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Toggle Student activism and SNCC subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_activism_and_SNCC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nashville_Student_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nashville_Student_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nashville Student Movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nashville_Student_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_Riders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_Riders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Freedom Riders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_Riders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SNCC_Chairman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SNCC_Chairman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 SNCC Chairman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SNCC_Chairman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Field_Foundation,_SRC,_and_VEP_(1966–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field_Foundation,_SRC,_and_VEP_(1966–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966–1977) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field_Foundation,_SRC,_and_VEP_(1966–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_work_in_government_(1977–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work_in_government_(1977–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early work in government (1977–1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work_in_government_(1977–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 U.S. House of Representatives </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle U.S. House of Representatives subsection </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1986 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1988–2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988–2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 1988–2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988–2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Tenure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 2008 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_firearm_safety_legislation_sit-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_firearm_safety_legislation_sit-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_firearm_safety_legislation_sit-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_African_American_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_African_American_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.5 National African American Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_African_American_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.6 2016 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.7 2020 presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committee_assignments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committee_assignments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Committee assignments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committee_assignments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucus_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucus_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Caucus memberships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucus_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biographies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biographies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-March_(2013)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_(2013)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 March (2013) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_(2013)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Run_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Run_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Run (2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Run_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Marriage and family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Funeral services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Honors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Honors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorary_academic_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_academic_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Honorary academic degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_academic_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Electoral history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John Lewis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A)" title="جون لويس (سياسي أمريكي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون لويس (سياسي أمريكي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جان لویس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان لویس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(Politiker)" title="John Lewis (Politiker) – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="John Lewis (Politiker)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(pol%C3%ADtic)" title="John Lewis (polític) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Lewis (polític)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politik)" title="John Lewis (politik) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Lewis (politik)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Lewis" title="John Robert Lewis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Robert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politiker)" title="John Lewis (politiker) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Lewis (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(Politiker)" title="John Lewis (Politiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Lewis (Politiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(pol%C3%ADtico)" title="John Lewis (político) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Lewis (político)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(civilrajta_aktivulo)" title="John Lewis (civilrajta aktivulo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Lewis (civilrajta aktivulo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_(%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7)" title="جان لویس (نماینده کنگره آمریکا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان لویس (نماینده کنگره آمریکا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(homme_politique)" title="John Lewis (homme politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Lewis (homme politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EC%9D%B8)" title="존 루이스 (정치인) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 루이스 (정치인)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(pemimpin_hak_sipil)" title="John Lewis (pemimpin hak sipil) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Lewis (pemimpin hak sipil)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politico)" title="John Lewis (politico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Lewis (politico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_(%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%99)" title="ג'ון לואיס (פוליטיקאי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון לואיס (פוליטיקאי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politikus)" title="John Lewis (politikus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Lewis (politikus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="جون لويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Lewis" title="John Robert Lewis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Robert Lewis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9_(%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E6%A8%A9%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%AE%B6)" title="ジョン・ルイス (公民権運動活動家) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ルイス (公民権運動活動家)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AD%DF%A3_%DF%9F%DF%8B%DF%A5%DF%8C%DF%9B" title="ߖߐ߲߭ߣ ߟߋߥߌߛ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߐ߲߭ߣ ߟߋߥߌߛ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(politiker)" title="John Lewis (politiker) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Lewis (politiker)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="جان لویس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان لویس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(polityk)" title="John Lewis (polityk) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Lewis (polityk)" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the U.S. representative from Georgia. For the British department stores, see <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_%26_Partners" title="John Lewis & Partners">John Lewis & Partners</a>. For other people of the same name, see <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Lewis (disambiguation)">John Lewis (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Lewis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis-2006_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of John Lewis in suit and tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Lewis-2006_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1796" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Lewis in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Deputy_Whips_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives">House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 2003 – July 17, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Dick Gephardt</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G._K._Butterfield" title="G. K. Butterfield">G. K. Butterfield</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district">5th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 3, 1987 – July 17, 2020</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wyche_Fowler" title="Wyche Fowler">Wyche Fowler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kwanza_Hall" title="Kwanza Hall">Kwanza Hall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Council</a> from at-large post 18</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1, 1982 – September 3, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Jack Summer<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Morris Finley</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 1963 – May 1966</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Robert Lewis</div> (1940-02-21)February 21, 1940 <a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Alabama" title="Pike County, Alabama">Pike County, Alabama</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">July 17, 2020(2020-07-17) (aged 80) <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/South-View_Cemetery" title="South-View Cemetery">South-View Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lillian Miles</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1968; died 2012)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_College" title="American Baptist College">American Baptist College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a> (<a href="/wiki/B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Civil rights activist</li><li>Politician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Lewis's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Lewis_Signature.svg/128px-John_Lewis_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Lewis_Signature.svg/192px-John_Lewis_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Lewis_Signature.svg/256px-John_Lewis_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="219" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rep._John_Lewis_on_a_Resolution_Celebrating_Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr.ogg" title="File:Rep. John Lewis on a Resolution Celebrating Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.ogg">John Lewis's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="339" data-mwtitle="Rep._John_Lewis_on_a_Resolution_Celebrating_Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1e/Rep._John_Lewis_on_a_Resolution_Celebrating_Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr.ogg/Rep._John_Lewis_on_a_Resolution_Celebrating_Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Rep._John_Lewis_on_a_Resolution_Celebrating_Dr._Martin_Luther_King_Jr.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">John Lewis speaks on a House resolution celebrating <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> Recorded January 21, 2009</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights activist">civil rights activist</a> and politician who served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> for <a href="/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district">Georgia's 5th congressional district</a> from 1987 until his death in 2020. He participated in the 1960 <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Rides">Freedom Rides</a>, was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC) from 1963 to 1966, and was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a>" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a>. Fulfilling many key roles in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and its actions to end legalized <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation in the United States</a>, in 1965 Lewis physically led the first of three <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> where, in an incident that became known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody Sunday (1965)">Bloody Sunday</a>, state troopers and police attacked Lewis and the other marchers. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, Lewis was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1986 and served 17 terms. The district he represented included most of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. Due to his length of service, he became the dean of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Georgia" title="United States congressional delegations from Georgia">Georgia congressional delegation</a>. He was one of the leaders of the Democratic Party in the House, serving from 1991 as a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Deputy_Whips_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Deputy Whips of the United States House of Representatives">chief deputy whip</a> and from 2003 as a <a href="/wiki/Senior_Chief_Deputy_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Chief Deputy Whip">senior chief deputy whip</a>. He received many honorary degrees and awards, including the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> in 2012. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> John Robert Lewis was born close to <a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy, Alabama</a>, on February 21, 1940, the third of ten children of Willie Mae (née Carter) and Eddie Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-fid1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seelye-4">[4]</a> His parents were <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecroppers</a> in rural <a href="/wiki/Pike_County,_Alabama" title="Pike County, Alabama">Pike County, Alabama</a>, of which Troy was the county seat.<a href="#cite_note-ReportingCivilRights-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> His great-grandfather, Frank Carter, had been born a slave in the same county in 1862, and lived until Lewis was seven years old.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> As a boy, Lewis aspired to be a preacher,<a href="#cite_note-Lemley-8">[8]</a> and at age five, he preached to his family's chickens on the farm.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-9">[9]</a> As a young child, Lewis had little interaction with <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a>, as his county was majority black by a large percentage and his family worked as farmers. By the time he was six, Lewis had seen only two white people in his life.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Lewis recalls "I grew up in rural Alabama, very poor, very few books in our home."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He describes his early education at a little school, walking distances from his home. "A beautiful little building, it was a <a href="/wiki/Rosenwald_School" title="Rosenwald School">Rosenwald School</a>. It was supported by the community, it was the only school we had."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> "I had a wonderful teacher in elementary school, and she told me 'read my child, read!' And I tried to read everything. I loved books. I remember in 1956, when I was 16 years old, with some of my brothers and sisters and cousins, going down to the public library, trying to get a library card, and we were told the library was for whites only and not for coloreds."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> As he grew older, he began taking trips into Troy with his family, where he continued to have experiences of racism and segregation.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Lewis had relatives who lived in northern cities, and he learned from them that in the North, schools, buses, and businesses were integrated. When Lewis was 11, an uncle took him to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, New York, where he became acutely aware of the contrast with Troy's segregation.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 1955, Lewis first heard <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> on the radio,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and he closely followed King's <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> later that year.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> At age 15, Lewis preached his first public sermon.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-9">[9]</a> At 17, Lewis met <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a>, notable for her role in the bus boycott, and met King for the first time at the age of 18.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-20">[20]</a> In later years, Lewis also credited evangelist <a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a>, a friend of King's, as someone who "helped change me".<a href="#cite_note-lewisspeaks-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewisgraham-22">[22]</a> Lewis also stated that Graham inspired him "to a significant degree" to fulfill his aspirations of becoming a minister.<a href="#cite_note-lewisspeaks-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-lewisgraham-22">[22]</a> After writing to King about being denied admission to <a href="/wiki/Troy_University" title="Troy University">Troy University</a> in Alabama, Lewis was invited to meet with him. King, who referred to Lewis as "the boy from Troy", discussed suing the university for discrimination, but he warned Lewis that doing so could endanger his family in Troy. After discussing it with his parents, Lewis decided instead to proceed with his education at a small, <a href="/wiki/Historically_black" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black">historically black</a> college in Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Lewis graduated from the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_College" title="American Baptist College">American Baptist Theological Seminary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>, and was ordained as a <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> minister.<a href="#cite_note-Banks-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lemley-8">[8]</a> He then earned a bachelor's degree in religion and philosophy from <a href="/wiki/Fisk_University" title="Fisk University">Fisk University</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a>. He was a member of <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma" title="Phi Beta Sigma">Phi Beta Sigma</a> fraternity.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_activism_and_SNCC">Student activism and SNCC</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Student activism and SNCC">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nashville_Student_Movement">Nashville Student Movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nashville Student Movement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG/220px-JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG/330px-JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG/440px-JFK_meets_with_leaders_of_March_on_Washington_8-28-63.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Civil rights leaders meet with President John F. Kennedy and Vice President Lyndon Johnson after the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, 1963. Lewis is fourth from left.</figcaption></figure> As a student, Lewis became an activist in the civil rights movement. He organized <a href="/wiki/Sit-ins" class="mw-redirect" title="Sit-ins">sit-ins</a> at segregated lunch counters in Nashville and took part in many other civil rights activities as part of the <a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-in movement</a> was responsible for the desegregation of lunch counters in the city's downtown. Lewis was arrested and jailed many times during the <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> activities to desegregate the city's downtown businesses.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> He was also instrumental in organizing bus boycotts and other nonviolent protests to support voting rights and racial equality.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> During this time, Lewis said it was important to engage in "good trouble, necessary trouble" in order to achieve change, and he held to this credo throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> While a student, Lewis was invited to attend <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> workshops held at Clark Memorial United Methodist Church by the Rev. <a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(American_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lawson (American activist)">James Lawson</a> and Rev. <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a>. Lewis and other students became dedicated to the discipline and philosophy of nonviolence, which he practiced for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freedom_Riders">Freedom Riders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freedom Riders">edit</a>]</div> In 1961, Lewis became one of the 13 original <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReportingCivilRights-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The group of seven blacks and six whites planned to ride on interstate buses from Washington, D.C. to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to challenge the policies of Southern states along the route that had imposed segregated seating on the buses, which violated federal policy for interstate transportation. The "Freedom Ride", originated by the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Reconciliation" title="Fellowship of Reconciliation">Fellowship of Reconciliation</a> and revived by <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality</a> (CORE), was initiated to pressure the federal government to enforce the Supreme Court decision in <a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a> (1960), which declared segregated interstate bus travel to be unconstitutional. The Freedom Rides revealed the passivity of the local, state, and federal governments in the face of violence against law-abiding citizens.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-31">[31]</a> The project was publicized and organizers had notified the Department of Justice about it. It relied upon the <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> police to protect the riders, even though the state was known for notorious racism, and did not undertake actions except assigning <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> agents to record incidents. After extreme violence broke out in <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> and Alabama, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Administration">Kennedy Administration</a> called for a "cooling-off" period, with a moratorium on Freedom Rides.<a href="#cite_note-Albany-32">[32]</a> In the South, Lewis and other nonviolent Freedom Riders were beaten by angry mobs and arrested. At age 21, Lewis was the first of the Freedom Riders to be assaulted while in <a href="/wiki/Rock_Hill,_South_Carolina" title="Rock Hill, South Carolina">Rock Hill, South Carolina</a>. When he tried to enter a whites-only waiting room, two white men attacked him, injuring his face and kicking him in the ribs. Two weeks later Lewis joined a Freedom Ride bound for <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>. Near the end of his life, Lewis said of this time, "We were determined not to let any act of violence keep us from our goal. We knew our lives could be threatened, but we had made up our minds not to turn back."<a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianMagazine-33">[33]</a> As a result of his Freedom Rider activities, Lewis was imprisoned for 40 days in the notorious <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_State_Penitentiary" title="Mississippi State Penitentiary">Mississippi State Penitentiary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunflower_County,_Mississippi" title="Sunflower County, Mississippi">Sunflower County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> during the 40th anniversary of the Freedom Rides, Lewis recounted the violence he and the 12 other original Freedom Riders endured. In <a href="/wiki/Birmingham,_Alabama" title="Birmingham, Alabama">Birmingham</a>, the Riders were beaten by an unrestrained mob including KKK members (notified of their arrival by police) with baseball bats, chains, lead pipes, and stones. The police arrested them, and led them across the border into Tennessee before letting them go. The Riders reorganized and rode to <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a>, where they were met with more violence at the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">local Greyhound station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There Lewis was hit in the head with a wooden crate. "It was very violent. I thought I was going to die. I was left lying at the Greyhound bus station in Montgomery unconscious", said Lewis, remembering the incident.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> When CORE gave up on the Freedom Ride because of the violence, Lewis and fellow activist <a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a> arranged for Nashville students from Fisk and other colleges to take it over and bring it to a successful conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-38">[38]</a> In February 2009, 48 years after the Montgomery attack, Lewis received a nationally televised apology from Elwin Wilson, a white southerner and former <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Klansman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-abcnews.go.com-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-40">[40]</a> Lewis wrote in 2015 that he had known the young activists <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a> from New York. They, along with <a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a>, a local African-American activist from Mississippi, were <a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">abducted and murdered</a> in June 1964 in <a href="/wiki/Neshoba_County,_Mississippi" title="Neshoba County, Mississippi">Neshoba County, Mississippi</a>, by members of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> including law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SNCC_Chairman">SNCC Chairman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: SNCC Chairman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_151-hd7np1xb3j">“Interview with John Lewis” pt.1</a> conducted in 1979 for America, They Loved You Madly, a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a> in which he discusses the sit-ins in Nashville, the philosophy of non-violence, the Freedom Rides, his role in SNCC, and the March on Washington.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six (activists)</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington,_D.C._(Leaders_of_the_march)_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march%29_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg/220px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march%29_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march%29_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg/330px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march%29_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march%29_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg/440px-Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington%2C_D.C._%28Leaders_of_the_march%29_-_NARA_-_542056.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Leaders of the March on Washington, 1963. Lewis is second from right.</figcaption></figure> In 1963, when <a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a> stepped down as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), Lewis, a founding member, was elected to take over.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Lewis's experience was already widely respected. His courage and tenacious adherence to the philosophy of reconciliation and nonviolence had enabled him to emerge as a leader. He had already been arrested 24 times in the nonviolent movement for equal justice.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As chairman of SNCC, Lewis was one of the "Big Six" leaders who were organizing the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a> that summer. The youngest,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> he was scheduled as the fourth to speak, ahead of the final speaker, Dr. Martin Luther King. Other leaders were <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a>. Lewis had written a response to <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#1963_Kennedy_civil_rights_bill" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Kennedy's 1963 Civil Rights Bill</a>. Lewis and his fellow SNCC workers had suffered from the federal government's passivity in the face of Southern violence.