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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>British India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Republic of India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinglish_and_other_hybrid_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinglish_and_other_hybrid_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hinglish and other hybrid languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinglish_and_other_hybrid_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling_pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling_pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Spelling pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling_pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supra-segmental_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supra-segmental_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Supra-segmental features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supra-segmental_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numbering_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numbering_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Numbering system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numbering_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Spelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dictionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Indian English</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="إنجليزية هندية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنجليزية هندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="ভারতীয় ইংরেজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় ইংরেজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Indian English" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_engelsk" title="Indisk engelsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indisk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisches_Englisch" title="Indisches Englisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indisches Englisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%A9s_indio" title="Inglés indio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inglés indio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی هندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی هندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84_%EC%98%81%EC%96%B4" title="인도 영어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도 영어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय अंग्रेज़ी भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय अंग्रेज़ी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris_India" title="Bahasa Inggris India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Inggris India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijos_angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Indijos anglų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Indijos anglų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Inggeris_India" title="Bahasa Inggeris India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Inggeris India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="インド英語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド英語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indisk_engelsk" title="Indisk engelsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Indisk engelsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ہندوستانی انگریزی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستانی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyjska_odmiana_j%C4%99zyka_angielskiego" title="Indyjska odmiana języka angielskiego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indyjska odmiana języka angielskiego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_indiano" title="Inglês indiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inglês indiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="ඉන්දියානු ඉංග්‍රීසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියානු ඉංග්‍රීසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian English" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ئینگلیزیی ھیندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئینگلیزیی ھیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intianenglanti" title="Intianenglanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Intianenglanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய ஆங்கிலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய ஆங்கிலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ہندوستانی انگریزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندوستانی انگریزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Anh_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Tiếng Anh Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Anh Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="印度英语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印度英语" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of varieties of the English language spoken in India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Benglish">Benglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanglish" title="Kanglish">Kanglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nenglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenglish">Nenglish</a>, macaronic languages mixing English with Hindi, Bengali, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Urdu and Nepali, respectively.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For pre-1947 Indian English, see <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Indian English</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">250,000<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-censusindia.gov.in_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers: 83 million<br /><a href="/wiki/Third_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Third language">L3</a> speakers: 46 million<br /> 128 million total speakers (2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ingvaeonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingvaeonic languages">Ingvaeonic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Frisian_languages" title="Anglo-Frisian languages">Anglo-Frisian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anglic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglic languages">Anglic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Indian English</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-English" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-English">Proto-English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English Braille</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 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style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=130">eng</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/eng" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:eng">eng</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/indi1255">indi1255</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code>en-IN</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac" title="File:Vandana Shiva BBC Radio4 Saving Species 23 Dec 2011 b010x8sq.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="39" data-mwtitle="Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac/Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac/Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Vandana_Shiva_BBC_Radio4_Saving_Species_23_Dec_2011_b010x8sq.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of a female speaker from the <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vandana_Shiva" title="Vandana Shiva">Vandana Shiva</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac" title="File:Arundhati Roy BBC Radio4 Bookclub 2 Oct 2011 b015brn8.flac">Speech example</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac/Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac/Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Arundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac" type="audio/flac" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AArundhati_Roy_BBC_Radio4_Bookclub_2_Oct_2011_b015brn8.flac&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An example of a female speaker from the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arundhati_Roy" title="Arundhati Roy">Arundhati Roy</a>).</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="English as a second or foreign language">As a second language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English" title="History of English">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Advanced topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_by_country_or_language_of_origin" title="Lists of English words by country or language of origin">Loanwords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Phonology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Phonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_English" title="Phonological history of English">History</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Dialects</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_Creole" title="Anguillian Creole">Anguillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_English" title="Antarctic English">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Creole" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Creole">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajan_English" title="Bajan English">Bajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_English" title="Belizean English">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji#English" title="Languages of Fiji">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavia_English" title="Gustavia English">Gustavia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s%E2%80%93Providencia_Creole" title="San Andrés–Providencia Creole">San Andrés–Providencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwean</a></li> <li><i>see also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">List of dialects of English</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#efefef;"> Teaching</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teaching_English_as_a_second_or_foreign_language" title="Teaching English as a second or foreign language">Teaching English as a second language</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_language_sidebar" title="Template talk:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_language_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English language sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Indian English</b> (<b>IndE</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>IE</b>) is a group of <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a> and among the <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-English_in_India_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_in_India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is used by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> for communication, and is enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Languages_in_the_Constitution_of_India_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Languages_in_the_Constitution_of_India-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English is also an <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official language</a> in seven states and seven <a href="/wiki/Union_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Union territories">union territories</a> of India, and the additional official language in seven other states and one union territory. Furthermore, English is the sole official language of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_India" title="Judiciary of India">Judiciary of India</a>, unless the state <a href="/wiki/Governor_(India)" title="Governor (India)">governor</a> or legislature mandates the use of a regional language, or if the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> has given approval for the use of regional languages in courts.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economic_Times_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, the term <i>Indian English</i> broadly referred to <i><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asian English</a></i>, also known as <i><a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British Indian</a> English</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After gaining <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in 1947, English remained an official language of the new <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of India">Republic of India</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English</a> were considered separate from Indian English. </p><p>Today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, speak English as their first language,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and around 30% of the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">Indian population</a> can speak English to some extent.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2001_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Census of India">2001 Census</a>, 12.18% of Indians knew English at that time. Of those, approximately 200,000 reported that it was their first language, 86 million reported that it was their second, and 39 million reported that it was their third.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2005 <a href="/wiki/India_Human_Development_Survey" title="India Human Development Survey">India Human Development Survey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of 41,554 surveyed, households reported that 72% of men (29,918) spoke no English, 28% of them (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5% of them (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, 83% (34,489) spoke no English, 17% (7,064) spoke at least some English, and 3% (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke English fluently.