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International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement - Wikipedia

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id="toc-History_of_the_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>The International Committee of the Red Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solferino,_Henry_Dunant_and_the_foundation_of_the_ICRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solferino,_Henry_Dunant_and_the_foundation_of_the_ICRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Solferino, Henry Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solferino,_Henry_Dunant_and_the_foundation_of_the_ICRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ICRC_during_World_War_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ICRC_during_World_War_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>The ICRC during World War One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ICRC_during_World_War_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ICRC_and_World_War_Two" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ICRC_and_World_War_Two"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>The ICRC and World War Two</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ICRC_and_World_War_Two-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ICRC_after_the_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ICRC_after_the_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>The ICRC after the Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ICRC_after_the_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_of_the_ICRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_of_the_ICRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Presidents of the ICRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_of_the_ICRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidents_of_the_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidents_of_the_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Presidents of the Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidents_of_the_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organization_of_the_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_of_the_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organization of the Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_of_the_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_and_Organization_of_the_ICRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_Organization_of_the_ICRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Activities and Organization of the ICRC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_Organization_of_the_ICRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_mission_of_the_ICRC_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_mission_of_the_ICRC_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_mission_of_the_ICRC_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Legal status and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_and_financial_matters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_and_financial_matters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Funding and financial matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_and_financial_matters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_and_organization_of_the_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_organization_of_the_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Activities and organization of the Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_organization_of_the_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mission_of_the_Federation_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mission_of_the_Federation_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>The Mission of the Federation and its responsibilities within the Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mission_of_the_Federation_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status_and_organization_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status_and_organization_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Legal status and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_status_and_organization_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding_and_financial_matters_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding_and_financial_matters_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Funding and financial matters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding_and_financial_matters_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_societies_within_the_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_societies_within_the_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National societies within the Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_societies_within_the_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_Recognition_of_a_national_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_Recognition_of_a_national_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Official Recognition of a national society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_Recognition_of_a_national_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_of_national_societies_on_a_national_and_international_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_of_national_societies_on_a_national_and_international_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Activities of national societies on a national and international stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities_of_national_societies_on_a_national_and_international_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_of_the_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_of_the_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Symbols of the Movement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Symbols_of_the_Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Symbols of the Movement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Symbols_of_the_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection_symbols_vs._organizational_emblems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection_symbols_vs._organizational_emblems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Protection symbols vs. organizational emblems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection_symbols_vs._organizational_emblems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols_recognized_by_the_Geneva_Conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols_recognized_by_the_Geneva_Conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Symbols recognized by the Geneva Conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols_recognized_by_the_Geneva_Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Red Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Crescent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Crescent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Red Crescent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Crescent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Crystal:_the_third_Protocol_emblem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Crystal:_the_third_Protocol_emblem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Red Crystal: the third Protocol emblem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Crystal:_the_third_Protocol_emblem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_Lion_with_Sun:_currently_not_in_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Lion_with_Sun:_currently_not_in_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Red Lion with Sun: currently not in use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Lion_with_Sun:_currently_not_in_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_symbols_used_by_specific_national_societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_symbols_used_by_specific_national_societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Other symbols used by specific national societies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_symbols_used_by_specific_national_societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_Shield_of_David" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_Shield_of_David"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Red Shield of David</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_Shield_of_David-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mottos_of_the_Movement,_Commemoration_Day_and_places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mottos_of_the_Movement,_Commemoration_Day_and_places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mottos of the Movement, Commemoration Day and places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mottos_of_the_Movement,_Commemoration_Day_and_places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External Links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palang_Mirah" title="Palang Mirah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Palang Mirah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooi_Kruis" title="Rooi Kruis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rooi Kruis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Rotkreuz-_und_Rothalbmond-Bewegung" title="Internationale Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmond-Bewegung – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationale Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmond-Bewegung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8" title="रेड क्रॉस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेड क्रॉस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%9E%D0%B0%D4%A5%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Аџьар Ҟаԥшь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аџьар Ҟаԥшь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الحركة الدولية للصليب الأحمر والهلال الأحمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحركة الدولية للصليب الأحمر والهلال الأحمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Roya" title="Cruz Roya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cruz Roya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D6%82_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կարմիր Խաչի եւ Կարմիր Մահիկի Միջազգային Շարժում – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կարմիր Խաչի եւ Կարմիր Մահիկի Միջազգային Շարժում" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Bermeya" title="Cruz Bermeya – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cruz Bermeya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyn%C9%99lxalq_Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Xa%C3%A7_v%C9%99_Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Aypara_H%C9%99r%C9%99kat%C4%B1" title="Beynəlxalq Qızıl Xaç və Qızıl Aypara Hərəkatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Beynəlxalq Qızıl Xaç və Qızıl Aypara Hərəkatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D9%88_%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="میلتلرآراسی قیرمیزی صلیب و قیزیل آی حرکاتی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میلتلرآراسی قیرمیزی صلیب و قیزیل آی حرکاتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="আন্তর্জাতিক রেড ক্রস ও রেড ক্রিসেন্ট আন্দোলন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আন্তর্জাতিক রেড ক্রস ও রেড ক্রিসেন্ট আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-ch%C3%A8_%C3%82ng_Si%CC%8Dp-j%C4%AB_kap_%C3%82ng_Goe%CC%8Dh-b%C3%A2i_%C5%AAn-t%C5%8Dng" title="Kok-chè Âng Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Ūn-tōng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-chè Âng Si̍p-jī kap Âng Goe̍h-bâi Ūn-tōng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5_%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC_%D2%A0%D1%8B%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%AF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1-%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ҡыҙыл Тәре һәм Ҡыҙыл Ярым Ай халыҡ-ара ойошмаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡыҙыл Тәре һәм Ҡыҙыл Ярым Ай халыҡ-ара ойошмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Міжнародны рух Чырвонага Крыжа і Чырвонага Паўмесяца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міжнародны рух Чырвонага Крыжа і Чырвонага Паўмесяца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Міжнародны рух Чырвонага Крыжа і Чырвонага Паўмесяца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Міжнародны рух Чырвонага Крыжа і Чырвонага Паўмесяца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Международно движение на Червения кръст и Червения полумесец – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Международно движение на Червения кръст и Червения полумесец" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_pokret_Crveni_krst_i_Crveni_polumjesec" title="Međunarodni pokret Crveni krst i Crveni polumjesec – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Međunarodni pokret Crveni krst i Crveni polumjesec" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luskad_Etrebroadel_ar_Groaz_Ruz_hag_ar_C%27hreskloar_Ruz" title="Luskad Etrebroadel ar Groaz Ruz hag ar C&#039;hreskloar Ruz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Luskad Etrebroadel ar Groaz Ruz hag ar C&#039;hreskloar Ruz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creu_Roja" title="Creu Roja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Creu Roja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_%C4%8Derven%C3%BD_k%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Mezinárodní červený kříž – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní červený kříž" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudiad_Rhyngwladol_y_Groes_Goch_a%27r_Cilgant_Coch" title="Mudiad Rhyngwladol y Groes Goch a&#039;r Cilgant Coch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mudiad Rhyngwladol y Groes Goch a&#039;r Cilgant Coch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Kors" title="Røde Kors – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Røde Kors" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Rotkreuz-_und_Rothalbmond-Bewegung" title="Internationale Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmond-Bewegung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Rotkreuz- und Rothalbmond-Bewegung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvaheline_Punane_Rist" title="Rahvusvaheline Punane Rist – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvaheline Punane Rist" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%95%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Διεθνές Κίνημα Ερυθρού Σταυρού και Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνές Κίνημα Ερυθρού Σταυρού και Ερυθράς Ημισελήνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Roja" title="Cruz Roja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cruz Roja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C4%9Da_Kruco" title="Ruĝa Kruco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ruĝa Kruco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crus_Color%C3%A1" title="Crus Colorá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Crus Colorá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurutze_Gorria" title="Gurutze Gorria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gurutze Gorria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="صلیب سرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صلیب سرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey%C3%B0i_Krossur" title="Reyði Krossur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Reyði