<a href="#cite_note-Albany-32">[32]</a> He planned to denounce Kennedy's bill for failing to provide protection for African Americans against <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>, or to provide African Americans with the means to vote; he described the bill as "too little and too late". Advance copies of the speech were distributed on August 27 but encountered opposition from the other chairs of the march who demanded revisions. <a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a> rapidly re-wrote the speech, replacing Lewis's initial assertion "we cannot support, wholeheartedly the [Kennedy] civil rights bill” with “We support it with great reservations."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> After Lewis, Dr. King gave his now celebrated "I Have a Dream" speech.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Howard Zinn</a> later wrote of this occasion: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At the great Washington March of 1963, the chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), John Lewis, speaking to the same enormous crowd that [next] heard King's "I Have a Dream" speech, was prepared to ask the right question: 'Which side is the federal government on?' That sentence was eliminated from his speech by the other organizers of the March to avoid offending the Kennedy Administration.</blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_1964-04-16_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/John_Lewis_1964-04-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_1964-04-16_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/John_Lewis_1964-04-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_1964-04-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/John_Lewis_1964-04-16_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Lewis_1964-04-16_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="2866" /></a><figcaption>Lewis in 1964</figcaption></figure>In 1964, SNCC opened <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a>, launched the Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> for voter education and registration.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Lewis coordinated SNCC's efforts for Freedom Summer, a campaign to register black voters in Mississippi and to engage college student activists in aiding the campaign. Lewis traveled the country, encouraging students to spend their summer break trying to help people vote in Mississippi, which had the lowest number of black voters and strong resistance to the movement.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1965 Lewis organized some of the voter registration efforts during the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma voting rights campaign</a>, and became nationally known during his prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> On March 7, 1965 – a day that would become known as "<a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches#"Bloody_Sunday"_events" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Bloody Sunday</a>" – Lewis and fellow activist <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a> led over 600 marchers across the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>. At the end of the bridge and the city-county boundary, they were met by <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Highway_Patrol" title="Alabama Highway Patrol">Alabama State Troopers</a> who ordered them to disperse. When the marchers stopped to pray, the police discharged <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> and mounted troopers charged the demonstrators, beating them with nightsticks. Lewis's skull was fractured, but he was aided in escaping across the bridge to <a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a>, a church in Selma that served as the movement's headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Lewis bore scars on his head from this incident for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Lewis served as SNCC chairman until 1966, when he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_Foundation,_SRC,_and_VEP_(1966–1977)">Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966–1977)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Field Foundation, SRC, and VEP (1966–1977)">edit</a>]</div> In 1966, Lewis moved to New York City to take a job as the associate director of the <a href="/wiki/Field_Foundation_of_New_York" title="Field Foundation of New York">Field Foundation of New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-fastfacts-58">[58]</a> He was there a little over a year before moving back to Atlanta to direct the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a>'s Community Organization Project.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-fastfacts-58">[58]</a> During his time with the Field Foundation, he completed his degree from Fisk University.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In 1970, Lewis became the director of the <a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a> (VEP), a position he held until 1977.<a href="#cite_note-wynn-61">[61]</a> Though initially a project of the Southern Regional Council, the VEP became an independent organization in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-ga-encyclopedia-62">[62]</a> Despite difficulties caused by the <a href="/wiki/1973%E2%80%931975_recession" title="1973–1975 recession">1973–1975 recession</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ga-encyclopedia-62">[62]</a> the VEP added nearly four million minority voters to the rolls under Lewis's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-al-63">[63]</a> During his tenure, the VEP expanded its mission, including running Voter Mobilization Tours.<a href="#cite_note-ga-encyclopedia-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_work_in_government_(1977–1986)">Early work in government (1977–1986)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early work in government (1977–1986)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg/220px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg/330px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg/440px-President_Jimmy_Carter_and_John_Lewis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Lewis with President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in 1979</figcaption></figure> In January 1977, incumbent Democratic U.S. Congressman <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> of <a href="/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district">Georgia's 5th congressional district</a> resigned to become the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. Ambassador to the U.N.</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>. In the March 1977 open primary, <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Councilman</a> <a href="/wiki/Wyche_Fowler" title="Wyche Fowler">Wyche Fowler</a> ranked first with 40% of the vote, failing to reach the 50% threshold to win outright. Lewis ranked second with 29% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-ourcampaigns.com-64">[64]</a> In the April election, Fowler defeated Lewis 62%–38%.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-65">[65]</a> After his unsuccessful bid, Lewis accepted a position with the Carter administration as associate director of <a href="/wiki/ACTION_(U.S._government_agency)" title="ACTION (U.S. government agency)">ACTION</a>, responsible for running the <a href="/wiki/Volunteers_in_Service_to_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteers in Service to America">VISTA</a> program, the Retired Senior Volunteer Program, and the <a href="/wiki/Foster_Grandparent_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Foster Grandparent Program">Foster Grandparent Program</a>. He held that job for two and a half years, resigning as the 1980 election approached.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1981, Lewis ran for an at-large seat on the <a href="/wiki/Political_structure_of_Atlanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Political structure of Atlanta">Atlanta City Council</a>. He won with 69% of the vote,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and served on the council until 1986.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._House_of_Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: U.S. House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Elections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1986">1986</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1986">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_and_Nancy_Reagan_greet_John_Lewis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption>Lewis greets President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Reagan" title="Nancy Reagan">Nancy Reagan</a> in 1987.</figcaption></figure> After nine years as a member of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, Wyche Fowler gave up the seat to make a successful run for the U.S. Senate. Lewis decided to run for the 5th district again. In the August Democratic primary, where a victory was considered <a href="/wiki/Tantamount_to_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantamount to election">tantamount to election</a>, State Representative <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a> ranked first with 47%, just three points shy of winning outright. Lewis finished in second place with 35%.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In the run-off, Lewis pulled an upset against Bond, defeating him 52% to 48%.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-70">[70]</a> The race was said to have "badly strained relations in Atlanta's black community" as many Black leaders had supported Bond over Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Lewis was "endorsed by the Atlanta newspapers and a favorite of the white liberal establishment".<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> His victory was due to strong results among white voters (a minority in the district).<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> During the campaign, he ran advertisements accusing Bond of corruption, implying that Bond used <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, and suggesting that Bond had lied about his civil rights activism.<a href="#cite_note-:0-72">[72]</a> In the November general election, Lewis defeated Republican Portia Scott 75% to 25%.<a href="#cite_note-ourcampaigns1-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1988–2018">1988–2018</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1988–2018">edit</a>]</div> Lewis was reelected 18 times, dropping below 70 percent of the vote in the general election only once in 1994, when he defeated Republican Dale Dixon by a 38-point margin, 69%–31%.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> He ran unopposed in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> 2004,<a href="#cite_note-2004Election-76">[76]</a> 2006,<a href="#cite_note-2006Election-77">[77]</a> and 2008,<a href="#cite_note-2008Election-78">[78]</a> and again in 2014 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-2014Election-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-2018Election-80">[80]</a> He was challenged in the Democratic primary just twice: in 1992 and 2008. In 1992, he defeated State Representative <a href="/wiki/Mable_Thomas" title="Mable Thomas">Mable Thomas</a> 76%–24%.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 2008, Thomas decided to challenge Lewis again; Markel Hutchins also contested the race. Lewis defeated Hutchins and Thomas 69%–16%–15%.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure">Tenure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overview">Overview</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg/220px-John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg/330px-John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg/440px-John_lewis_official_biopic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>An official portrait of Lewis</figcaption></figure> Lewis represented <a href="/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district">Georgia's 5th congressional district</a>, one of the most consistently Democratic districts in the nation. Since its formalization in 1845, the district has been represented by a Democrat for most of its history. Lewis was one of the most liberal congressmen to have represented a district in the Deep South. He was categorized as a "Hard-Core Liberal" by <a href="/wiki/On_the_Issues" title="On the Issues">On the Issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis_2000-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> described Lewis in 1998 as "a fiercely partisan Democrat but ... also fiercely independent".<a href="#cite_note-Fighter-84">[84]</a> Lewis characterized himself as a strong and adamant <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fighter-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a> said Lewis was the "only former major civil rights leader who extended his fight for human rights and racial reconciliation to the halls of Congress".<a href="#cite_note-Conscience-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a> also said that to "those who know him, from U.S. senators to 20-something congressional aides", he is called the "conscience of Congress".<a href="#cite_note-Conscience-85">[85]</a> Lewis cited Florida Senator and later Representative <a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Claude Pepper</a>, a staunch liberal, as being the colleague whom he most admired.<a href="#cite_note-EmoryWheel_Smith_20080421-86">[86]</a> Lewis also spoke out in support of <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights">gay rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national health insurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fighter-84">[84]</a> Lewis opposed the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and the 2000 U.S. trade agreement with China that passed the House.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a> on <a href="/wiki/NAFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="NAFTA">NAFTA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_Responsibility_and_Work_Opportunity_Act" title="Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act">welfare reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fighter-84">[84]</a> After welfare reform passed, Lewis was described as outraged; he said, "Where is the sense of decency? What does it profit a great nation to conquer the world, only to lose its soul?"<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In 1994, when <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration#Haiti" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Clinton considered invading Haiti</a>, Lewis opposed armed intervention.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> After a non-violent transition of power was negotiated, Lewis supported the presence of U.S. troops in Haiti as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uphold_Democracy" title="Operation Uphold Democracy">Operation Uphold Democracy</a>, calling the operation a "mission of peace".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 1998, when Clinton was considering a military strike against Iraq, Lewis said he would back the president if American forces were ordered into action.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 2001, three days after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, Lewis voted to give President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> authority to use force against the perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Authorization_for_Use_of_Military_Force_of_2001" title="Authorization for Use of Military Force of 2001">vote that was 420–1</a>; Lewis called it probably one of his toughest votes.<a href="#cite_note-Tough-95">[95]</a> In 2002, he sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Tax_Fund_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Tax Fund bill">Peace Tax Fund bill</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">conscientious objection to military taxation</a> initiative that had been reintroduced yearly since 1972.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Lewis was a "fierce partisan critic of President Bush", and an early opponent of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Conscience-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> said he was "the first major House figure to suggest <a href="/wiki/Movement_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement to impeach George W. Bush">impeaching George W. Bush</a>", arguing that the president "deliberately, systematically violated the law" in authorizing the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> to <a href="/wiki/N.S.A._surveillance_without_warrants_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="N.S.A. surveillance without warrants controversy">conduct wiretaps without a warrant</a>. Lewis said, "He is not king, he is president."<a href="#cite_note-VandenHeuvel-98">[98]</a> Lewis drew on his historical involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> as part of his politics. He made an annual pilgrimage to Alabama to retrace the route he marched in 1965 from Selma to Montgomery – a route Lewis worked to make part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Trail">Historic National Trails</a> program. That trip became "one of the hottest tickets in Washington among lawmakers, Republican and Democrat, eager to associate themselves with Lewis and the movement. 'We don't deliberately set out to win votes, but it's very helpful", Lewis said of the trip'."<a href="#cite_note-Conscience-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In recent years, however, <a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Politics_Institute" title="Faith and Politics Institute">Faith and Politics Institute</a> drew criticism for selling seats on the trip to lobbyists for at least $25,000 each. According to the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a>, even Lewis said that he would feel "much better" if the institute's funding came from churches and foundations instead of corporations.<a href="#cite_note-publicintegrity.org-100">[100]</a> On June 3, 2011, the House passed a resolution 268–145, calling for a withdrawal of the United States military from the <a href="/wiki/2011_military_intervention_in_Libya" title="2011 military intervention in Libya">air and naval operations</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Lewis voted against the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In a 2002 op-ed, Lewis mentioned a response by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to an <a href="/wiki/Anti-zionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-zionism">anti-Zionist</a> student at a 1967 Harvard meeting, quoting "When people criticize <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a> they mean Jews, you are talking <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>." In describing the special relationship between African Americans and American Jews in working for liberation and peace, he also gave other statements by King to the same effect, including one from March 25, 1968: "Peace for Israel means security, and we must stand with all our might to protect its right to exist, its territorial integrity. I see Israel as one of the great outposts of democracy in the world, and a marvelous example of what can be done, how desert land can be transformed into an oasis of brotherhood and democracy. Peace for Israel means security and that security must be a reality."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Lewis "strongly disagreed" with the movement for <a href="/wiki/Boycott,_Divestment_and_Sanctions" title="Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions">Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions</a> (BDS) against Israel and co-sponsored resolution condemning the pro-Palestinian group, but he supported Representatives <a href="/wiki/Ilhan_Omar" title="Ilhan Omar">Ilhan Omar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Rashida Tlaib</a>'s House resolution opposing <a href="/wiki/Israel_Anti-Boycott_Act" title="Israel Anti-Boycott Act">U.S. anti-boycott legislation</a> banning the boycott of Israel. He explained his support as "a simple demonstration of my ongoing commitment to the ability of every American to exercise the fundamental <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> right to protest through nonviolent actions".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protests">Protests</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Protests">edit</a>]</div> In January 2001, Lewis boycotted the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">inauguration of George W. Bush</a> by staying in his <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> district. He did not attend the swearing-in because he did not believe Bush was the true elected president.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Later, Lewis joined 30 other House Democrats who voted to not count the 20 <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">electoral votes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 presidential election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In March 2003, Lewis spoke to a crowd of 30,000 in Oregon during an anti-war protest before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In 2006<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> and 2009 he was arrested for protesting against the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_Darfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide in Darfur">genocide in Darfur</a> outside the Sudanese embassy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He was one of eight U.S. Representatives, from six states, arrested while holding a sit-in near the west side of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Capitol" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Capitol">U.S. Capitol</a> building, to advocate for immigration reform.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_presidential_election">2008 presidential election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2008 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_DNC_2008_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/John_Lewis_DNC_2008_%28cropped2%29.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_DNC_2008_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/John_Lewis_DNC_2008_%28cropped2%29.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_DNC_2008_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/John_Lewis_DNC_2008_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Lewis speaks during the final day of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, Colorado</figcaption></figure> At first, Lewis supported <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, endorsing her presidential campaign on October 12, 2007.<a href="#cite_note-CNNticker_20071012-111">[111]</a> On February 14, 2008, however, he announced he was considering withdrawing his support from Clinton and might instead cast his <a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">superdelegate</a> vote for <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>: "Something is happening in America and people are prepared and ready to make that great leap."<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Zeleny-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ben_Smith_(journalist)" title="Ben Smith (journalist)">Ben Smith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> said that "it would be a seminal moment in the race if John Lewis were to switch sides."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> On February 27, 2008, Lewis formally changed his support and endorsed Obama.<a href="#cite_note-LAT_AP-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> After Obama clinched the Democratic nomination for president, Lewis said "If someone had told me this would be happening now, I would have told them they were crazy, out of their mind, they didn't know what they were talking about ... I just wish the others were around to see this day. ... To the people who were beaten, put in jail, were asked questions they could never answer to register to vote, it's amazing."<a href="#cite_note-Politico_Hearn_20080604-116">[116]</a> Despite switching his support to Obama, Lewis drew criticism from his constituents for his support of Clinton for several months. One of his challengers in the House <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a> set up campaign headquarters inside the building that served as Obama's Georgia office.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_Hernandez_20080701-117">[117]</a> In October 2008, Lewis issued a statement criticizing the presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> and his running mate <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Sarah Palin</a> and accusing them of "sowing the seeds of hatred and division" in a way that brought to mind the late Gov. <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a> and "another destructive period" in American political history. McCain said he was "saddened" by the criticism from "a man I've always admired", and called on Obama to repudiate Lewis's statement. Obama responded to the statement, saying that he "does not believe that John McCain or his policy criticism is in any way comparable to George Wallace or his <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> policies".<a href="#cite_note-Obama_Rebukes-118">[118]</a> Lewis later issued a follow-up statement clarifying that he had not compared McCain and Palin to Wallace himself, but rather that his earlier statement was a "reminder to all Americans that toxic language can lead to destructive behavior".<a href="#cite_note-AJC-119">[119]</a> On an African American being elected president, he said:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If you ask me whether the election ... is the fulfillment of Dr. King's dream, I say, 'No, it's just a down payment.' There's still too many people 50 years later, there's still too many people that are being left out and left behind.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a></blockquote>After Obama's swearing-in ceremony as president, Lewis asked him to sign a commemorative photograph of the event. Obama signed it, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."<a href="#cite_note-Remnick-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_firearm_safety_legislation_sit-in">2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2016 firearm safety legislation sit-in">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png/220px-US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png/330px-US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png/440px-US_House_Democrats_assume_floor_and_begin_22_June_2016_sit_in.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>House Democrats, led by Lewis, take the floor to begin a sit-in demanding <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun safety legislation</a> on June 22, 2016</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_sit-in" title="2016 United States House of Representatives sit-in">On June 22, 2016, House Democrats, led by Lewis</a> and Massachusetts Representative <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Clark" title="Katherine Clark">Katherine Clark</a>, began a sit-in demanding House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> allow a vote on <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">gun-safety legislation</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Orlando nightclub shooting">Orlando nightclub shooting</a>. Speaker <a href="/wiki/Pro_tempore" title="Pro tempore">pro tempore</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_(Florida_politician)" title="Daniel Webster (Florida politician)">Daniel Webster</a> ordered the House into recess, but Democrats refused to leave the chamber for nearly 26 hours.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_African_American_Museum">National African American Museum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: National African American Museum">edit</a>]</div> In 1988, the year after he was sworn into Congress, Lewis introduced a bill to create a national African American museum in Washington. The bill failed, and for 15 years he continued to introduce it with each new Congress. Each time it was blocked in the Senate, most often by conservative Southern Senator <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a>. In 2003, Helms retired. The bill won bipartisan support, and President George W. Bush signed the bill to establish the museum, with the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>'s Board of Regents to establish the location. The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_African_American_History_and_Culture" title="National Museum of African American History and Culture">National Museum of African American History and Culture</a>, located adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>, held its opening ceremony on September 25, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-The_Washington_Post-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_presidential_election">2016 presidential election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2016 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg/220px-Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg/330px-Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg/440px-Atlanta_Womens_March_John_Lewis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>John Lewis at the <a href="/wiki/2017_Women%27s_March" title="2017 Women's March">2017 Women's March</a> in Atlanta</figcaption></figure> Lewis supported <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2016 Democratic presidential primaries</a> against <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a>. Regarding Sanders' role in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, Lewis remarked "To be very frank, I never saw him, I never met him. I chaired the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> for three years, from 1963 to 1966. I was involved in sit-ins, in the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a>, the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a>, the March from Selma to Montgomery ... but I met Hillary Clinton". Former Congressman and Hawaii Governor <a href="/wiki/Neil_Abercrombie" title="Neil Abercrombie">Neil Abercrombie</a> wrote a letter to Lewis expressing his disappointment with Lewis's comments about Sanders. Lewis later clarified his statement, saying "During the late 1950s and 1960s when I was more engaged, [Sanders] was not there. I did not see him around. I have never seen him in the South. But if he was there, if he was involved someplace, I was not aware of it ... The fact that I did not meet him in the movement does not mean I doubted that Senator Sanders participated in the civil rights movement, neither was I attempting to disparage his activism."