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to statistics from the District Information System for Education (DISE) of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Educational_Planning_and_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Educational Planning and Administration">National University of Educational Planning and Administration</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Human Resource Development">Ministry of Human Resource Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>, enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Census of India">2011 Census</a>, 129 million Indians (10.6%) spoke English. 259,678 (0.02%) Indians spoke English as their first language.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that approximately 83 million Indians (6.8%) reported English as their second language, and 46 million (3.8%) reported it as their third language, making English the second-most spoken language in India.<sup id="cite_ref-censusindia.gov.in_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-censusindia.gov.in-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India ranks 52 out of 111 countries in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/EF_English_Proficiency_Index" title="EF English Proficiency Index">EF English Proficiency Index</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/EF_Education_First" title="EF Education First">EF Education First</a>. The index gives the country a score of 496 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 6th out of 24 Asian countries included in the index.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> country, English is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> among different regions of India.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, journalist <a href="/wiki/Manu_Joseph" title="Manu Joseph">Manu Joseph</a> stated in 2011 that, due to the prominence and usage of the language and the desire for English-language education, "English is the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> national language of India. It is a bitter truth."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, <i>In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation</i>, Ranjan Kumar Auddy shows that the history of the rise of <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> and the history of the emergence of Indian English are deeply inter-related.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Court_language">Court language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Court language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the Indian Constitution, English is the language of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">India's Supreme Court</a> and of all the <a href="/wiki/High_courts_of_India" title="High courts of India">high courts of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Economic_Times_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Economic_Times-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as allowed by the Constitution, Hindi is also used in courts in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> by virtue of special presidential approval.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the high courts of <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Indian_state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Indian state)">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> were also awaiting presidential approval to use Hindi alongside English,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Madras_High_Court" title="Madras High Court">Madras High Court</a> has been taking steps to use <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> alongside English.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first occurrence of the term <i>Indian English</i> dates from 1696,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the term did not become common until the 19th century. In the colonial era, the most common terms in use were <i>Anglo-Indian English</i>, or simply <i>Anglo-Indian</i>, both dating from 1860. Other less common terms in use were <i>Indo-Anglian</i> (dating from 1897) and <i>Indo-English</i> (1912).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An item of Anglo-Indian English was known as an <i>Anglo-Indianism</i> from 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern era, a range of colloquial <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> words for Indian English have been used. The earliest of these is <i>Indlish</i> (recorded from 1962), and others include <i>Indiglish</i> (1974), <i>Indenglish</i> (1979), <i>Indglish</i> (1984), <i>Indish</i> (1984), <i>Inglish</i> (1985) and <i>Indianlish</i> (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Indian English generally uses the <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a>. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology among various dialects of Indian English.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formal written publications in English in India tend to use <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> for <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">Indian currency</a> and Western numbering for foreign currencies like <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although lakh and crore are also used to refer to other large numbers such as population sizes. These terms are not used by other English-speakers, who have to learn what they mean in order to read Indian English news articles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_British_Raj" title="Glossary of the British Raj">Glossary of the British Raj</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_India">British India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English language established a foothold on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> with the granting of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> charter by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth I">Queen Elizabeth I</a> in 1600 and the subsequent establishment of trading ports in coastal cities such as <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (called Bombay before 1995), <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (called Madras before 1996), and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (called Calcutta before 2001). </p><p>English-language public instruction began in the subcontinent in the 1830s during the <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India#Education" title="Company rule in India">rule of the British East India Company</a>. In 1835, English <a href="/wiki/English_Education_Act_1835" title="English Education Act 1835">replaced</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> as the official language of the East India Company. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a> played a major role in introducing English and Western concepts into educational institutions in British-India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-John_MacKenzie_2013_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_MacKenzie_2013-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary, middle, and high schools were opened in many districts of <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>, with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of East India Company rule, universities that were modeled on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> and used English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (1858 to 1947), English-language penetration increased throughout the subcontinent. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the <a href="/wiki/Civil_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil services">civil services</a>. At the time of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian independence</a> in 1947, English was the only functional <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_India">Republic of India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Republic of India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the independence and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition of British India">Partition of British India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Hindi">Modern Standard Hindi</a> was declared the first official language in the new Indian Republic, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language. Due to <a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu">protests from Tamil Nadu</a> and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has not yet occurred, and English is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states. </p><p>The view of the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> among many Indians has changed over time. It used to be associated primarily with colonialism; it is now primarily associated with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, studies show that its usage is actually restricted to the elite,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of inadequate <a href="/wiki/Education_in_India" title="Education in India">education</a> to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks disadvantage students who rely on these books, giving India only a moderate proficiency in English.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, many features of Indian English were imported into <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> due to the dominance of Indian-style education and teachers in the country after it withdrew from its isolation in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinglish_and_other_hybrid_languages">Hinglish and other hybrid languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hinglish and other hybrid languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Englishisation#South_Asia" title="Englishisation">Englishisation § South Asia</a></div> <p>The term <i>Hinglish</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of the languages <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. This typically refers to the <a href="/wiki/Macaronic_language" title="Macaronic language">macaronic</a> hybrid use of <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> and English. It is often the growing preferred language of the urban and semi-urban educated Indian youth, as well as the Indian diaspora abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindi film industry, more popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a>, incorporates considerable amounts of Hinglish as well.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many internet platforms and voice commands on Google also recognise Hinglish.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times_of_India_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times_of_India-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> is viewed as a single language called <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteaus</a> Hinglish and <a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a> mean the same <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">code-mixed tongue</a>, where the former term is used predominantly in modern India and the latter term predominantly in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. </p><p>Other macaronic hybrids such as <i>Minglish</i> (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> and English), <i><a href="/wiki/Banglish" title="Banglish">Banglish</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> and English), <i>Manglish</i> (<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> and English), <i><a href="/wiki/Kanglish" title="Kanglish">Kanglish</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> and English), <i><a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and English), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></i> or <i>Tamglish</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and English) exist in South India.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than the consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers: </p> <ul><li>North Indians, especially a minority of English students and teachers along with some people in various professions like telephone customer service agents, often speak with a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic</a> accent. Examples of this include <i>flower</i> pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flaʊ.ə]</span>, <i>never</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nevə]</span>, <i>water</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋɒtə]</span>, etc. Some South Indians, however, like native Telugu speakers speak with a rhotic accent, but the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> becomes an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span>, and an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span> is used for /r/, resulting in <i>water</i> and <i>never</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wɒtaɾ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋɒʈaɾ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[nevaɾ]</span> respectively. <ul><li>Features characteristic of <a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>, such as rhoticity and <a href="/wiki/R-colored_vowel" title="R-colored vowel">r-coloured vowels</a>, have been gaining influence on Indian English in recent years as cultural and economic ties increase between India and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Many North Indians have an <a href="/wiki/Intonation_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Intonation pattern">intonation pattern</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a>, which perhaps results from a similar pattern used while speaking Hindi.</li> <li>Indian English speakers do not necessarily make a clear distinction between <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>/</a></span></span> unlike <a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a> (RP), i.e. they may have the <a href="/wiki/Cot-caught_merger" class="mw-redirect" title="Cot-caught merger">cot-caught merger</a>, with the target vowel ranging between either option.