunningham 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RDLP-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RDLP_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCunningham2004a">Cunningham 2004a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pole-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pole_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pole_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPierce2015">Pierce 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courteney-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Courteney_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooper2008">Cooper 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stafford-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stafford_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilsonTom-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WilsonTom_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelsey2008">Kelsey 2008</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pro-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pro_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPublic_Records_Office1870">Public Records Office 1870</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carew-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carew_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBent1887">Bent 1887</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoP-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoP_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 57–145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weirp96-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weirp96_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancaster-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lancaster_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 124–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoY-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoY_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir2008">Weir 2008</a>, pp. 134–145</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Abulafia, D. S. H (2004). "Isabella (1214–1241)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14482">10.1093/ref:odnb/14482</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isabella+%281214%E2%80%931241%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14482&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=D.+S.+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anon (2004). "Monarchs of England (924x7–1707)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92701">10.1093/ref:odnb/92701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monarchs+of+England+%28924x7%E2%80%931707%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92701&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barber, Richard (2008). "Edward, prince of Wales and of Aquitaine (1330–1376)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8523">10.1093/ref:odnb/8523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward%2C+prince+of+Wales+and+of+Aquitaine+%281330%E2%80%931376%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8523&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt2003" class="citation book cs1">Barratt, Nick (2003). "The Revenues of King John and Philip Augustus Revisited". In Church, S. D. (ed.). <i>King John: New Interpretations</i>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-947-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-947-8"><bdi>978-0-85115-947-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Revenues+of+King+John+and+Philip+Augustus+Revisited&rft.btitle=King+John%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-947-8&rft.aulast=Barratt&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBent1887" class="citation book cs1">Bent, Samuel Arthur (1887). <i>Familiar Short Sayings of Great Men, with Historical and Explanatory Notes by Samuel Arthur Bent</i>. Ticknor and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familiar+Short+Sayings+of+Great+Men%2C+with+Historical+and+Explanatory+Notes+by+Samuel+Arthur+Bent&rft.pub=Ticknor+and+Co.&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Bent&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlockmansHoppenbrouwers2014" class="citation book cs1">Blockmans, Wim; Hoppenbrouwers, Mark (2014). <i>Introduction to Medieval Europe, 300–1500</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93425-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-93425-7"><bdi>978-1-317-93425-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Medieval+Europe%2C+300%E2%80%931500&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-93425-7&rft.aulast=Blockmans&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft.au=Hoppenbrouwers%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSummerson2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Brown, A. L.; Summerson, Henry (2010). "Henry IV (1367–1413)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12951">10.1093/ref:odnb/12951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+IV+%281367%E2%80%931413%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12951&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rft.au=Summerson%2C+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carpenter, Christine (2008). "Edward, styled earl of Warwick (1475–1499)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8525">10.1093/ref:odnb/8525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward%2C+styled+earl+of+Warwick+%281475%E2%80%931499%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8525&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2007" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, David (2007). "King Henry III and Saint Edward the Confessor: The Origins of the Cult". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>CXXII</b> (498): <span class="nowrap">865–</span>891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem214">10.1093/ehr/cem214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4493985">4493985</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=King+Henry+III+and+Saint+Edward+the+Confessor%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Cult&rft.volume=CXXII&rft.issue=498&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E865-%3C%2Fspan%3E891&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcem214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4493985%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cooper, J. P. D. (2008). "Henry Courtenay (1498/9–1538)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6451">10.1093/ref:odnb/6451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+Courtenay+%281498%2F9%E2%80%931538%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F6451&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.+P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2004a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cunningham, Sean (2004a). "Pole, Richard de la (d. 1525)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22458">10.1093/ref:odnb/22458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pole%2C+Richard+de+la+%28d.+1525%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22458&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2008). "Pole, Edmund de la, eighth earl of Suffolk (1472?