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In a January 2016 interview, Lewis compared <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> front-runner for the presidential nomination, to former Alabama Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">George Wallace</a>: "I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think <a href="/wiki/Demagogues" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogues">demagogues</a> are pretty dangerous, really ... We shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people."<a href="#cite_note-LAT_Panzar-127">[127]</a> On January 13, 2017, during an interview with <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Todd" title="Chuck Todd">Chuck Todd</a> for <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a>, Lewis stated: "I don't see the president-elect as a legitimate president."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> He added, "I think the Russians participated in having this man get elected, and they helped destroy the candidacy of Hillary Clinton. I don't plan to attend the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration</a>. I think there was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_interference_in_the_2016_United_States_elections" title="Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections">conspiracy on the part of the Russians</a>, and others, that helped him get elected. That's not right. That's not fair. That's not the open, democratic process."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Trump replied on Twitter the following day, suggesting that Lewis should "spend more time on fixing and helping his district, which is in horrible shape and falling apart (not to [...] mention crime infested) rather than falsely complaining about the election results", and accusing Lewis of being "All talk, talk, talk – no action or results. Sad!"<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Trump's statement about Lewis's district was rated as "Mostly False" by <a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a>,<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and he was criticized for attacking a civil rights leader such as Lewis, especially one who was brutally beaten for the cause, and especially on <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King weekend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2017-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> acknowledged Lewis as "an American hero" but criticized him, saying: "this is not the first time that Congressman Lewis has taken a very extreme stand and condemned without any shred of evidence for doing so an incoming president of the United States. This is a stain on Congressman Lewis's reputation – no one else's."<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A few days later, Lewis said that he would not attend <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">Trump's inauguration</a> because he did not believe that Trump was the true elected president. "It will be the first (inauguration) that I miss since I've been in Congress. You cannot be at home with something that you feel that is wrong, is not right", he said. Lewis had failed to attend <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">George W. Bush's inauguration in 2001</a> because he believed that he too was not a legitimately elected president. Lewis's statement was rated as "Pants on Fire" by PolitiFact.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_presidential_election">2020 presidential election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2020 presidential election">edit</a>]</div> Lewis endorsed <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> for president on April 7, 2020, a day before Biden effectively secured the Democratic nomination. He recommended Biden pick a woman of color as his running mate.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Committee_assignments">Committee assignments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Committee assignments">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis,_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis%2C_2015.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis%2C_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis%2C_2015.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis%2C_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis%2C_2015.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_hugs_John_Lewis%2C_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>President Barack Obama hugs Lewis during a commemoration of the 50th anniversary of Bloody Sunday and the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery voting rights marches</a>, March 7, 2015.</figcaption></figure> Lewis served on the following Congressional committees at the time of his death:<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Committee on Ways and Means</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Ways_and_Means_Subcommittee_on_Oversight" title="United States House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight">Subcommittee on Oversight</a> (Chair)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation">United States Congress Joint Committee on Taxation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucus_memberships">Caucus memberships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Caucus memberships">edit</a>]</div> Lewis was a member of over 40 caucuses, including:<a href="#cite_note-johnlewishousegov-141">[141]</a> <ul><li>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Caucus (Co-Chair)</li> <li>Congressional Structured Settlements Caucus (Co-Chair)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Congressional Black Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Brazil_Caucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Brazil Caucus">Congressional Brazil Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-johnlewishousegov-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Arts_Caucus" title="Congressional Arts Caucus">Congressional Arts Caucus</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a></li></ul> In 1991, Lewis became the senior chief deputy <a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">whip</a> in the Democratic caucus.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies">Biographies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Biographies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?107917-1/walking-wind">Booknotes interview with Lewis on Walking With the Wind, July 12, 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?306997-1/qa-representative-john-lewis-d-ga">Q&A interview with Lewis on Across That Bridge, August 5, 2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?314851-1/depth-representative-john-lewis">In Depth interview with Lewis, October 6, 2013</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Lewis's 1998 autobiography Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement, co-written with <a href="/wiki/Mike_D%27Orso" title="Mike D'Orso">Mike D'Orso</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Book Award">Robert F. Kennedy Book Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Anisfield-Wolf_Book_Award" title="Anisfield-Wolf Book Award">Anisfield-Wolf Book Award</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Award" title="Christopher Award">Christopher Award</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lillian_Smith_Book_Award" title="Lillian Smith Book Award">Lillian Smith Book Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> It appeared on numerous bestseller lists, was selected as a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> Notable Book of the Year,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> was named by the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> as its Nonfiction Book of the Year,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> and was included among <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a> magazine's 2009 list of "50 Books For Our Times".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> It was critically acclaimed, with <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> calling it "the definitive account of the civil rights movement"<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> proclaiming it "destined to become a classic in civil rights literature".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> His life is also the subject of a 2002 book for young people, John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman. In 2012, Lewis released Across That Bridge, written with Brenda Jones, to mixed reviews. <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>'s review said, "At its best, the book provides a testament to the power of nonviolence in social movements ... At its worst, it resembles an extended campaign speech."<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_(2013)">March (2013)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: March (2013)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg/220px-11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg/330px-11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg/440px-11.7.13JohnLewisByLuigiNovi14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>Lewis signing copies of <a href="/wiki/March_Book_One" class="mw-redirect" title="March Book One">March Book One</a> (2013), the first volume of his graphic novel autobiography, at <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Comics" title="Midtown Comics">Midtown Comics</a> in Manhattan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?400036-3/march">Presentation by Lewis and Andrew Aydin on March: Book Two, November 21, 2015</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?415635-6/open-phones-representative-john-lewis-andrew-aydin">Interview with Lewis and Aydin on March: Book Three, September 24, 2016</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2013, Lewis became the first member of Congress to write a <a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">graphic novel</a>, with the launch of a trilogy titled <a href="/wiki/March_(comics)" title="March (comics)">March</a>. The March trilogy is a black and white comics trilogy about the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, told through the perspective of civil rights leader and U.S. Congressman John Lewis. The first volume, March: Book One is written by Lewis and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Aydin" title="Andrew Aydin">Andrew Aydin</a>, illustrated and lettered by <a href="/wiki/Nate_Powell" title="Nate Powell">Nate Powell</a> and was published in August 2013,<a href="#cite_note-WashPost-155">[155]</a> the second volume, March: Book Two was published in January 2015 and the final volume, March: Book Three was published in August 2016.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> In an August 2014 interview, Lewis cited the influence of a 1958 comic book, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_and_the_Montgomery_Story" title="Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story">Martin Luther King and the Montgomery Story</a>, on his decision to adapt his experience to the graphic novel format.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/March:_Book_One" class="mw-redirect" title="March: Book One">March: Book One</a> became a number one <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> bestseller for graphic novels<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> and spent more than a year on the lists. March: Book One received an "Author Honor" from the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>'s 2014 <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Book_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Coretta Scott King Book Awards">Coretta Scott King Book Awards</a>, which honors an African American author of a children's book.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Book One also became the first graphic novel to win a <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Book Award">Robert F. Kennedy Book Award</a>, receiving a "Special Recognition" bust in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> March: Book One was selected by first-year reading programs in 2014 at <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> March: Book Two was released in 2015 and immediately became both a New York Times and Washington Post bestseller for graphic novels. The release of March: Book Three in August 2016 brought all three volumes into the top 3 slots of the New York Times bestseller list for graphic novels for 6 consecutive weeks.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> The third volume was announced as the recipient of the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Printz_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Printz Award">Printz Award</a> for excellence in young-adult literature, the <a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King_Award" title="Coretta Scott King Award">Coretta Scott King Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/YALSA_Award_for_Excellence_in_Nonfiction" title="YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction">YALSA Award for Excellence in Nonfiction</a>, the 2016 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> in Young People's Literature,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sibert_Medal" title="Sibert Medal">Sibert Medal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>'s annual Midwinter Meeting in January 2017.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> The March trilogy received the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies#Awards" title="National Council for the Social Studies">Carter G. Woodson Book Award</a> in the Secondary (grades 7–12) category in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Run_(2018)">Run (2018)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Run (2018)">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, Lewis and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Aydin" title="Andrew Aydin">Andrew Aydin</a> co-wrote another graphic novel as a sequel to the March series entitled Run, which documents Lewis's life after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The authors teamed with illustrator <a href="/wiki/Afua_Richardson" title="Afua Richardson">Afua Richardson</a> for the book, which was originally scheduled to be released in August 2018, but was later rescheduled.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> It was released on August 3, 2021, a year after his death, as it was one of his last endeavours before he died.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nate_Powell" title="Nate Powell">Nate Powell</a>, who illustrated March, also contributed to the art.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Marriage and family">edit</a>]</div> Lewis met his future wife Lillian Miles at a New Year's Eve party hosted by <a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a>. Lillian worked for the library of Atlanta University at the time. The two of them married one year later in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> In 1966, they had a son, who also works in politics. Lillian died on December 31, 2012, the 45th anniversary of the couple's meeting. He has a grandson who lives in Paris.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Illness and death">edit</a>]</div> On December 29, 2019, Lewis announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_cancer" title="Pancreatic cancer">pancreatic cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> He remained in the Washington D.C. area for his treatment. Lewis stated: "I have been in some kind of fight – for freedom, equality, basic human rights – for nearly my entire life. I have never faced a fight quite like the one I have now."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 230px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?474215-1/memorial-service-rep-john-lewis-1940-2020">Memorial service for Lewis, at Troy University, Troy, Alabama, July 25, 2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?474216-1/edmund-pettus-bridge-processional-honor-rep-john-lewis-1940-2020">Edmund Pettus Bridge processional in honor of Lewis, July 26, 2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?474218-1/representative-john-lewis-casket-arrival-us-capitol&event=474218&playEvent">Memorial service for Lewis at the U.S. Capitol, July 27, 2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?474223-1/representative-john-lewis-funeral-service-atlanta-georgia&event=474223&playEvent">Funeral service for Lewis at Ebenezer Baptist Church, Atlanta, Georgia, July 30, 2020</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> On July 17, 2020, Lewis died in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> at the age of 80,<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> on the same day in the same city as his friend and fellow civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C.T. Vivian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Lewis had been the final surviving <a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">"Big Six" civil rights icon</a>. Then-president <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> ordered all flags to be flown at <a href="/wiki/Half-staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-staff">half-staff</a> in response to Lewis's death.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Condolences also came from the international community, with Swedish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stefan_L%C3%B6fven" title="Stefan Löfven">Stefan Löfven</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a>, Irish President <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Higgins" title="Michael D. Higgins">Michael D. Higgins</a> among others, all memorializing Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral_services">Funeral services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Funeral services">edit</a>]</div> Public ceremonies honoring Lewis began in his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Troy,_Alabama" title="Troy, Alabama">Troy, Alabama</a> at <a href="/wiki/Troy_University" title="Troy University">Troy University</a>, which had denied him admission in 1957 due to <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial segregation</a>. His casket was then taken for a memorial held at the historic <a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel AME Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Calls to rename the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> in Selma, in Lewis's honor grew after his death.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> On July 26, 2020, his casket, carried in a horse-drawn caisson, traveled the same route over the bridge that he walked during the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches#"Bloody_Sunday"_events" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Bloody Sunday</a> march from Selma to Montgomery,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> before his <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_State_Capitol" title="Alabama State Capitol">Alabama State Capitol</a> in Montgomery.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> United States House of Representatives Speaker <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> and Senate Majority Leader <a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">Mitch McConnell</a> announced that Lewis would lie in state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Rotunda" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Capitol Rotunda">United States Capitol Rotunda</a> on July 27 and 28, with a public viewing and procession through Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> He is the first African-American lawmaker to be so honored in the Rotunda; in October 2019 his colleague, representative <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Elijah Cummings</a>, lay in state in the Capitol Statuary Hall.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Health concerns related to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> led to a decision to have his casket displayed outdoors on the East Front steps during the public viewing hours, rather than the usual line of people in the Rotunda filing past the casket to pay their respects.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> On July 29, 2020, Lewis's casket left the U.S. Capitol and was transported back to Atlanta, Georgia, where he lay in state at the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_Capitol" title="Georgia State Capitol">Georgia State Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Among the distinguished speakers at his final funeral service at Atlanta's <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Baptist_Church_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Baptist Church (Atlanta, Georgia)">Ebenezer Baptist Church</a> were former U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, who gave the eulogy. Former President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, unable to travel during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> due to his advanced age, sent a statement to be read during the service. The then-current President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> did not attend the service.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Lewis was buried at Atlanta's historic <a href="/wiki/South-View_Cemetery" title="South-View Cemetery">South-View Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Lewis penned an op-ed to the nation that was published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> on the day of his funeral.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In it, he called on the younger generation to continue the work for justice and an end to hate.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg/220px-President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg/330px-President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg/440px-President_Barack_Obama_awards_the_2010_Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_to_Congressman_John_Lewis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> awarded by President Barack Obama in 2011</figcaption></figure> Lewis was honored by having the 1997 sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Dial" title="Thornton Dial">Thornton Dial</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_(sculpture)" title="The Bridge (sculpture)">The Bridge</a>, placed at <a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Avenue" title="Ponce de Leon Avenue">Ponce de Leon Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" title="Freedom Park (Atlanta, Georgia)">Freedom Park</a>, Atlanta, dedicated to him by the artist. In 1999, Lewis was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Wallenberg_Medal" title="Wallenberg Medal">Wallenberg Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in recognition of his courageous lifelong commitment to the defense of civil and human rights. In that same year, he received the <a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a> for the Freedom of Speech.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Library_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Library Foundation">John F. Kennedy Library Foundation</a> awarded Lewis the <a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a> "for his extraordinary courage, leadership and commitment to civil rights".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> It is a lifetime achievement award and has been given out only twice, John Lewis and <a href="/wiki/William_Winter_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Winter (politician)">William Winter</a> (in 2008). The next year he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg/440px-John_Lewis_addressing_audience_in_the_Great_Hall_of_the_Library_of_Congress_-_50th_Anniversary_of_the_Civil_Rights_March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>John Lewis addressing audience in the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Great Hall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> on the 50th Anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, August 28, 2013</figcaption></figure> In 2004, Lewis received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> presented by Awards Council member <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> In 2006, he received the U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">John Heinz</a> Award for Greatest Public Service by an Elected or Appointed Official, an award given out annually by <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Awards_for_Public_Service" title="Jefferson Awards for Public Service">Jefferson Awards for Public Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In September 2007, Lewis was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dole_Institute_of_Politics#Dole_Leadership_Prize" title="Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics">Dole Leadership Prize</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Dole_Institute_of_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dole Institute of Politics">Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kansas" title="University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DoleBlog_20070926-205">[205]</a> Lewis was the only living speaker from the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a> present on the stage during the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">inauguration of Barack Obama</a>. Obama signed a commemorative photograph for Lewis with the words, "Because of you, John. Barack Obama."<a href="#cite_note-Remnick-121">[121]</a> In 2010, Lewis was awarded the First LBJ Liberty and Justice for All Award, given to him by the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation">Lyndon Baines Johnson Foundation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_University_of_Texas_at_Austin-206">[206]</a> and the next year, Lewis was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_20110215-207">[207]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg/440px-John_Lewis_-_Terri_Sewell_-_Frederick_D._Reese_-_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3327" /></a><figcaption>John Lewis with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terri_Sewell" title="Terri Sewell">Terri Sewell</a> at a 2016 Congressional Gold Medal Ceremony honoring the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2016, it was announced that a future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Underway_replenishment_oiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Underway replenishment oiler">underway replenishment oiler</a> would be named <a href="/wiki/USNS_John_Lewis" title="USNS John Lewis">USNS John Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Also in 2016, Lewis and fellow Selma marcher <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reese" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Reese">Frederick Reese</a> accepted <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medals</a> which were bestowed to the "foot soldiers" of the Selma marchers.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> The same year, Lewis was awarded the Liberty Medal at the National Constitution Center. The prestigious award has been awarded to international leaders from <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a> to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, presidents George Bush and Bill Clinton and other dignitaries and visionaries. The timing of Lewis's award coincided with the 150th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th amendment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In 2020, Lewis was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter P. Reuther</a> Humanitarian Award by <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University" title="Wayne State University">Wayne State University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Automobile_Workers" class="mw-redirect" title="United Automobile Workers">UAW</a>, and the Reuther family.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Lewis gave numerous commencement addresses, including at the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts" title="School of Visual Arts">School of Visual Arts</a> (SVA) in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-VAJ-Q-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_Maine" title="Lewiston, Maine">Lewiston, Maine</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> in 2016,<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bates-218">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bard_College" title="Bard College">Bard College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_Street_College_of_Education" title="Bank Street College of Education">Bank Street College of Education</a> in 2017, and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Gazette-219">[219]</a> Lewis was recognized for his involvement with comics with the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Inkpot_Award" title="Inkpot Award">Inkpot Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> On July 30, 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_City_Council" title="Atlanta City Council">Atlanta City Council</a> voted to rename Atlanta's Freedom Parkway <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Park_(Atlanta,_Georgia)" title="Freedom Park (Atlanta, Georgia)">John Lewis Freedom Parkway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> On November 5, 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_of_Nashville_and_Davidson_County" title="Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County">Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County</a> voted to rename an extensive part of <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville, Tennessee</a>'s 5th Avenue John Lewis Way.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> On June 23, 2020, the Fairfax County Public School Board voted to change the name of Robert E. Lee High School to John R. Lewis High School which is located in Springfield, Virginia. A program called John Lewis Now was created in his vision to provide students with in-school curriculum and out-of-school experiences in leadership and government utilizing the nearby Washington D.C. area.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> Lewis's death in July 2020 has given rise to support for renaming the historically significant Pettus bridge in Lewis's honor, an idea previously floated years ago.