</li> <li>Diphthong <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span></li> <li>Diphthong <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span></li> <li>Diphthong <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɛər/: 'are' in 'bare'">ɛər</span></span>/</a></span></span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> may be more front <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> or central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span></span>/</a></span></span> can be more mid central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a>]</span> or open-mid <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja200924–25_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja200924–25-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>/</a></span></span> may be lower <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span></li> <li><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span> may be more central <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a>]</span>, especially before /l/.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most Indians have the <a href="/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_split" title="Trap–bath split">trap–bath split</a> of Received Pronunciation, affecting words such as <i>class</i>, <i>staff</i> and <i>last</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/klɑːs/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/stɑːf/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lɑːst/</span> respectively). Though the trap-bath split is prevalent in Indian English, it varies greatly. Many younger Indians who read and listen to American English do not have this split. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a>, variability is especially present when the split occurs before nasal clusters in words such as <i>dance</i>, <i>Francis</i>, and <i>answer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Most Indians do not have the <a href="/wiki/English-language_vowel_changes_before_historic_/r/" title="English-language vowel changes before historic /r/">hoarse-horse merger</a>.</li></ul> <p>The following are some variations in Indian English resulting from not distinguishing a few vowels: </p> <ul><li>Pronunciation of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span></span>/</a></span></span> ranging from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a>]</span></li> <li>Pronunciation of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>]</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span></li> <li>Pronunciation of <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> ranging from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982626_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982626-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are the standard variations in Indian English: </p> <ul><li>The voiceless <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">plosives</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/t/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/k/</span> are always unaspirated in Indian English, (aspirated in cultivated form) whereas in RP, General American and most other English accents they are aspirated in word-initial or stressed syllables. Thus "pin" is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pɪn]</span> in Indian English but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰɪn]</span> in most other dialects. In native Indo-Aryan languages, a predominant language family in India, the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated plosives is phonemic, and the English stops are equated with the unaspirated rather than the aspirated phonemes of the local languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982627–628_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982627–628-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same is true of the voiceless postalveolar affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span>. The local unvoiced aspirated plosives are instead equated with English fricatives, namely <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> stops English <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> are often <a href="/wiki/Retroflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex">retroflex</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɖ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈ]</span>, especially in the north of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982628-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Indian languages, there are two entirely distinct sets of coronal plosives: one <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> and the other retroflex. Native speakers of Indian languages prefer to pronounce the English alveolar plosives sound as more retroflex than dental,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of retroflex consonants is a common feature of Indian English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014289b_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014289b-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja2007252_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja2007252-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script of Hindi, all alveolar plosives of English are transcribed as their retroflex counterparts. One good reason for this is that unlike most other native Indian languages, Hindi does not have <i>true</i> retroflex plosives (Tiwari, [1955] 2001). The so-called retroflexes in Hindi are actually articulated as apical <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">post-alveolar</a> plosives, sometimes even with a tendency to come down to the alveolar region. So a Hindi speaker normally cannot distinguish the difference between their own apical post-alveolar plosives and English's alveolar plosives. Languages such as Tamil have <i>true</i> retroflex plosives, however, wherein the articulation is done with the tongue curved upwards and backwards at the <a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">roof of the mouth</a>. This also causes (in parts of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>) the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> preceding alveolar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> to allophonically change to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨stop⟩</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/stɒp/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃʈap/</span>). Mostly in north India, some speakers allophonically further change the voiced retroflex plosives to voiced <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex flap">retroflex flap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span>, and the nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> to a nasalised retroflex flap.</li> <li>Most major native languages of India lack the dental fricatives <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span></span>/</a></span></span> and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ð/: 'th' in 'this'">ð</span></span>/</a></span></span> (spelled with <i>th</i>), although [ð] occurs variably as <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic</a> allophones in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003665_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003665-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a>. Usually, the <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">voiceless dental plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʰ]</span> is substituted for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θ/</span> in the north (it would be unaspirated in the south) and the unaspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">voiced dental plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̪]</span>, or possibly the aspirated version <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d̪ʱ]</span>, is substituted for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ð/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, "thin" would be realised as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʰɪn]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/θɪn/</span> for North Indian speakers, whereas it would be pronounced unaspirated in the south.</li> <li>The English of Delhi often has <a href="/wiki/Yod-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="Yod-dropping">yod-dropping</a> after coronals, unlike RP.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">rhotic consonant</a> /r/ is pronounced by most speakers as an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar tap">alveolar tap</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɾ]</span>, but may also be pronounced as a retroflex flap <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɽ]</span> or <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">alveolar trill</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[r]</span> based on the influence by the native phonology, or an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_and_postalveolar_approximants" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar and postalveolar approximants">alveolar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɹ]</span> like in most varieties of English.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indian English is variably rhotic; with pronunciations either being non-rhotic due to the traditional influence of RP, or generally rhotic due to the underlying <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactics</a> of the native <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>In recent years, rhoticity has been increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> is seen as having a large influence on the English language in India recently.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Many Indians with rhotic accents prefer to pronounce words with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʊə]</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː(r)]</span>, such as <span class="nowrap">⟨flower⟩</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flaː(r)]</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨our⟩</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aː(r)]</span>, as opposed to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[flaʊ.ə]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aʊ.ə]</span> in more non-rhotic varieties. Speakers with rhotic accents, especially some south Indians, may also pronounce word-final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ər/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ar/</span>, resulting in <i>water</i> and <i>never</i> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wɔːtar/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nevar/</span> respectively.</li></ul></li> <li>Most Indian languages do not differentiate between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">voiced labiodental fricative</a>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiovelar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced labiovelar approximant">voiced labiovelar approximant</a>). Instead, many Indians use a frictionless <a href="/wiki/Labiodental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental approximant">labiodental approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋ]</span> for words with either sound, possibly in free variation with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[v]</span> and/or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> depending upon region. Thus, <i>wet</i> and <i>vet</i> are often homophones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982627_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982627-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>South Indians tend to curl the tongue (retroflex accentuation) less for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span>.</li> <li>Sometimes, Indian speakers interchange <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>, especially when plurals are being formed, unlike speakers of other varieties of English, who use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> for the pluralisation of words ending in a voiceless consonant, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> for words ending in a voiced consonant or vowel, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨz]</span> for words ending in a sibilant.</li> <li>In case of the postalveolar affricates <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>, native languages like Hindi have corresponding affricates articulated from the palatal region, rather than postalveolar, and they have more of a stop component than fricative; this is reflected in their English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> are usually replaced by the VC clusters <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əl]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əm]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ən]</span> (as in <i>button</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbəʈən/</span>), or if a <a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">high vowel</a> precedes, by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[il]</span> (as in <i>little</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈliʈil/</span>). Syllable nuclei in words with the spelling <i>er</i>/<i>re</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> in RP and an r-coloured schwa in <a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a>) are also replaced by VC clusters. e.g., <i>metre</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmiːtər/</span> → <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈmiːʈər/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Indian English uses clear <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> in all instances like <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Irish English</a> whereas other varieties use clear <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span> in syllable-initial positions and <a href="/wiki/Dark_l" class="mw-redirect" title="Dark l">dark l</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a>]</span> (velarised-L) in coda and syllabic positions.