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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cults and cult themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cults_and_cult_themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cults and cult themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cults_and_cult_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural_fertility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_fertility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Agricultural fertility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_fertility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Helper_gods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helper_gods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Helper gods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helper_gods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_human_fertility_and_nourishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_human_fertility_and_nourishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Marriage, human fertility and nourishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_human_fertility_and_nourishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poppies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poppies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Poppies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poppies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Funerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_mundus_of_Ceres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_mundus_of_Ceres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>The <i>mundus</i> of Ceres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_mundus_of_Ceres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Expiations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myths_and_theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myths_and_theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Myths and theology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myths_and_theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Temples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Images_of_Ceres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images_of_Ceres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Images of Ceres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images_of_Ceres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priesthoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priesthoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Priesthoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priesthoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cult_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cult_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cult development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cult_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cult development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cult_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaic_and_Regal_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_and_Regal_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Archaic and Regal eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_and_Regal_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Republican era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceres_and_the_Aventine_Triad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceres_and_the_Aventine_Triad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Ceres and the Aventine Triad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceres_and_the_Aventine_Triad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Middle Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceres_and_Proserpina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceres_and_Proserpina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Ceres and Proserpina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceres_and_Proserpina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceres_and_Magna_Mater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceres_and_Magna_Mater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Ceres and Magna Mater</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceres_and_Magna_Mater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Late Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Imperial era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceres (mythology)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitologie)" title="Ceres (mitologie) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ceres (mitologie)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres" title="Ceres – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ceres" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="سيريز (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيريز (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitoloch%C3%ADa)" title="Ceres (mitolochía) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ceres (mitolochía)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serera_(mifologiya)" title="Serera (mifologiya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Serera (mifologiya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8" title="কেরেস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কেরেস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Цэрэра (міфалогія) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цэрэра (міфалогія)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Церера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Церера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerera_(mitologija)" title="Cerera (mitologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cerera (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keres" title="Keres – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Keres" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitologia)" title="Ceres (mitologia) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ceres (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mytologie)" title="Ceres (mytologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ceres (mytologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(duwies)" title="Ceres (duwies) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ceres (duwies)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(gudinde)" title="Ceres (gudinde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ceres (gudinde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(Mythologie)" title="Ceres (Mythologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ceres (Mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres" title="Ceres – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ceres" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Κέρες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κέρες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitolog%C3%ADa)" title="Ceres (mitología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ceres (mitología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereso_(mitologio)" title="Cereso (mitologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cereso (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeres_(mitologia)" title="Zeres (mitologia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeres (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87)" title="سرس (اسطوره) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرس (اسطوره)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9r%C3%A8s_(mythologie)" title="Cérès (mythologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cérès (mythologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(deusa)" title="Ceres (deusa) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ceres (deusa)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%80%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4" title="케레스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="케레스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%BD_(%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B0%D5%AB)" title="Կերես (դիցուհի) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կերես (դիցուհի)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8" title="सिरीस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिरीस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerera_(mitologija)" title="Cerera (mitologija) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cerera (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seres_(mitologi)" title="Seres (mitologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seres (mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dea)" title="Ceres (dea) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ceres (dea)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(gy%C3%B0ja)" title="Ceres (gyðja) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ceres (gyðja)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerere" title="Cerere – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cerere" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A1_(%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="קרס (מיתולוגיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרס (מיתולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres" title="Ceres – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ceres" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres" title="Ceres – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ceres" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dea)" title="Ceres (dea) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ceres (dea)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerera" title="Cerera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cerera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerere" title="Cerere – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cerere" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scerer" title="Scerer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Scerer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(istenn%C5%91)" title="Ceres (istennő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ceres (istennő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Церера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Церера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keresy_(andriamanibavy)" title="Keresy (andriamanibavy) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Keresy (andriamanibavy)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)" title="सेरेस (रोमन देवता) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेरेस (रोमन देवता)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سيريس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيريس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2)" title="ꯀꯣꯟꯚꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔ (ꯂꯥꯢ) – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯟꯚꯦꯛꯇꯣꯔ (ꯂꯥꯢ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(godin)" title="Ceres (godin) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ceres (godin)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ケレース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケレース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(gudinne)" title="Ceres (gudinne) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ceres (gudinne)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres" title="Ceres – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ceres" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitologia)" title="Ceres (mitologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ceres (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitologia)" title="Ceres (mitologia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ceres (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(zei%C8%9B%C4%83)" title="Ceres (zeiță) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ceres (zeiță)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Церера (мифология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Церера (мифология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres" title="Ceres – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ceres" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mytol%C3%B3gia)" title="Ceres (mytológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ceres (mytológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerera_(mitologija)" title="Cerera (mitologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cerera (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سێریس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سێریس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0)" title="Церера (богиња) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Церера (богиња)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerera_(mitologija)" title="Cerera (mitologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cerera (mitologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(jumalatar)" title="Ceres (jumalatar) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ceres (jumalatar)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mytologi)" title="Ceres (mytologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ceres (mytologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitolohiya)" title="Ceres (mitolohiya) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ceres (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சேரீசு (தொன்மவியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேரீசு (தொன்மவியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA_(%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1)" title="ซีรีส (เทพปกรณัม) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซีรีส (เทพปกรณัม)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitoloji)" title="Ceres (mitoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ceres (mitoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Керера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Керера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i)" title="Ceres (thần thoại) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ceres (thần thoại)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(mitolohiya)" title="Ceres (mitolohiya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ceres (mitolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E7%91%9E%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D%EF%BC%89" title="刻瑞斯（罗马神话） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="刻瑞斯（罗马神话）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%9F%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="瑟雷斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑟雷斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%BB%E7%91%9E%E6%96%AF_(%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="刻瑞斯 (羅馬神話) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="刻瑞斯 (羅馬神話)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q32102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Keres" title="Keres">Keres</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #F0ACAC;">Ceres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of agriculture, fertility, grains, the harvest, motherhood, the earth, and cultivated crops</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of the <i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ceres_of_M%C3%A9rida_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="2162" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seated Ceres from <a href="/wiki/Emerita_Augusta" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerita Augusta">Emerita Augusta</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida, Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Roman_Art" title="National Museum of Roman Art">National Museum of Roman Art</a>, 1st century AD)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">sickle, torches, wheat-sheaf, crown