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> After his death, the Board of <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County_Public_Schools" title="Fairfax County Public Schools">Fairfax County Public Schools</a> announced that Robert E. Lee High School in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Virginia" title="Springfield, Virginia">Springfield, Virginia</a> would be renamed <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lewis_High_School" title="John R. Lewis High School">John R. Lewis High School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Following his death, <a href="/wiki/Troy_University" title="Troy University">Troy University</a> announced that the main building on its flagship campus would bear the name of John Lewis. The building, which was the oldest on campus, was previously named after <a href="/wiki/Bibb_Graves" title="Bibb Graves">Bibb Graves</a>, a former governor of Alabama and high-ranking officer of the Ku Klux Klan.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> On August 1, 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Lewis" title="Statue of John Lewis">statue of Lewis</a> was revealed by sculptor Gregory Johnson. The statue was commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Mims_Cook_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Mims Cook Jr.">Rodney Mims Cook Jr.</a> and was installed at Cook Park in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 2021.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg/220px-Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg/330px-Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg/440px-Lewis_Statue_in_Atlanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Lewis" title="Statue of John Lewis">Statue of John Lewis</a> in Atlanta, by Gregory Johnson (2021)</figcaption></figure> On February 21, 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> marked Lewis's late birthday on <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, urging all Americans to “carry on his mission in the fight for justice and equality for all.” He tweeted, “While my dear friend may no longer be with us, his life and legacy provide an eternal moral compass on which direction to march. May we carry on his mission in the fight for justice and equality for all.”<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> On October 27, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a> named one of its residential colleges, formerly known as College Ten, <a href="/wiki/College_Ten" class="mw-redirect" title="College Ten">John R Lewis College</a>. <a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> On August 16, 2024, a statue of Lewis by <a href="/wiki/Basil_Watson" title="Basil Watson">Basil Watson</a> was installed in <a href="/wiki/Decatur,_Georgia" title="Decatur, Georgia">Decatur, Georgia</a>, in the place where an <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a> monument to the Confederacy was put by the <a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a> in 1908; the obelisk was removed in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorary_academic_degrees">Honorary academic degrees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Honorary academic degrees">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg/440px-John_Lewis_Civil_rights_leader_honorary_degree_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Lewis receives an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> Lewis was awarded more than 50 honorary degrees,<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> including: <ul><li>1989: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/Troy_University" title="Troy University">Troy State University</a> (now Troy University)<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>1995: Honorary Doctor of Public Service degree from <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University" title="Northeastern University">Northeastern University</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a></li> <li>1998: Honorary Humane Letters degree from <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University" title="Brandeis University">Brandeis University</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a></li> <li>1999: Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Boston" title="University of Massachusetts Boston">University of Massachusetts Boston</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></li> <li>1999: Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)" title="Knox College (Illinois)">Knox College</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a></li> <li>2001: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/University_at_Albany" class="mw-redirect" title="University at Albany">University at Albany</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></li> <li>2002: Honorary D.H.L. from <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></li> <li>2003: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Wooster" title="College of Wooster">College of Wooster</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a></li> <li>2004: Honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Portland_State_University" title="Portland State University">Portland State University</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></li> <li>2004: Honorary LHD from <a href="/wiki/Juniata_College" title="Juniata College">Juniata College</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a></li> <li>2007: Honorary <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a> degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont" title="University of Vermont">University of Vermont</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a></li> <li>2007: Honorary LL.D. degree from <a href="/wiki/Adelphi_University" title="Adelphi University">Adelphi University</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a></li> <li>2012: Honorary LL.D. degrees from <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Harvard_Gazette-219">[219]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut_School_of_Law" title="University of Connecticut School of Law">University of Connecticut School of Law</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></li> <li>2013: Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters" title="Doctor of Humane Letters">Doctor of Humane Letters</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> from Judson College</li> <li>2013: Honorary LL.D. degrees from <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_State_University" title="Cleveland State University">Cleveland State University</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a></li> <li>2014: Honorary LL.D. degree from <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></li> <li>2014: Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Fine Arts">Doctorate of Fine Arts</a> from the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Visual_Arts" title="School of Visual Arts">School of Visual Arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VAJ-256">[256]</a></li> <li>2014: Honorary Bachelor of Arts from <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University" title="Lawrence University">Lawrence University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a></li> <li>2014: Honorary Doctor of Letters degree from <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a></li> <li>2015: Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Humane_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Humane Letters">Doctorate of Humane Letters</a> from the <a href="/wiki/McCourt_School_of_Public_Policy" title="McCourt School of Public Policy">McCourt School of Public Policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a></li> <li>2015: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_University" title="Lawrence University">Lawrence University</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a></li> <li>2015: Honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Goucher_College" title="Goucher College">Goucher College</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a></li> <li>2015: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton University</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li>2016: Honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_of_Humane_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate of Humane Letters">Doctorate of Humane Letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a></li> <li>2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Bates_College" title="Bates College">Bates College</a><a href="#cite_note-Bates-218">[218]</a></li> <li>2016: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a></li> <li>2016: Honorary Doctor of Policy Analysis from the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_S._Pardee_RAND_Graduate_School" title="Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School">Frederick S. Pardee RAND Graduate School</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a></li> <li>2016: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Jefferson_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington and Jefferson College">Washington and Jefferson College</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></li> <li>2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></li> <li>2017: Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from <a href="/wiki/Berea_College" title="Berea College">Berea College</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a></li> <li>2017: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from <a href="/wiki/Bank_Street_College_of_Education" title="Bank Street College of Education">Bank Street Graduate School of Education</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li>2018: Honorary Doctor of Law degree from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li>2019: Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from <a href="/wiki/City_College_of_New_York" title="City College of New York">City College of New York</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li>2019: Honorary Doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Electoral history">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district">Georgia's 5th congressional district</a>: Results 1986–2018<a href="#cite_note-clerk-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-fedelect-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th> </th> <th>Democratic </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th> <th>Republican </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1986">1986</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">93,229 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">75% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Portia Scott </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">30,562 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">25% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1988" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1988">1988</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">135,194 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">78% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">J. W. Tibbs </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37,693 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">22% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1990">1990</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">86,037 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">76% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">J. W. Tibbs </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">27,781 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">24% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1992">1992</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">147,445 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">72% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Paul Stabler </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">56,960 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">28% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1994">1994</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">85,094 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">69% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Dale Dixon </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">37,999 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">31% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1996" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1996">1996</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">136,555 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 1998">1998</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">109,177 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">79% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">John H. Lewis </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">29,877 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">21% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 2000">2000</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">137,333 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">77% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Hank Schwab </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">40,606 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">23% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House election, 2002">2002</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">116,259 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2004#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2004">2004</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">201,773 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2004Election-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2006#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2006">2006</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">122,380 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2006Election-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2008#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2008">2008</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">231,368 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2008Election-78">[78]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2010#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2010">2010</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">130,782 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">74% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Fenn Little </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46,622 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">26% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-wt_georgia5-287">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2012#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2012">2012</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">234,330 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">84% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Howard Stopeck </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">43,335 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-wt_georgia5-287">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2014#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2014">2014</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">170,326 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2014Election-79">[79]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2016#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2016">2016</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">253,781 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">84% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">Douglas Bell </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">46,768 </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">16% </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Georgia,_2018#District_5" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Georgia, 2018">2018</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">John Lewis </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">273,084 </td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">100% </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6">No candidate </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-2018Election-80">[80]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Lewis_(50121466602)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/John_Lewis_%2850121466602%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Lewis_%2850121466602%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/John_Lewis_%2850121466602%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Lewis_%2850121466602%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/John_Lewis_%2850121466602%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Lewis_%2850121466602%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2545" data-file-height="2828" /></a><figcaption>Lewis at <a href="/wiki/Nationals_Park" title="Nationals Park">Nationals Park</a> in 2018 to throw out the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_first_pitch" title="Ceremonial first pitch">ceremonial first pitch</a> before <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Day" title="Jackie Robinson Day">Jackie Robinson Day</a></figcaption></figure> Lewis was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Stephan_James_(actor)" title="Stephan James (actor)">Stephan James</a> in the 2014 film <a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> He made a cameo appearance in the music video for <a href="/wiki/Young_Jeezy" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Jeezy">Young Jeezy</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/My_President" title="My President">My President</a>", which was released in the month of Obama's inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> In 2017, John Lewis voiced himself in the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_(TV_series)" title="Arthur (TV series)">Arthur</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Takes_a_Stand" title="Arthur Takes a Stand">Arthur Takes a Stand</a>".<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Lewis's life was chronicled in the 2017 PBS documentary John Lewis: Get in the Way<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> and the 2020 CNN Films documentary <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis:_Good_Trouble" title="John Lewis: Good Trouble">John Lewis: Good Trouble</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Lewis appeared in the 2019 documentary <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Kennedy_for_President" title="Bobby Kennedy for President">Bobby Kennedy for President</a>, in which Lewis commends <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> especially in regards to his support for civil rights throughout his time as a senator for New York and during <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">Kennedy's 1968 presidential campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Morfoot_2018-295">[295]</a> Lewis also recounted his deep sorrow following the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">assassinations of Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert_2018-296">[296]</a> Lewis appeared alongside <a href="/wiki/Amandla_Stenberg" title="Amandla Stenberg">Amandla Stenberg</a> to present <a href="/wiki/Green_Book_(film)" title="Green Book (film)">Green Book</a> as a nominee for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards" title="91st Academy Awards">91st Academy Awards</a> that took place on February 24, 2019. Lewis attended <a href="/wiki/Comics_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics convention">comics conventions</a> to promote his graphic novel, most notably <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con" title="San Diego Comic-Con">San Diego Comic-Con</a>, which he attended in 2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017. During the 2015 convention, Lewis led, along with his graphic novel collaborators Andrew Aydin and Nate Powell, an impromptu simulated Selma civil rights march arm in arm with children, during which he wore the same clothes as he did on Bloody Sunday, garnering thousands of con goers to participate. The event became so popular it was repeated in 2016 and 2017.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973 (Library of America: 2003) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931082-29-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-931082-29-4">1-931082-29-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisD'Orso1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John; D'Orso, Michael (1999). Walking with the Wind. San Diego: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-600708-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-600708-8"><bdi>0-15-600708-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-15-600708-8&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=D%27Orso%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> The U.S. Congressman tells of life in the trenches of the Civil Rights Movement, the numerous arrests, sit-ins, and marches that led to breaking down the barriers of discrimination in the South during the 1950s and 1960s.</li> <li>John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Haskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jim Haskins">Jim Haskins</a> and Kathleen Benson, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Benny_Andrews" title="Benny Andrews">Benny Andrews</a>, (Lee & Low Books: 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58430-250-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58430-250-6">978-1-58430-250-6</a>. A biography of John Lewis, one of the "Big Six" leaders who were chairman of activist groups organizing the 1963 March on Washington, focusing on his involvement in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom Rides">Freedom Rides</a>, the March on Washington, and the march across the <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a> in the 1965 <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>.</li> <li>John Lewis: From Freedom Rider to Congressman by Christine M. Hill, (Enslow Publishers, Inc., 2002) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7660-1768-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7660-1768-0">0-7660-1768-0</a>. A biography of John Lewis written for juvenile readers.</li> <li>Freedom Riders: John Lewis and Jim Zwerg on the Frontlines of the Civil Rights Movement by Ann Bausum, (<a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-4173-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-4173-8">0-7922-4173-8</a>.</li> <li>Across That Bridge by John Lewis with Brenda Jones, (Hyperion: 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-2411-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-2411-7">978-1-4013-2411-7</a>. Winner of the 2013 NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Literary Work/Biography. It is an accessible discussion of Lewis's philosophy and his viewpoint of the philosophical basis of the Civil Rights Movement.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(comics)" title="March (comics)">March: Book One</a> a 2013 illustrated comic history of Lewis's career, with sequels published in 2015 and 2016, by John Lewis, Andrew Aydin, and <a href="/wiki/Nate_Powell" title="Nate Powell">Nate Powell</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Top_Shelf_Productions" title="Top Shelf Productions">Top Shelf Productions</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60309-300-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60309-300-2">978-1-60309-300-2</a>.</li> <li>Carry On: Reflections for a New Generation from John Lewis (2021)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2024" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, David (October 8, 2024). John Lewis: A Life. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-4299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-4299-5"><bdi>978-1-9821-4299-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Lewis%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2024-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-9821-4299-5&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Voting_Rights_Act" title="John Lewis Voting Rights Act">John Lewis Voting Rights Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">List of African-American United States representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_rights_leaders" title="List of civil rights leaders">List of civil rights leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)#2020s" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)#2020s</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuggs2020" class="citation web cs1">Suggs, Ernie (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/news/years-in-atlanta-city-hall-tested-lewis-mettle/ETDBOVA6R5GFDJVXETK7LYP3QU/">"Years in Atlanta City Hall Tested Lewis' Mettle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlanta_Journal-Constitution" title="The Atlanta Journal-Constitution">The Atlanta Journal-Constitution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201123013627/https://www.ajc.com/news/years-in-atlanta-city-hall-tested-lewis-mettle/ETDBOVA6R5GFDJVXETK7LYP3QU/">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Years+in+Atlanta+City+Hall+Tested+Lewis%27+Mettle&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Suggs&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Fyears-in-atlanta-city-hall-tested-lewis-mettle%2FETDBOVA6R5GFDJVXETK7LYP3QU%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fid1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-fid1_2-0">^</a> Stated on <a href="/wiki/Finding_Your_Roots" title="Finding Your Roots">Finding Your Roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, March 25, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (October 18, 1999). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin Harcourt</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156007085" title="Special:BookSources/9780156007085"><bdi>9780156007085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1999-10-18&rft.isbn=9780156007085&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seelye-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Seelye_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeelye2020" class="citation news cs1">Seelye, Katharine Q. (July 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/john-lewis-dead.html">"John Lewis, Civil Rights Icon and Congressman, Dies at 80"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. p. A1. Retrieved August 2, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+Lewis%2C+Civil+Rights+Icon+and+Congressman%2C+Dies+at+80&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2020-07-17&rft.aulast=Seelye&rft.aufirst=Katharine+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2Fus%2Fjohn-lewis-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReportingCivilRights-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReportingCivilRights_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReportingCivilRights_5-1">b</a> Reporting Civil Rights: American Journalism 1963–1973, Part Two <a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Carson, Clayborne</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">Garrow, David</a>, Kovach, Polsgrove, Carol (Editorial Advisory Board), (Library of America: 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931082-29-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931082-29-7">978-1-931082-29-7</a>, pp. 15–16, 48, 56, 84, 323, 374, 384, 392, 491–94, 503, 505, 513, 556, 726, 751, 846, 873. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. xv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeacham2020" class="citation book cs1">Meacham, Jon (2020). His Truth Is Marching On: John Lewis and the Power of Hope. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> (published August 25, 2020). p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1984855026" title="Special:BookSources/1984855026"><bdi>1984855026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Truth+Is+Marching+On%3A+John+Lewis+and+the+Power+of+Hope&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=1984855026&rft.aulast=Meacham&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemley-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lemley_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lemley_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemleyJohns2013" class="citation news cs1">Lemley, John; Johns, Myke (August 28, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wabe.org/congressman-john-lewis-march">"Congressman John Lewis on March"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WABE_(FM)" title="WABE (FM)">WABE FM</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721233530/https://www.wabe.org/congressman-john-lewis-march/">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WABE+FM&rft.atitle=Congressman+John+Lewis+on+March&rft.date=2013-08-28&rft.aulast=Lemley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Johns%2C+Myke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wabe.org%2Fcongressman-john-lewis-march&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> (<a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> station) </li> <li id="cite_note-Banks-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banks_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banks_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banks_9-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2020" class="citation news cs1">Banks, Adelle M. (July 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/july/died-john-lewis-baptist-minister-civil-rights-leader.html">"Died: John Lewis, Preaching Politician and Civil Rights Leader"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a> (obituary). <a href="/wiki/Religion_News_Service" title="Religion News Service">Religion News Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721013445/https://www.christianitytoday.com/news/2020/july/died-john-lewis-baptist-minister-civil-rights-leader.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Died%3A+John+Lewis%2C+Preaching+Politician+and+Civil+Rights+Leader&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Adelle+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2Fjuly%2Fdied-john-lewis-baptist-minister-civil-rights-leader.