</li></ul> <p>The following are variations in Indian English due to <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> with Indian languages: </p> <ul><li>Most Indian languages (except <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) lack the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">voiced alveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. A significant portion of Indians thus, even though their native languages do have its nearest equivalent: the unvoiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>, often use the voiced palatal affricate (or postalveolar) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span>. This makes words such as <span class="nowrap">⟨zero⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨rosy⟩</span> sound as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdʒiːro]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈroːdʒiː]</span> (the latter, especially in the North). This replacement is equally true for Persian and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> loanwords into Hindi. The probable reason is the confusion created by the use of the Devanagari grapheme <span class="nowrap">⟨ज⟩</span> (for /dʒ/) with a dot beneath it to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> (as <span class="nowrap">⟨ज़⟩</span>). A similar thing happens in other Indian languages like <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, with the letters for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> (except Indian varieties of <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> where <span class="nowrap">⟨ज⟩</span> represents /<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span>/) usually being used to represent <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. This is common among people without formal English education. In <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> are allophones in some cases, so the words such as <i>fridge</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/fɹɪdʒ/</span> become <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/friz/</span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span>; and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> are pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span>. Retroflex and dental consonants are not present and only alveolar consonants are used unlike other Indian languages. Similar to <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/β/</span> in Assamese. For example; change is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɛɪnz]</span>, vote is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[bʱʊt]</span> and English is pronounced as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[iŋlis]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahanta_2012_217–224_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahanta_2012_217–224-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Again, in <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, all instances of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> are spoken like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>, a phenomenon that is also apparent in their English. Exactly the opposite is seen for many <a href="/wiki/Bengali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali people">Bengalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahanta_2012_217–224_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahanta_2012_217–224-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Inability to pronounce certain (especially word-initial) <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> by people of rural backgrounds, as with some Spanish-speakers. This is usually dealt with by <a href="/wiki/Epenthesis" title="Epenthesis">epenthesis</a>. e.g., <span class="nowrap">⟨school⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/isˈkuːl/</span>.</li> <li>Many Indians with lower exposure to English also may pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> as an aspirated <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">voiceless bilabial plosive</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span>. Again in Hindi Devanagari the loaned <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> from Persian and Arabic is written by putting a dot beneath the grapheme for native <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰ]</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨फ⟩</span>: <span class="nowrap">⟨फ़⟩</span>. This substitution is rarer than that for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span>, and in fact in many Hindi <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> is used by native speakers instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰ/</span>, or the two are used interchangeably.</li> <li>Many speakers of Indian English do not use the <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">voiced postalveolar fricative</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span>). Some Indians use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> instead, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨treasure⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtrɛzəːr/</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982628-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some south Indian variants, with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> as in <span class="nowrap">⟨shore⟩</span>, e.g. <span class="nowrap">⟨treasure⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈtrɛʃər/</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spelling_pronunciation">Spelling pronunciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Spelling pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "<a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">the vagaries of English spelling</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_spelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetic spelling">phonetic spelling</a>, so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from British English. This phenomenon is known as <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a>. </p> <ul><li>In words where the digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨gh⟩</span> represents a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">voiced velar plosive</a> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>) in other accents, some Indian English speakers supply a murmured version <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʱ]</span>, for example <span class="nowrap">⟨ghost⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡʱoːst]</span>. No other accent of English admits this voiced aspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982628-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Similarly, especially with Hindi speakers, the digraph <span class="nowrap">⟨wh⟩</span> may be aspirated as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋʱ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[wʱ]</span>, resulting in realisations such as <span class="nowrap">⟨which⟩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʋʱɪtʃ]</span>, found in no other English accent (although some Scottish accents come close).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982630_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982630-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is somewhat similar to the traditional distinction between <span class="nowrap">⟨wh⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> present in English, however, wherein the former is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʍ/</span>, whilst the latter is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>.</li> <li>In unstressed syllables, which speakers of American English would realise as a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>, speakers of Indian English would use the spelling vowel, making <span class="nowrap">⟨sanity⟩</span> sound as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsæniti]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈsænəti]</span>. This trait is also present in other South Asian dialects (<a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a>), and common for many second-language European speakers of English.</li> <li>The word "of" is usually pronounced with a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> instead of a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> as in most other accents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t]</span> for the "-ed" ending of the past tense after voiceless consonants, for example "developed" may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈdɛʋləpd]</span> instead of RP <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɪˈvɛləpt/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982628-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Use of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> for the <span class="nowrap">⟨-s⟩</span> ending of the plural after voiced consonants, for example <span class="nowrap">⟨dogs⟩</span> may be <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[daɡs]</span> instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dɒɡz]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pronunciation of <span class="nowrap">⟨house⟩</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haʊz]</span> in both the noun and the verb, instead of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haʊs]</span> as a noun and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[haʊz]</span> as a verb.</li> <li>Silent letters may be pronounced. For example, 'salmon' is usually pronounced with a distinct <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supra-segmental_features">Supra-segmental features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Supra-segmental features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>English is a <a href="/wiki/Stress-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress-timed language">stress-timed language</a>. Both syllable stress and <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">word stress</a> (where only certain words in a sentence or phrase are stressed) are important features of Received Pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually <a href="/wiki/Syllable-timed_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Syllable-timed language">syllable-timed languages</a>, like French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put the stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents possess a "sing-song" quality, a feature seen in a few English dialects of Britain, such as <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numbering_system">Numbering system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Numbering system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a> is preferred for digit grouping.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in a subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>In digits (International system)</th> <th>In digits (Indian system)</th> <th>In words (<a href="/wiki/Long_and_short_scales" title="Long and short scales">short scales</a>)</th> <th>In words (Indian system) (Only in <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">10</td> <td colspan="2">ten </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">100</td> <td colspan="2">one hundred </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">1,000</td> <td colspan="2">one thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">10,000</td> <td colspan="2">ten thousand </td></tr> <tr> <td>100,000</td> <td>1,00,000</td> <td>one hundred thousand</td> <td>one <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> (from <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">lākh</i></span> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">लाख</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000</td> <td>10,00,000</td> <td>one million</td> <td>ten <a href="/wiki/Lakh" title="Lakh">lakh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000,000</td> <td>1,00,00,000</td> <td>ten million</td> <td>one <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (from <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">karoṛ</i></span> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">करोड़</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>100,000,000</td> <td>10,00,00,000</td> <td>one hundred million</td> <td>ten <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000,000,000</td> <td>1,00,00,00,000</td> <td>one billion</td> <td>one hundred <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a><br />one <a href="/wiki/Arab_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (number)">arab</a> (from <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">arab</i></span> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">अरब</span></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>10,000,000,000</td> <td>10,00,00,00,000</td> <td>ten billion</td> <td>one thousand <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a><br />ten <a href="/wiki/Arab_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (number)">arab</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100,000,000,000</td> <td>1,00,00,00,00,000</td> <td>one hundred billion</td> <td>ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a><br />one <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">kharab</a> (from <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">kharab</i></span> <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">खरब</span></span>) <p>(<a href="/wiki/Arab_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (number)">arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">kharab</a> are not commonly used today) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one <a href="/wiki/Trillion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion (short scale)">trillion</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_British_Raj" title="Glossary of the British Raj">Glossary of the British Raj</a></div> <p>Indian English includes many political, sociological, and administrative terms, such as <a href="/wiki/Dharna" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharna">dharna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartal" title="Hartal">hartal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eve-teasing" class="mw-redirect" title="Eve-teasing">eve-teasing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">vote bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">swaraj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">swadeshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled caste">scheduled caste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled tribe">scheduled tribe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">NRI</a>. It incorporates some <a href="/wiki/Anglo_Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo Indian">Anglo-Indian</a> words such as <a href="/wiki/Tiffin" title="Tiffin">tiffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymkhana" title="Gymkhana">gymkhana</a>, along with slang.