–1513)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22446">10.1093/ref:odnb/22446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pole%2C+Edmund+de+la%2C+eighth+earl+of+Suffolk+%281472%3F%E2%80%931513%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22446&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1977" class="citation book cs1">Davies, C. S. L. (1977). <i>Peace, Print & Protestantism 1450–1558</i>. Hart-Davis, McGiven. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686354-0"><bdi>978-0-00-686354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace%2C+Print+%26+Protestantism+1450%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Hart-Davis%2C+McGiven&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686354-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=C.+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2008). "Edward Stafford (1478–1521)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26202">10.1093/ref:odnb/26202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+Stafford+%281478%E2%80%931521%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26202&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=C.+S.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1997). <i>Europe – A History</i>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6633-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6633-8"><bdi>0-7126-6633-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7126-6633-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1999" class="citation book cs1">—— (1999). <i>The Isles – A History</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-76370-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-76370-X"><bdi>0-333-76370-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isles+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-333-76370-X&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gillingham, John (1985). "The art of Kingship: Richard I 1189–99". <i>History Today</i>. <b>35</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+art+of+Kingship%3A+Richard+I+1189%E2%80%9399&rft.volume=35&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001). <i>The Angevin Empire</i>. Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-74115-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-74115-5"><bdi>0-340-74115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Angevin+Empire&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-340-74115-5&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). "Doing Homage to the King of France". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_Ong1PZq_QC"><i>Henry II: New Interpretations</i></a>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-340-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-340-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doing+Homage+to+the+King+of+France&rft.btitle=Henry+II%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-340-6&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_Ong1PZq_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2009). "Richard I (1157–1199)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23498">10.1093/ref:odnb/23498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+I+%281157%E2%80%931199%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23498&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillingham2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2010). "John (1167–1216)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14841">10.1093/ref:odnb/14841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+%281167%E2%80%931216%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14841&rft.aulast=Gillingham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goodman, Anthony (2004). "Katherine (1372–1418)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F48316">10.1093/ref:odnb/48316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Katherine+%281372%E2%80%931418%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F48316&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Griffiths, R. A. (2015). "Henry VI (1421–1471)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12953">10.1093/ref:odnb/12953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VI+%281421%E2%80%931471%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12953&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gunn, S. J. (2009). "Henry VII (1457–1509)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12954">10.1093/ref:odnb/12954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VII+%281457%E2%80%931509%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12954&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallam2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hallam, Elizabeth (2004). "Eleanor, countess of Pembroke and Leicester (1215?–1275)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F46703">10.1093/ref:odnb/46703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eleanor%2C+countess+of+Pembroke+and+Leicester+%281215%3F%E2%80%931275%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F46703&rft.aulast=Hallam&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hamilton, J. S. (2008). "Gaveston, Piers, earl of Cornwall (d. 1312)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10463">10.1093/ref:odnb/10463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gaveston%2C+Piers%2C+earl+of+Cornwall+%28d.+1312%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10463&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harriss, G.L. (2011). "Humphrey, duke of Gloucester (1390–1447)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14155">10.1093/ref:odnb/14155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Humphrey%2C+duke+of+Gloucester+%281390%E2%80%931447%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14155&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarriss2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harriss, G.L. (2012). "Richard, earl of Cambridge (1385–1415)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23502">10.1093/ref:odnb/23502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard%2C+earl+of+Cambridge+%281385%E2%80%931415%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23502&rft.aulast=Harriss&rft.aufirst=G.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatcher2002" class="citation book cs1">Hatcher, John (2002). "The Great Slump of the Mid-Fifteenth Century". In Britnell, Richard; Hatcher, John (eds.). <i>Progress and Problems in Medieval England: Essays in Honour of Edward Miller</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52273-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52273-1"><bdi>978-0-521-52273-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Great+Slump+of+the+Mid-Fifteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Progress+and+Problems+in+Medieval+England%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Edward+Miller&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52273-1&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2012" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Michael (2012). <i>The Wars of the Roses</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18157-9"><bdi>978-0-300-18157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18157-9&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Horrox, Rosemary (2004). "Pole, John de la, earl of Lincoln (c. 1460–1487)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22449">10.1093/ref:odnb/22449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pole%2C+John+de+la%2C+earl+of+Lincoln+%28c.