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lewis1998" class="citation book cs1">John Lewis (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/19/mode/2up?q=%22just+two+white+people%22">Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkingwithwindm00lewi/page/19/mode/2up">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600708-5"><bdi>978-0-15-600708-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved February 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-15-600708-5&rft.au=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkingwithwindm00lewi%2Fpage%2F19%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522just%2Btwo%2Bwhite%2Bpeople%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016">"National Book Awards 2016"</a>. Speakola.com. November 29, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503184105/http://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speakola.com&rft.atitle=National+Book+Awards+2016&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspeakola.com%2Farts%2Fjohn-lewis-national-book-awards-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJannol2017" class="citation web cs1">Jannol, Hannah (December 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/educating-every-child/">"The Little Known Story Of How A Jewish Sears Exec. Helped His African-American Neighbors"</a>. Jewish Week. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210406132353/https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/educating-every-child/">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=The+Little+Known+Story+Of+How+A+Jewish+Sears+Exec.+Helped+His+African-American+Neighbors&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.aulast=Jannol&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishweek.timesofisrael.com%2Feducating-every-child%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016">"John Lewis: 'Read my child, read!'"</a>. Speakola.com. 2016 National Book Award Winner. November 29, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170503184105/http://speakola.com/arts/john-lewis-national-book-awards-2016">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speakola.com&rft.atitle=John+Lewis%3A+%27Read+my+child%2C+read%21%27&rft.date=2016-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspeakola.com%2Farts%2Fjohn-lewis-national-book-awards-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Brad (July 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exhibitors.ala.org/Cognotes_2013/Cognotes_July_1_2013.pdf">"John Lewis Inspires Audience to March Forward While Remembering the Past"</a> (PDF). ALA Cognotes. 2013 (8). <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>: 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-4319">0738-4319</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320210115/http://exhibitors.ala.org/Cognotes_2013/Cognotes_July_1_2013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ALA+Cognotes&rft.atitle=John+Lewis+Inspires+Audience+to+March+Forward+While+Remembering+the+Past&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.issn=0738-4319&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexhibitors.ala.org%2FCognotes_2013%2FCognotes_July_1_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/john-lewiss-march/">"John Lewis's March"</a>. American Libraries. American Library Association. June 30, 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9769">0002-9769</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231100653/https://americanlibrariesmagazine.org/blogs/the-scoop/john-lewiss-march/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Libraries&rft.atitle=John+Lewis%27s+March&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft.issn=0002-9769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famericanlibrariesmagazine.org%2Fblogs%2Fthe-scoop%2Fjohn-lewiss-march%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbanese2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Albanese, Andrew (June 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/conferences/article/58040-ala-2013-the-day-congressman-john-lewis-got-his-library-card.html">"ALA 2013: The Day Congressman John Lewis Got his Library Card"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>. New York City: PWxyz, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231093834/https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/digital/conferences/article/58040-ala-2013-the-day-congressman-john-lewis-got-his-library-card.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2019. Retrieved December 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=ALA+2013%3A+The+Day+Congressman+John+Lewis+Got+his+Library+Card&rft.date=2013-06-30&rft.aulast=Albanese&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2Fpw%2Fby-topic%2Fdigital%2Fconferences%2Farticle%2F58040-ala-2013-the-day-congressman-john-lewis-got-his-library-card.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John (1999). Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. San Diego, California: Harcourt Brace. pp. 36–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-600708-5"><bdi>978-0-15-600708-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+California&rft.pages=36-40&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-15-600708-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John. Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement. San Diego: Harcourt Brace. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Lewis, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-20"><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5033971">"The Montgomery Bus Boycott, 50 Years Later"</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_%26_Notes" title="News & Notes">News & Notes</a>. December 1, 2005. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203005850/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5033971">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2018. Retrieved April 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News+%26+Notes&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D5033971&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewisspeaks-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewisspeaks_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewisspeaks_21-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PqRiItBO-E">Billy Graham passes away: Congressman John Lewis remembers the reverend</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105023524/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PqRiItBO-E&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> November 5, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/WXIA-TV" title="WXIA-TV">11 Alive</a>, February 21, 2018, Accessed October 6, 2020 </li> <li id="cite_note-lewisgraham-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewisgraham_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewisgraham_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.11alive.com/article/news/jimmy-carter-andrew-young-john-lewis-others-remember-billy-graham/85-521478331">"Jimmy Carter, Andrew Young, John Lewis, others remember Billy Graham"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WXIA-TV" title="WXIA-TV">11 Alive</a>. February 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013514/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/jimmy-carter-andrew-young-john-lewis-others-remember-billy-graham/85-521478331">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jimmy+Carter%2C+Andrew+Young%2C+John+Lewis%2C+others+remember+Billy+Graham&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.11alive.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Fjimmy-carter-andrew-young-john-lewis-others-remember-billy-graham%2F85-521478331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewkirk_II" class="citation magazine cs1">Newkirk II, Vann R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/02/john-lewis-martin-luther-king-jr/552581/">"How Martin Luther King Jr. Recruited John Lewis"</a>. The Atlantic. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1072-7825">1072-7825</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810061838/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/02/john-lewis-martin-luther-king-jr/552581/">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+Recruited+John+Lewis&rft.issn=1072-7825&rft.aulast=Newkirk+II&rft.aufirst=Vann+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2018%2F02%2Fjohn-lewis-martin-luther-king-jr%2F552581%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315092349/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/11/idUS14578+11-Jul-2009+PRN20090711">"President Clinton Inducted into Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity"</a>. Reuters. 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That was my big brother" John Lewis' family speaks for 1st time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WSB-TV" title="WSB-TV">WSB News</a>. 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Lewis Biography and Interview"</a>. www.achievement.org. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220101031/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2019. Retrieved May 6, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Congressman+John+R.+Lewis+Biography+and+Interview&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.achievement.org%2Fachiever%2Fcongressman-john-r-lewis%2F%23interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Lewis" class="citation web cs1">John Lewis, A civil Rights Legend. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbar.org/groups/communications_law/publications/communications_lawyer/fall2020/john-lewis-profile-a-civil-rights-legend/">"John Lewis: Profile of a Civil Rights Legend"</a>. www.americanbar.org. American Bar Association. 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Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Freedom+Riders%2C+Then+and+Now&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2FThe-Freedom-Riders.html%3Fc%3Dy%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinor2010" class="citation news cs1">Minor, Bill (April 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desototimes.com/articles/2010/04/02/opinion/editorials/doc4bb645d51cbc1161890108.txt">"New law meant to eliminate existing 'donut hole'"</a>. DeSoto Times-Tribune. 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May 10, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401002256/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/05/10/access.lewis.freedom.rides/">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=John+Lewis%3A+%27I+thought+I+was+going+to+die%27&rft.date=2001-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2001%2FUS%2F05%2F10%2Faccess.lewis.freedom.rides%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottShade2013" class="citation book cs1">Scott, William R.; Shade, William G. (October 31, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vVvhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA229">Upon these Shores: Themes in the African-American Experience 1600 to the Present</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-27620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-27620-1"><bdi>978-1-135-27620-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909151745/https://books.google.com/books?id=vVvhAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA229">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2020. 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ABC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309165408/http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=6813984&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Man+Asks+Entire+Town+for+Forgiveness+for+Racism&rft.date=2009-02-06&rft.aulast=Shipman&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Smith%2C+Cindy&rft.au=Ferran%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FGMA%2Fstory%3Fid%3D6813984%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisMichael_d'Orso1999" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, John; Michael d'Orso (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mm58BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement</a> (reprint ed.). Harvest Books. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-9771-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-9771-7"><bdi>978-1-4767-9771-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200730140119/https://books.google.com/books?id=mm58BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved July 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walking+with+the+Wind%3A+A+Memoir+of+the+Movement&rft.pages=261&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-9771-7&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Michael+d%27Orso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmm58BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation news cs1">Roberts, Sam (April 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/obituaries/charles-mcdew-79-tactician-for-student-civil-rights-group-dies.html">"Charles McDew, 79, Tactician for Student Civil Rights Group, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121359/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/13/obituaries/charles-mcdew-79-tactician-for-student-civil-rights-group-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Charles+McDew%2C+79%2C+Tactician+for+Student+Civil+Rights+Group%2C+Dies&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F13%2Fobituaries%2Fcharles-mcdew-79-tactician-for-student-civil-rights-group-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2018" class="citation web cs1">Adler, Erin (April 18, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.startribune.com/charles-mcdew-civil-rights-activist-and-metro-state-adviser-dies-at-79/480174313/">"Charles McDew, civil rights activist and Metro State adviser, dies at 79"</a>. Star Tribune. <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis" title="Minneapolis">Minneapolis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419074332/http://www.startribune.com/charles-mcdew-civil-rights-activist-and-metro-state-adviser-dies-at-79/480174313/">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tribune&rft.atitle=Charles+McDew%2C+civil+rights+activist+and+Metro+State+adviser%2C+dies+at+79&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.startribune.com%2Fcharles-mcdew-civil-rights-activist-and-metro-state-adviser-dies-at-79%2F480174313%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollcall.com/2020/07/18/john-lewis-civil-rights-hero-and-conscience-of-congress-has-died/">"John Lewis, civil rights hero and 'conscience of Congress,' dies at 80"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/we-are-legacy-john-lewis-lives-generations-young-staffers-he-n1235038">the original</a> on July 28, 2020. 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October 10, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109202657/https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/civil-rights-act/civil-rights-era.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 9, 2020. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nola.com/opinions/article_87a3401f-b8eb-5854-a799-7ff8de67d412.html">the original</a> on July 31, 2020. Retrieved July 31, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times-Picayune%2FThe+New+Orleans+Advocate&rft.atitle=March+on+Washington+reflected+optimism+and+outrage&rft.date=2013-08-24&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nola.com%2Fopinions%2Farticle_87a3401f-b8eb-5854-a799-7ff8de67d412.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation web cs1">Jones, William P. (February 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CSPAN2_20160219_070600_Book_Discussion_on_The_March_on_Washington/start/2305/end/2365?q=ethan+lewis">"Book Discussion on The March on Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN_2" class="mw-redirect" title="C-SPAN 2">C-SPAN 2</a>. 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July 18, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718044207/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53454169">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+icon+and+congressman+John+Lewis+dies&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-53454169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph" class="citation news cs1">Joseph, Peniel E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/19/john-lewis-leaves-behind-powerful-legacy-social-justice/">"Perspective | John Lewis leaves behind a powerful legacy of social justice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222112345/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/07/19/john-lewis-leaves-behind-powerful-legacy-social-justice/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Perspective+%7C+John+Lewis+leaves+behind+a+powerful+legacy+of+social+justice&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Peniel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2020%2F07%2F19%2Fjohn-lewis-leaves-behind-powerful-legacy-social-justice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Lewis, p. 392. </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-fastfacts-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn-fastfacts_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn-fastfacts_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/us/john-lewis-fast-facts/index.html">"John Lewis Fast Facts"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200416181223/https://www.cnn.com/2013/02/22/us/john-lewis-fast-facts/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=John+Lewis+Fast+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F02%2F22%2Fus%2Fjohn-lewis-fast-facts%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Lewis, p. 398. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Lewis, Walking with the Wind, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-wynn-61"><a href="#cite_ref-wynn_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynn" class="citation web cs1">Wynn, Linda T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/john-robert-lewis/">"John Robert Lewis"</a>. Tennessee Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718202229/https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/john-robert-lewis/">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=John+Robert+Lewis&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Linda+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftennesseeencyclopedia.net%2Fentries%2Fjohn-robert-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ga-encyclopedia-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ga-encyclopedia_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ga-encyclopedia_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ga-encyclopedia_62-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/voter-education-project">"Voter Education Project"</a>. Georgia Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200602125300/https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/voter-education-project">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Voter+Education+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Fvoter-education-project&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-al-63"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia-al_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1841">"John Lewis"</a>. Encyclopedia of Alabama. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221161052/http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1841">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Alabama&rft.atitle=John+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofalabama.org%2Farticle%2Fh-1841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ourcampaigns.com-64"><a href="#cite_ref-ourcampaigns.com_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31297">"GA District 5 – Special Election Primary Race – Mar 15, 1977"</a>. Our Campaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200713/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31297">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GA+District+5+%E2%80%93+Special+Election+Primary+Race+%E2%80%93+Mar+15%2C+1977&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D31297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-65"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31302">"GA District 5 – Special Election Race – Apr 05, 1977"</a>. Our Campaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191811/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=31302">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GA+District+5+%E2%80%93+Special+Election+Race+%E2%80%93+Apr+05%2C+1977&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D31302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Lewis, Walking with the Wind, pp. 446–451. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress1985" class="citation news cs1">Press, Robert M. (February 28, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0228/alew.html">"Civil rights veteran John Lewis still marches to unmistakable drumbeat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a>. Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103544/http://www.csmonitor.com/1985/0228/alew.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2015. Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+veteran+John+Lewis+still+marches+to+unmistakable+drumbeat&rft.date=1985-02-28&rft.aulast=Press&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F1985%2F0228%2Falew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/people/article/civil-rights-activists/john-lewis">"People – Lewis, John"</a>. GeorgiaInfo. University System of Georgia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531203243/https://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/people/article/civil-rights-activists/john-lewis">Archived</a> from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeorgiaInfo&rft.atitle=People+%E2%80%93+Lewis%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeorgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu%2Ftopics%2Fpeople%2Farticle%2Fcivil-rights-activists%2Fjohn-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388755">"GA District 5 – D Primary Race – Aug 12, 1986"</a>. Our Campaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191616/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388755">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GA+District+5+%E2%80%93+D+Primary+Race+%E2%80%93+Aug+12%2C+1986&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D388755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388754">"GA District 5 – D Runoff Race – Sep 02, 1986"</a>. Our Campaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192722/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=388754">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GA+District+5+%E2%80%93+D+Runoff+Race+%E2%80%93+Sep+02%2C+1986&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D388754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Tucker" title="Cynthia Tucker">Tucker, Cynthia</a> (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bittersoutherner.com/2020/the-way-of-john-lewis-cynthia-tucker-black-lives-matter">"The Way of John Lewis"</a>. The Bitter Southerner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718103059/https://bittersoutherner.com/2020/the-way-of-john-lewis-cynthia-tucker-black-lives-matter">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved June 22, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bitter+Southerner&rft.atitle=The+Way+of+John+Lewis&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbittersoutherner.com%2F2020%2Fthe-way-of-john-lewis-cynthia-tucker-black-lives-matter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendinen1986" class="citation news cs1">Clendinen, Dudley (September 3, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html">"Ex-Colleague Upsets Julian Bond in Atlanta Congressional Runoff"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150820063819/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/03/us/ex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2015. Retrieved August 16, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Colleague+Upsets+Julian+Bond+in+Atlanta+Congressional+Runoff&rft.date=1986-09-03&rft.aulast=Clendinen&rft.aufirst=Dudley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1986%2F09%2F03%2Fus%2Fex-colleague-upsets-julian-bond-in-atlanta-congressional-runoff.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ourcampaigns1-73"><a href="#cite_ref-ourcampaigns1_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=38194">"GA District 5 Race – Nov 04, 1986"</a>. Our Campaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192925/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=38194">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GA+District+5+Race+%E2%80%93+Nov+04%2C+1986&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D38194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28773">"GA District 5 Race – Nov 08, 1994"</a>. Our Campaigns. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194206/http://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=28773">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved July 26, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GA+District+5+Race+%E2%80%93+Nov+08%2C+1994&rft.pub=Our+Campaigns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourcampaigns.com%2FRaceDetail.html%3FRaceID%3D28773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/congressman-john-lewis">"Congressman John Lewis"</a>. American Civil Liberties Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803021522/https://www.aclu.org/congressman-john-lewis">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020. 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July 27, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808034457/https://www.timesofisrael.com/john-lewis-backs-the-right-to-boycott-israel-even-though-he-opposes-bds/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020. 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January 6, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080503021334/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2005/roll007.xml">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2008. 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Retrieved November 9, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Democratic+lawmakers+arrested+during+immigration+protest&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbcpolitics.nbcnews.com%2F_news%2F2013%2F10%2F08%2F20874725-democratic-lawmakers-arrested-during-immigration-protest%3Flite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNticker_20071012-111"><a href="#cite_ref-CNNticker_20071012_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090406175833/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/10/12/rep-lewis-endorses-clinton/">"Rep. Lewis endorses Clinton"</a>. CNN Political Ticker. October 12, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2007/10/12/rep-lewis-endorses-clinton/">the original</a> on April 6, 2009. 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Retrieved February 17, 2017. <q>Representative John Lewis said he planned to cast his vote as a superdelegate for Barack Obama in hopes of preventing a fight at the Democratic convention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Black+Leader%2C+a+Clinton+Ally%2C+Tilts+to+Obama&rft.date=2008-02-15&rft.aulast=Zeleny&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Healy%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F02%2F15%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2F15clinton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ben (February 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/0208/Awaiting_Lewis.html">"Awaiting Lewis"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/news/politics/la-na-endorse28feb28,1,3290763.story">the original</a> on March 4, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008. <q>The Georgia congressman, who had previously endorsed Clinton, says he wants 'to be on the side of the people.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Civil+rights+leader+John+Lewis+switches+to+Obama&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fla-na-endorse28feb28%2C1%2C3290763.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311075152/http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/02/27/lewis-switches-from-clinton-to-obama/">"Lewis switches from Clinton to Obama"</a>. CNN Political Ticker. February 27, 2008. 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John Lewis, African American Museum was a recurring dream"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170216134746/https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/for-rep-john-lewis-african-american-museum-was-a-recurring-dream/2016/06/28/fc05c81c-34b6-11e6-95c0-2a6873031302_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 16, 2017. 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Lewis softens dismissal of Sanders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burlington_Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlington Free Press">Burlington Free Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013515/https://www.burlingtonfreepress.com/story/news/2016/02/13/rep-lewis-softens-dismissal-sanders/80344896/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved February 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Burlington+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Rep.+Lewis+softens+dismissal+of+Sanders&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft.aulast=Kinnard&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burlingtonfreepress.