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian English, like some other <a href="/wiki/World_Englishes" title="World Englishes">World Englishes</a>, is notable for its treatment of English <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">mass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_noun" title="Count noun">count nouns</a>. Words that are treated as mass nouns in native forms of English, such as <i>evidence</i>, <i>equipment</i>, or <i>training</i>, are frequently treated as count nouns in Indian English.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of words and phrases unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include: </p> <ul><li><i>ayye, aiye</i> (<a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>) (South India): ew.</li> <li><i>ayyo, aiyo</i> (interjection) (South India): oh no, yikes.</li> <li><i>brinjal</i> (noun): An <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>/aubergine</li> <li><i>bus stand</i> (noun): A <a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">bus station</a> (British English)</li> <li><i>chain-snatching</i> (verb): To snatch a gold chain (or sometimes silver chain) from someone and run away, usually perpetrated by two or more criminals on a <a href="/wiki/Motorbike" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbike">motorbike</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moped" title="Moped">moped</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)" title="Scooter (motorcycle)">scooter</a>. <ul><li>e.g. "Women are avoiding wearing gold chains due to the concerning rise in number of <i>chain-snatching</i> cases in many parts of the city."</li></ul></li> <li><i>cinema</i> (noun): A <a href="/wiki/Movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie">movie</a> or film</li> <li><i>cinema hall</i> (noun): A <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinema</a> or <a href="/wiki/Movie_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie theatre">movie theatre</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>e.g. "<i>Cinema halls</i> in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> will soon display the newly-unveiled logo for <a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a>, right after <a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">the national anthem</a> is played" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>, 3 January 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(South_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (South Asia)">communalism</a></i>: The creation of hatred between different religions and ethnicities which cause <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a> between them. The term is usually used to describe the hatred spread by religious leaders and politicians which cause <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu–Muslim riots">Hindu–Muslim riots</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desi" title="Desi">desi</a></i>: South Asian, Indian.</li> <li><i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/do_the_needful" class="extiw" title="wikt:do the needful">do the needful</a></i>: To do that which is necessary or required, with the respectful implication that the other party is trusted to understand what needs doing without being given detailed instructions. <ul><li>e.g. "When asked if the <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">UP</a> government could reduce <a href="/wiki/Value-added_tax" title="Value-added tax">Value Added Tax</a> (VAT) on petro-products to bring down prices, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh">CM</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Government of Uttar Pradesh">state government</a> was aware of the situation and will <i>do the needful</i>." (2018 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pioneer_(India)" title="The Pioneer (India)">The Pioneer</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>English-knowing</i> (<a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>): Of a person or group of people that uses or speaks English. <ul><li>e.g. "The official and Service atmosphere ... set the tone for almost all <a href="/wiki/Indian_middle_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian middle class">Indian middle-class</a> life, especially the <i>English-knowing</i> <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>." (<i><a href="/wiki/An_Autobiography_(Nehru)" title="An Autobiography (Nehru)">Toward Freedom</a></i> vii. 40, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">J. Nehru</a>, 1941)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>even</i>: Added at end of sentence. <ul><li>e.g. "He didn't call even" meaning "He didn't even call" and not <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">"He even didn't call"</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How does this differ from "He didn't even call"? (July 2024)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> or "Even he didn't call".</li></ul></li> <li><i>footpath</i> (noun) (also Australian English, British English, Hiberno-English): a <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalk (American English)</a>. <ul><li>e.g. "Pedestrian trips account for a quarter to a third of all trips in many Indian cities, yet, footpaths are designed as an afterthought to vehicles and commercial establishments." (<i>The Hindu</i>, 29 November 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>foreign-returned</i> (adjective): Of a person or group of people who has returned home after living abroad for a while<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>freeship</i> (noun): A studentship or <a href="/wiki/Scholarship" title="Scholarship">scholarship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>e.g. "Two permanent <i>freeships</i>, each tenable for one year and one of which is for the second and the other for the third year class." (<i>The Medical Reporter</i> (Calcutta) 57/1, 1 February 1893)</li> <li>e.g. "Private institutions can only develop if they are allowed to charge reasonable fees, while also providing need based <i>freeships</i> and scholarships for a certain percentage of students." (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Times" title="The Economic Times">The Economic Times</a></i> (Nexis), 12 October 2006)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>hartal</i> (noun): A strike, protest.</li> <li><i>hotel</i> (noun): A <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Café">café</a>. <ul><li>e.g. "A group of four friends had gone to have dinner at a roadside <i>hotel</i>." (<i>Statesman</i> (Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>is it so:</i> Oh really?</li> <li><i>it will be</i>: <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">This is how much it is (quantifying something)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement"><span title="Is this actually a dialect-specific idiom, as opposed to a plain usage of "be"? (July 2024)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Indian_English#Dubious" title="Talk:Indian English">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. <ul><li>e.g. Q: "How much is this?" A: "It will be two hundred and seventy rupee."</li></ul></li> <li><i>kindly adjust</i>: Used to acknowledge and apologise for something that causes problems or difficulties and ask people to accept and adapt to the situation, or used to apologise for causing inconvenience. <ul><li>e.g. "The store will be closed this afternoon due to staffing shortages. <i>Kindly adjust</i>."</li> <li>e.g.: When asking someone to move along so you can sit down. <i>"</i>I would like to sit down, sir. <i>Kindly adjust</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>lady finger/lady's finger</i> (noun): <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a></li> <li><i>matrimonial</i> (noun): <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertisements</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> for the purpose of finding a marriageable partner. <ul><li>e.g. "When I have a job I'll have to begin a whole new search for my better half ... Back to the newspaper <i>matrimonials</i> on Sundays." (<i>Statesman</i> (Calcutta), 10 February 1999 (Midweek section) 4/3)<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>na</i> (<a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a>) (North India): "isn't it?" <ul><li>e.g. "That place is quite far na?"</li></ul></li> <li><i>office boy:</i> Usually a person employed to do less important and menial jobs in a business office (such as a messenger, copier maintenance, <a href="/wiki/Chaiwala" title="Chaiwala">Chaiwala</a>, etc.). Often resides or spends their working time in a special service space in the office, behind the front desk or in the pantry.</li> <li><i>out of station</i>: used for saying that someone is away.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular "stations" during the days of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.</li> <li><i>pass</i>(<i>ing</i>) <i>out</i> (phrase): Graduate from school/college or complete a course at an institution.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>e.g. "I passed out of college in 2007."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>e.g. "I passed out of my school aged 17."</li></ul></li> <li><i>petrol pump / petrol bunk</i> (used in some parts of south India; noun): A <a href="/wiki/Filling_station" title="Filling station">petrol station</a> (British English), gas station (American English)</li> <li><i>prepone</i> (verb): To bring (something) forward to an earlier date or time.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>e.g. "The meeting has been <i>preponed</i> due to a change in the schedule."</li></ul></li> <li><i>pressperson</i> (noun, frequently as a single word): A newspaper journalist, a reporter, a member of the press. <ul><li>e.g. "The <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Prime Minister</a> greeted the <i>presspersons</i> with a '<a href="/wiki/Namaskar" class="mw-redirect" title="Namaskar">namaskar</a>' [customary Hindu greeting] and a broad smile." (<i>The Hindu</i> (Nexis), 20 June 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>ragging</i> (noun): <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fagging" title="Fagging">fagging</a></li> <li><i>redressal</i> (noun): Redress <ul><li>e.g. "There is an urgent need for setting up an independent authority for <i>redressal</i> of telecom consumer complaints." (<i>Statesman</i> (India) (Nexis), 2 April 1998)</li> <li>e.g. "Where does he go for the <i>redressal</i> of his genuine grievances?" (<i><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_of_India" title="Sunday Times of India">Sunday Times of India</a></i>, 15 September 2002 8/4)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>revert</i> (<a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>): To report back with information. <ul><li>e.g. "Please <i>revert</i> with the required documentation."</li></ul></li> <li><i>road junction/circle</i> (noun): a <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">crossroad</a> (British English), <a href="/wiki/Intersection_(road)" title="Intersection (road)">intersection</a> (American English)</li> <li><i>talaq, talaq, talaq</i> – A form of divorce practiced in the Indian Muslim community for many generations. <a href="/wiki/Triple_talaq_in_India" title="Triple talaq in India">Triple talaq in India</a>.</li> <li><i>tiffin</i>: lunch, snack.</li> <li><i>upgradation</i> (noun): The enhancement or upgrading of status, value or level of something. <ul><li>e.g. "Our Company lays great stress on technical training and knowledge <i>upgradation</i>." (<i>Business India</i>, 8 September 1986 153/1 (advert))<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">votebank</a></i>: A <a href="/wiki/Voting_bloc" title="Voting bloc">bloc</a> of <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voters</a> from a single <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> or a group of communities who always back a certain <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> for bribes and/or employment favours given by the particular party.