Krossur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_international_de_la_Croix-Rouge_et_du_Croissant-Rouge" title="Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement international de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_Vermella" title="Cruz Vermella – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cruz Vermella" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EC%A0%81%EC%8B%AD%EC%9E%90%C2%B7%EC%A0%81%EC%8B%A0%EC%9B%94_%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99" title="국제 적십자·적신월 운동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 적십자·적신월 운동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar_agaji_ta_Red_Cross_da_Red_Crescent_ta_kasa_da_kasa" title="Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%AB_%D6%87_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կարմիր խաչի և կարմիր մահիկի միջազգային շարժում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմիր խաչի և կարմիր մահիկի միջազգային շարժում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="इंटरनेशनल रेड क्रॉस एवं रेड क्रेसेन्ट मोवमेंट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंटरनेशनल रेड क्रॉस एवं रेड क्रेसेन्ट मोवमेंट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_Crveni_kri%C5%BE" title="Međunarodni Crveni križ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni Crveni križ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reda_Kruco" title="Reda Kruco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reda Kruco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangalubongan_a_Tignay_ti_Nalabbasit_a_Krus_ken_Nalabbasit_nga_Immindayon" title="Sangalubongan a Tignay ti Nalabbasit a Krus ken Nalabbasit nga Immindayon – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sangalubongan a Tignay ti Nalabbasit a Krus ken Nalabbasit nga Immindayon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerakan_Internasional_Palang_Merah_dan_Bulan_Sabit_Merah" title="Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gerakan Internasional Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimento_International_del_Cruce_Rubie_e_del_Crescente_Rubie" title="Movimento International del Cruce Rubie e del Crescente Rubie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Movimento International del Cruce Rubie e del Crescente Rubie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rau%C3%B0i_krossinn" title="Rauði krossinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rauði krossinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croce_Rossa_e_Mezzaluna_Rossa_Internazionale" title="Croce Rossa e Mezzaluna Rossa Internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Croce Rossa e Mezzaluna Rossa Internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9D" title="הצלב האדום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצלב האדום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="წითელი ჯვრისა და წითელი ნახევარმთვარის საერთაშორისო მოძრაობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წითელი ჯვრისა და წითელი ნახევარმთვარის საერთაშორისო მოძრაობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B6%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D2%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%BE%D0%B7%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Қызыл Крест және Қызыл Жарты Ай халықаралық қозғалысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қызыл Крест және Қызыл Жарты Ай халықаралық қозғалысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movyans_Krows_Rudh_ha_Krommen_Rudh_Keswlasek" title="Movyans Krows Rudh ha Krommen Rudh Keswlasek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Movyans Krows Rudh ha Krommen Rudh Keswlasek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirika_za_msalaba_mwekundu_na_hilali_nyekundu" title="Shirika za msalaba mwekundu na hilali nyekundu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shirika za msalaba mwekundu na hilali nyekundu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvman_enternasyonal_di_Krwa-Rouj_%C3%A9_di_Krwasan-Rouj" title="Mouvman enternasyonal di Krwa-Rouj é di Krwasan-Rouj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mouvman enternasyonal di Krwa-Rouj é di Krwasan-Rouj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motus_internationalis_Crucis_Rubrae_et_Lunae_Rubrae" title="Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Motus internationalis Crucis Rubrae et Lunae Rubrae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81_Sarkan%C4%81_Krusta_un_Sarkan%C4%81_Pusm%C4%93ness_kust%C4%ABba" title="Starptautiskā Sarkanā Krusta un Sarkanā Pusmēness kustība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskā Sarkanā Krusta un Sarkanā Pusmēness kustība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonasis_kry%C5%BEius" title="Raudonasis kryžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonasis kryžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjenaal_Roead_Kruuts" title="Internasjenaal Roead Kruuts – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Internasjenaal Roead Kruuts" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moviment_Internazional_de_la_Cros_Rossa_e_de_la_Mezzaluna_Rossa" title="Moviment Internazional de la Cros Rossa e de la Mezzaluna Rossa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Moviment Internazional de la Cros Rossa e de la Mezzaluna Rossa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6skereszt_%C3%A9s_a_Nemzetk%C3%B6zi_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_F%C3%A9lhold_mozgalmak" title="A Nemzetközi Vöröskereszt és a Nemzetközi Vörös Félhold mozgalmak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Nemzetközi Vöröskereszt és a Nemzetközi Vörös Félhold mozgalmak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Црвен крст и Црвена полумесечина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црвен крст и Црвена полумесечина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetsika_Vokovoko_Mena_sy_Tsinambolana_Mena_Iraisam-Pirenena" title="Hetsika Vokovoko Mena sy Tsinambolana Mena Iraisam-Pirenena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hetsika Vokovoko Mena sy Tsinambolana Mena Iraisam-Pirenena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റെഡ്ക്രോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റെഡ്ക്രോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B3" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय रेड क्रॉस व रेड क्रिसेंट चळवळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय रेड क्रॉस व रेड क्रिसेंट चळवळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="الصليب الاحمر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصليب الاحمر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persatuan_Palang_Merah_dan_Bulan_Sabit_Merah_Antarabangsa" title="Persatuan Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Persatuan Palang Merah dan Bulan Sabit Merah Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9,_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Олон Улсын Улаан Загалмай, Улаан Хавирган Сар Нийгэмлэг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон Улсын Улаан Загалмай, Улаан Хавирган Сар Нийгэмлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Kruis" title="Rode Kruis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rode Kruis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="इन्टरनेसनल रेड क्रस एन्ड रेड क्रिसेन्ट मुभमेन्ट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टरनेसनल रेड क्रस एन्ड रेड क्रिसेन्ट मुभमेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय रेडक्रस् व रेड क्रेसेन्ट मुभमेन्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय रेडक्रस् व रेड क्रेसेन्ट मुभमेन्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E7%A4%BE" title="赤十字社 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤十字社" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%96%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0,_%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="ЦӀен ЖӀаран а, ЦӀен Беттан а дуьненайукъара болам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀен ЖӀаран а, ЦӀен Беттан а дуьненайукъара болам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8de_Kors" title="Røde Kors – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Røde Kors" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudekrossen" title="Raudekrossen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Raudekrossen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouoge_Crouaix" title="Rouoge Crouaix – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Rouoge Crouaix" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crotz_Roja" title="Crotz Roja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Crotz Roja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_Qizil_Xoch_va_Qizil_Yarim_Oy_Harakati" title="Xalqaro Qizil Xoch va Qizil Yarim Oy Harakati – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro Qizil Xoch va Qizil Yarim Oy Harakati" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਰੈੱਡ ਕਰਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੈੱਡ ਕਰਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%AA%DB%92_%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ریڈ کریسینٹ تے ریڈ کراس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریڈ کریسینٹ تے ریڈ کراس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%90_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%90_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%81%D9%86%DA%AF" title="د سره صليب او سرې مياشتې نړيوال غورځنگ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سره صليب او سرې مياشتې نړيوال غورځنگ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intanashinal_Red_Kraas_ah_Red_Krisent_Muuvment" title="Intanashinal Red Kraas ah Red Krisent Muuvment – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Intanashinal Red Kraas ah Red Krisent Muuvment" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="អង្គការកាកបាទក្រហមអន្តរជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អង្គការកាកបាទក្រហមអន្តរជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cros_Rossa_Ant%C3%ABrnassional_e_Moviment_%C3%ABd_la_Mesa_Lun-a" title="Cros Rossa Antërnassional e Moviment ëd la Mesa Lun-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Cros Rossa Antërnassional e Moviment ëd la Mesa Lun-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rode_Kr%C3%BC%C3%BCz" title="Rode Krüüz – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Rode Krüüz" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czerwony_Krzy%C5%BC" title="Czerwony Krzyż – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czerwony Krzyż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruz_vermelha" title="Cruz vermelha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cruz vermelha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halqara_Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Ha%C3%A7_ve_Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Ay_areketi" title="Halqara Qızıl Haç ve Qızıl Ay areketi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Halqara Qızıl Haç ve Qızıl Ay areketi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C8%99carea_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_Cruce_Ro%C8%99ie_%C8%99i_Semilun%C4%83_Ro%C8%99ie" title="Mișcarea Internațională de Cruce Roșie și Semilună Roșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mișcarea Internațională de Cruce Roșie și Semilună Roșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Міджінародный рух Червеного Хреста і Червеного Півмісяця – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Міджінародный рух Червеного Хреста і Червеного Півмісяця" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82" title="Красный крест – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Красный крест" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%95%D1%8B_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%81_%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D0%AB%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Аан дойдутааҕы Кыһыл Кириэс уонна Кыһыл Ый хамсааһыннара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аан дойдутааҕы Кыһыл Кириэс уонна Кыһыл Ый хамсааһыннара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="विश्व रेड्क्रास दिनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विश्व रेड्क्रास दिनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱨᱮᱰᱠᱨᱳᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱮᱰᱠᱨᱳᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABvizja_nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare_e_Kryqit_t%C3%AB_Kuq_dhe_Gjysm%C3%ABh%C3%ABn%C3%ABs_s%C3%AB_Kuqe" title="Lëvizja ndërkombëtare e Kryqit të Kuq dhe Gjysmëhënës së Kuqe – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëvizja ndërkombëtare e Kryqit të Kuq dhe Gjysmëhënës së Kuqe" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruci_Russa" title="Cruci Russa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cruci Russa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_kr%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Červený kríž – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Červený kríž" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rde%C4%8Di_kri%C5%BE" title="Rdeči križ – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rdeči križ" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%27ada_laanqayrta_cas" title="Hay&#039;ada laanqayrta cas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hay&#039;ada laanqayrta cas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="بزووتنەوەی نێونەتەوەییی خاچی سوور و مانگیلەی سوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بزووتنەوەی نێونەتەوەییی خاچی سوور و مانگیلەی سوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82" title="Црвени крст – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црвени крст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crveni_kri%C5%BE" title="Crveni križ – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crveni križ" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punainen_risti" title="Punainen risti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punainen risti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6da_Korset" title="Röda Korset – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Röda Korset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilusang_Pandaigdig_ng_Krus_na_Pula_at_Gasuklay_na_Pula" title="Kilusang Pandaigdig ng Krus na Pula at Gasuklay na Pula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kilusang Pandaigdig ng Krus na Pula at Gasuklay na Pula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னாட்டு செஞ்சிலுவை மற்றும் செம்பிறை இயக்கம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு செஞ்சிலுவை மற்றும் செம்பிறை இயக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xal%C4%B1qara_Q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_Xa%C3%A7_h%C3%A4m_Yar%C4%B1may_x%C3%A4r%C3%A4k%C3%A4te" title="Xalıqara Qızıl Xaç häm Yarımay xäräkäte – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Xalıqara Qızıl Xaç häm Yarımay xäräkäte" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="రెడ్‌క్రాస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రెడ్‌క్రాస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="กาชาด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%85_%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҷунбиши байнулмилалии Салиби Сурх ва Ҳилоли Аҳмар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷунбиши байнулмилалии Салиби Сурх ва Ҳилоли Аҳмар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lha%C3%A7_ve_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lay_Hareketi" title="Uluslararası