of wheatstalks, cornucopia with fruits, cereals, poppy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambarvalia" title="Ambarvalia">Ambarvalia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jove" class="mw-redirect" title="Jove">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Libera</a>/<a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #F0ACAC;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;background:ivory; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:190px; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#b23938; color:white"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome"><span style="color:White;">Religion in<br />ancient Rome</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marcus Aurelius sacrificing"><img alt="Marcus Aurelius sacrificing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/150px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/225px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg/300px-Bas_relief_from_Arch_of_Marcus_Aurelius_showing_sacrifice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2181" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><small><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#capite_velato" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">head covered</a>)<br />sacrificing at the Temple of Jupiter</small></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> Practices and beliefs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libation#Ancient_Rome" title="Libation">libation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Votum" title="Votum">votum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_funerary_practices" title="Roman funerary practices">funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery religions</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Priesthoods of ancient Rome">Priesthoods</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">Pontifices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">Augures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetial" title="Fetial">Fetiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">Epulones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Fratres Arvales</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 6em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Aventine Triad</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Indigitamenta" title="Indigitamenta">Indigitamenta</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_inferi" title="Di inferi">underworld gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_agricultural_deities" title="List of Roman agricultural deities">agricultural gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_birth_and_childhood_deities" title="List of Roman birth and childhood deities">childhood gods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult#Divus,_deus_and_the_numen" title="Roman imperial cult">divine emperors</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#F0ACAC"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary of ancient Roman religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_Graeca" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpretatio Graeca">Interpretatio Graeca</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_religion_sidebar" title="Template:Ancient Roman religion sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_religion_sidebar" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman religion sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_religion_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman religion sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">ancient Roman religion</a>, <b>Ceres</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SEER</span>-eez</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈkɛreːs]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">grain crops</a>, fertility and motherly relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Whos_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was originally the central deity in Rome's so-called <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">Aventine Triad</a>, then was paired with her daughter <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> in what Romans described as "the Greek rites of Ceres". Her seven-day April <a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">festival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a> included the popular <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">Ludi</a> Ceriales</i> (Ceres' games). She was also honoured in the May lustration (<i><a href="/wiki/Lustratio" title="Lustratio">lustratio</a></i>) of the fields at the <a href="/wiki/Ambarvalia" title="Ambarvalia">Ambarvalia</a> festival: at harvesttime: and during <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Roman marriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_funerals_and_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman funerals and burial">funeral rites</a>. She is usually depicted as a mature woman. </p><p>Ceres is the only one of Rome's many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_agricultural_deities" title="List of Roman agricultural deities">agricultural deities</a> to be listed among the <a href="/wiki/Dii_Consentes" title="Dii Consentes">Dii Consentes</a>, Rome's equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a> of Greek mythology. The Romans saw her as the counterpart of the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Lar_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lar-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a> was <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">reinterpreted</a> for Ceres in <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whos_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whos-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_origins">Etymology and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Cerēs</i> stems from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a> <i>*kerēs</i> ('with grain, Ceres'; cf. <a href="/wiki/Faliscan_language" title="Faliscan language">Faliscan</a> <i>ceres</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> <i>kerrí</i> 'Cererī' < *<i>ker-s-ēi-</i> < *<i>ker-es-ēi-</i>), ultimately from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*ḱerh₃-os</i> ('nourishment, grain'), a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">root</a> <i>*ḱerh₃-</i>, meaning 'to feed'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Proto-Italic adjective *<i>keresjo</i>- ('belonging to Ceres') can also be reconstructed from Oscan <i>kerríiúí</i> (fem. <i>kerríiai</i>), and Umbrian <i>śerfi</i> (fem. <i>śerfie</i>). A masculine form *<i>keres-o</i>- ('with grain, Cerrus') is attested in <a href="/wiki/Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrian">Umbrian</a> <i>śerfe</i>. The spelling of Latin <i>Cerus</i>, a masculine form of <i>Ceres</i> denoting the creator (cf. <i>Cerus manus</i> 'creator bonus', <i>duonus Cerus</i> 'good Cerus'), might also reflect <i>Cerrus</i>, which would match the other Italic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaic cults to Ceres are well-evidenced among Rome's neighbours in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rome">Regal period</a>, including the ancient <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscans">Oscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sabellians" title="Sabellians">Sabellians</a>, less certainly among the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Umbrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrians">Umbrians</a>. An archaic <a href="/wiki/Falisci" title="Falisci">Faliscan</a> inscription of c. 600 BC asks her to provide <i>far</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a> wheat),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a dietary staple of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">Mediterranean world</a>. Ancient Roman etymologists thought that <i>ceres</i> derived from the Latin verb <i>gerere</i>, "to bear, bring forth, produce", because the goddess was linked to <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a>, agricultural and human fertility. Throughout the Roman era, Ceres' name was synonymous with grain and, by extension, with bread.