+1460%E2%80%931487%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22449&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2011). "Edward IV (1442–1483)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8520">10.1093/ref:odnb/8520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+IV+%281442%E2%80%931483%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8520&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorrox2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2013). "Richard III (1452–1485)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23500">10.1093/ref:odnb/23500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+III+%281452%E2%80%931485%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23500&rft.aulast=Horrox&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Michael (2008). "Margaret, duchess of Burgundy (1446–1503)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18051">10.1093/ref:odnb/18051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Margaret%2C+duchess+of+Burgundy+%281446%E2%80%931503%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18051&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeefe2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keefe, Thomas K (2008). "Henry II (1133–1189)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12949">10.1093/ref:odnb/12949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+II+%281133%E2%80%931189%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12949&rft.aulast=Keefe&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kelsey, Sean (2008). "Wilson, Thomas)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29690">10.1093/ref:odnb/29690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wilson%2C+Thomas%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29690&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovatt2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lovatt, Marie (2007). "Geoffrey (1151?–1212)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10535">10.1093/ref:odnb/10535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geoffrey+%281151%3F%E2%80%931212%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F10535&rft.aulast=Lovatt&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maddicott, J.R. (2008). "Thomas of Lancaster, second earl of Lancaster, second earl of Leicester, and earl of Lincoln (c. 1278–1322)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27195">10.1093/ref:odnb/27195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+of+Lancaster%2C+second+earl+of+Lancaster%2C+second+earl+of+Leicester%2C+and+earl+of+Lincoln+%28c.+1278%E2%80%931322%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27195&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKisack1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/May_McKisack" title="May McKisack">McKisack, M.</a> (1959). <i>The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821712-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821712-9"><bdi>0-19-821712-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183353136">183353136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fourteenth+Century%3A+1307%E2%80%931399&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183353136&rft.isbn=0-19-821712-9&rft.aulast=McKisack&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2003" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatesttraitorl00mort"><i>The Greatest Traitor: The Life of Sir Roger Mortimer, Ruler of England: 1327–1330</i></a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-34941-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-34941-6"><bdi>0-312-34941-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Traitor%3A+The+Life+of+Sir+Roger+Mortimer%2C+Ruler+of+England%3A+1327%E2%80%931330&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-312-34941-6&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatesttraitorl00mort&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2008" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <i>The Fears of Henry IV: The Life of England's Self-made King</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-529-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-529-5"><bdi>978-1-84413-529-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fears+of+Henry+IV%3A+The+Life+of+England%27s+Self-made+King&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-529-5&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorgate2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Norgate, Kate (2004). "Joan (d. 1237))". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14819">10.1093/ref:odnb/14819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joan+%28d.+1237%29%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14819&rft.aulast=Norgate&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorgate2004b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">—— (2004b). "Matilda, duchess of Saxony (1156–1189)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18339">10.1093/ref:odnb/18339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Matilda%2C+duchess+of+Saxony+%281156%E2%80%931189%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F18339&rft.aulast=Norgate&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrmrod2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ormrod (2008). "Edward III (1312–1377)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8519">10.1093/ref:odnb/8519</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+III+%281312%E2%80%931377%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8519&rft.au=Ormrod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Phillips, J. R. S. (2008). "Edward II (1284–1327)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8518">10.1093/ref:odnb/8518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+II+%281284%E2%80%931327%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8518&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pierce, Hazel (2015). "Pole, Margaret, suo jure countess of Salisbury (1473–1541)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22451">10.1093/ref:odnb/22451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pole%2C+Margaret%2C+suo+jure+countess+of+Salisbury+%281473%E2%80%931541%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22451&rft.aulast=Pierce&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant2007" class="citation journal cs1">Plant, John S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cogprints.org/5986/">"The Tardy Adoption of the Plantagenet Surname"</a>. <i>Nomina</i>. <b>30</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-6340">0141-6340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nomina&rft.atitle=The+Tardy+Adoption+of+the+Plantagenet+Surname&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0141-6340&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcogprints.org%2F5986%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2007" class="citation book cs1">Power, Daniel (2007). "Henry, Duke