Kızılhaç ve Kızılay Hareketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası Kızılhaç ve Kızılay Hareketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Міжнародний рух Червоного Хреста і Червоного Півмісяця – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародний рух Червоного Хреста і Червоного Півмісяця" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1_%D9%88_%DB%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B1" title="بین الاقوامی انجمن صلیب احمر و ہلال احمر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بین الاقوامی انجمن صلیب احمر و ہلال احمر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croze_Rosa_e_Meza%C5%82una_Rosa" title="Croze Rosa e Mezałuna Rosa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Croze Rosa e Mezałuna Rosa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_tr%C3%A0o_Ch%E1%BB%AF_th%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F_-_Tr%C4%83ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1i_li%E1%BB%81m_%C4%91%E1%BB%8F_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Phong trào Chữ thập đỏ - Trăng lưỡi liềm đỏ quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phong trào Chữ thập đỏ - Trăng lưỡi liềm đỏ quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riikevaih%C3%B5lin%C3%B5_Verev%C3%A4_Risti_ja_Verev%C3%A4_Puulkuu_Liikmin%C3%B5" title="Riikevaihõlinõ Verevä Risti ja Verevä Puulkuu Liikminõ – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riikevaihõlinõ Verevä Risti ja Verevä Puulkuu Liikminõ" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feder%C3%A5cion_des_soces_del_Rodje_Croes_et_do_Rodje_Crexhant" title="Federåcion des soces del Rodje Croes et do Rodje Crexhant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Federåcion des soces del Rodje Croes et do Rodje Crexhant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuruus%C3%BC_Ishos%C3%BC" title="Kuruusü Ishosü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kuruusü Ishosü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gios_Kanasoran_han_Pula_nga_Krus_ngan_Pula_nga_Bulan" title="Gios Kanasoran han Pula nga Krus ngan Pula nga Bulan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gios Kanasoran han Pula nga Krus ngan Pula nga Bulan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E6%90%AD%E7%BA%A2%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="国际红十字搭红新月运动 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际红十字搭红新月运动" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A5" title="רויטער קרייץ – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רויטער קרייץ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%83" title="紅十字會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紅十字會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terptaut%C4%97nis_Rauduonuoj%C4%97_Kr%C4%AB%C5%BEiaus_%C4%97_Rauduonuoj%C4%97_Posmienol%C4%97_Kustiej%C4%97ms" title="Terptautėnis Rauduonuojė Krīžiaus ė Rauduonuojė Posmienolė Kustiejėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Terptautėnis Rauduonuojė Krīžiaus ė Rauduonuojė Posmienolė Kustiejėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8D%81%E5%AD%97%E4%BC%9A" title="红十字会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="红十字会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorakan_Internasional_Palang_Narara_dot_Bulan_Sasabi_Narara" title="Gorakan Internasional Palang Narara dot Bulan Sasabi Narara – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Gorakan Internasional Palang Narara dot Bulan Sasabi Narara" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7178#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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(<a href="/wiki/Talk:International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="Talk:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Discuss</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_and_Sun_Society" title="Red Lion and Sun Society">Red Lion and Sun Society</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="Talk:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Discuss</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croixrouge_logos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Croixrouge_logos.jpg/250px-Croixrouge_logos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Croixrouge_logos.jpg/375px-Croixrouge_logos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Croixrouge_logos.jpg/500px-Croixrouge_logos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross (symbol)">Red Cross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Crescent_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crescent (symbol)">Red Crescent</a> emblems, the symbols from which the Movement derives its name</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</b> consists of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (Federation), and the 183 national <a href="/wiki/List_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">Red Cross or Red Crescent societies</a> currently recognized by the ICRC and admitted as full members of the Federation. All of these organizations are legally independent from each other, but are united within the movement through common basic principles, objectives, symbols, statutes, and governing organs. The movement is voluntary and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental</a>. Its stated mission is to protect human life and health, to ensure respect for the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> being, and to prevent and alleviate human suffering, without any discrimination based on <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race" class="mw-disambig" title="Race">race</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> beliefs, <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">political</a> opinions. Recently, it has finally ended its dispute with Israel with the inclusion of a secular <a href="/wiki/Red_Crystal_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crystal flag">red crystal</a>. </p><p>The <i>International Committee of the Red Cross</i> has a membership of a maximum of 25 <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> citizens and is the only institution explicitly named under international humanitarian law (IHL) as a controlling authority. Like the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Hospitaller_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order">Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order</a> (Knights Hospitaller), it is a rare example of a non-governmental <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> entity. Its sole humanitarian mission, based on the principles of impartiality, <a href="/wiki/Neutrality" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Neutrality">neutrality</a>, and independence, is the protection of the life and dignity of the victims of international and internal armed conflicts. </p><p>The main task of the <i>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</i> is to coordinate cooperation between different national <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crescent">Red Crescent</a> societies within the movement. On the international level, the federation leads and organizes, in close cooperation with the national societies, relief assistance missions responding to large-scale emergencies. </p><p><i>National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies</i> exist in nearly every country in the world. Each entity works in its home country according to the principles of international <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanitarian">humanitarian</a> law and the <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> of the International Movement. Depending on their specific circumstances and capacities, national societies can take on additional humanitarian tasks that are not directly defined by international humanitarian law or the <a href="/wiki/Mandate" class="mw-disambig" title="Mandate">mandates</a> of the International Movement. See the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="List of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">list of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</a> to find information about a particular national society. </p><p>The term <i>International Red Cross</i> and the respective acronym <i>IRC</i> is actually a misnomer, as no official organization exists bearing that name. Furthermore, the use of this label can result in confusion regarding the distinction between the ICRC and the Federation, potentially adversely politicizing its efforts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_Movement">History of the Movement</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross">The International Committee of the Red Cross</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solferino,_Henry_Dunant_and_the_foundation_of_the_ICRC"><span id="Solferino.2C_Henry_Dunant_and_the_foundation_of_the_ICRC"></span>Solferino, Henry Dunant and the foundation of the ICRC</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg/250px-Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg/375px-Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg/500px-Jean_Henri_Dunant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a>, Author of "<a href="/wiki/A_Memory_of_Solferino" title="A Memory of Solferino">A Memory of Solferino</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>Up until the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, there were no organized and well-established <a href="/wiki/Army_nursing" class="mw-disambig" title="Army nursing">army nursing</a> systems for casualties and no safe and protected institutions to accommodate and treat those who were wounded on the battlefield. In June <a href="/wiki/1859" title="1859">1859</a>, the Swiss businessman <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> traveled to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to meet French emperor <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon III">Napoléon III</a> with the intention of discussing difficulties in conducting business in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, at that time occupied by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. When he arrived in the small town of <a href="/wiki/Solferino" title="Solferino">Solferino</a> on the evening of <a href="/wiki/June_24" title="June 24">June 24</a>, he witnessed the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a>, an engagement in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Sardinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Sardinian War">Austro-Sardinian War</a>. In a single day, about 40,000 soldiers on both sides died or were left wounded on the field. Henry Dunant was shocked by the terrible aftermath of the battle, the suffering of the wounded soldiers, and the near-total lack of medical attendance and basic care. He completely abandoned the original intent of his trip and for several days he devoted himself to helping with the treatment and care for the wounded. He succeeded in organizing an overwhelming level of relief assistance by motivating the local population to aid without discrimination. Back in his home in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, he decided to write a book entitled <i><a href="/wiki/A_Memory_of_Solferino" title="A Memory of Solferino">A Memory of Solferino</a></i> which he published with his own money in <a href="/wiki/1862" title="1862">1862</a>. He sent copies of the book to leading political and military figures throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. In addition to penning a vivid description of his experiences in Solferino in 1859, he explicitly advocated the formation of national voluntary relief organizations to help nurse wounded soldiers in the case of war. In addition, he called for the development of international treaties to guarantee the neutrality and protection of those wounded on the battlefield as well as medics and field hospitals. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg/250px-Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg/375px-Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg/500px-Original_Geneva_Conventions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Original document of the first Geneva Convention, 1864.</figcaption></figure> <p>On <a href="/wiki/February_9" title="February 9">February 9</a>, <a href="/wiki/1863" title="1863">1863</a> in Geneva, Henry Dunant founded the "Committee of the Five" (together with four other leading figures from well-known <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneva_families&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geneva families (page does not exist)">Geneva families</a>) as an investigatory commission of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneva_Society_for_Public_Welfare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geneva Society for Public Welfare (page does not exist)">Geneva Society for Public Welfare</a>. Their aim was to examine the feasibility of Dunant's ideas and to organize an international conference about their possible implementation. The members of this committee, aside from Dunant himself, were <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Moynier" title="Gustave Moynier">Gustave Moynier</a>, lawyer and chairman of the Geneva Society for Public Welfare; physician <a href="/wiki/Louis_Appia" title="Louis Appia">Louis Appia</a>, who had significant experience working as a field surgeon; Appia's friend and colleague <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Maunoir" title="Théodore Maunoir">Théodore Maunoir</a>, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geneva_Hygiene_and_Health_Commission&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission (page does not exist)">Geneva Hygiene and Health Commission</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Henri_Dufour" class="mw-redirect" title="Guillaume-Henri Dufour">Guillaume-Henri Dufour</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Army">Swiss Army</a> general of great renown. Eight days later, the five men decided to rename the committee to the "International Committee for Relief to Wounded Soldiers." In October (26-29) 1863, the international conference organized by the committee was held in Geneva to develop possible measures to improve medical services on the battle field. The conference was attended by 36 individuals: eighteen official delegates from national governments, six delegates from other non-governmental organizations, seven non-official foreign delegates, and the five members of the International Committee. The states and kingdoms represented by official delegates were <a href="/wiki/Baden_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Baden Germany">Baden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Britain" class="mw-disambig" title="Britain">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Among the proposals written in the final resolutions of the conference, adopted on <a href="/wiki/October_29" title="October 29">October 29</a>, 1863, were: </p> <ul><li>The foundation of national relief societies for wounded soldiers;</li> <li>Neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers;</li> <li>The utilization of volunteer forces for relief assistance on the battlefield;</li> <li>The organization of additional conferences to enact these concepts in legally binding international treaties; and</li> <li>The introduction of a common distinctive protection symbol for medical personnel in the field, namely a white armlet bearing a red cross.