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spelling">Spelling<span class="anchor" id="Spelling_and_national_differences"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Spelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spelling practices in Indian English generally follow the <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">British style</a>, e.g., using <i>travelling</i>, <i>litre</i>, <i>practise</i> (as a verb), <i>anaesthesia</i>, <i>fulfil</i>, <i>catalogue</i>, <i>realise</i> and <i>colour</i>, rather than the American style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja200983,_115_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja200983,_115-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dictionaries">Dictionaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dictionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most famous dictionary of Indian English is <a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Yule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coke_Burnell" title="Arthur Coke Burnell">Brunell</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hobson-Jobson" title="Hobson-Jobson">Hobson-Jobson</a></i>, originally published in 1886 with an expanded edition edited by <a href="/wiki/William_Crooke" title="William Crooke">William Crooke</a> in 1903, widely available in reprint since the 1960s. </p><p>Numerous other dictionaries ostensibly covering Indian English, though for the most part being merely collections of administratively-useful words from local languages, include (chronologically): <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rousseau" title="Samuel Rousseau">Rousseau</a> <i>A Dictionary of Words used in the East Indies</i> (1804), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkins" title="Charles Wilkins">Wilkins</a> <i>Glossary to the Fifth Report</i> (1813), <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Hayward_Stocqueler" title="Joachim Hayward Stocqueler">Stocqueler</a> <i>The Oriental Interpreter and Treasury of East Indian Knowledge</i> (1844), <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miers_Elliot" title="Henry Miers Elliot">Elliot</a> <i>A Supplement to the Glossary of Indian Terms: A-J</i> (1845), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Brown" title="Charles Philip Brown">Brown</a> <i>The Zillah Dictionary in the Roman Character</i> (1852), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrick_Carnegy_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrick Carnegy (writer) (page does not exist)">Carnegy</a> <i>Kutcherry Technicalities</i> (1853) and its second edition <i>Kachahri Technicalities</i> (1877), <a href="/wiki/Horace_Hayman_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Hayman Wilson">Wilson</a> <i>Glossary of Judicial and Revenue Terms</i> (1855), <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Giles" title="Herbert Giles">Giles</a> <i>A Glossary of Reference, on Subjects connected with the Far East</i> (1878), <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Clifford_Whitworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Clifford Whitworth (page does not exist)">Whitworth</a> <i>Anglo-Indian Dictionary</i> (1885), <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Temple_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Temple (writer) (page does not exist)">Temple</a> <i>A Glossary of Indian Terms relating to Religion, Customs, Government, Land</i> (1897), and <a href="/wiki/William_Crooke" title="William Crooke">Crooke</a> <i>Things India: Being Discursive Notes on Various Subjects connected with India</i> (1906). </p><p>The first dictionary of Indian English to be published after independence was Hawkins <i>Common Indian Words in English</i> (1984). Other efforts include (chronologically): Lewis <i>Sahibs, Nabobs and Boxwallahs</i> (1991), Muthiah <i>Words in Indian English</i> (1991), Sengupta's Indian English supplement to the <i>Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary</i> (1996) and <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hankin" title="Nigel Hankin">Hankin</a> <i>Hanklyn-Janklin </i> (2003). Nihalani et al. <i>Indian and British English: A Handbook of Usage and Pronunciation</i> (2004) delineates how Indian English differs from British English for a large number of specific lexical items. The <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a> publishing company also produced a range of synchronic general dictionaries for the Indian market, such as the <i>Macmillan Comprehensive Dictionary</i> (2006). </p><p>The most recent dictionary is Carls <i>A Dictionary of Indian English, with a Supplement on Word-formation Patterns</i> (2017).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (March 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">Regional differences and dialects in Indian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English_literature" title="Indian English literature">Indian English literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Indian numbering system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Languages with official status in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_States_by_most_popular_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian States by most popular languages">Indian States by most popular languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanglish" title="Kanglish">Kanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manglish" title="Manglish">Manglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistani English</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paklish" class="mw-redirect" title="Paklish">Paklish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladeshi English</a>/<a href="/wiki/Banglish" title="Banglish">Banglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanglish" title="Tanglish">Tanglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenglish" title="Tenglish">Tenglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">Regional accents of English</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Court+language+is+English%2C+says+Supreme+Court&rft.date=2015-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics-and-nation%2Fcourt-language-is-english-says-supreme-court%2Farticleshow%2F50080870.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Census_of_India" title="Census of India">Census of India</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/">Indian Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/">Archived</a> 14 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Issue 25, 2003, pp. 8–10, (Feature: Languages of West Bengal in Census and Surveys, Bilingualism and Trilingualism).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm">"Family-wise Grouping of the 122 Scheduled and Non-scheduled Languages".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207163559/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/statement9.htm">Archived</a> 7 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/2001_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Census of India">2001 Census of India</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tropf, Herbert S. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf">"India and its Languages".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308101143/http://www.lilaproject.org/docs/India%20and%20its%20Languages%20v1.0.pdf">Archived</a> 8 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Siemens AG, Munich.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the distinction between "English Speakers" and "English Users", see TESOL-India (Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country">"India is World's Second Largest English-Speaking Country".</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204102506/http://tesol-india.ac.in/EnglishTeachingIndustry/en/india-worlds-second-largest-english-speaking-country">Archived</a> 4 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The article explains the difference between the 350 million number mentioned in a previous version of this Wikipedia article and the current number: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Wikipedia's India estimate of 350 million includes two categories – 'English speakers' and 'English users'. The distinction between speakers and users is that Users only know how to read English words, while Speakers know how to read English, understand spoken English and form their own sentences to converse in English. The distinction becomes clear when you consider China's numbers. China has over 200 million people who can read English words but by this definition only a few million are English speakers.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlows" class="citation web cs1">Flows, Capital. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/">"The Problem With The English Language In India"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Problem+With+The+English+Language+In+India&rft.aulast=Flows&rft.aufirst=Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frealspin%2F2014%2F11%2F06%2Fthe-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRukmini_S2014" class="citation news cs1">Rukmini S (24 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/data/sanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition/article6630269.ece">"Sanskrit and English: there's no competition"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Sanskrit+and+English%3A+there%27s+no+competition&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft.au=Rukmini+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fdata%2Fsanskrit-and-english-theres-no-competition%2Farticle6630269.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ef.com/epi/">"EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills"</a>. <i>www.ef.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806512-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806512-8"><bdi>978-0-19-806512-8</bdi></a>. 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id="CITEREFDomange2023" class="citation web cs1">Domange, Raphaël (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1751430/FULLTEXT01.pdf">"The Vowels of Delhi English"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vowels+of+Delhi+English&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Domange&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsu.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1751430%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982626-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982626_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982627–628-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982627–628_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, pp. 627–628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982628-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982628_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallMuller2014">Ball & Muller 2014</a>: The comments on retroflex consonants also apply to northern Indian languages such as Hindi, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>. and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>. Speakers of these languages tend to use their own retroflex consonants in place of English alveolar /t, d, n/. Although these languages do have non-retroflex stops, these are dental, and it seems that English alveolar stops are perceived as closer to the retroflex stops than to the dental ones.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014289b-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallMuller2014289b_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBallMuller2014">Ball & Muller 2014</a>, p. 289b: This use of retroflex consonants is very characteristic of Indian English, and the retroflex resonance is very pervasive ...</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja2007252-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja2007252_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailaja2007">Sailaja 2007</a>, p. 252: 1.4 <i>Indian (Telugu) English</i>: All the adults who participated in this study spoke a Telugu variety of Indian English. Telugu pronunciation of English is heavily influenced by the spelling. Two identical letters in a word are articulated as geminates. The articulation is also mostly rhotic ... In place of the alveolar stops, retroflex sounds are used. Some speakers would also use a retroflex nasal in place of the alveolar nasal, and a retroflex lateral in place of the alveolar lateral.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003665-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003665_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardonaSuthar2003">Cardona & Suthar (2003)</a>, p. 665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982629-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982629_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, p. 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzbardt1976" class="citation book cs1">Spitzbardt, Harry (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eqIOAAAAMAAJ&q=indian+english+rolled+r"><i>English in India</i></a>. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ferrier-Reid, Robert MacAuslan and Joel MacAuslan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phonologics&rft.atitle=Indian+English+Phonologics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphonologics.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F04%2FReport-Indian-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathod2019" class="citation book cs1">Rathod, Rakesh (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaszEAAAQBAJ&dq=indian+english+non+rhotic&pg=PA89"><i>Indian Writing in English: Pre to Post Independence</i></a>. Nitya Publications. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788194343271" title="Special:BookSources/9788194343271"><bdi>9788194343271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Writing+in+English%3A+Pre+to+Post+Independence&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Nitya+Publications&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788194343271&rft.aulast=Rathod&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaszEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dindian%2Benglish%2Bnon%2Brhotic%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982627-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982627_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, p. 627.