of the Normans (1149/50–1189)". In Harper-Bill, Christopher; Vincent, Nicholas (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_Ong1PZq_QC"><i>Henry II: New Interpretations</i></a>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-340-6"><bdi>978-1-84383-340-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry%2C+Duke+of+the+Normans+%281149%2F50%E2%80%931189%29&rft.btitle=Henry+II%3A+New+Interpretations&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-340-6&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_Ong1PZq_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrestwich2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Prestwich, Michael (2008). "Edward I (1239–1307)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8517">10.1093/ref:odnb/8517</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Edward+I+%281239%E2%80%931307%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8517&rft.aulast=Prestwich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPublic_Records_Office1870" class="citation book cs1">Public Records Office (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ovsUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, of the Reigns of Edward VI, Mary, Elizabeth, 1547–1580: Elizabeth 1601–1603; with addenda, 1547–1565</i></a>. Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers%2C+Domestic+Series%2C+of+the+Reigns+of+Edward+VI%2C+Mary%2C+Elizabeth%2C+1547%E2%80%931580%3A+Elizabeth+1601%E2%80%931603%3B+with+addenda%2C+1547%E2%80%931565&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+Longmans%2C+%26+Roberts&rft.date=1870&rft.au=Public+Records+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DovsUAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidgeway2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ridgeway, H. W. (2010). "Henry III (1207–1272)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12950">10.1093/ref:odnb/12950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+III+%281207%E2%80%931272%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12950&rft.aulast=Ridgeway&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley-Smith1987" class="citation book cs1">Riley-Smith, Jonathan (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crusades00jona"><i>The Crusades: A Short History</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04700-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04700-4"><bdi>978-0-300-04700-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04700-4&rft.aulast=Riley-Smith&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrusades00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (1987). <i>A History of the Crusades, Volume 3</i>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34772-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-34772-3"><bdi>978-0-521-34772-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-34772-3&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2009). <i>Henry</i>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-724772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-724772-1"><bdi>978-0-00-724772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-00-724772-1&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2000" class="citation book cs1">Schama, Simon (2000). <i>A History of Britain – At the Edge of the world</i>. BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-53483-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-563-53483-4"><bdi>0-563-53483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Britain+%E2%80%93+At+the+Edge+of+the+world&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-563-53483-4&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Strickland, Matthew (2010). "Longespée, William (I), third earl of Salisbury (b. in or before 1167, d. 1226)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16983">10.1093/ref:odnb/16983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Longesp%C3%A9e%2C+William+%28I%29%2C+third+earl+of+Salisbury+%28b.+in+or+before+1167%2C+d.+1226%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F16983&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stringer, Keith (2004). "Joan (1210–1238)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14820">10.1093/ref:odnb/14820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joan+%281210%E2%80%931238%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14820&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuck2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tuck, Anthony (2009). "Richard II (1367–1400)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23499">10.1093/ref:odnb/23499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+II+%281367%E2%80%931400%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23499&rft.aulast=Tuck&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnerHeiser2014" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard (2014). <i>The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of The Angevin Empire, 1189–1199</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89042-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89042-3"><bdi>978-1-317-89042-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Richard+Lionheart%3A+Ruler+of+The+Angevin+Empire%2C+1189%E2%80%931199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89042-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+V.&rft.au=Heiser%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vincent, Nicholas (2008). "Richard, first earl of Cornwall and king of Germany (1209–1272)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23501">10.1093/ref:odnb/23501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard%2C+first+earl+of+Cornwall+and+king+of+Germany+%281209%E2%80%931272%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23501&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2001" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John (2001). <i>Encyclopedia of the Wars of the Roses</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-358-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-358-3"><bdi>1-85109-358-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Wars+of+the+Roses&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85109-358-3&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Simon (2008). "John, duke of Aquitaine and duke of Lancaster, styled king of Castile and León (1340–1399)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14843">10.1093/ref:odnb/14843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John%2C+duke+of+Aquitaine+and+duke+of+Lancaster%2C+styled+king+of+Castile+and+Le%C3%B3n+%281340%E2%80%931399%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14843&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1973" class="citation book cs1">Warren, W. L. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8KrkVOxaT0C"><i>Henry II</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02282-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02282-9"><bdi>978-0-520-02282-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+II&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-520-02282-9&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8KrkVOxaT0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1991" class="citation book cs1">—— (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt5HPgAACAAJ&q=0413455203"><i>King John</i></a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-45520-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-45520-3"><bdi>0-413-45520-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+John&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-413-45520-3&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVt5HPgAACAAJ%26q%3D0413455203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></dd></dl></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(historian)" title="John Watts (historian)">Watts, John</a> (2011). "Richard of York, third duke of York (1411–1460)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23503">10.1093/ref:odnb/23503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+of+York%2C+third+duke+of+York+%281411%E2%80%931460%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23503&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaugh2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_L._Waugh" title="Scott L. Waugh">Waugh, Scott L.</a> (2006). "Henry of Lancaster, third earl of Lancaster and third earl of Leicester (c. 1280–1345)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12959">10.1093/ref:odnb/12959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+of+Lancaster%2C+third+earl+of+Lancaster+and+third+earl+of+Leicester+%28c.+1280%E2%80%931345%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12959&rft.aulast=Waugh&rft.aufirst=Scott+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (2008). <i>Britain's Royal Families</i>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-953973-5"><bdi>978-0-09-953973-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-09-953973-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Plantagenet&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Dan (10 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81QmG4p8u8kC"><i>The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England</i></a>. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-745749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-745749-6"><bdi>978-0-00-745749-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets%3A+The+Kings+Who+Made+England&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2012-05-10&rft.isbn=978-0-00-745749-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81QmG4p8u8kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHouse+of+Plantagenet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plantagenet" class="extiw" title="commons:Plantagenet"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Plantagenet</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFC332; text-align:center;"><div style="font-size:90%"><b>— <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal house</a> —</b></div><div></div><div><b>House of Plantagenet</b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Deposition: <a href="/wiki/1485" title="1485">1485</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling House of England </b><br /><i><small><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevins</a> (until 1214) <br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a> (1399–1461) <br /> <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> (1461–1485)</small></i><br />1154–1485 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Counts and dukes of Penthièvre">House of Penthièvre</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruling House of Brittany </b><br />1181–1203 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_viscounts_of_Thouars" title="List of viscounts of Thouars">House of Thouars</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ingelger" title="House of Ingelger">House of Ingelger</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Anjou" title="Counts and dukes of Anjou">Ruling House of Anjou</a> </b><br />until 1203 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">House of Anjou (Capetian)</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England436" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">England in the Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Britain_and_Ireland292" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Template:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Britain and Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Britain_and_Ireland292" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Royal houses of Britain and Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Mercia" title="List of monarchs of Mercia">Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuffingas" title="Wuffingas">Wuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Kent" title="List of monarchs of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Sussex" title="List of monarchs of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Essex" title="Kingdom of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Northumbria" title="List of monarchs of Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Godwin" title="House of Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">Blois</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantagenet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="List of kings of Dál Riata">Fergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_%C3%93engus" title="House of Óengus">Óengus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Strathclyde" title="List of kings of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Mann and the Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Alpin" title="House of Alpin">Alpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Northumbria" title="List of monarchs of Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Galloway" title="Lord of Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dunkeld" title="House of Dunkeld">Dunkeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Moray" title="House of Moray">Moray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverre" title="House of Sverre">Sverre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Balliol" title="House of Balliol">Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Bruce" title="Clan Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aberffraw" title="House of Aberffraw">Aberffraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Cunedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dinefwr" title="House of Dinefwr">Dinefwr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gwynedd" title="House of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mathrafal" title="House of Mathrafal">Mathrafal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Irish_kings" title="Lists of Irish kings">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulaid" title="Ulaid">Ulaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89rainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Érainn">Érainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Corcu Loígde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Gallchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Gallchobhair">Ó Gallchobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Domhnail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Domhnail">Ó Domhnail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_N%C3%A9ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Néill">Ó