</li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg/250px-Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg/375px-Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Gedenkstein-rotes-kreuz-1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Memorial commemorating the first use of the Red Cross symbol in an armed conflict during the Battle of <a href="/wiki/Dybb%C3%B8l" title="Dybbøl">Dybbøl</a> (Denmark) in <a href="/wiki/1864" title="1864">1864</a>; jointly erected in <a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a> by the national Red Cross societies of <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Only one year later, the Swiss government invited the governments of all European countries, as well as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, to attend an official diplomatic conference. 16 countries sent a total of 26 delegates to Geneva. On <a href="/wiki/August_22" title="August 22">August 22</a>, 1864, the conference adopted the first <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Convention</a> "for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field." Representatives of 12 states and kingdoms signed the convention: Baden, Belgium, Denmark, France, Hesse, Italy, the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, Prussia, Switzerland, Spain, and <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Württemberg">Württemberg</a>. The convention contained ten articles, establishing for the first time legally binding rules guaranteeing neutrality and protection for wounded soldiers, field medical personnel, and specific humanitarian institutions in an armed conflict. Furthermore, the convention defined two specific requirements for recognition of a national relief society by the International Committee: </p> <ul><li>The national society must be recognized by its own national government as a relief society according to the convention, and</li> <li>The national government of the respective country must be a state party to the Geneva Convention.</li></ul> <p>Directly following the establishment of the Geneva Convention, the first national societies were founded in Belgium, Denmark, France, <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg" class="mw-disambig" title="Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>, Prussia, Spain, and Württemberg. Also in 1864, Louis Appia and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Van_de_Velde&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Van de Velde (page does not exist)">Charles Van de Velde</a>, a captain of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Army">Dutch Army</a>, became the first independent and neutral delegates to work under the symbol of the Red Cross in an armed conflict. Three years later in <a href="/wiki/1867" title="1867">1867</a>, the first <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Conference_of_National_Aid_Societies_for_the_Nursing_of_the_War_Wounded&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded (page does not exist)">International Conference of National Aid Societies for the Nursing of the War Wounded</a> was convened. </p><p>Also in 1867, Henry Dunant was forced to declare bankruptcy due to business failures in Algeria, partly because he had neglected his business interests during his tireless activities for the International Committee. Controversy surrounding Dunant's business dealings and the resulting negative public opinion combined with an ongoing conflict with Gustave Moynier led to Dunant's expulsion from his position as a member and secretary. He was forced to leave Geneva and never returned to his home city. In the following years, national societies were founded in nearly every country in Europe. In 1876, the committee adopted the name "International Committee of the Red Cross" (ICRC), which is still its official designation today. Five years later, the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> was founded through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a>. More and more countries signed the Geneva Convention and began to respect it in practice during armed conflicts. In a rather short period of time, the Red Cross gained huge momentum as an internationally respected movement, and the national societies became increasingly popular as a venue for volunteer work. </p><p>When the first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> was awarded in <a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> Nobel Committee opted to give it jointly to Henry Dunant and <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a>, a leading international pacifist. More significant than the honor of the prize itself, the official congratulation from the International Committee of the Red Cross marked the overdue rehabilitation of Henry Dunant and represented a tribute to his key role in the formation of the Red Cross. Dunant died nine years later in the small Swiss health resort of <a href="/wiki/Heiden" class="mw-disambig" title="Heiden">Heiden</a>. Only two months earlier his long standing adversary Gustave Moynier had also died, leaving a mark in the history of the Committee as its longest-running president ever. </p><p>In 1906, the 1864 Geneva Convention was revised for the first time. One year later, the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Convention</a> X, adopted at the second International Peace Konferenz in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>, extended the scope of the Geneva Convention to naval warfare. Shortly before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a>, 50 years after the foundation of the ICRC and the adoption of the first Geneva Convention, there were already 45 national relief societies throughout the world. The movement had extended itself beyond <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siam" class="mw-redirect" title="Siam">Siam</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_ICRC_during_World_War_One">The ICRC during World War One</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honneur_%C3%A0_la_Croix-Rouge-1915.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Honneur_%C3%A0_la_Croix-Rouge-1915.JPG/250px-Honneur_%C3%A0_la_Croix-Rouge-1915.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="401" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Honneur_%C3%A0_la_Croix-Rouge-1915.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>French postcard celebrating the role of Red Cross nurses during the First World War, 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_One" class="mw-redirect" title="World War One">World War One</a>, the ICRC found itself confronted with enormous challenges which it could only handle by working closely with the national Red Cross societies. Red Cross nurses from around the world, including the United States and Japan, came to support the medical services of the armed forces of the European countries involved in the war. On <a href="/wiki/October_15" title="October 15">October 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/1914" title="1914">1914</a>, immediately after the start of the war, the ICRC set up its International Prisoners-of-War (<a href="/wiki/POW" class="mw-redirect" title="POW">POW</a>) Agency, which had about 1,200 mostly volunteer staff members by the end of 1914. By the end of the war, the Agency had transferred about 20 million letters and messages, 1.9 million parcels, and about 18 million <a href="/wiki/Swiss_francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss francs">Swiss francs</a> in monetary donations to POWs of all affected countries. Furthermore, due to the intervention of the Agency, about 200,000 prisoners were exchanged between the warring parties, released from captivity and returned to their home country. The organizational card index of the Agency accumulated about 7 million records from 1914 to <a href="/wiki/1923" title="1923">1923</a>, each card representing an individual prisoner or missing person. The card index led to the identification of about 2 million POWs and the ability to contact their families. The complete index is on loan today from the ICRC to the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Museum" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum</a> in Geneva. The right to access the index is still strictly restricted to the ICRC. </p><p>During the entire war, the ICRC monitored warring parties’ compliance with the Geneva Conventions of the 1907 revision and forwarded complaints about violations to the respective country. When <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> were used in this war for the first time in history, the ICRC vigorously protested against this new type of warfare. Even without having a mandate from the Geneva Conventions, the ICRC tried to ameliorate the suffering of civil populations. In territories that were officially designated as "occupied territories," the ICRC could assist the civilian population on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Convention" class="mw-disambig" title="Hague Convention">Hague Convention</a>'s "Laws and Customs of War on Land" of 1907. This convention was also the legal basis for the ICRC's work for prisoners of war. In addition to the work of the International Prisoner-of-War Agency as described above this included inspection visits to POW camps. A total of 524 camps throughout Europe were visited by 41 delegates from the ICRC until the end of the war. </p><p>Between <a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a> and <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a>, the ICRC published a number of <a href="/wiki/Postcards" class="mw-redirect" title="Postcards">postcards</a> with scenes from the POW camps. The pictures showed the prisoners in day-to-day activities such as the distribution of letters from home. The intention of the ICRC was to provide the families of the prisoners with some hope and solace and to alleviate their uncertainties about the fate of their loved ones. After the end of the war, the ICRC organized the return of about 420,000 prisoners to their home countries. In <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a>, the task of repatriation was handed over to the newly founded <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, which appointed the Norwegian diplomat and scientist <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a> as its "High Commissioner for Repatriation of the War Prisoners." His legal mandate was later extended to support and care for war refugees and displaced persons when his office became that of the League of Nations "High Commissioner for Refugees." Nansen, who invented the <i><a href="/wiki/Nansen_passport" title="Nansen passport">Nansen passport</a></i> for stateless refugees and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a>, appointed two delegates from the ICRC as his deputies. </p><p>A year before the end of the war, the ICRC received the 1917 Nobel Peace Prize for its outstanding wartime work. It was the only Nobel Peace Prize awarded in the period from 1914 to 1918. In 1923, the Committee adopted a change in its policy regarding the selection of new members. Until then, only citizens from the city of Geneva could serve in the Committee. This limitation was expanded to include Swiss citizens. As a direct consequence of World War One, an additional protocol to the Geneva Convention was adopted in 1925 which outlawed the use of suffocating or poisonous gases and biological agents as weapons. Four years later, the 1906 Convention was revised and the second Geneva Convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War" was established. The events of World War One and the respective activities of the ICRC significantly increased the reputation and authority of the Committee among the international community and led to an extension of its competencies. </p><p>As early as in 1934, a draft proposal for an additional convention for the protection of the civil population during an armed conflict was adopted by the International Red Cross Conference. Unfortunately, most governments had not enough interests in implementing this convention, preventing it from entering into force before the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="World War Two">World War Two</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_ICRC_and_World_War_Two">The ICRC and World War Two</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HZwLazarecie1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HZwLazarecie1940.jpg/250px-HZwLazarecie1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HZwLazarecie1940.jpg/375px-HZwLazarecie1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HZwLazarecie1940.jpg/500px-HZwLazarecie1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2245" /></a><figcaption>Red Cross message from <a href="/wiki/Lodz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodz">Łódź</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The legal basis of the work of the ICRC during World War II were the Geneva Conventions in their 1929 revision. The activities of the Committee were similar to those during World War I: visiting and monitoring POW camps, organizing relief assistance for civilian populations, and administering the exchange of messages regarding prisoners and missing persons. By the end of the war, 179 delegates had conducted 12,750 visits to POW camps in 41 countries. The Central Information Agency on Prisoners-of-War (<i>Zentralauskunftsstelle für Kriegsgefangene</i>) had a staff of 3,000, the card index tracking prisoners contained 45 million cards, and 120 million messages were exchanged by the Agency. One major obstacle was that the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a> refused to cooperate with the Geneva statutes including blatant violations such as the deportation of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">mass murders</a> conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> run by the German government. Moreover, two other main aggressors, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and Japan, were not party to the 1929 Geneva Conventions and were not legally required to follow the rules of the conventions. Thus, other countries were not bound to follow the Conventions regarding their prisoners in return. </p><p>During the war, the ICRC failed to obtain an agreement with Nazi Germany about the treatment of detainees in concentration camps, and it eventually abandoned applying pressure in order to avoid disrupting its work with POWs. The ICRC also failed to develop a response to reliable information about the extermination camps and the mass killing of European Jews. This is still considered the greatest failure of the ICRC in its history. After November 1943, the ICRC achieved permission to send parcels to concentration camp detainees with known names and locations. Because the notices of receipt for these parcels were often signed by other inmates, the ICRC managed to register the identities of about 105,000 detainees in the concentration camps and delivered about 1.1 million parcels, primarily to the camps <a href="/wiki/Dachau" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau">Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravensbrück">Ravensbrück</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Junod-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Marcel_Junod-5.jpg/250px-Marcel_Junod-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Marcel_Junod-5.jpg/375px-Marcel_Junod-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Marcel_Junod-5.jpg/500px-Marcel_Junod-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption><b>Marcel