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahanta_2012_217–224-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahanta_2012_217–224_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahanta_2012_217–224_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahanta2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mahanta, Shakuntala (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000096">"Assamese"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 217–224. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100312000096">10.1017/S0025100312000096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1003">0025-1003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26351864">26351864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Assamese&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=217-224&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0025-1003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26351864%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100312000096&rft.aulast=Mahanta&rft.aufirst=Shakuntala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100312000096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1982630-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1982630_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWells1982">Wells 1982</a>, p. 630.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Standard&rft.atitle=Investors+lose+Rs+4.4+lakh+crore+in+four+days&rft.date=2010-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbsl.co.in%2Findia%2Fnews%2Finvestors-lose-rs-44-lakh-crore-in-four-days%2F416306%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901151139/http://smartinvestor.in/market/story-31563-storydet-Corporate_chiefs_getting_crores_in_salaries_100_and_counting.htm">"Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting!"</a>. <i>The Smart Investor</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Englishes+in+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Unity+and+Diversity+in+Lexicon+and+Morphosyntax&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.isbn=9781009323796&rft.aulast=Leuckert&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft.au=Lange%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Bernaisch%2C+Tobias&rft.au=Yurchenko%2C+Asya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Felements%2Fabs%2Findian-englishes-in-the-twentyfirst-century%2F8657DA12AEA2C0B6D7AB16801CE6F5D6%23element&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/cinema-hall">"cinema hall Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"</a>. Dictionary.cambridge.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=cinema+hall+Meaning+in+the+Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Dictionary.cambridge.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcinema-hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.hindustantimes.com/india-news/up-cinema-halls-to-show-kumbh-logo-before-screening-movies/story-H7O5J6z57We4L4MKBZEKqL.html">"UP cinema halls to show Kumbh logo before screening movies"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=UP+cinema+halls+to+show+Kumbh+logo+before+screening+movies&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fm.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fup-cinema-halls-to-show-kumbh-logo-before-screening-movies%2Fstory-H7O5J6z57We4L4MKBZEKqL.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/state-editions/lucknow/yogi-accuses-opposition-of-ranking-up-inflation.html">"Yogi Accuses Opposition of Ranking Up Inflation"</a>. <i>The Pioneer</i>. 27 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pioneer&rft.atitle=Yogi+Accuses+Opposition+of+Ranking+Up+Inflation&rft.date=2018-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailypioneer.com%2Fstate-editions%2Flucknow%2Fyogi-accuses-opposition-of-ranking-up-inflation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/62251">"English-knowing (adj). Compound, <b>C2</b>"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=English-knowing+%28adj%29.+Compound%2C+C2&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F62251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNidhi_Adlakha2019" class="citation news cs1">Nidhi Adlakha (29 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/on-indias-missing-footpaths/article30114985.ece/amp/">"India's missing footpaths"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=India%27s+missing+footpaths&rft.date=2019-11-29&rft.au=Nidhi+Adlakha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2Fchennai%2Fon-indias-missing-footpaths%2Farticle30114985.ece%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/foreign-returned">"Foreign-returned (adj)"</a>. <i>Cambridge Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreign-returned+%28adj%29&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fforeign-returned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_freeship" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=freeship">"freeship"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=freeship&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dfreeship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/74423">"freeship, 4."</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=freeship%2C+4.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F74423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hotel?q=hotel">"hotel (noun) 3."</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322012634/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/hotel?q=hotel">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hotel+%28noun%29+3.&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fhotel%3Fq%3Dhotel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/kindly">"Kindly adjust (adj)"</a>. <i>Oxford Learners Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kindly+adjust+%28adj%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learners+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fkindly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/115050">"matrimonial (noun) B. 3b."</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=matrimonial+%28noun%29+B.+3b.&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F115050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/out-of-station">"Out of station"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_English_Dictionary_for_Advanced_Learners" title="Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners">Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Out+of+station&rft.btitle=Macmillan+English+Dictionary+for+Advanced+Learners&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillandictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Fout-of-station&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/polish-yourself-until-you-shine/you-studied-so-hard-you-passed-out/">"You studied so hard you passed out?"</a>. <i>Times of India Blog</i>. 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India+Blog&rft.atitle=You+studied+so+hard+you+passed+out%3F&rft.date=2019-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fblogs%2Fpolish-yourself-until-you-shine%2Fyou-studied-so-hard-you-passed-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prepone">"prepone"</a>. <i>Cambridge English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=prepone&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fprepone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/150765">"press (noun), Compound"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=press+%28noun%29%2C+Compound&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F150765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/160459">"redressal (noun)"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=redressal+%28noun%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F160459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/243221">"upgradation (noun)"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=upgradation+%28noun%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F243221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESailaja200983,_115-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESailaja200983,_115_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSailaja2009">Sailaja 2009</a>, pp. 83, 115.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuddy2020" class="citation book cs1">Auddy, Ranjan Kumar (2020). <i>In Search of Indian English: History, Politics and Indigenisation</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-35271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-35271-4"><bdi>978-0-367-35271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Indian+English%3A+History%2C+Politics+and+Indigenisation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-35271-4&rft.aulast=Auddy&rft.aufirst=Ranjan+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallMuller2014" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Martin J.; Muller, Nicole (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-pnKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA289"><i>Phonetics for Communication Disorders</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 289–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-77795-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-77795-3"><bdi>978-1-317-77795-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonetics+for+Communication+Disorders&rft.pages=289-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-77795-3&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft.au=Muller%2C+Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-pnKAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaSuthar2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">Cardona, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Babu_Suthar" title="Babu Suthar">Suthar, Babu</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659">"Gujarati"</a>, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gujarati&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Suthar%2C+Babu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26dq%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages%26pg%3DPA659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailaja2007" class="citation book cs1">Sailaja, Pingali (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xac5AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA252">"Writing Systems and Phonological Awareness"</a>. In Bayer, Josef; Bhattacharya, Tanmoy; Babu, M. T. Hany (eds.). <i>Linguistic Theory and South Asian Languages: Essays in honour of K. A. Jayaseelan</i>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 249–267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-9245-2"><bdi>978-90-272-9245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Writing+Systems+and+Phonological+Awareness&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Theory+and+South+Asian+Languages%3A+Essays+in+honour+of+K.+A.+Jayaseelan&rft.pages=249-267&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-272-9245-2&rft.aulast=Sailaja&rft.aufirst=Pingali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxac5AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailaja2009" class="citation book cs1">Sailaja, Pingali (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntxWxuoRBiwC"><i>Indian English</i></a>. Series: Dialects of English. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2595-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-2595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+English&rft.series=Series%3A+Dialects+of+English&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2595-6&rft.aulast=Sailaja&rft.aufirst=Pingali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntxWxuoRBiwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wells, J. C. (1982). <i>Accents of English</i>. Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-28541-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-28541-0"><bdi>0-521-28541-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accents+of+English&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-28541-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_YuleArthur_Coke_Burnell1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Yule" title="Henry Yule">Henry Yule</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Coke_Burnell" title="Arthur Coke Burnell">Arthur Coke Burnell</a> (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012794628#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>HOBSON-JOBSON: Being a glossary of Anglo-Indian colloquial words and phrases</i></a>. John Murray, London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HOBSON-JOBSON%3A+Being+a+glossary+of+Anglo-Indian+colloquial+words+and+phrases&rft.pub=John+Murray%2C+London&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Henry+Yule&rft.au=Arthur+Coke+Burnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924012794628%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrystal1990" class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David (1990). <i>The English Language</i>. London & New York: Penguin. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Language&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitworth,_George_Clifford1885" class="citation book cs1">Whitworth, George Clifford (1885). <i>An Anglo-Indian dictionary: a glossary of Indian terms used in English, and of such English or other non-Indian terms as have obtained special meanings in India</i>. K. Paul, Trench.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anglo-Indian+dictionary%3A+a+glossary+of+Indian+terms+used+in+English%2C+and+of+such+English+or+other+non-Indian+terms+as+have+obtained+special+meanings+in+India&rft.pub=K.