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2016%2F02%2F13%2Frep-lewis-softens-dismissal-sanders%2F80344896%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemple-West2016" class="citation news cs1">Temple-West, Patrick (February 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/after-2008-flip-flop-john-lewis-barnstorms-hard-for-clinton-campaign-219307">"Hillary Clinton's secret weapon: John Lewis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503064320/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/after-2008-flip-flop-john-lewis-barnstorms-hard-for-clinton-campaign-219307">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved February 25, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Hillary+Clinton%27s+secret+weapon%3A+John+Lewis&rft.date=2016-02-15&rft.aulast=Temple-West&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2016%2F02%2Fafter-2008-flip-flop-john-lewis-barnstorms-hard-for-clinton-campaign-219307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/john-lewis-congressional-black-caucus-bernie-sanders-civil-rights-movement">"John Lewis: I did not mean to 'disparage' Bernie Sanders' civil rights activism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheGuardian.com" class="mw-redirect" title="TheGuardian.com">TheGuardian.com</a>. February 13, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214131350/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/feb/13/john-lewis-congressional-black-caucus-bernie-sanders-civil-rights-movement">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=John+Lewis%3A+I+did+not+mean+to+%27disparage%27+Bernie+Sanders%27+civil+rights+activism&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2016%2Ffeb%2F13%2Fjohn-lewis-congressional-black-caucus-bernie-sanders-civil-rights-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAT_Panzar-127"><a href="#cite_ref-LAT_Panzar_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanzar2016" class="citation web cs1">Panzar, Javier (January 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rep-john-lewis-trump-others-la-visit-20160123-story.html">"Rep. John Lewis speaks out against Trump's divisive rhetoric during L.A. visit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190611125950/https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-rep-john-lewis-trump-others-la-visit-20160123-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2020. <q>I've been around a while and Trump reminds me so much of a lot of the things that George Wallace said and did. I think demagogues are pretty dangerous, really [and] we shouldn't divide people, we shouldn't separate people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Rep.+John+Lewis+speaks+out+against+Trump%27s+divisive+rhetoric+during+L.A.+visit&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft.aulast=Panzar&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Flanow%2Fla-me-ln-rep-john-lewis-trump-others-la-visit-20160123-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToddBronstonRivera2017" class="citation web cs1">Todd, Chuck; Bronston, Sally; Rivera, Matt (January 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/john-lewis-trump-won-t-be-legitimate-president-n706676">"Rep. John Lewis: 'I don't see Trump as a legitimate president'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113233912/http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/john-lewis-trump-won-t-be-legitimate-president-n706676">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Rep.+John+Lewis%3A+%27I+don%27t+see+Trump+as+a+legitimate+president%27&rft.date=2017-01-14&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft.au=Bronston%2C+Sally&rft.au=Rivera%2C+Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fmeet-the-press%2Fjohn-lewis-trump-won-t-be-legitimate-president-n706676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoffredo2017" class="citation news cs1">Loffredo, Nicholas (January 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114211654/http://www.newsweek.com/john-lewis-trump-legitimacy-dems-skipping-inauguration-542819">"John Lewis, Questioning Trump's Legitimacy, Among Dems Skipping Inauguration"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. 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Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Brenda+Jones%3A+The+Wordsmith+and+Whisperer+to+John+Lewis&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.aulast=Railey&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2015%2F05%2Fbrenda-jones-the-wordsmith-and-whisperer-to-john-lewis%2F435459%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WashPost-155"><a href="#cite_ref-WashPost_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavna2013" class="citation news cs1">Cavna, Michael (August 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/in-graphic-novel-march-rep-john-lewis-renders-a-powerful-civil-rights-memoir/2013/08/12/744698a0-0388-11e3-9259-e2aafe5a5f84_story.html">"In the graphic novel 'March,' Rep. John Lewis renders a powerful civil rights memoir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204717/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-08-12/lifestyle/41333709_1_john-lewis-lewis-s-graphic-novel">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. 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Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Rep.+John+Lewis%2C+a+civil+rights+icon+who+began+pushing+for+racial+justice+in+the+Jim+Crow+south%2C+has+died&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Tom+Vanden+Brook%2C+Deborah+Barfield+Berry+and+Ledyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F2020%2F07%2F17%2Frep-john-lewis-civil-rights-icon-original-freedom-rider-has-died%2F795340002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShethEllen_Cranley" class="citation journal cs1">Sheth, Sonam; Ellen Cranley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/rep-john-lewis-has-died-2020-7">"Georgia congressman and civil rights icon John Lewis dies at age 80"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220303101835/https://www.businessinsider.com/rep-john-lewis-has-died-2020-7">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Georgia+congressman+and+civil+rights+icon+John+Lewis+dies+at+age+80&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.aufirst=Sonam&rft.au=Ellen+Cranley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Frep-john-lewis-has-died-2020-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFadden2020" class="citation news cs1">McFadden, Robert D. 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The Hill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721222609/https://thehill.com/policy/international/507943-international-community-pays-homage-to-american-civil-rights-icon-john">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2020. 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CBS News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719044755/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/john-lewis-death-sparks-surge-in-support-to-rename-edmund-pettus-bridge-the-site-of-bloody-sunday-in-his-honor/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2020. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727230107/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/26/us/selma-john-lewis-memorial.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 27, 2020. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729050025/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/john-lewis-memorial-07-26-2020/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2020. 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John Lewis"</a> (Press release). Wayne State University. February 5, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718121241/https://today.wayne.edu/news/2020/02/05/wayne-state-uaw-honor-civil-rights-legend-rep-john-lewis-35309">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved February 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wayne+State%2C+UAW+honor+civil+rights+legend+Rep.+John+Lewis&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.wayne.edu%2Fnews%2F2020%2F02%2F05%2Fwayne-state-uaw-honor-civil-rights-legend-rep-john-lewis-35309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VAJ-Q-215"><a href="#cite_ref-VAJ-Q_215-0">^</a> Herbowy, Greg (Fall 2014). 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The Tennessean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013518/https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2020/11/06/nashville-street-renamed-after-late-civil-rights-leader-john-lewis/6185291002/">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nashville+street+renamed+after+late+civil+rights+leader+Rep.+John+Lewis&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft.aulast=Alund&rft.aufirst=Natalie+Neysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennessean.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2F2020%2F11%2F06%2Fnashville-street-renamed-after-late-civil-rights-leader-john-lewis%2F6185291002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcps.edu/about-fcps/departments-and-offices/deputy-superintendents-office/region-3/robert-e-lee-high-school">"Fairfax County School Board Votes to Rename School John R. Lewis High School | Fairfax County Public Schools"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fairfax+County+School+Board+Votes+to+Rename+School+John+R.+Lewis+High+School+%26%23124%3B+Fairfax+County+Public+Schools&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcps.edu%2Fabout-fcps%2Fdepartments-and-offices%2Fdeputy-superintendents-office%2Fregion-3%2Frobert-e-lee-high-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGstalter" class="citation web cs1">Gstalter, Morgan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/support-swells-for-renaming-edmund-pettus-bridge-in-selma-to-honor-john-lewis-after-his-death/ar-BB16U9Ox">"Support swells for renaming Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma to honor John Lewis after his death"</a>. www.msn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200719172121/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/support-swells-for-renaming-edmund-pettus-bridge-in-selma-to-honor-john-lewis-after-his-death/ar-BB16U9Ox">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.msn.com&rft.atitle=Support+swells+for+renaming+Edmund+Pettus+Bridge+in+Selma+to+honor+John+Lewis+after+his+death&rft.aulast=Gstalter&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsupport-swells-for-renaming-edmund-pettus-bridge-in-selma-to-honor-john-lewis-after-his-death%2Far-BB16U9Ox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2020" class="citation web cs1">King, Michael (July 18, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/efforts-growing-to-rename-edmund-pettus-bridge-for-john-lewis/85-27a1b3a2-244b-4806-b620-ce9dcfde30d4">"Efforts growing to rename Edmund Pettus Bridge for John Lewis"</a>. 11Alive.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220717013517/https://www.11alive.com/article/news/local/efforts-growing-to-rename-edmund-pettus-bridge-for-john-lewis/85-27a1b3a2-244b-4806-b620-ce9dcfde30d4">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=11Alive.com&rft.atitle=Efforts+growing+to+rename+Edmund+Pettus+Bridge+for+John+Lewis&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.11alive.com%2Farticle%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fefforts-growing-to-rename-edmund-pettus-bridge-for-john-lewis%2F85-27a1b3a2-244b-4806-b620-ce9dcfde30d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcps.edu/news/school-board-renames-robert-e-lee-high-school-late-congressman-john-lewis">"School Board Renames Robert E. Lee High School for Late Congressman John Lewis"</a>. Fairfax County Public Schools. July 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723220833/https://www.fcps.edu/news/school-board-renames-robert-e-lee-high-school-late-congressman-john-lewis">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fairfax+County+Public+Schools&rft.atitle=School+Board+Renames+Robert+E.+Lee+High+School+for+Late+Congressman+John+Lewis&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcps.edu%2Fnews%2Fschool-board-renames-robert-e-lee-high-school-late-congressman-john-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/board-changes-schools-name-robert-223511003.html">"Board changes school's name from Robert E. Lee to John Lewis"</a>. AP News. July 23, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802183908/https://sports.yahoo.com/board-changes-schools-name-robert-223511003.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Board+changes+school%27s+name+from+Robert+E.+Lee+to+John+Lewis&rft.date=2020-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fboard-changes-schools-name-robert-223511003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen_Kim2020" class="citation web cs1">Allen Kim (August 27, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/27/us/john-lewis-troy-trnd/index.html">"A building at Troy University, named after a former governor with ties to the KKK, will be renamed after John Lewis"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829000408/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/27/us/john-lewis-troy-trnd/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+building+at+Troy+University%2C+named+after+a+former+governor+with+ties+to+the+KKK%2C+will+be+renamed+after+John+Lewis&rft.date=2020-08-27&rft.au=Allen+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F08%2F27%2Fus%2Fjohn-lewis-troy-trnd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuggs2020" class="citation news cs1">Suggs, Ernie (August 1, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/john-lewis/vine-city-statue-to-honor-john-lewis/36FWFBEWUFDONDRDATDPWAIPB4/">"Monuments to honor John Lewis' legacy in the works"</a>. Atlanta Journal-Constitution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117190839/https://www.ajc.com/john-lewis/vine-city-statue-to-honor-john-lewis/36FWFBEWUFDONDRDATDPWAIPB4/">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Monuments+to+honor+John+Lewis%27+legacy+in+the+works&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft.aulast=Suggs&rft.aufirst=Ernie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fjohn-lewis%2Fvine-city-statue-to-honor-john-lewis%2F36FWFBEWUFDONDRDATDPWAIPB4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/statue-of-late-congressman-john-lewis-installed-at-atlanta-park">"Statue of late-Congressman John Lewis installed at Atlanta park"</a>. FOX 5 Atlanta. April 22, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424133232/https://www.fox5atlanta.com/news/statue-of-late-congressman-john-lewis-installed-at-atlanta-park">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOX+5+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Statue+of+late-Congressman+John+Lewis+installed+at+Atlanta+park&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox5atlanta.com%2Fnews%2Fstatue-of-late-congressman-john-lewis-installed-at-atlanta-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/homenews/news/539800-biden-lawmakers-mark-john-lewiss-81st-birthday-may-we-carry-on-his-mission">"Biden, lawmakers mark John Lewis's 81st birthday: 'May we carry on his mission'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222002709/https://thehill.com/homenews/news/539800-biden-lawmakers-mark-john-lewiss-81st-birthday-may-we-carry-on-his-mission">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved February 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Biden%2C+lawmakers+mark+John+Lewis%27s+81st+birthday%3A+%27May+we+carry+on+his+mission%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fhomenews%2Fnews%2F539800-biden-lawmakers-mark-john-lewiss-81st-birthday-may-we-carry-on-his-mission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoergel2021" class="citation web cs1">Soergel, Allison (October 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/10/college-ten-announcement.html">"UC Santa Cruz advances commitment to social justice with College 10 naming in honor of John R. Lewis"</a>. News University of Santa Cruz. University of Santa Cruz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028182639/https://news.ucsc.edu/2021/10/college-ten-announcement.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2021. <q>The University of California at Santa Cruz announced today that College Ten—an undergraduate residential learning community founded on principles of social justice and community—will be named in honor of the late congressman and civil rights icon John R. Lewis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+University+of+Santa+Cruz&rft.atitle=UC+Santa+Cruz+advances+commitment+to+social+justice+with+College+10+naming+in+honor+of+John+R.+Lewis&rft.date=2021-10-27&rft.aulast=Soergel&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.ucsc.edu%2F2021%2F10%2Fcollege-ten-announcement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/john-lewis-bronze-statue-replaced-confederate-georgia-b0c51086a4b83750ff38b1af2167abde">"Bronze statue of John Lewis replaces more than 100-year-old Confederate monument"</a>. AP News. August 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Bronze+statue+of+John+Lewis+replaces+more+than+100-year-old+Confederate+monument&rft.date=2024-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fjohn-lewis-bronze-statue-replaced-confederate-georgia-b0c51086a4b83750ff38b1af2167abde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/support/honorees/the-honorable-john-lewis">"The Honorable John Lewis"</a>. The Gordon Parks Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518105521/http://www.gordonparksfoundation.org/support/honorees/the-honorable-john-lewis">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gordon+Parks+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Honorable+John+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonparksfoundation.org%2Fsupport%2Fhonorees%2Fthe-honorable-john-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.troy.edu/news/life-of-rep-john-lewis-honored-in-trojan-arena-service/">"Life of Rep. John Lewis honored in Trojan Arena service"</a>. Troy Today. July 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200814054603/https://today.troy.edu/news/life-of-rep-john-lewis-honored-in-trojan-arena-service/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved August 5, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Troy+Today&rft.atitle=Life+of+Rep.+John+Lewis+honored+in+Trojan+Arena+service&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.troy.edu%2Fnews%2Flife-of-rep-john-lewis-honored-in-trojan-arena-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.northeastern.edu/services/archives-special-collections/northeastern-history/commencement-speakers-honorary-degrees">"Commencement Speakers & Honorary Degrees"</a>. Northeastern University Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200327231002/https://library.northeastern.edu/services/archives-special-collections/northeastern-history/commencement-speakers-honorary-degrees">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northeastern+University+Library&rft.atitle=Commencement+Speakers+%26+Honorary+Degrees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.northeastern.edu%2Fservices%2Farchives-special-collections%2Fnortheastern-history%2Fcommencement-speakers-honorary-degrees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/recipients.html">"Honorary Degree Recipients"</a>. Brandeis University: Board of Trustees. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519115949/http://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/recipients.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 19, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brandeis+University%3A+Board+of+Trustees&rft.atitle=Honorary+Degree+Recipients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brandeis.edu%2Ftrustees%2Fhdr%2Frecipients.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openarchives.umb.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15774coll21/id/966/rec/1">"Commencement Program, 1999"</a>. Open Archives: Digital Collections at the University of Massachusetts Boston. 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Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lawrence+University&rft.atitle=Congressman+John+Lewis%2C+Civil+Rights+Activist+James+Zwerg+to+Receive+Honorary+Degrees+at+Lawrence+Commencement&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lawrence.edu%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2Fcongressman-john-lewis-civil-rights-activist-james-zwerg-to-receive-honorary-degrees-at-lawrence-commencement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.goucher.edu/intheloop/7508/congressman-and-civil-rights-activist-john-lewis-to-deliver-commencement-keynote/">"U.S. Rep. John Lewis to Deliver Commencement Keynote"</a>. In the Loop. Goucher College. May 18, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625051837/https://blogs.goucher.edu/intheloop/7508/congressman-and-civil-rights-activist-john-lewis-to-deliver-commencement-keynote/">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=In+the+Loop&rft.atitle=U.S.+Rep.+John+Lewis+to+Deliver+Commencement+Keynote&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.goucher.edu%2Fintheloop%2F7508%2Fcongressman-and-civil-rights-activist-john-lewis-to-deliver-commencement-keynote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/Congressman-John-Lewis-tells-HU-Graduates-to-%27Get-in-the-Way%27">"Congressman John Lewis tells HU Graduates to 'Get in the Way'"</a>. HU News. Hampton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625030425/http://news.hamptonu.edu/release/Congressman-John-Lewis-tells-HU-Graduates-to-%27Get-in-the-Way%27">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved April 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HU+News&rft.atitle=Congressman+John+Lewis+tells+HU+Graduates+to+%27Get+in+the+Way%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.hamptonu.edu%2Frelease%2FCongressman-John-Lewis-tells-HU-Graduates-to-%2527Get-in-the-Way%2527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/march/darren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html">"Darren Walker, Ford Foundation President, to Speak at NYU's Commencement"</a>. NYU.edu. March 10, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160503213951/https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2016/03/10/darren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYU.edu&rft.atitle=Darren+Walker%2C+Ford+Foundation+President%2C+to+Speak+at+NYU%27s+Commencement&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyu.edu%2Fabout%2Fnews-publications%2Fnews%2F2016%2Fmarch%2Fdarren-walker-ford-foundation-president-to-speak-at-nyus-commencement.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160811041446/https://commencement.wustl.edu/people/john-lewis/">"John Lewis"</a>. Commencement. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commencement.wustl.edu/people/john-lewis/">the original</a> on August 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commencement&rft.atitle=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommencement.wustl.edu%2Fpeople%2Fjohn-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prgs.edu/alumni/commencement.html#commencement-weekend-honorees-">"Pardee RAND Graduate School Commencement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160612105742/http://www.prgs.edu/alumni/commencement.html#commencement-weekend-honorees-">Archived</a> June 12, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Pardee RAND Graduate School, June 18, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jayconnected.com/s/924/19/interior.aspx?sid=924&gid=1&pgid=2144&cid=4325&ecid=4325&crid=0&calpgid=1900&calcid=3863">"Lewis, Latif, Berko Gleason and Stofan to Receive Honorary Degrees at Commencement"</a>. 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Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jay+Connected&rft.atitle=Lewis%2C+Latif%2C+Berko+Gleason+and+Stofan+to+Receive+Honorary+Degrees+at+Commencement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jayconnected.com%2Fs%2F924%2F19%2Finterior.aspx%3Fsid%3D924%26gid%3D1%26pgid%3D2144%26cid%3D4325%26ecid%3D4325%26crid%3D0%26calpgid%3D1900%26calcid%3D3863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.yale.edu/2017/05/18/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-eight-individuals-their-achievements">"Yale awards honorary degrees to eight individuals for their achievements"</a>. Yale News. Yale University. May 18, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526072454/http://news.yale.edu/2017/05/18/yale-awards-honorary-degrees-eight-individuals-their-achievements">Archived</a> from the original on May 26, 2017. Retrieved May 22, 2017. <q>From Freedom Rider to statesman, you have championed civil rights and public service for six decades. You have faced beatings, violence, and intimidation with steadfast nonviolence ... Devoted champion of America and of all of its people, in recognition of a lifetime of bold action and inspiring results, we are honored to present you with this Doctor of Laws degree.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+News&rft.atitle=Yale+awards+honorary+degrees+to+eight+individuals+for+their+achievements&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.yale.edu%2F2017%2F05%2F18%2Fyale-awards-honorary-degrees-eight-individuals-their-achievements&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berea.edu/news/congressman-john-lewis-inspires-graduates-berea-college-commencement/">"Congressman John Lewis Inspires Graduates at Berea College Commencement"</a>. 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May 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608014152/https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/us-rep-john-lewis-ccny-commencement-speaker-may-31-commencement-honors-edward-plotkin-%E2%80%9953">Archived</a> from the original on June 8, 2020. 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Retrieved September 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=%27Bobby+Kennedy+for+President%27+Captures+an+Awkward+Icon&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2018%2F04%2Fbobby-kennedy-for-president-review-netflix%2F559010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivera2015" class="citation web cs1">Rivera, Joshua (July 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/john-lewis-march-comic-con-2015-7">"Congressman and Civil Rights legend John Lewis went to Comic-Con dressed as a real-life hero: Himself"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718203423/https://www.businessinsider.com/john-lewis-march-comic-con-2015-7">Archived</a> from the original on July 18, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Congressman+and+Civil+Rights+legend+John+Lewis+went+to+Comic-Con+dressed+as+a+real-life+hero%3A+Himself&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fjohn-lewis-march-comic-con-2015-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavna2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cavna" title="Michael Cavna">Cavna, Michael</a> (July 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/07/13/the-real-origin-story-behind-how-rep-john-lewis-became-the-hit-of-comic-con/">"The real origin story behind how Rep. John Lewis became THE hit of Comic-Con"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720014907/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/comic-riffs/wp/2015/07/13/the-real-origin-story-behind-how-rep-john-lewis-became-the-hit-of-comic-con/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+real+origin+story+behind+how+Rep.+John+Lewis+became+THE+hit+of+Comic-Con&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft.aulast=Cavna&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fcomic-riffs%2Fwp%2F2015%2F07%2F13%2Fthe-real-origin-story-behind-how-rep-john-lewis-became-the-hit-of-comic-con%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp/A-0073/menu.html">Oral History Interview with John Lewis</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docsouth.unc.edu/sohp">Oral Histories of the American South</a>, November 20, 1973</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sncc/lewis.html">"SNCC – People: John Lewis."</a>, April 11, 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/#interview">"Congressman John R. Lewis Biography and Interview."</a> www.achievement.org. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Lewis_(American_politician)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Lewis (American politician)">John Lewis (American politician)</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(civil_rights_leader)" class="extiw" title="q:John Lewis (civil rights leader)">John Lewis (civil rights leader)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/213141171">John Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snccdigital.org/people/john-lewis/">SNCC Digital Gateway: John Lewis</a>, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and grassroots organizing from the inside-out</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=l000287">Biography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/H6GA05217">Financial information (federal office)</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Election_Commission" title="Federal Election Commission">Federal Election Commission</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/member/john-lewis/688">Legislation sponsored</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://justfacts.votesmart.org/candidate/26820">Profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vote_Smart" title="Vote Smart">Vote Smart</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4397709">John Lewis debates the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205001/http://www.c-spanvideo.org/clip/4397709">Archived</a> October 29, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, June 11, 1996.