Junod</b>, delegate of the ICRC, visiting POWs in Germany<br /><small>(© Benoit Junod, Switzerland)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>On <a href="/wiki/March_12" title="March 12">March 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a>, ICRC president Jacob Burckhardt received a message from SS General <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a> accepting the ICRC's demand to allow delegates to visit the concentration camps. This agreement was bound by the condition that these delegates would have to stay in the camps until the end of the war. Ten delegates, among them <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Haefliger&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Haefliger (page does not exist)">Louis Haefliger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp">Camp Mauthausen</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Dunant&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Dunant (page does not exist)">Paul Dunant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp_Theresienstadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camp Theresienstadt">Camp Theresienstadt</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Maurer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Maurer (page does not exist)">Victor Maurer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Camp Dachau</a>), accepted the assignment and visited the camps. Louis Haefliger courageously prevented the forceful eviction or blasting of Mauthausen-Gusen by alerting American troops, thereby saving the lives of about 60,000 inmates. His actions were condemned by the ICRC because they were deemed as acting unduly on his own authority and risking the ICRC's neutrality. Only in <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, his reputation was finally rehabilitated by ICRC president <a href="/wiki/Cornelio_Sommaruga" title="Cornelio Sommaruga">Cornelio Sommaruga</a>. </p><p>Another example of great humanitarian spirit was <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Born" title="Friedrich Born">Friedrich Born</a> (1903-1963), an ICRC delegate in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> who saved the lives of about 11,000 to 15,000 Jewish people in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>. On <a href="/wiki/June_5" title="June 5">June 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>, he was posthumously granted the title of "<a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>" by <i><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></i>, Israel's Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Junod" title="Marcel Junod">Marcel Junod</a> (1904-1961), a physician from Geneva, was another famous delegate during the Second World War. An account of his experiences, which included being one of the first foreigners to visit <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima" title="Hiroshima">Hiroshima</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> was dropped, can be found in the book <i>Warrior without Weapons</i>. </p><p>In 1944, the ICRC received its second Nobel Peace Prize. As in World War I, it received the only Peace Prize awarded during the main period of war, 1939 to 1945. At the end of the war, the ICRC worked with national Red Cross societies to organize relief assistance to those countries most severely affected. In <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>, the Committee published a report reviewing its war-era activities from <a href="/wiki/September_1" title="September 1">September 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> to <a href="/wiki/June_30" title="June 30">June 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>. Since January <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a>, the ICRC archive for this period has been open to academic and public research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_ICRC_after_the_Second_World_War">The ICRC after the Second World War</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg/250px-IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg/375px-IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg/500px-IKRK_Hauptquartier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The ICRC Headquarters in Geneva</figcaption></figure> <p>On <a href="/wiki/August_12" title="August 12">August 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1949" title="1949">1949</a>, further revisions to the existing two Geneva Conventions were adopted. An additional convention "for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea", named the second Geneva Convention, was added to succeed the 1907 Hague Convention X. The 1929 convention "relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War", while being the second Geneva Convention from a historical point of view, became the third convention in the context of the 1949 revisions. Reacting to the experience of World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>, a new Convention "relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War," was established. Also, the additional protocols of <a href="/wiki/June_8" title="June 8">June 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a> were intended to make the conventions apply to internal conflicts such as civil wars. Today, the four conventions and their added protocols contain more than 600 articles, a remarkable expansion when compared to the mere 10 articles in the first 1864 convention. </p><p>In celebration of its centennial in <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>, the ICRC, together with the League of Red Cross societies, received its third Nobel Peace Prize. Since 1993, non-Swiss individuals have been allowed to serve as Committee delegates abroad, a task which was previously restricted to Swiss citizens. Indeed, since then, the share of staff without Swiss citizenship has increased to about 35%. </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/October_16" title="October 16">October 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> decided to grant the ICRC <a href="/wiki/Observer_status" title="Observer status">observer status</a> for its assembly sessions and sub-committee meetings, the first observer status given to a private organization. The resolution was jointly proposed by 138 member states and introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> ambassador, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vieri_Traxler&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Vieri Traxler (page does not exist)">Vieri Traxler</a>, in memory of the organization's origins in the Battle of Solferino. An agreement with the Swiss government signed on <a href="/wiki/March_19" title="March 19">March 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1993" title="1993">1993</a>, affirmed the already long-standing policy of full independence of the Committee from any possible interference by Switzerland. The agreement protects the full sanctity of all ICRC property in Switzerland including its headquarters and archive, grants members and staff legal immunity, exempts the ICRC from all taxes and fees, guarantees the protected and duty-free transfer of goods, services, and money, provides the ICRC with secure communication privileges at the same level as foreign embassies, and simplifies Committee travel in and out of Switzerland. </p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the ICRC's work actually became more dangerous. In the <a href="/wiki/1990s" title="1990s">1990s</a>, more delegates lost their lives than at any point in its history, especially when working in local and internal armed conflicts. These incidents often demonstrated a lack of respect for the rules of the Geneva Conventions and their protection symbols. Among the slain delegates were: </p> <ul><li>Frédéric Maurice. He died on <a href="/wiki/May_19" title="May 19">May 19</a>, <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> at the age of 39, one day after a Red Cross transport he was escorting was attacked in the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernanda_Calado&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernanda Calado (page does not exist)">Fernanda Calado</a> (Spain), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingeborg_Foss&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingeborg Foss (page does not exist)">Ingeborg Foss</a> (Norway), <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Malloy" title="Nancy Malloy">Nancy Malloy</a> (Canada), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunnhild_Myklebust&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunnhild Myklebust (page does not exist)">Gunnhild Myklebust</a> (Norway), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheryl_Thayer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheryl Thayer (page does not exist)">Sheryl Thayer</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Elkerbout&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Elkerbout (page does not exist)">Hans Elkerbout</a> (Netherlands). They were murdered at point-blank range while sleeping in the early hours of <a href="/wiki/December_17" title="December 17">December 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> in the ICRC field hospital in the <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Nowije_Atagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nowije Atagi">Nowije Atagi</a> near <a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>. Their murderers have never been caught and there was no apparent motive for the killings.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rita_Fox&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rita Fox (page does not exist)">Rita Fox</a> (Switzerland), <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A9ronique_Saro&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Véronique Saro (page does not exist)">Véronique Saro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, formerly Zaire), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_Delgado&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio Delgado (page does not exist)">Julio Delgado</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unen_Ufoirworth&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Unen Ufoirworth (page does not exist)">Unen Ufoirworth</a> (DR Congo), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aduwe_Boboli&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aduwe Boboli (page does not exist)">Aduwe Boboli</a> (DR Congo), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Molokabonge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Molokabonge (page does not exist)">Jean Molokabonge</a> (DR Congo). On <a href="/wiki/April_26" title="April 26">April 26</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>, they were en route with two cars on a relief mission in the northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a> when they came under fatal fire from unknown attackers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Munguia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ricardo Munguia">Ricardo Munguia</a> (El Salvador). He was working as a water engineer in Afghanistan and travelling with local colleagues when their car was stopped by unknown armed men. He was killed execution-style at point-blank range while his colleagues were allowed to escape. He died at the age of 39.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatche_Arslanian" title="Vatche Arslanian">Vatche Arslanian</a> (Canada). Since 2001, he worked as a logistics coordinator for the ICRC mission in Iraq. He died when he was travelling through Baghdad together with members of the Iraqi Red Crescent. Their car accidentally came into the cross fire of fighting in the city.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadisha_Yasassri_Ranmuthu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadisha Yasassri Ranmuthu (page does not exist)">Nadisha Yasassri Ranmuthu</a> (Sri Lanka). He was killed by unknown attackers on <a href="/wiki/July_22" title="July 22">July 22</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a> when his car was fired upon near the city of <a href="/wiki/Hilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilla">Hilla</a> in the south of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidents_of_the_ICRC">Presidents of the ICRC</h4></div> <p>Since 2000, the president of the ICRC has been <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Kellenberger" title="Jakob Kellenberger">Jakob Kellenberger</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Petitpierre&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Petitpierre (page does not exist)">Anne Petitpierre</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Forster&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Forster (page does not exist)">Jacques Forster</a> serve as the vice presidents. </p><p>The former presidents of the Committee have been: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>1863 - 1864: Henri Dufour</li> <li>1864 - 1910: Gustave Moynier</li> <li>1910 - 1928: Gustave Ador</li> <li>1928 - 1944: Max Huber</li> <li>1944 - 1948: Carl Jacob Burckhardt</li> <li>1948 - 1955: Paul Ruegger</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>1955 - 1964: Leopold Boissier</li> <li>1964 - 1969: Samuel Gonard</li> <li>1969 - 1973: Marcel Naville</li> <li>1973 - 1976: Eric Martin</li> <li>1976 - 1987: Alexandre Hay</li> <li>1987 - 1999: Cornelio Sommaruga</li></ul> <p>&#32; </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies">The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Davison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henry_Davison.jpg/250px-Henry_Davison.