+Paul%2C+Trench&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Whitworth%2C+George+Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayan2017" class="citation news cs1">Rayan, Albert P. (24 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/education/what-ails-english-language-teaching/article19741269.ece">"What ails English language teaching?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=What+ails+English+language+teaching%3F&rft.date=2017-09-24&rft.aulast=Rayan&rft.aufirst=Albert+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Feducation%2Fwhat-ails-english-language-teaching%2Farticle19741269.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation news cs1">Johnson (27 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21705667-early-years-english-teaching-should-focus-reading-and-writing-not-abstract">"Rue the rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Rue+the+rules&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft.au=Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fbooks-and-arts%2F21705667-early-years-english-teaching-should-focus-reading-and-writing-not-abstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2011" class="citation news cs1">Joseph, Manu (16 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/17/world/asia/17iht-letter17.html">"India Faces a Linguistic Truth: English Spoken Here"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=India+Faces+a+Linguistic+Truth%3A+English+Spoken+Here&rft.date=2011-02-16&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Manu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F02%2F17%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F17iht-letter17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAula2014" class="citation news cs1">Aula, Sahith (6 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/11/06/the-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india/">"The Problem With The English Language In India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes (magazine)">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=The+Problem+With+The+English+Language+In+India&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=Aula&rft.aufirst=Sahith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Frealspin%2F2014%2F11%2F06%2Fthe-problem-with-the-english-language-in-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndian_English2019" class="citation cs2">Indian English, English To Bengali (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianse.in/salutation-word-in-english-i-%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%82%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%85%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d/"><i>Spoken English Learning</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spoken+English+Learning&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Indian+English&rft.aufirst=English+To+Bengali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianse.in%2Fsalutation-word-in-english-i-%25e0%25a6%2587%25e0%25a6%2582%25e0%25a6%25b0%25e0%25a6%25be%25e0%25a6%259c%25e0%25a6%25bf%25e0%25a6%25a4%25e0%25a7%2587-%25e0%25a6%2585%25e0%25a6%25ad%25e0%25a6%25bf%25e0%25a6%25a6%25e0%25a6%25be%25e0%25a6%25a8%25e0%25a7%2587%25e0%25a6%25b0-%25e0%25a6%25aa%25e0%25a7%258d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalasubramanian2009" class="citation book cs1">Balasubramanian, Chandrika (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RB04Ay545rwC"><i>Register Variation in Indian English</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2311-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2311-1"><bdi>978-90-272-2311-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Register+Variation+in+Indian+English&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2311-1&rft.aulast=Balasubramanian&rft.aufirst=Chandrika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRB04Ay545rwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumgardner1996" class="citation book cs1">Baumgardner, Robert Jackson, ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=750-0hSmo8YC"><i>South Asian English: Structure, Use, and Users</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06493-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06493-7"><bdi>978-0-252-06493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+English%3A+Structure%2C+Use%2C+and+Users&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06493-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D750-0hSmo8YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraj_B._Kachru1983" class="citation book cs1">Braj B. Kachru (1983). <i>The Indianisation of English: the English language in India</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-561353-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-561353-8"><bdi>0-19-561353-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianisation+of+English%3A+the+English+language+in+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-19-561353-8&rft.au=Braj+B.+Kachru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGargesh2009" class="citation book cs1">Gargesh, Ravinder (17 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpeXINCnDbIC&pg=PA90">"South Asian Englishes"</a>. In Braj Kachru; et al. (eds.). <i>The Handbook of World Englishes</i>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 90–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8831-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8831-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-8831-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Asian+Englishes&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+World+Englishes&rft.pages=90-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8831-9&rft.aulast=Gargesh&rft.aufirst=Ravinder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpeXINCnDbIC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2004" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Raymond (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqUBUgW_Ax8C&pg=PA536">"South Asian English"</a>. <i>Legacies of Colonial English: Studies in Transported Dialects</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 536–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83020-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83020-1"><bdi>978-0-521-83020-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Asian+English&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+Colonial+English%3A+Studies+in+Transported+Dialects&rft.pages=536-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83020-1&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOqUBUgW_Ax8C%26pg%3DPA536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2012" class="citation cs2">Lambert, James (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benjamins.com/catalog/eww.33.3.03lam">"Beyond Hobson-Jobson: Towards a new lexicography for Indian English"</a>, <i>English World-Wide</i>, <b>33</b> (3): 292–320, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Feww.33.3.03lam">10.1075/eww.33.3.03lam</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Beyond+Hobson-Jobson%3A+Towards+a+new+lexicography+for+Indian+English&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=292-320&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Feww.33.3.03lam&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenjamins.com%2Fcatalog%2Feww.33.3.03lam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2018" class="citation cs2">Lambert, James (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article-abstract/31/4/485/4996705?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Setting the record straight: An in-depth examination of <i>Hobson-Jobson</i>"</a>, <i>International Journal of Lexicography</i>, <b>31</b> (4): 485–506, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecy010">10.1093/ijl/ecy010</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Lexicography&rft.atitle=Setting+the+record+straight%3A+An+in-depth+examination+of+Hobson-Jobson&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=485-506&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fijl%2Fecy010&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fijl%2Farticle-abstract%2F31%2F4%2F485%2F4996705%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLange2012" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Claudia (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3N_fJZn4yKAC"><i>The Syntax of Spoken Indian English</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4905-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-4905-0"><bdi>978-90-272-4905-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Syntax+of+Spoken+Indian+English&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-272-4905-0&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3N_fJZn4yKAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehrotra1998" class="citation book cs1">Mehrotra, Raja Ram (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BEgEE4XSvDcC"><i>Indian English: Texts and Interpretation</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-4716-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-4716-1"><bdi>90-272-4716-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+English%3A+Texts+and+Interpretation&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-272-4716-1&rft.aulast=Mehrotra&rft.aufirst=Raja+Ram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBEgEE4XSvDcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchilk2011" class="citation book cs1">Schilk, Marco (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFuev8aYFtEC"><i>Structural Nativization in Indian English Lexicogrammar</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0351-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-0351-9"><bdi>978-90-272-0351-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structural+Nativization+in+Indian+English+Lexicogrammar&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-272-0351-9&rft.aulast=Schilk&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFuev8aYFtEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlatschek2009" class="citation book cs1">Sedlatschek, Andreas (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7f3BHKdMUiQC"><i>Contemporary Indian English: Variation and Change</i></a>. Series: Varieties of English Around the World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027248985" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027248985"><bdi>978-9027248985</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Indian+English%3A+Variation+and+Change&rft.series=Series%3A+Varieties+of+English+Around+the+World&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9027248985&rft.aulast=Sedlatschek&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7f3BHKdMUiQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_English&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531024023/http://www.confluence.org.uk/2008/12/02/the-english-project-and-the-english-language-in-india-christopher-mulvey">"English in India"</a>. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.confluence.org.uk%2F2008%2F12%2F02%2Fthe-english-project-and-the-english-language-in-india-christopher-mulvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndian+English" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordmala.com/general-sayings/">Indian general spoken Problems in English</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216062757/http://www.wordmala.com/general-sayings/">Archived</a> 16 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://englishspeaklikenative.com/resources/common-pronunciation-problems/indian-pronunciation-problems/">Indian Pronunciation Problems in English</a>, ESLAN.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091020110640/http://www.soundcomparisons.com/Eng/Direct/Englishes/SglLgIndianEnglishStandard.htm">'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in a Standard Indian English accent</a>, and compare side by side with other English accents from around the World.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/junjul2002/baldridgeindianenglish.html">"Linguistic and Social Characteristics of Indian English" by Jason Baldridge</a>: An analysis of Indian language published by the "Language In India" magazine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060410081342/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=5675">On the future of Indian English</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gurcharan_Das" title="Gurcharan Das">Gurcharan Das</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languageinindia.com/aug2004/dlamallikarjun1.html">An exploration into linguistic majority-minority relations in India</a>, by B. Mallikarjun.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-seminar.com/2001/500/500%20dharma%20kumar.htm">108 varieties of Indian English</a>, Dharma Kumar, <i>India Seminar</i>, 2001 (Volume 500).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/DSDR/studies/36151">India Human Development Survey-II 2011–2012</a></li> <li>Indian Novels in English: Texts, Contexts and Language Hardcover – 2018 by Jaydeep Sarangi (Author)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook 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title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" 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\u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","7.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.6"],["gsub","40","3.6"],["test \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:1508\u003E","20","1.8"],["[others]","200","18.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-kpnzx","timestamp":"20241124161609","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Indian English","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_English","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1348800","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1348800","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-11T12:28:48Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T14:49:38Z","headline":"group of English dialects spoken primarily in the Indian subcontinent"}</script> </body> </html>