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2010/11/17/rep_john_lewis_on_congress_after">Rep. Lewis on Congress, Gitmo, Afghan War and Charles Rangel</a> – video interview by <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a>, November 17, 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?2528">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/about/meet-our-guests/john-lewis">Finding your Roots with Henry Louis Gates, Jr. "Season 1, Episode 2: John Lewis and Cory Booker"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200223185119/https://www.pbs.org/weta/finding-your-roots/about/meet-our-guests/john-lewis">Archived</a> February 23, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_15-tx3513w36f">American Experience; Freedom Riders; Interview with John Lewis from the American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/08/21/my-friend-john-lewis/">SNCC photographer Danny Lyon on John Lewis, his roommate in Atlanta in 1963 and lifelong friend</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Non-profit organization positions </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> 1963–1966 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wyche_Fowler" title="Wyche Fowler">Wyche Fowler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Georgia">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Georgia%27s_5th_congressional_district" title="Georgia's 5th congressional district">Georgia's 5th congressional district</a> 1987–2020 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kwanza_Hall" title="Kwanza Hall">Kwanza Hall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Bonior" title="David Bonior">David Bonior</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">House Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip</a> 1991–2020 Served alongside: 2019–2020: <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Richmond" title="Cedric Richmond">Cedric Richmond</a> (Assistant to the Majority Whip), <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Schakowsky" title="Jan Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Moto_Hagio" title="Moto Hagio">Moto Hagio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlaine_Harris" title="Charlaine Harris">Charlaine Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Immonen" title="Stuart Immonen">Stuart Immonen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Jimenez" title="Phil Jimenez">Phil Jimenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenette_Kahn" title="Jenette Kahn">Jenette Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Knight_(cartoonist)" title="Keith Knight (cartoonist)">Keith Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Manara" title="Milo Manara">Milo Manara</a></li> <li>Andy Manzi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marder" title="Larry Marder">Larry Marder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Palmer_(comics)" title="Tom Palmer (comics)">Tom Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Struzan" title="Drew Struzan">Drew Struzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sturm" title="James Sturm">James Sturm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Tyler" title="Carol Tyler">Carol Tyler</a></li> <li>Anna-Marie Villegas</li> <li>Al Wiesner</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anina_Bennett" title="Anina Bennett">Anina Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordi_Bernet" title="Jordi Bernet">Jordi Bernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Brabner" title="Joyce Brabner">Joyce Brabner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Brown" title="Chester Brown">Chester Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Chwast" title="Seymour Chwast">Seymour Chwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davis" title="Alan Davis">Alan Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_DeBartolo" title="Dick DeBartolo">Dick DeBartolo</a></li> <li>Dawn Devine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_DeZuniga" title="Tony DeZuniga">Tony DeZuniga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Drooker" title="Eric Drooker">Eric Drooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Farmer" title="Joyce Farmer">Joyce Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuneo_G%C5%8Dda" title="Tsuneo Gōda">Tsuneo Gōda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Guinan" title="Paul Guinan">Paul Guinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Higgins_(comics)" title="John Higgins (comics)">John Higgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Igle" title="Jamal Igle">Jamal Igle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kuper" title="Peter Kuper">Peter Kuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Lupoff" title="Richard A. Lupoff">Richard A. Lupoff</a></li> <li>Pat Lupoff</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Sansweet" title="Steve Sansweet">Steve Sansweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Schelly" title="Bill Schelly">Bill Schelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stack" title="Frank Stack">Frank Stack</a></li> <li>Jeff Walker</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Adlard" title="Charlie Adlard">Charlie Adlard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Amend" title="Bill Amend">Bill Amend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Bechdel" title="Alison Bechdel">Alison Bechdel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Bradstreet" title="Tim Bradstreet">Tim Bradstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Carey_(writer)" title="Mike Carey (writer)">Mike Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Coogan" title="Peter Coogan">Peter Coogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geof_Darrow" title="Geof Darrow">Geof Darrow</a></li> <li>Randy Duncan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Edlund" title="Ben Edlund">Ben Edlund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gianni" title="Gary Gianni">Gary Gianni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hama" title="Larry Hama">Larry Hama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Hamilton" title="Peter F. Hamilton">Peter F. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Hernandez_(comics)" title="Mario Hernandez (comics)">Mario Hernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Janson" title="Klaus Janson">Klaus Janson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Jusko" title="Joe Jusko">Joe Jusko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirkman" title="Robert Kirkman">Robert Kirkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Larsen" title="Erik Larsen">Erik Larsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Liefeld" title="Rob Liefeld">Rob Liefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Mangels" title="Andy Mangels">Andy Mangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Nebres" title="Rudy Nebres">Rudy Nebres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whilce_Portacio" title="Whilce Portacio">Whilce Portacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robinson_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Robinson (comics)">James Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Scheimer" title="Lou Scheimer">Lou Scheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li>Jim Silke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Silvestri" title="Marc Silvestri">Marc Silvestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Uslan" title="Michael E. Uslan">Michael E. Uslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_Von_Eeden" title="Trevor Von Eeden">Trevor Von Eeden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Waid" title="Mark Waid">Mark Waid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Yeates" title="Thomas Yeates">Thomas Yeates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Bogdanove" title="Jon Bogdanove">Jon Bogdanove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Campbell_(writer)" title="Alan Campbell (writer)">Alan Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Conway" title="Gerry Conway">Gerry Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denys_Cowan" title="Denys Cowan">Denys Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davis_(comics_creator)" title="Michael Davis (comics creator)">Michael Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Deitch" title="Gene Deitch">Gene Deitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Delbo" title="José Delbo">José Delbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_T._Dingle" title="Derek T. Dingle">Derek T. Dingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dini" title="Paul Dini">Paul Dini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Forney" title="Ellen Forney">Ellen Forney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Frank_(comics)" title="Gary Frank (comics)">Gary Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Isabella" title="Tony Isabella">Tony Isabella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Jurgens" title="Dan Jurgens">Dan Jurgens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Kieth" title="Sam Kieth">Sam Kieth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Larson" title="Jack Larson">Jack Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_S!_Maggin" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliot S! Maggin">Elliot S! Maggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Maltin" title="Leonard Maltin">Leonard Maltin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Mariotte" title="Jeff Mariotte">Jeff Mariotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Mayerik" title="Val Mayerik">Val Mayerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Mullaney" title="Dean Mullaney">Dean Mullaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pasko" title="Martin Pasko">Martin Pasko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Perry_(comics)" title="Fred Perry (comics)">Fred Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Sanderson" title="Ruth Sanderson">Ruth Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_Tanghal" title="Romeo Tanghal">Romeo Tanghal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Timm" title="Bruce Timm">Bruce Timm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Billingsley" title="Ray Billingsley">Ray Billingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Brigman" title="June Brigman">June Brigman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Brooks_(comics)" title="Mark Brooks (comics)">Mark Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Conner" title="Amanda Conner">Amanda Conner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Crane" title="Brian Crane">Brian Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Dixon" title="Chuck Dixon">Chuck Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Espenson" title="Jane Espenson">Jane Espenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Finger" title="Bill Finger">Bill Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Friedman_(cartoonist)" title="Drew Friedman (cartoonist)">Drew Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._Gilbert" title="Michael T. Gilbert">Michael T. Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Haberlin" title="Brian Haberlin">Brian Haberlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willie_Ito" title="Willie Ito">Willie Ito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelley_Jones" title="Kelley Jones">Kelley Jones</a></li> <li>Katherine Morrison</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Newmar" title="Julie Newmar">Julie Newmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Nolan" title="Graham Nolan">Graham Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Nolan" class="mw-redirect" title="Michelle Nolan">Michelle Nolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Palmiotti" title="Jimmy Palmiotti">Jimmy Palmiotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Peeters" title="Benoît Peeters">Benoît Peeters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Picacio" title="John Picacio">John Picacio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_Pond" title="Mimi Pond">Mimi Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Quesada" title="Joe Quesada">Joe Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Raimi" title="Sam Raimi">Sam Raimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Rosa" title="Don Rosa">Don Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stelfreeze" title="Brian Stelfreeze">Brian Stelfreeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burt_Ward" title="Burt Ward">Burt Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Beck" title="Jerry Beck">Jerry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Capullo" title="Greg Capullo">Greg Capullo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Catron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Catron">Mike Catron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ezquerra" title="Carlos Ezquerra">Carlos Ezquerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Farago" title="Andrew Farago">Andrew Farago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Garcia" title="Dave Garcia">Dave Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Grummett" title="Tom Grummett">Tom Grummett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Guice" title="Jackson Guice">Jackson Guice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_Kidd" title="Chip Kidd">Chip Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Lieber" title="Steve Lieber">Steve Lieber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Martin" title="Laura Martin">Laura Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_McCaig" title="Dave McCaig">Dave McCaig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mumy" title="Bill Mumy">Bill Mumy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Nowlan" title="Kevin Nowlan">Kevin Nowlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Phillips" title="Joe Phillips">Joe Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_B._Price" title="Hilary B. Price">Hilary B. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_Ramos" title="Humberto Ramos">Humberto Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmie_Robinson" title="Jimmie Robinson">Jimmie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Royo" title="Luis Royo">Luis Royo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen_Sorensen" title="Jen Sorensen">Jen Sorensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Starkings" title="Richard Starkings">Richard Starkings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazuki_Takahashi" title="Kazuki Takahashi">Kazuki Takahashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Thompson" title="Jill Thompson">Jill Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhonen_Vasquez" title="Jhonen Vasquez">Jhonen Vasquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Yoe" title="Craig Yoe">Craig Yoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Aaron" title="Jason Aaron">Jason Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derf_Backderf" title="Derf Backderf">Derf Backderf</a></li> <li>Michael Barrier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a></li> <li>Peggy Burns</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_David" title="Peter David">Peter David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Davis_(cartoonist)" title="Jim Davis (cartoonist)">Jim Davis</a></li> <li>Tom Devlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Dunn" title="Ben Dunn">Ben Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Fraction" title="Matt Fraction">Matt Fraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieron_Gillen" title="Kieron Gillen">Kieron Gillen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Judge" title="Mike Judge">Mike Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidenori_Kusaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidenori Kusaka">Hidenori Kusaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_McGuinness" title="Ed McGuinness">Ed McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_McKelvie" title="Jamie McKelvie">Jamie McKelvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutomu_Nihei" title="Tsutomu Nihei">Tsutomu Nihei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Priest_(comic_book_writer)" title="Christopher Priest (comic book writer)">Christopher Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Roman" title="Phil Roman">Phil Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sinclair" title="Alex Sinclair">Alex Sinclair</a></li> <li>John Trimble</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Yamamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Satoshi Yamamoto">Satoshi Yamamoto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Aydin" title="Andrew Aydin">Andrew Aydin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Burnett" title="Alan Burnett">Alan Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Chin" title="Joyce Chin">Joyce Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Feige" title="Kevin Feige">Kevin Feige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hobb" title="Robin Hobb">Robin Hobb</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeph_Loeb" title="Jeph Loeb">Jeph Loeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Maberry" title="Jonathan Maberry">Jonathan Maberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_McCoy" title="Glenn McCoy">Glenn McCoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Pollard" title="Keith Pollard">Keith Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nate_Powell" title="Nate Powell">Nate Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Selznick" title="Brian Selznick">Brian Selznick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Sikoryak" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Sikoryak">R. Sikoryak</a></li> <li>Alex Simmons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gail_Simone" title="Gail Simone">Gail Simone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._L._Stine" title="R. L. Stine">R. L. Stine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wilson_(comics)" title="Ron Wilson (comics)">Ron Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoshitaka_Amano" title="Yoshitaka Amano">Yoshitaka Amano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bernardin" title="Marc Bernardin">Marc Bernardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fies" title="Brian Fies">Brian Fies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Friend" title="Richard Friend">Richard Friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Grecian" title="Alex Grecian">Alex Grecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Harkness" title="Deborah Harkness">Deborah Harkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Hand" title="Elizabeth Hand">Elizabeth Hand</a></li> <li>Larry Houston</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Mack" title="David W. Mack">David W. Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichelle_Nichols" title="Nichelle Nichols">Nichelle Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniers_(cartoonist)" title="Liniers (cartoonist)">Liniers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Pulido" title="Brian Pulido">Brian Pulido</a></li> <li>Randy Reynaldo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Reynolds_(comics)" title="Eric Reynolds (comics)">Eric Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Smith" title="Kevin Smith">Kevin Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tomasi" title="Peter Tomasi">Peter Tomasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Wheeler" title="Shannon Wheeler">Shannon Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Albuquerque" title="Rafael Albuquerque">Rafael Albuquerque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wendy All</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leigh_Bardugo" title="Leigh Bardugo">Leigh Bardugo</a></li> <li>Jon B. Cooke</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fleener" title="Mary Fleener">Mary Fleener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Ha" title="Gene Ha">Gene Ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hickman" title="Jonathan Hickman">Jonathan Hickman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvell_Jones" title="Arvell Jones">Arvell Jones</a></li> <li>Charlie Kochman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Miller_(writer)" title="Craig Miller (writer)">Craig Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paco_Roca" title="Paco Roca">Paco Roca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Snyder" title="Scott Snyder">Scott Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Tucci" title="Billy Tucci">Billy Tucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Ware" title="Chris Ware">Chris Ware</a></li> <li>Maryelizabeth Yturralde</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkpot_Award" title="Inkpot Award">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1970s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1980s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1990s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_2000s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_2010s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Michael_L._Printz_Award_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Michael_L._Printz_Award_Winners" title="Template:Michael L. Printz Award Winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Michael_L._Printz_Award_Winners" title="Template talk:Michael L. Printz Award Winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Michael_L._Printz_Award_Winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Michael L. Printz Award Winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Michael_L._Printz_Award_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Michael_L._Printz_Award" title="Michael L. Printz Award">Michael L. Printz Award</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Dean_Myers" title="Walter Dean Myers">Myers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Monster_(Myers_novel)" title="Monster (Myers novel)">Monster</a> </li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/David_Almond" title="David Almond">Almond</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kit%27s_Wilderness" title="Kit's Wilderness">Kit's Wilderness</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/An_Na" title="An Na">Na</a> – <a href="/wiki/A_Step_From_Heaven" title="A Step From Heaven">A Step From Heaven</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Aidan_Chambers" title="Aidan Chambers">Chambers</a> – <a href="/wiki/Postcards_from_No_Man%27s_Land" title="Postcards from No Man's Land">Postcards from No Man's Land</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Johnson_(writer)" title="Angela Johnson (writer)">Johnson</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_First_Part_Last" title="The First Part Last">The First Part Last</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Meg_Rosoff" title="Meg Rosoff">Rosoff</a> – <a href="/wiki/How_I_Live_Now" title="How I Live Now">How I Live Now</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">Green</a> – <a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Alaska" title="Looking for Alaska">Looking for Alaska</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Gene_Luen_Yang" title="Gene Luen Yang">Yang</a> – <a href="/wiki/American_Born_Chinese_(graphic_novel)" title="American Born Chinese (graphic novel)">American Born Chinese</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_McCaughrean" title="Geraldine McCaughrean">McCaughrean</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_White_Darkness_(novel)" title="The White Darkness (novel)">The White Darkness</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Melina_Marchetta" title="Melina Marchetta">Marchetta</a> – <a href="/wiki/On_the_Jellicoe_Road" title="On the Jellicoe Road">On the Jellicoe Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Libba_Bray" title="Libba Bray">Bray</a> – <a href="/wiki/Going_Bovine" title="Going Bovine">Going Bovine</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Bacigalupi" title="Paolo Bacigalupi">Bacigalupi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ship_Breaker" title="Ship Breaker">Ship Breaker</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Corey_Whaley" title="John Corey Whaley">Whaley</a> – Where Things Come Back</li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nick_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nick Lake (page does not exist)">Lake</a> – In Darkness</li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Sedgwick" title="Marcus Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a> – Midwinterblood</li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Jandy_Nelson" title="Jandy Nelson">Nelson</a> – <a href="/wiki/I%27ll_Give_You_the_Sun" title="I'll Give You the Sun">I'll Give You the Sun</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Laura_Ruby" title="Laura Ruby">Ruby</a> – Bone Gap</li> <li>2017: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Aydin" title="Andrew Aydin">Aydin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nate_Powell" title="Nate Powell">Powell</a> – <a href="/wiki/March_(comics)" title="March (comics)">March: Book Three</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Nina_LaCour" title="Nina LaCour">LaCour</a> – <a href="/wiki/We_Are_Okay" title="We Are Okay">We Are Okay</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Acevedo" title="Elizabeth Acevedo">Acevedo</a> – <a href="/wiki/The_Poet_X" title="The Poet X">The Poet X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020: <a href="/wiki/A._S._King" title="A. S. King">King</a> – Dig</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nayeri" title="Daniel Nayeri">Nayeri</a> – <a href="/wiki/Everything_Sad_Is_Untrue" title="Everything Sad Is Untrue">Everything Sad Is Untrue</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Angeline_Boulley" title="Angeline Boulley">Boulley</a> – <a href="/wiki/Firekeeper%27s_Daughter" title="Firekeeper's Daughter">Firekeeper's Daughter</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Tahir" title="Sabaa Tahir">Tahir</a> – <a href="/wiki/All_My_Rage" title="All My Rage">All My Rage</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/A.S._King" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. King">King</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._T._Anderson" title="M. T. Anderson">Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/E.E._Charlton-Trujillo" title="E.E. Charlton-Trujillo">Charlton-Trujillo</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Levithan" title="David Levithan">Levithan</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cory_McCarthy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cory McCarthy (page does not exist)">McCarthy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna-Marie_McLemore" title="Anna-Marie McLemore">McLemore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greg_Neri" title="Greg Neri">Neri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Reynolds" title="Jason Reynolds">Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Ribay" title="Randy Ribay">Ribay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Torres_Sanchez" title="Jenny Torres Sanchez">Sanchez</a> – The Collectors: Stories</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Template talk:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NAACP_Image_Award_–_Chairman&#039;s_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Image_Award_%E2%80%93_Chairman%27s_Award" title="NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award">NAACP Image Award – Chairman's Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown_(U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Brown (U.S. Secretary of Commerce)">Ron Brown</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> and Joseph Madison (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_McGruder" title="Aaron McGruder">Aaron McGruder</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Glover" title="Danny Glover">Danny Glover</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Matthews_Band" title="Dave Matthews Band">The Dave Matthews Band</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Neville_Brothers" title="The Neville Brothers">The Neville Brothers</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Perry" title="Tyler Perry">Tyler Perry</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Hughes" title="Cathy Hughes">Cathy Hughes</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Howard" title="Michelle Howard">Michelle Howard</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Whitaker" title="Forest Whitaker">Forest Whitaker</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bree_Newsome" title="Bree Newsome">Brittany "Bree" Newsome</a> / Justice League NYC / Concerned Student 1950 Collective at the University of Missouri / The University of Mississippi NAACP College Chapter / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Otis_Moss_III" title="Otis Moss III">Otis Moss III</a> / Rev. Dr. Howard-John Wesley / Rev. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Harrison_Bryant" title="Jamal Harrison Bryant">Jamal Harrison Bryant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jussie_Smollett" title="Jussie Smollett">Jussie Smollett</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ogletree" title="Charles Ogletree">Charles Ogletree</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lucy_(labor_leader)" title="William Lucy (labor leader)">William Lucy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Maxine Waters</a> (2018)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">Rev. James Lawson</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennie_Thompson" title="Bennie Thompson">Bennie Thompson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Gorman" title="Amanda Gorman">Amanda Gorman</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></li> <li>1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></li> <li>1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li>1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li>1938: no award</li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></li> <li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></li> <li>1975: no award</li> <li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></li> <li>1978: no award</li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></li> <li>1984: no award</li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li>2002: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></li> <li>2017: no award</li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></li> <li>2020: no award</li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carter_G._Woodson_Book_Award_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carter_G._Woodson_Book_Award_winners" title="Template:Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carter_G._Woodson_Book_Award_winners" title="Template talk:Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carter_G._Woodson_Book_Award_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carter G. Woodson Book Award winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carter_G._Woodson_Book_Award_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_the_Social_Studies#Awards" title="National Council for the Social Studies">Carter G. Woodson Book Award</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_winners_(1974–1988)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General winners (1974–1988)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Rosa Parks by <a href="/wiki/Eloise_Greenfield" title="Eloise Greenfield">Eloise Greenfield</a> (1974)</li> <li>Make a Joyful Noise Unto the Lord: The Life of Mahalia Jackson, Queen of the Gospel Singers by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_C._Jackson" title="Jesse C. Jackson">Jesse C. Jackson</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonwings" title="Dragonwings">Dragonwings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Yep" title="Laurence Yep">Laurence Yep</a> (1976)</li> <li>The Trouble They Seen by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Sterling" title="Dorothy Sterling">Dorothy Sterling</a> (1977)</li> <li>The Biography of Daniel Inouye by Jan Goodsell (1978)</li> <li>Native American Testimony: An Anthology of Indian and White Relations edited by Peter Nabokov (1979)</li> <li>War Cry on a Prayer Feather: Prose and Poetry of the Ute by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Wood_(author)" title="Nancy Wood (author)">Nancy Wood</a> (1980)</li> <li>The Chinese Americans by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Meltzer" title="Milton Meltzer">Milton Meltzer</a> (1981)</li> <li>Coming to North America from Mexico, Cuba and Puerto Rico by Susan Carver and Paula McGuire (1982)</li> <li>Morning Star, Black Sun by <a href="/wiki/Brent_Ashabranner" title="Brent Ashabranner">Brent Ashabranner</a> (1983)</li> <li>Mexico and the United States by E.B. Fincher (1984)</li> <li>To Live in Two Worlds: American Indian Youth Today by <a href="/wiki/Brent_Ashabranner" title="Brent Ashabranner">Brent Ashabranner</a> (1985)</li> <li>Dark Harvest: Migrant Farmworkers in America by <a href="/wiki/Brent_Ashabranner" title="Brent Ashabranner">Brent Ashabranner</a> (1986)</li> <li>Happily May I Walk by Arlene Hirschfelder (1987)</li> <li>Black Music in America: A History Through Its People by <a href="/wiki/James_Haskins" title="James Haskins">James Haskins</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Secondary_level_winners_(grades_7–12,_since_1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Secondary level winners (grades 7–12, since 1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Marian Anderson by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a> (1989)</li> <li>Paul Robeson by Rebecca Larsen (1990)</li> <li>Sorrow's Kitchen: The Life and Folklore of Zora Neal Hurston by Mary E. Lyons (1991)</li> <li>Native American Doctor: The Story of Susan LaFlesche Picotte by Jeri Ferris (1992)</li> <li>Mississippi Challenge by Mildred Pitts Walter (1993)</li> <li>The March on Washington by <a href="/wiki/James_Haskins" title="James Haskins">James Haskins</a> (1994)</li> <li>Till Victory is Won: Black Soldiers in the Civil War by Zak Mettger (1995)</li> <li>A Fence Away from Freedom: Japanese Americans and World War II by Ellen Levine (1996)</li> <li>The Harlem Renaissance by <a href="/wiki/James_Haskins" title="James Haskins">Jim Haskins</a> (1997)</li> <li>Langston Hughes by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Meltzer" title="Milton Meltzer">Milton Meltzer</a> (1998)</li> <li>Edmonia Lewis: Wildfire in Marble by Rinna Evelyn Wolfe (1999)</li> <li>Princess Ka'iulani: Hope of a Nation, Heart of a People by Sharon Linnea (2000)</li> <li>Tatan'ka Iyota'ke: Sitting Bull and His World by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Marrin" title="Albert Marrin">Albert Marrin</a> (2001)</li> <li>Multiethnic Teens and Cultural Identity by Barbara C. Cruz (2002)</li> <li>The "Mississippi Burning" Civil Rights Murder Conspiracy Trial: a Headline Court Case by Harvey Fireside (2003)</li> <li>Early Black Reformers by James Tackach (2004)</li> <li>The Civil Rights Act of 1964 edited by Robert H. Mayer (2005)</li> <li>No Easy Answers: Bayard Rustin and the Civil Rights Movement by Calvin Craig Miller (2006)</li> <li>Dear Miss Breed: True Stories of the Japanese-American Incarceration During World War II and a Librarian Who Made a Difference by Joanne Oppenheim (2007)</li> <li>Don't Throw Away Your Stick Till You Cross the River: The Journey of an Ordinary Man by Vincent Collin Beach with Anni Beach (2008)</li> <li>Reaching Out by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Jim%C3%A9nez_(writer)" title="Francisco Jiménez (writer)">Francisco Jiménez</a> (2009)</li> <li>Denied, Detained, Deported: Stories From the Dark Side of American Immigration by Ann Bausum (2010)</li> <li>An Unspeakable Crime: The Prosecution and Persecution of Leo Frank by <a href="/wiki/Elaine_M._Alphin" title="Elaine M. Alphin">Elaine M. Alphin</a> (2011)</li> <li>Black and White: The Confrontation between Reverend Fred L. Shuttlesworth and Eugene "Bull" Connors by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Dane_Brimner" title="Larry Dane Brimner">Larry Dane Brimner</a> (2012)</li> <li>Stolen into Slavery the True Story of Solomon Northup, Free Black Man by Judith Fradin and Dennis Fradin (2013)</li> <li>(none in 2014)</li> <li>The Port Chicago 50: Disaster, Mutiny, and the Fight for Civil Rights by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Sheinkin" title="Steve Sheinkin">Steve Sheinkin</a> (2015)</li> <li>Passenger on the Pearl: The True Story of Emily Edmonson's Flight from Slavery by Winifred Conkling (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(comics)" title="March (comics)">March (Trilogy)</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Aydin" title="Andrew Aydin">Andrew Aydin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nate_Powell" title="Nate Powell">Nate Powell</a> (2017)</li> <li>Twelve Days in May—Freedom Ride 1961 by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Dane_Brimner" title="Larry Dane Brimner">Larry Dane Brimner</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Few_Red_Drops:_The_Chicago_Race_Riot_of_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919">A Few Red Drops: The Chicago Race Riot of 1919</a> by <a href="/wiki/Claire_Hartfield" title="Claire Hartfield">Claire Hartfield</a> (2019)</li> <li>Infinite Hope: A Black Artist's Journey from World War II to Peace by <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Bryan" title="Ashley Bryan">Ashley Bryan</a> (2020)</li> <li>Lifting as We Climb: Black Women's Battle for the Ballot Box by <a href="/wiki/Evette_Dionne" title="Evette Dionne">Evette Dionne</a> (2021)</li> <li>Race Against Time by Sandra Neil Wallace and Rich Wallace (2022)</li> <li>Days of Infamy: How a Century of Bigotry Led to Japanese American Internment by Lawrence Goldstone (2023)</li> <li>Family Style: Memories of an American from Vietnam by Thien Pham (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_level_winners_(grades_5–8,_since_2001)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle level winners (grades 5–8, since 2001)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Let it Shine: Stories of Black Women Freedom Fighters by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Davis_Pinkney" title="Andrea Davis Pinkney">Andrea Davis Pinkney</a> (2001)</li> <li>Prince Estabrook: Slave and Soldier by Alice Hinkel (2002)</li> <li>Remembering Manzanar: Life in a Japanese Relocation Camp by Michael L. Cooper (2003)</li> <li>In America's Shadow by Kimberly Komatsu and Kaleigh Komatsu (2004)</li> <li>The Voice that Challenged a Nation: Marian Anderson and the Struggle for Equal Rights by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Freedman" title="Russell Freedman">Russell Freedman</a> (2005)</li> <li>César Chávez: A Voice for Farmworkers by Bárbara Cruz (2006)</li> <li>Freedom Walkers: The Story of the Montgomery Bus Boycott by <a href="/wiki/Russell_Freedman" title="Russell Freedman">Russell Freedman</a> (2007)</li> <li>Black and White Airmen: Their True History by John Fleischman (2008)</li> <li>Drama of African-American History: The Rise of Jim Crow by <a href="/wiki/James_Haskins" title="James Haskins">James Haskins</a> and Kathleen Benson with Virginia Schomp (2009)</li> <li>Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice by Phillip Hoose (2010)</li> <li>(none in 2011)</li> <li>Music Was It: Young Leonard Bernstein by Susan Goldman Rubin (2012)</li> <li>Marching to the Mountaintop: How Poverty, Labor Fights, and Civil Rights Set the Stage for Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Final Hours by Ann Bausum (2013)</li> <li>Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln and the Dawn of Liberty by <a href="/wiki/Tonya_Bolden" title="Tonya Bolden">Tonya Bolden</a> (2014)</li> <li>The Girl from the Tar Paper School: Barbara Rose Johns and the Advent of the Civil Rights Movement by Teri Kanefield (2015)</li> <li>(none in 2016)</li> <li>(none in 2017)</li> <li>Fighting for Justice—Fred Korematsu Speaks Up by Laura Atkins and Stan Yogi (2018)</li> <li>America Border Culture Dreamer: The Young Immigrant Experience From A to Z by <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Ewald" title="Wendy Ewald">Wendy Ewald</a> (2019)</li> <li>Infinite Hope: A Black Artist's Journey from World War II to Peace by <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Bryan" title="Ashley Bryan">Ashley Bryan</a> (2020)</li> <li>Black Heroes of the Wild West by James Otis Smith (2021)</li> <li>Unspeakable: The Tulsa Race Massacre by <a href="/wiki/Carole_Boston_Weatherford" title="Carole Boston Weatherford">Carole Boston Weatherford</a> (2022)</li> <li>Overground Railroad: The Green Book and The Roots of Black Travel in America (The Young Adult Adaptation) by Candacy Taylor (2023)</li> <li>Contenders: Two Native Baseball Players, One World Series by <a href="/wiki/Traci_Sorell" title="Traci Sorell">Traci Sorell</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Elementary_level_winners_(grades_K–6,_since_1989)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elementary level winners (grades K–6, since 1989)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Walking the Road to Freedom by Jeri Ferris (1989)</li> <li>In Two Worlds: A Yup’ik Eskimo Family by Aylette Jenness and Alice Rivers (1990)</li> <li>Shirley Chisolm by Catherine Scheader (1991)</li> <li>The Last Princess: The Story of Princess Ka’iulani of Hawai’i by Fay Stanley (1992)</li> <li>Madam C.J. Walker by <a href="/wiki/Patricia_McKissack" title="Patricia McKissack">Patricia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fredrick_McKissack" title="Fredrick McKissack">Fredrick McKissack</a> (1993)</li> <li>Starting Home: The Story of Horace Pippin, Painter by Mary E. Lyons (1994)</li> <li>What I Had Was Singing: The Story of Marian Anderson by Jeri Ferris (1995)</li> <li>Songs from the Loom: A Navajo Girl Learns to Weave by Monty Roessel (1996)</li> <li>Ramadan by Suhaib Hamid Ghazi (1997)</li> <li>Leon's Story by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Walter_Tillage" title="Leon Walter Tillage">Leon Walter Tillage</a> (1998)</li> <li>Story Painter: The Life of Jacob Lawrence by John Duggleby (1999)</li> <li>Through My Eyes by <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a> (2000)</li> <li>The Sound that Jazz Makes by <a href="/wiki/Carole_Boston_Weatherford" title="Carole Boston Weatherford">Carole Boston Weatherford</a> (2001)</li> <li>Coming Home: A Story of Josh Gibson, Baseball's Greatest Home Run Hitter by Nanette Mellage (2002)</li> <li>Cesar Chavez: The Struggle for Justice / Cesar Chavez: La lucha por la justicia by Richard Griswold del Castillo (2003)</li> <li>Sacagawea by Liselotte Erdrich (2004)</li> <li>Jim Thorpe's Bright Path by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bruchac" title="Joseph Bruchac">Joseph Bruchac</a> (2005)</li> <li>Let Them Play by Margot Theis Raven (2006)</li> <li>John Lewis in the Lead: A Story of the Civil Rights Movement by <a href="/wiki/James_Haskins" title="James Haskins">Jim Haskins</a> and Kathleen Benson (2007)</li> <li>Louis Sockalexis: Native American Baseball Pioneer by Bill Wise (2008)</li> <li>Lincoln and Douglass: An American Friendship by <a href="/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni" title="Nikki Giovanni">Nikki Giovanni</a> (2009)</li> <li>Shining Star: The Anna May Wong Story by Paula Yoo (2010)</li> <li>Sit In: How Four Friends Stood Up By Sitting Down by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Davis_Pinkney" title="Andrea Davis Pinkney">Andrea Davis Pinkney</a> (2011)</li> <li>Red Bird Sings: The Story of Zitkala-Ša, Native American Author, Musician, and Activist adapted by Gina Capaldi and Q. L. Pearce (2012)</li> <li>Fifty Cents and a Dream: Young Booker T. Washington by <a href="/wiki/Jabari_Asim" title="Jabari Asim">Jabari Asim</a> (2013)</li> <li>Hey Charleston!: The True Story of the Jenkins Orphanage Band by Anne Rockwell (2014)</li> <li>Separate Is Never Equal: Sylvia Mendez and Her Family's Fight for Desegregation by <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Tonatiuh" title="Duncan Tonatiuh">Duncan Tonatiuh</a> (2015)</li> <li>Poet: The Remarkable Story of George Moses Horton by <a href="/wiki/Don_Tate" title="Don Tate">Don Tate</a>; The Amazing Age of John Roy Lynch by Chris Barton (2016)</li> <li>Mountain Chef: How One Man Lost His Groceries, Changed His Plans, and Helped Cook Up the National Park Service by Annette Bay Pimentel (2017)</li> <li>The Youngest Marcher—The Story of Audrey Faye Hendricks, a Young Civil Rights Activist by Cynthia Levinson (2018)</li> <li>The Vast Wonder of the World: Biologist Ernest Everett Just by Mélina Mangal (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Undefeated_(picture_book)" title="The Undefeated (picture book)">The Undefeated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kwame_Alexander" title="Kwame Alexander">Kwame Alexander</a> (2020)</li> <li>William Still and His Freedom Stories by <a href="/wiki/Don_Tate" title="Don Tate">Don Tate</a> (2021)</li> <li>I Am an American: The Wong Kim Ark Story by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Brockenbrough" title="Martha Brockenbrough">Martha Brockenbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grace_Lin" title="Grace Lin">Grace Lin</a> (2022)</li> <li>Where We Come From by Diane Wilson, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yung_Shin" title="Sun Yung Shin">Sun Yung Shin</a>, Shannon Gibney, and <a href="/wiki/John_Coy" title="John Coy">John Coy</a> (2023)</li> <li>My Powerful Hair by Carole Lindstrom (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee_(SNCC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SNCC_chairmen" title="Template:SNCC chairmen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SNCC_chairmen" title="Template talk:SNCC chairmen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SNCC_chairmen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SNCC chairmen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee_(SNCC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> (SNCC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a> (1960–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a> (1963–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a> (1966–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a> (1967–1968)</li> <li>Phil Hutchings (1968–1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">H. Hoover (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/19px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/29px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/38px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Civil_rights_movement" title="Portal:Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Georgia&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_100th–116th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Georgia&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_100th–116th_United_States_Congresses_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Georgia" title="United States congressional delegations from Georgia">Georgia</a>'s delegation(s) to the 100th–116th United States Congresses (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/100th_United_States_Congress" title="100th United States Congress">100th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">S. Nunn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Wyche_Fowler" title="Wyche Fowler">W. Fowler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Barnard_Jr." title="Doug Barnard Jr.">D. Barnard</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Jenkins_(politician)" title="Ed Jenkins (politician)">E. Jenkins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">N. Gingrich</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Floyd_Hatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Floyd Hatcher">C. Hatcher</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ray" title="Richard Ray">R. Ray</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Roy_Rowland" title="J. Roy Rowland">J. R. Rowland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Thomas_(politician)" title="Lindsay Thomas (politician)">L. Thomas</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Darden" class="mw-redirect" title="George Darden">G. Darden</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Pat_Swindall" title="Pat Swindall">P. Swindall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/101st_United_States_Congress" title="101st United States Congress">101st</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">S. Nunn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Wyche_Fowler" title="Wyche Fowler">W. Fowler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Barnard_Jr." title="Doug Barnard Jr.">D. Barnard</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Jenkins_(politician)" title="Ed Jenkins (politician)">E. Jenkins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">N. Gingrich</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Floyd_Hatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Floyd Hatcher">C. Hatcher</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ray" title="Richard Ray">R. Ray</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Roy_Rowland" title="J. Roy Rowland">J. R. Rowland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Thomas_(politician)" title="Lindsay Thomas (politician)">L. Thomas</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Darden" class="mw-redirect" title="George Darden">G. Darden</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ben_Jones_(American_actor_and_politician)" title="Ben Jones (American actor and politician)">B. Jones</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/102nd_United_States_Congress" title="102nd United States Congress">102nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">S. Nunn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Wyche_Fowler" title="Wyche Fowler">W. Fowler</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Barnard_Jr." title="Doug Barnard Jr.">D. Barnard</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ed_Jenkins_(politician)" title="Ed Jenkins (politician)">E. Jenkins</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">N. Gingrich</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_Floyd_Hatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Floyd Hatcher">C. Hatcher</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_Ray" title="Richard Ray">R. Ray</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Roy_Rowland" title="J. Roy Rowland">J. R. Rowland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Thomas_(politician)" title="Lindsay Thomas (politician)">L. Thomas</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Darden" class="mw-redirect" title="George Darden">G. Darden</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Ben_Jones_(American_actor_and_politician)" title="Ben Jones (American actor and politician)">B. Jones</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/103rd_United_States_Congress" title="103rd United States Congress">103rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">S. Nunn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Coverdell" title="Paul Coverdell">P. Coverdell</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">N. Gingrich</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/J._Roy_Rowland" title="J. Roy Rowland">J. R. Rowland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Darden" class="mw-redirect" title="George Darden">G. Darden</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a></li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">M. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Don_Johnson_Jr." title="Don Johnson Jr.">D. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">C. McKinney</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sam_Nunn" title="Sam Nunn">S. Nunn</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Coverdell" title="Paul Coverdell">P. Coverdell</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">N. Gingrich</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">M. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">C. McKinney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">B. Barr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Coverdell" title="Paul Coverdell">P. Coverdell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Max_Cleland" title="Max Cleland">M. Cleland</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">N. Gingrich</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">M. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">C. McKinney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">B. Barr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Coverdell" title="Paul Coverdell">P. Coverdell</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Max_Cleland" title="Max Cleland">M. Cleland</a> (D) </li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Z. Miller</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">M. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">C. McKinney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">B. Barr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/107th_United_States_Congress" title="107th United States Congress">107th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Max_Cleland" title="Max Cleland">M. Cleland</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Z. Miller</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">M. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">C. McKinney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Bob_Barr" title="Bob Barr">B. Barr</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/108th_United_States_Congress" title="108th United States Congress">108th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Zell_Miller" title="Zell Miller">Z. Miller</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Mac_Collins" title="Mac Collins">M. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a></li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Max_Burns" title="Max Burns">M. Burns</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">P. Gingrey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Denise_Majette" title="Denise Majette">D. Majette</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Marshall_(Georgia_politician)" title="Jim Marshall (Georgia politician)">J. Marshall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/109th_United_States_Congress" title="109th United States Congress">109th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Cynthia_McKinney" title="Cynthia McKinney">C. McKinney</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">P. Gingrey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Marshall_(Georgia_politician)" title="Jim Marshall (Georgia politician)">J. Marshall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(American_politician)" title="John Barrow (American politician)">J. Barrow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">L. Westmoreland</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Norwood" title="Charlie Norwood">C. Norwood</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">P. Gingrey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Marshall_(Georgia_politician)" title="Jim Marshall (Georgia politician)">J. Marshall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(American_politician)" title="John Barrow (American politician)">J. Barrow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">L. Westmoreland</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">P. Broun'</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/111th_United_States_Congress" title="111th United States Congress">111th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Deal" title="Nathan Deal">N. Deal</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Linder" title="John Linder">J. Linder</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">P. Gingrey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jim_Marshall_(Georgia_politician)" title="Jim Marshall (Georgia politician)">J. Marshall</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(American_politician)" title="John Barrow (American politician)">J. Barrow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">L. Westmoreland</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">P. Broun</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Graves" title="Tom Graves">T. Graves</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/112th_United_States_Congress" title="112th United States Congress">112th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">P. Gingrey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(American_politician)" title="John Barrow (American politician)">J. Barrow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">L. Westmoreland</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">P. Broun</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Graves" title="Tom Graves">T. Graves</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Austin_Scott_(politician)" title="Austin Scott (politician)">A. Scott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rob_Woodall" title="Rob Woodall">R. Woodall</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/113th_United_States_Congress" title="113th United States Congress">113th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Saxby_Chambliss" title="Saxby Chambliss">S. Chambliss</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kingston" title="Jack Kingston">J. Kingston</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Phil_Gingrey" title="Phil Gingrey">P. Gingrey</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(American_politician)" title="John Barrow (American politician)">J. Barrow</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">L. Westmoreland</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Paul_Broun" title="Paul Broun">P. Broun</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Graves" title="Tom Graves">T. Graves</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Austin_Scott_(politician)" title="Austin Scott (politician)">A. Scott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rob_Woodall" title="Rob Woodall">R. Woodall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(politician)" title="Doug Collins (politician)">D. Collins</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">D. Perdue</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lynn_Westmoreland" title="Lynn Westmoreland">L. Westmoreland</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Graves" title="Tom Graves">T. Graves</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Austin_Scott_(politician)" title="Austin Scott (politician)">A. Scott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rob_Woodall" title="Rob Woodall">R. Woodall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(politician)" title="Doug Collins (politician)">D. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Allen_(politician)" title="Rick Allen (politician)">R. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Buddy_Carter" title="Buddy Carter">B. Carter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jody_Hice" title="Jody Hice">J. Hice</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barry_Loudermilk" title="Barry Loudermilk">B. Loudermilk</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">D. Perdue</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Price_(American_politician)" title="Tom Price (American politician)">T. Price</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Graves" title="Tom Graves">T. Graves</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Austin_Scott_(politician)" title="Austin Scott (politician)">A. Scott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rob_Woodall" title="Rob Woodall">R. Woodall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(politician)" title="Doug Collins (politician)">D. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Allen_(politician)" title="Rick Allen (politician)">R. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Buddy_Carter" title="Buddy Carter">B. Carter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jody_Hice" title="Jody Hice">J. Hice</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barry_Loudermilk" title="Barry Loudermilk">B. Loudermilk</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Drew_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Drew Ferguson (politician)">D. Ferguson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Karen_Handel" title="Karen Handel">K. Handel</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Georgia" title="List of United States senators from Georgia">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Johnny_Isakson" title="Johnny Isakson">J. Isakson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Perdue" title="David Perdue">D. Perdue</a> (R) </li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kelly_Loeffler" title="Kelly Loeffler">K. Loeffler</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Georgia" title="List of United States representatives from Georgia">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Lewis</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bishop" title="Sanford Bishop">S. Bishop</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Scott_(Georgia_politician)" title="David Scott (Georgia politician)">D. Scott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Hank_Johnson" title="Hank Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Tom_Graves" title="Tom Graves">T. Graves</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Austin_Scott_(politician)" title="Austin Scott (politician)">A. Scott</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rob_Woodall" title="Rob Woodall">R. Woodall</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Doug_Collins_(politician)" title="Doug Collins (politician)">D. Collins</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Rick_Allen_(politician)" title="Rick Allen (politician)">R. Allen</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Buddy_Carter" title="Buddy Carter">B. Carter</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Jody_Hice" title="Jody Hice">J. Hice</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Barry_Loudermilk" title="Barry Loudermilk">B. Loudermilk</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Drew_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Drew Ferguson (politician)">D. Ferguson</a> (R)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lucy_McBath" title="Lucy McBath">L. McBath</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Kwanza_Hall" title="Kwanza Hall">K. Hall</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45380#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/138982805">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10572555">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nz8djj">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&oldid=1259702677">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Lewis&oldid=1259702677</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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