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Henry_Davison.jpg/375px-Henry_Davison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Henry_Davison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption><b>Henry Davison</b>, Founding father of the League of Red Cross societies<br /><small>(Picture from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redcross.int">www.redcross.int</a>)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a>, representatives from the national Red Cross societies of Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and the US came together in Paris to found the "League of Red Cross Societies". The original idea was <a href="/wiki/Henry_Davison" class="mw-disambig" title="Henry Davison">Henry Davison</a>'s, then president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>. This move, led by the American Red Cross, expanded the international activities of the Red Cross movement beyond the strict mission of the ICRC to include relief assistance in response to emergency situations which were not caused by war (such as man-made or natural disasters). The ARC already had great disaster relief mission experience extending back to its foundation. </p><p>The formation of the League, as an additional international Red Cross organization alongside the ICRC, was not without controversy for a number of reasons. The ICRC had, to some extent valid, concerns about a possible rivalry between both organizations. The foundation of the League was seen as an attempt to undermine the leadership position of the ICRC within the movement and to gradually transfer most of its tasks and competencies to a multilateral institution. In addition to that, all founding members of the League were national societies from countries of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Entente</a> or from associated partners of the Entente. The original statutes of the League from May 1919 contained further regulations which gave the five founding societies a privileged status and, due to the efforts of Henry P. Davison, the right to permanently exclude the national Red Cross societies from the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and in addition to that the national Red Cross society of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. These rules were contrary to the Red Cross principles of universality and equality among all national societies, a situation which furthered the concerns of the ICRC. </p><p>The first relief assistance mission organized by the League was an aid mission for the victims of a famine and subsequent typhus epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. Only five years after its foundation, the League had already issued 47 donation appeals for missions in 34 countries, an impressive indication of the need for this type of Red Cross work. The total sum raised by these appeals reached 685 million Swiss Francs, which were used to bring emergency supplies to the victims of famines in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>; <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>; and refugee flows in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and Turkey. The first large-scale disaster mission of the League came after the 1923 earthquake in Japan which killed about 200,000 people and left countless more wounded and without shelter. Due to the League's coordination, the Red Cross society of Japan received goods from its sister societies reaching a total worth of about $100 million. Another important new field initiated by the League was the creation of youth Red Cross organizations within the national societies. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg/250px-Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg/375px-Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg/500px-Timbre_Turquie_Croissant_rouge_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption>A stamp from Turkey to support the Red Crescent, 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>A joint mission of the ICRC and the League in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> from <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a> to <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> marked the first time the movement was involved in an internal conflict, although still without an explicit mandate from the Geneva Conventions. The League, with support from more than 25 national societies, organized assistance missions and the distribution of food and other aid goods for civil populations affected by hunger and <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. The ICRC worked with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Red_Cross&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Red Cross (page does not exist)">Russian Red Cross</a> society and later the society of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, constantly emphasizing the ICRC's neutrality. In 1928, the "International Council" was founded to coordinate cooperation between the ICRC and the League, a task which was later taken over by the "Standing Commission". In the same year, a common statute for the movement was adopted for the first time, defining the respective roles of the ICRC and the League within the movement. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo-Abyssinian War">Abyssinian war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/1935" title="1935">1935</a> to <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>, the League contributed aid supplies worth about 1.7 million Swiss Francs. Because the Italian fascist regime under <a href="/wiki/Mussolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussolini">Mussolini</a> refused any cooperation with the Red Cross, these goods were delivered solely to Ethiopia. During the war, an estimated 29 people lost their lives while being under explicit protection of the Red Cross symbol, most of them due to attacks by the Italian Army. During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Civil War in Spain</a> from <a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a> to <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a> the League once again joined forces with the ICRC with the support of 41 national societies. In 1939 on the brink of the Second World War, the League relocated its headquarters from Paris to Geneva to take advantage of Swiss neutrality. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg/250px-Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg/375px-Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg/500px-Friedensnobelpreis-1963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Peace Nobel Prize ceremony in 1963; From left to right: King Olav of Norway, ICRC President Leopold Boissier, League Chairman John A. MacAulay<br /><small>(Picture from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redcross.int">www.redcross.int</a>)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a>, the 1928 common statute of the movement was revised for the first time. Also, the period of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> from <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a> to <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> was marked by a huge jump in the number of recognized national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. By the end of the 1960's, there were more than 100 societies around the world. On <a href="/wiki/December_10" title="December 10">December 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/1963" title="1963">1963</a>, the Federation and the ICRC received the Nobel Peace Prize. In 1983, the League was renamed to the "League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies" to reflect the growing number of national societies operating under the Red Crescent symbol. Three years later, the seven basic principles of the movement as adopted in 1965 were incorporated into its statutes. The name of the League was changed again in 1991 to its current official designation the "International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies". In 1997, the ICRC and the Federation signed the <a href="/wiki/Seville_Agreement" title="Seville Agreement">Seville Agreement</a> which further defined the responsibilities of both organizations within the movement. In 2004, the Federation began its largest mission to date after the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake">tsunami disaster in South Asia</a>. More than 40 national societies have worked with more than 22,000 volunteers to bring relief to the countless victims left without food and shelter and endangered by the risk of epidemics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Presidents_of_the_Federation">Presidents of the Federation</h4></div> <p>Since 2001, the president of the Federation has been Don Juan Manuel Suárez Del Toro Rivero of Spain. The Vice presidents are currently René Rhinow (ex officio as president of the Swiss Red Cross society) and, representing the different core regions of the world, Robert Barnes (Canada), Murli S. Deora (India), Dr. Mamdouh Gabr (Egypt) and Dr. Massimo Barra (Italy). </p><p>Former presidents (until 1977 titled "Chairman") have been: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>1919 - 1922: Henry Davison (USA)</li> <li>1922 - 1935: John Barton Payne (USA)</li> <li>1935 - 1938: Cary T. Grayson (USA)</li> <li>1938 - 1944: Norman Davis (USA)</li> <li>1944 - 1945: Jean de Muralt (Switzerland)</li> <li>1945 - 1950: Basil O'Connor (USA)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </td> <td class="col-break"> <ul><li>1950 - 1959: Emil Sandstrom (Sweden)</li> <li>1959 - 1965: John MacAulay (Canada)</li> <li>1965 - 1977: Jose Barroso (Mexico)</li> <li>1977 - 1981: Adetunji Adefarasin (Nigeria)</li> <li>1981 - 1987: Enrique de la Mata (Spain)</li> <li>1987 - 1997: Mario Enrique Villarroel Lander (Venezuela)</li> <li>1997 - 2000: Astrid N. Heiberg (Norway)</li></ul> <p>&#32; </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization_of_the_Movement">Organization of the Movement</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg/250px-Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg/375px-Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg/500px-Schweiz_Genf_IRK-Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Entry to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum in Geneva</figcaption></figure> <p>Altogether, there are about 97 million people worldwide who serve with the ICRC, the Federation, and the national societies. And there are about 300,000 total full time staff members. </p><p>The 1965 International Conference in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> adopted seven basic principles which should be shared by all parts of the Movement, and they were added to the official statutes of the Movement in <a href="/wiki/1986" title="1986">1986</a>. </p> <ul><li>Humanity</li> <li>Impartiality</li> <li>Neutrality</li> <li>Independence</li> <li>Voluntary Service</li> <li>Unity</li> <li>Universality</li></ul> <p>The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Conference, which occurs once every four years, is the highest institutional body of the Movement. It gathers delegations from all of the national societies as well as from the ICRC, the Federation and the signatory states to the Geneva Conventions. In between the conferences, the Standing Commission acts as the supreme body and supervises implementation of and compliance with the resolutions of the conference. In addition, the Standing Commission coordinates the cooperation between the ICRC and the Federation. It consists of two representatives from the ICRC (including its president), two from the Federation (including its president), and five individuals who are elected by the International Conference. The Standing Commission convenes every six months on average. Moreover, a convention of the Council of Delegates of the Movement takes place every two years in the course of the conferences of the General Assemblies of the Federation. The Council of Delegates plans and coordinates joint activities for the Movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_and_Organization_of_the_ICRC">Activities and Organization of the ICRC</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_mission_of_the_ICRC_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement">The mission of the ICRC and its responsibilities within the Movement</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ICRC_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/ICRC_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the ICRC</figcaption></figure> <p>The official mission of the ICRC as an impartial, neutral, and independent organization is to stand for the protection of the life and dignity of victims of international and internal armed conflicts. According the 1997 Seville Agreement, it is the "Lead Agency" of the Movement in conflicts. The core tasks of the Committee, which are derived from the Geneva Conventions and its own statutes, are the following: </p> <ul><li>to monitor compliance of warring parties with the Geneva Conventions</li> <li>to organize nursing and care for those who are wounded on the battlefield</li> <li>to supervise the treatment of prisoners of war</li> <li>to help with the search for missing persons in an armed conflict (tracing service)</li> <li>to organize protection and care for civil populations</li> <li>to arbitrate between warring parties in an armed conflict</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_status_and_organization">Legal status and organization</h4></div> <p>The ICRC is headquartered in the Swiss city of Geneva and has external offices in about 80 countries. It has about 12,000 staff members worldwide, about 800 of them working in its Geneva headquarters, 1,200 serving as delegates managing its international missions, and about 10,000 members of individual national societies working on site. Contrary to popular belief, the ICRC is not a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> in the most common sense of the term, nor is it an international organization. As it limits its members (a process called cooptation) to Swiss nationals only, it does not have a policy of open and unrestricted membership for individuals like other legally defined NGOs. The word "international" in its name does not refer to its membership but to the worldwide scope of its activities as defined by the Geneva Conventions. The ICRC has special privileges and legal immunities in many countries, based on national law in these countries or through agreements between the Committee and respective national governments. According to Swiss law, the ICRC is defined as a private association. According to its statutes it consists of 15 to 25 Swiss-citizen members, which it coopts for a period of four years. There is no limit to the number of terms an individual member can have although a three-quarters majority of all members is required for re-election after the third term. </p><p>The leading organs of the ICRC are the Directorate and the Assembly. The Directorate is the executive body of the Committee. It consists of a General Director and five directors in the areas of "Operations", "Human Resources", "Resources and Operational Support", "Communication", and "International Law and Cooperation within the Movement". The members of the Directorate are appointed by the Assembly to serve for four years. The Assembly, consisting of all of the members of the Committee, convenes on a regular basis and is responsible for defining aims, guidelines, and strategies and for supervising the financial matters of the Committee. The president of the Assembly is also the president of the Committee as a whole. Furthermore, the Assembly elects a five member Assembly Council which has the authority to decide on behalf of the full Assembly in some matters. The Council is also responsible for organizing the Assembly meetings and for facilitating communication between the Assembly and the Directorate. </p><p>Due to Geneva's location in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, the ICRC usually acts under its French name <i>Comité international de la Croix-Rouge</i> (CICR). The official symbol of the ICRC is the Red Cross on white background with the words "COMITE INTERNATIONAL GENEVE" circling the cross. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funding_and_financial_matters">Funding and financial matters</h4></div> <p>The 2005 budget of the ICRC amounts to about 970 million Swiss Francs. Most of that money comes from Switzerland in its capacity as the depositary state of the Geneva Conventions, from national Red Cross societies, the signatory states of the Geneva Conventions, and from international organizations like the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. All payments to the ICRC are voluntary and are received as donations based on two types of appeals issued by the Committee: an annual <i>Headquarters Appeal</i> to cover its internal costs and <i>Emergency Appeals</i> for its individual missions. The total budget for 2005 consists of about 819.7 million Swiss Francs (85% of the total) for field work and 152.1 million Swiss Francs (15%) for internal costs. In <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, the budget for field work increased by 8.6% and the internal budget by 1.5% compared to <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, primarily due to above average increases in the number and scope of its missions in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities_and_organization_of_the_Federation">Activities and organization of the Federation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Mission_of_the_Federation_and_its_responsibilities_within_the_Movement">The Mission of the Federation and its responsibilities within the Movement</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IFRC_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/IFRC_Logo.png/250px-IFRC_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/IFRC_Logo.png/375px-IFRC_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/IFRC_Logo.png/500px-IFRC_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the Federation</figcaption></figure> <p>The Federation coordinates cooperation between national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies throughout the world and supports the foundation of new national societies in countries where no official society exists. On the international stage, the Federation organizes and leads relief assistance missions after emergencies like natural disasters, manmade disasters, epidemics, mass refugee flights, and other emergencies. According to the 1997 Seville Agreement, the Federation is the Lead Agency of the Movement in any emergency situation which does not take place as part of an armed conflict. The Federation cooperates with the national societies of those countries affected - each called the <i>Operating National Society</i> (ONS) - as well as the national societies of other countries willing to offer assistance - called <i>Participating National Societies</i> (PNS). Among the 187 national societies admitted to the General Assembly of the Federation as full members or observers, about 25-30 regularly work as PNS in other countries. The most active of those are the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Red_Cross" title="British Red Cross">British Red Cross</a>, the <a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a>, and the Red Cross societies of <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Red_Cross" title="Swedish Red Cross">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Red_Cross" title="Norwegian Red Cross">Norway</a>. Another major mission of the Federation which has gained attention in recent years is its commitment to work towards a codified, worldwide ban on the use of <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a> and to bring medical, psychological, and social support for people injured by land mines. </p><p>The tasks of the Federation can therefore be summarized as follows: </p> <ul><li>to promote humanitarian principles and values</li> <li>to provide relief assistance in emergency situations of large magnitude</li> <li>to support the national societies with disaster preparedness through the education of voluntary members and the provision of equipment and relief supplies</li> <li>to support local health care projects</li> <li>to support the national societies with youth-related activities</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_status_and_organization_2">Legal status and organization</h4></div> <p>Like the ICRC, the Federation has its headquarters in Geneva. It also runs 14 permanent regional offices and has more than 60 delegations around the world. The legal basis for the work of the Federation is its constitution. The executive body of the Federation is a secretariat, led by a Secretary General. The secretariat is supported by six divisions labeled "Cooperation and development", "Disaster Management and Coordination", "External Relations", "Support Services", "Monitoring and Evaluation", and "Governance and Planning". The Governance and Planning division organizes interaction and cooperation with the ICRC. The highest body of the Federation is the General Assembly which convenes every two years with delegates from all of the national societies. Among other tasks, the General Assembly elects the Secretary General. Between the convening of General Assemblies, the Governing Board is the leading body of the Federation. It has the authority to make decisions for the Federation in a number of areas. The Governing Board consists of the president and the vice presidents of the Federation, the chairman of the Finance Commission, and twenty elected representatives from national societies. It is supported by four additional commissions: "Disaster Relief", "Youth", "Health &amp; Community Services", and "Development". </p><p>The symbol of the Federation is the combination of the Red Cross (left) and Red Crescent (right) on a white background without any additional text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Funding_and_financial_matters_2">Funding and financial matters</h4></div> <p>The main parts of the budget of the Federation are funded by contributions from the national societies which are members of the Federation and through revenues from its investments. The exact amount of contributions from each member society is established by the Finance Commission and approved by the General Assembly. Any additional funding, especially for unforeseen expenses for relief assistance missions, is raised by appeals published by the Federation and comes from voluntary donations by national societies, governments, other organizations, corporations, and individuals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_societies_within_the_Movement">National societies within the Movement</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Official_Recognition_of_a_national_society">Official Recognition of a national society</h4></div> <p>National Red Cross and Red Crescent societies exist in nearly every country in the world. Within their home country, they take on the duties and responsibilities of a national relief society as defined by <a href="/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanitarian Law">International Humanitarian Law</a>. Within the Movement, the ICRC is responsible for legally recognizing a relief society as an official national Red Cross or Red Crescent society. The exact rules for recognition are defined in the statutes of the Movement. Article 4 of these statutes contains the <i>"Conditions for recognition of National Societies"</i>: </p> <dl><dd><i>In order to be recognized in terms of Article 5, paragraph 2 b) as a National Society, the Society shall meet the following conditions:</i></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ol><li><i>Be constituted on the territory of an independent State where the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field is in force.</i></li> <li><i>Be the only National Red Cross or Red Crescent Society of the said State and be directed by a central body which shall alone be competent to represent it in its dealings with other components of the Movement.</i></li> <li><i>Be duly recognized by the legal government of its country on the basis of the Geneva Conventions and of the national legislation as a voluntary aid society, auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field.</i></li> <li><i>Have an autonomous status which allows it to operate in conformity with the Fundamental Principles of the Movement.</i></li> <li><i>Use the name and emblem of the Red Cross or Red Crescent in conformity with the Geneva Conventions.</i></li> <li><i>Be so organized as to be able to fulfill the tasks defined in its own statutes, including the preparation in peace time for its statutory tasks in case of armed conflict.</i></li> <li><i>Extend its activities to the entire territory of the State.</i></li> <li><i>Recruit its voluntary members and its staff without consideration of race, sex, class, religion or political opinions.</i></li> <li><i>Adhere to the present Statutes, share in the fellowship which unites the components of the Movement and co-operate with them.</i></li> <li><i>Respect the Fundamental Principles of the Movement and be guided in its work by the principles of international humanitarian law.</i></li></ol></dd></dl> <p>After recognition by the ICRC, a national society is admitted as a member to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Activities_of_national_societies_on_a_national_and_international_stage">Activities of national societies on a national and international stage</h4></div> <p>Despite formal independence regarding its organizational structure and work, each national society is still bound by the laws of its home country. In many countries, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies enjoy exceptional privileges due to agreements with their governments or specific "Red Cross Laws" granting full independence as required by the International Movement. The duties and responsibilities of a national society as defined by International Humanitarian Law and the statutes of the Movement include humanitarian aid in armed conflicts and emergency crises such as natural disasters. Depending on their respective human, technical, financial, and organizational resources, many national societies take on additional humanitarian tasks within their home countries such as blood donation services or acting as civilian <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Medical_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Medical Service">Emergency Medical Service</a> (EMS) providers. The ICRC and the International Federation cooperate with the national societies in their international missions, especially with human, material, and financial resources and organizing on-site logistics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols_of_the_Movement">Symbols of the Movement</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection_symbols_vs._organizational_emblems">Protection symbols vs. organizational emblems</h3></div> <p>The symbols described below have two different meanings. On one hand, the visual symbols of the Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Lion with Sun serve as protection markings in armed conflicts, a denotation which is derived from and defined in the Geneva Conventions. This is called the <i>protective use</i> of the symbols. On the other hand, these symbols are used as distinctive logos by those organizations which are part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement. This is the <i>indicative use</i> of the emblem. As a protection symbol, they are used in armed conflicts to mark persons and objects (buildings, vehicles, etc.) which are working in compliance with the rules of the Geneva Conventions. In this function, they can also be used by organizations and objects which are not part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, for example the medical services of the armed forces, civilian hospitals, and civil defense units. As protection symbols, these emblems should be used without any additional specification (textual or otherwise) and in a prominent manner which makes them as visible and observable as possible, for example by using large white flags bearing the symbol. When used as an organizational logo, these symbols only indicate that persons, vehicles, buildings, etc. which bear the symbols belong to a specific organization which is part of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (like the ICRC, the International Federation or the national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies). In this case, they should be used with an additional specification (for example "American Red Cross") and not be displayed as prominently as when used as protection symbols. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols_recognized_by_the_Geneva_Conventions">Symbols recognized by the Geneva Conventions</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblems of the Red Cross">Emblems of the Red Cross</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Cross">Red Cross</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Red Cross symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>The Red Cross on white background was the original protection symbol declared at the 1864 Geneva Convention. It is, in terms of its color, a reversal of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_national_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss national flag">Swiss national flag</a>, a meaning which was adopted to honor Swiss founder Henry Dunant and his home country. The ideas to introduce a uniform and neutral protection symbol as well as its specific design originally came from Dr. Louis Appia and General Henri Dufour, founding members of the International Committee. The Red Cross is defined as a protection symbol in Article 7 of the 1864 Geneva Convention, Chapter VII ("The distinctive emblem") and Article 38 of the 1949 Geneva Convention ("For the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field"). There is an unofficial agreement within the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement that the shape of the cross should be a cross composed of five squares. However, regardless of the shape, any Red Cross on white background should be valid and must be recognized as a protection symbol in conflict. Of the 181 national societies which are currently recognized by the ICRC, 150 are using the Red Cross as their official organization emblem. In addition, the Red Cross is currently used by the national societies of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>, both applying for official recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Crescent">Red Crescent</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Red_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The Red Crescent symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War">Russo-Turkish War</a> from <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> to <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> used a Red Crescent instead of the Red Cross because its government believed that the cross would alienate its Muslim soldiers. When asked by the ICRC in <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> committed to fully respect the sanctity of all persons and facilities bearing the Red Crescent symbol, followed by a similar commitment from the Ottoman government to respect the Red Cross. After this de facto assessment of equal validity to both symbols, the ICRC declared in 1878 that it should be possible in principle to adopt an additional official protection symbol for non-Christian countries. The Red Crescent was formally recognized in 1929 when the Geneva Conventions were amended (Article 19). Originally, the Red Crescent was used by <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and the new <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a>. From its official recognition to today, the Red Crescent became the organizational emblem of nearly every national society in countries with majority <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> populations. The national societies of some countries such as <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>), <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1975" title="1975">1975</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (<a href="/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>) have officially changed their name and emblem from the Red Cross to the Red Crescent. The Red Crescent is used by 31 of the 181 recognized societies worldwide and also by the national societies of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of the Comoros">Union of the Comoros</a> (Comoros Islands) and <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, which have both applied for recognition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Crystal:_the_third_Protocol_emblem">Red Crystal: the third Protocol emblem</h4></div> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Crystal_(symbol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crystal (symbol)">Red Crystal (symbol)</a></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Diamond.