Néill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_M%C3%A1el_Sechlainn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Máel Sechlainn">Ó Máel Sechlainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Murchada" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac Murchada">Mac Murchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Briain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Briain">Ó Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Lochlainn" title="Mac Lochlainn">Mac Lochlainn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93_Conchobhair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ó Conchobhair">Ó Conchobhair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laigin" title="Laigin">Laigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_Conairi" title="Síl Conairi">Síl Conairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Fiatach" title="Dál Fiatach">Ulaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corcu_Lo%C3%ADgde" title="Corcu Loígde">Dáirine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osraige" title="Osraige">Osraige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruthin" title="Cruthin">Cruthin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_nAraidi" title="Dál nAraidi">Dál nAraidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connachta" title="Connachta">Connachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Fiachrach" title="Uí Fiachrach">Uí Fiachrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Bri%C3%BAin" title="Uí Briúin">Uí Briúin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_N%C3%A9ill" title="Uí Néill">Uí Néill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADl_n%C3%81edo_Sl%C3%A1ine" title="Síl nÁedo Sláine">Síl nÁedo Sláine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Cholm%C3%A1in" title="Clann Cholmáin">Clann Cholmáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganachta" title="Eóganachta">Eóganachta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Chaisil" title="Eóganacht Chaisil">Chaisil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Glendamnach" title="Eóganacht Glendamnach">Glendamnach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganacht_Raithlind" title="Eóganacht Raithlind">Raithlind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_D%C3%BAnlainge" title="Uí Dúnlainge">Uí Dúnlainge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a> (Norse)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_Ceinnselaig" title="Uí Ceinnselaig">Uí Ceinnselaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalcassians" title="Dalcassians">Dalcassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Brien_dynasty" title="O'Brien dynasty">Ó Briain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacCarthy_dynasty" title="MacCarthy dynasty">Mac Carthaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Conor_Don" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Conor Don">Ó Conchobhair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Breifne" title="Kingdom of Breifne">Ó Ruairc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgh" title="House of Burgh">Burgh</a> (Norman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitzGerald_dynasty" title="FitzGerald dynasty">FitzGerald</a> (Norman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donnell_dynasty" title="O'Donnell dynasty">Ó Domhnaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">Ó Néill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">Windsor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U%C3%AD_%C3%8Dmair" title="Uí Ímair">Uí Ímair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crovan_dynasty" title="Crovan dynasty">Crovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_Somhairle" title="Clann Somhairle">Somhairle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royal_houses_of_Cyprus56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Cyprus" title="Template:Royal houses of Cyprus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Cyprus" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Cyprus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Cyprus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Cyprus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Cyprus56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lusignan" title="House of Lusignan">Lusignan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">Savoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Plantagenet445" style="width:100%; vertical-align:middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="House of Plantagenet"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Template:House of Plantagenet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Template talk:House of Plantagenet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House of Plantagenet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Plantagenet445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House of Plantagenet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey,_Count_of_Nantes" title="Geoffrey, Count of Nantes">Geoffrey, Count of Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_FitzEmpress" title="William FitzEmpress">William FitzEmpress</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Hamelin_de_Warenne,_Earl_of_Surrey" title="Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey">Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Anjou" title="Emma of Anjou">Emma of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Shaftesbury" title="Mary of Shaftesbury">Mary of Shaftesbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/75px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/113px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_II_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Count_of_Poitiers" title="William IX, Count of Poitiers">William IX, Count of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_England,_Duchess_of_Saxony" title="Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony">Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile">Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Sicily" title="Joan of England, Queen of Sicily">Joan of England, Queen of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)" title="Geoffrey (archbishop of York)">Geoffrey (archbishop of York)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury">William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_the_Young_King445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="William Plantagenet">William Plantagenet</a> (died in infancy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Richard_I_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Cognac" title="Philip of Cognac">Philip of Cognac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="John,_King_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard,_1st_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall">Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England, Queen of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Leicester" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester">Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Lady_of_Wales" title="Joan, Lady of Wales">Joan, Lady of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzRoy" title="Richard