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_Diamond.png/150px-Red_Diamond.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_Diamond.png/225px-Red_Diamond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Red_Diamond.png/300px-Red_Diamond.png 2x" data-file-width="4131" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>The third protocol emblem, also known as the Red Crystal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the controversy over Israel's national society <a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Adom" title="Magen David Adom">Magen David Adom</a> and a number of other disputes, the introduction of an additional neutral protection symbol had been under discussion for a number of years, with the Red Crystal (previously referred to as the Red <a href="/wiki/Lozenge" class="mw-disambig" title="Lozenge">Lozenge</a> or Red <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a>) being the most popular proposal. Other attempts have included <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (<a href="/wiki/1957" title="1957">1957</a>) and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/1977" title="1977">1977</a>) who tried to establish a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Red Swastika</a> and also efforts by the national societies of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> to use a unique combination of the Red Cross and the Red Crescent, similar to the combination of both symbols used by the national society of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> until its demise. However, amending the Geneva Conventions to add a new protection symbol requires a diplomatic conference of all 192 signatory states to the Conventions. The Swiss government organized such a conference to take place on December 5-6, 2005, to adopt a third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions introducing the Red Crystal as an additional symbol with equal status to the Red Cross or Red Crescent. Following an unplanned extension of the conference until December 7, the protocol was adopted after a vote successfully achieved the required two-thirds majority. From the countries which attended the conference, 98 voted in favour and 27 against the protocol, while 10 countries abstained from voting. </p><p>The official name of the new symbol is "the third Protocol emblem". The rules for the use of this symbol, based on the third additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions, are the following: </p> <ul><li><i>Within its own national territory</i>, a national society can use either of the recognized symbols alone, or incorporate any of these symbols or a combination of them into the Red Crystal. Furthermore, a national society can choose to display a previously and effectively used symbol, after officially communicating this symbol to the state parties of the Geneva Conventions through Switzerland as the depositary state prior to the adoption of the proposed third additional protocol.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>For indicative use on foreign territory</i>, a national society which does not use one of the recognized symbols as its emblem <a href="/wiki/Red_Crystal_flag#&quot;Defaced&quot;_Red_Crystal_Flag_Variants" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Crystal flag">has to incorporate its unique symbol into the Red Crystal</a>, based on the previously mentioned condition about communicating its unique symbol to the state parties of the Geneva Conventions.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>For protective use</i>, only the symbols recognized by the Geneva Conventions can be used. Specifically, those national societies which do not use one of the recognized symbols as their emblem have to use the Red Crystal without incorporation of any additional symbol.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Lion_with_Sun:_currently_not_in_use">Red Lion with Sun: currently not in use</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Red_Lion_with_Sun.png" class="new" title="File:Red Lion with Sun.png"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="150">File:Red Lion with Sun.png</span></a><figcaption>The Red Lion with Sun symbol</figcaption></figure> <p>From <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a> to <a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> used a 'Red Lion with Sun' symbol for its national society, based on the flag and emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a>. The Red Lion with Sun was formally recognized as a protection symbol in <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>, together with the Red Crescent. Despite the country's shift to the Red Crescent in 1980, Iran explicitly maintains the right to use the symbol. Therefore, it is still recognized by the Geneva Convention as a protection symbol with equal status to the Red Cross and Red Crescent even though it has not been used by any country since 1980. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_symbols_used_by_specific_national_societies">Other symbols used by specific national societies</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Shield_of_David">Red Shield of David</h4></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Red_Star_of_David.png" class="new" title="File:Red Star of David.png"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="150">File:Red Star of David.png</span></a><figcaption>The emblem of Magen David Adom for indicative use within Israel</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:Error mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Upload?wpDestFile=Red-magen-david.GIF" class="new" title="File:Red-magen-david.GIF"><span class="mw-file-element mw-broken-media" data-width="150">File:Red-magen-david.GIF</span></a><figcaption>The emblem for Magen David Adom for indicative use when operating abroad</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Magen_David_Adom" title="Magen David Adom">Magen David Adom</a>, the national society of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, has used the Red Shield of David as its organization emblem since its foundation. Israel tried to establish the emblem as a third protection symbol in the context of the Geneva Conventions, but a respective proposal was narrowly defeated when the conventions were amended in 1949. As the Red Shield of David is not a recognized protection symbol under the Geneva Conventions, Magen David Adom was not recognized until now as a national society by the ICRC (see requirements for recognition above). </p><p>With the adoption of the third protocol emblem, recognition of Magen David Adom and its admission as a full member of the International Federation can be expected for the near future. The rules of the third protocol allow Magen David Adom to continue using the Red Shield of David when operating within Israel as well as provide a solution for Magen David Adom for abroad missions. Despite limitations due to the previous situation, the organization has had an excellent reputation within the Movement for many years and, in cooperation with both the ICRC and the Federation, takes part in many international activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mottos_of_the_Movement,_Commemoration_Day_and_places_of_interest"><span id="Mottos_of_the_Movement.2C_Commemoration_Day_and_places_of_interest"></span>Mottos of the Movement, Commemoration Day and places of interest</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg/250px-Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg/375px-Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg/500px-Red_Cross_Memorial_in_Solferino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>The International Red Cross Memorial in Solferino, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>The original motto of the International Committee of the Red Cross was <i>Inter Arma Caritas</i> ("In War, Charity"). This Christian-spirited slogan was amended in <a href="/wiki/1961" title="1961">1961</a> with the neutral motto <i>Per Humanitatem ad Pacem</i> or "With humanity, towards peace". While <i>Inter Arma Caritas</i> is still the primary motto of the ICRC (as per Article 3 of the ICRC statutes), <i>Per Humanitatem ad Pacem</i> is the primary motto of the Federation (Article 1 of the Constitution of the Federation). Both organizations acknowledge the alternative motto, and together both slogans serve as the combined motto of the International Movement. </p><p>The mission statement of the International Movement as formulated in the "Strategy 2010" document of the Federation is <i>to improve the lives of vulnerable people by mobilizing the power of humanity</i>. From <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a> to <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, the common slogan for all activities of the International Movement was <i>The Power of Humanity</i>. In December 2003, the 28th International Conference in Geneva adopted the conference motto <i>Protecting Human Dignity</i> as the new Movement slogan. </p><p>The 16th International Conference which convened in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a> officially decided to make <a href="/wiki/May_8" title="May 8">May 8</a>, the birthday of Henry Dunant, as the official annual commemoration and celebration day of the Movement. Since <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a>, the official name of the celebration day has been "<a href="/wiki/World_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Day" title="World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day">World Red Cross and Red Crescent Day</a>". </p><p>In Solferino, a small museum describes the history of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solferino" title="Battle of Solferino">Battle of Solferino</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, the long and bloody Italian struggle for independence and unity. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossario_di_Solferino&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossario di Solferino (page does not exist)">Ossario di Solferino</a> (Solferino Ossuary) in close proximity to the museum, a moving display shows the horrors of war. Inside the chapel, 1,413 skulls and many more bones from thousands of French and Austrian troops who died during the battle are shown. Solferino is also host to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Red_Cross_Memorial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Red Cross Memorial (page does not exist)">International Red Cross Memorial</a> inaugurated in 1959 on the centennial of the Battle of Solferino. The memorial contains stone plaques identifying each recognized national society. In <a href="/wiki/Castiglione_delle_Stiviere" title="Castiglione delle Stiviere">Castiglione delle Stiviere</a>, a small town near <a href="/wiki/Solferino" title="Solferino">Solferino</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Museum_of_the_Red_Cross&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="International Museum of the Red Cross (page does not exist)">International Museum of the Red Cross</a> was also opened in <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>. Moreover, another museum, the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Museum" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Museum</a> stands in Geneva in close proximity to the headquarters of the ICRC. Finally, in the Swiss city of <a href="/wiki/Heiden" class="mw-disambig" title="Heiden">Heiden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant_Museum" title="Henry Dunant Museum">Henry Dunant Museum</a> was opened to preserve the memory and legacy of Dunant himself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Warfare">Principles of Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">Prisoners of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws of war">Laws of war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li>François Bugnion: <i>The emblem of the Red Cross: a brief history.</i> ICRC (ref. 0316), Geneva 1977</li> <li>Henry Dunant: <i>A Memory of Solferino.</i> ICRC, Geneva 1986, ISBN 2-88-145006-7</li> <li>Hans Haug: <i>Humanity for all: the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.</i> Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva in association with Paul Haupt Publishers, Bern 1993, ISBN 3-25-804719-7</li> <li>Georges Willemin, Roger Heacock: <i>International Organization and the Evolution of World Society. Volume 2: The International Committee of the Red Cross.</i> Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston 1984, ISBN 9-02-473064-3</li> <li>Pierre Boissier: <i>History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima.</i> Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva 1985, ISBN 2-88-044012-2</li> <li>André Durand: <i>History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II: From Sarajevo to Hiroshima.</i> Henry Dunant Institute, Geneva 1984, ISBN 2-88-044009-2</li> <li>International Committee of the Red Cross: <i>Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement.</i> 13th edition, ICRC, Geneva 1994, ISBN 2-88-145074-1</li> <li>Caroline Moorehead: <i>Dunant's dream: War, Switzerland and the history of the Red Cross.</i> HarperCollins, London 1998, ISBN 0-00-255141-1 (Hardcover edition); HarperCollins, London 1999, ISBN 0-00-638883-3 (Paperback edition)</li> <li>François Bugnion: <i>Towards a comprehensive Solution to the Question of the Emblem.</i> Revised third edition. ICRC (ref. 0778), Geneva 2005</li> <li>David P. Forsythe: <i>The Humanitarians. The International Committee of the Red Cross.</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005, ISBN 0-52-161281-0</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3></div> <ul><li>Jean-Philippe Lavoyer, Louis Maresca: <i>The Role of the ICRC in the Development of International Humanitarian Law.</i> In: <i>International Negotiation.</i> 4(3)/1999. Brill Academic Publishers, p. 503-527, ISSN 1382-340X</li> <li>Neville Wylie: <i>The Sound of Silence: The History of the International Committee of the Red Cross as Past and Present.</i> In: <i>Diplomacy and Statecraft.</i> 13(4)/2002. Routledge/ Taylor &amp; Francis, p. 186-204, ISSN 0959-2296</li> <li>David P. Forsythe: "The International Committee of the Red Cross and International Humanitarian Law." In: <i>Humanitäres Völkerrecht - Informationsschriften. The Journal of International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict.</i> 2/2003, German Red Cross and Institute for International Law of Peace and Armed Conflict, p. 64-77, ISSN 0937-5414</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_Links">External Links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" class="extiw" title="commons:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement"><span style="font-style:italic; 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