FitzRoy">Richard FitzRoy</a></li> <li>Oliver FitzRoy</li> <li>Geoffrey FitzRoy</li> <li>John FitzRoy</li> <li>Henry FitzRoy</li> <li>Osbert Gifford</li> <li>Eudes FitzRoy</li> <li>Bartholomew FitzRoy</li> <li>Maud FitzRoy</li> <li>Isabel FitzRoy</li> <li>Philip FitzRoy</li> <li>William de Forz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_III_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_England" title="Beatrice of England">Beatrice of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_of_England" title="Katherine of England">Katherine of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_I_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France, Queen of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(son_of_Edward_I)" title="Henry (son of Edward I)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Countess_of_Bar" title="Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar">Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Acre" title="Joan of Acre">Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso,_Earl_of_Chester" title="Alphonso, Earl of Chester">Alphonso, Earl of Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Woodstock" title="Mary of Woodstock">Mary of Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Brotherton,_1st_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk">Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Woodstock,_1st_Earl_of_Kent" title="Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent">Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_II_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Eltham,_Earl_of_Cornwall" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall">John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Woodstock" title="Eleanor of Woodstock">Eleanor of Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower" title="Joan of the Tower">Joan of the Tower</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/Adam_(son_of_Edward_II)" title="Adam (son of Edward II)">Adam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_III_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Bedford" title="Isabella, Countess of Bedford">Isabella de Coucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England_(died_1348)" title="Joan of England (died 1348)">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Waltham" title="Mary of Waltham">Mary of Waltham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Countess_of_Pembroke" title="Margaret, Countess of Pembroke">Margaret, Countess of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester">Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/John_de_Southeray" title="John de Southeray">John de Southeray</a></li> <li>Jane Northland</li> <li>Joan Skerne</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Richard_II_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_IV_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wives: <a href="/wiki/Mary_de_Bohun" title="Mary de Bohun">Mary de Bohun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre, Queen of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence">Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester">Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_England" title="Blanche of England">Blanche of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_England" title="Philippa of England">Philippa of England</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_V_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Henry_VI_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_IV445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_York" title="Mary of York">Mary of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecily_of_York" title="Cecily of York">Cecily of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York_(1472)" title="Margaret of York (1472)">Margaret of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_York,_Lady_Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne of York, Lady Howard">Anne of York, Lady Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Bedford" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford">George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_York" title="Bridget of York">Bridget of York</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Plantagenet,_1st_Viscount_Lisle" title="Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle">Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle</a></li> <li>Grace Plantagenet</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Edward_V445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>no consort or issue</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Richard_III_of_England445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:center;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wife: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Illegitimate: <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gloucester" title="John of Gloucester">John of Gloucester</a></li> <li>Katherine, Countess of Pembroke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Eastwell" title="Richard of Eastwell">Richard of Eastwell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Plantagenet" title="Category:House of Plantagenet">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106151#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1409" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106151#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1409" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106151#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/305067328">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/5035155832946633490006">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69151776785718011759">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/218202/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118792490">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86000268">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20061030014&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000066252&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810675462705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007290428005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118792490">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"CITEREFDavies1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuggan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFields1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillingham2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallam2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriss2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarriss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatcher2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrox2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrox2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrox2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeefe2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelsey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovatt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddicott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKisack1959\"] = 1,\n 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