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cults_and_cult_themes">Cults and cult themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cults and cult themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_fertility">Agricultural fertility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Agricultural fertility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceres was credited with the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">spelt</a> wheat (Latin <i>far</i>), the yoking of oxen and ploughing, the sowing, protection and nourishing of the young seed, and the gift of agriculture to humankind; before this, it was said, man had subsisted on acorns, and wandered without settlement or laws. She had the power to fertilize, multiply and fructify plant and animal seed, and her laws and rites protected all activities of the agricultural cycle. In January, Ceres (alongside the earth-goddess <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Mater">Tellus</a>) was offered spelt wheat and a pregnant sow, at the movable <i><a href="/wiki/Feria" title="Feria">Feriae</a> <a href="/wiki/Sementivae" title="Sementivae">Sementivae</a></i>. This was almost certainly held before the annual sowing of grain. The divine portion of sacrifice was the entrails <i>(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#exta" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">exta</a>)</i> presented in an earthenware pot <i>(<a href="/wiki/Olla_(Roman_pot)" title="Olla (Roman pot)">olla</a>).</i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a rural, agricultural context, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a> describes the offer to Ceres of a <i>porca praecidanea</i> (a pig, offered before harvesting).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the harvest, she was offered a propitiary grain sample (<i>praemetium</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ovid tells that Ceres "is content with little, provided that her offerings are <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#castus,_castitas" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">casta</a>" (pure).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceres' main festival, <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a>, was held from mid to late April. It was organised by her <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aediles</a> and included circus games (<i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi circenses</a></i>). It opened with a horse-race in the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a>, whose starting point lay below and opposite to her Aventine Temple;<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Consus" title="Altar of Consus">turning post</a> at the far end of the Circus was sacred to <a href="/wiki/Consus" title="Consus">Consus</a>, a god of grain-storage. After the race, foxes were released into the Circus, their tails ablaze with lighted torches, perhaps to cleanse the growing crops and protect them from disease and vermin, or to add warmth and vitality to their growth.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From c.175 BC, Cerealia included <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi_scaenici" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi scaenici">ludi scaenici</a></i> (theatrical religious events) through April 12 to 18.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Helper_gods">Helper gods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Helper gods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the ancient <i>sacrum cereale</i> a priest, probably the <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamen Cerialis</a>, invoked Ceres (and probably Tellus) along with twelve specialised, minor assistant-gods to secure divine help and protection at each stage of the grain cycle, beginning shortly before the Feriae Sementivae.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher">W.H. Roscher</a> lists these deities among the <i><a href="/wiki/Indigitamenta" title="Indigitamenta">indigitamenta</a></i>, names used to invoke specific divine functions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Vervactor</b>, "He who ploughs"<sup id="cite_ref-Price_p11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price_p11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Reparātor</b>, "He who prepares the earth"</li> <li><b>Imporcĭtor</b>, "He who ploughs with a wide furrow"<sup id="cite_ref-Price_p11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price_p11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Insitor</b>, "He who plants seeds"</li> <li><b>Obarātor</b>, "He who traces the first ploughing"</li> <li><b>Occātor</b>, "He who harrows"</li> <li><b>Serritor</b>, "He who digs"</li> <li><b>Subruncinator</b>, "He who weeds"</li> <li><b>Mĕssor</b>, "He who reaps"</li> <li><b>Convector</b>, "He who carries the grain"</li> <li><b>Conditor</b>, "He who stores the grain"</li> <li><b>Promitor</b>, "He who distributes the grain"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage,_human_fertility_and_nourishment"><span id="Marriage.2C_human_fertility_and_nourishment"></span>Marriage, human fertility and nourishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Marriage, human fertility and nourishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Roman bridal processions, a young boy carried Ceres' torch to light the way; "the most <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#arbor_felix" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">auspicious wood</a> for wedding torches came from the <i>spina alba</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Crataegus" title="Crataegus">May-tree</a>, which bore many fruits and hence symbolised fertility".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult males of the wedding party waited at the groom's house. A wedding sacrifice was offered to <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Mater">Tellus</a> on the bride's behalf; a sow is the most likely <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#victima" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">victim</a>. Varro describes the sacrifice of a pig as "a worthy mark of weddings" because "our women, and especially nurses" call the female genitalia <i>porcus</i> (pig). <a href="/wiki/Barbette_Spaeth" title="Barbette Spaeth">Barbette Spaeth</a> (1996) believes Ceres may have been included in the sacrificial dedication, because she is closely identified with Tellus and, as <i>Ceres legifera</i> (law-bearer), she "bears the laws" of marriage. In the most solemn form of marriage, <i>confarreatio</i>, the bride and groom shared a cake made of far, the ancient wheat-type particularly associated with Ceres.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ceres_statue.jpg/220px-Ceres_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ceres_statue.jpg/330px-Ceres_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ceres_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Funerary statue of an unknown woman, depicted as Ceres holding wheat. Mid 3rd century AD. (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>From at least the mid-republican era, an official, joint cult to Ceres and Proserpina reinforced Ceres' connection with Roman ideals of female virtue. The promotion of this cult coincides with the rise of a plebeian nobility, an increased birthrate among plebeian commoners, and a fall in the birthrate among patrician families. The late Republican <i>Ceres Mater</i> (Mother Ceres) is described as <i>genetrix</i> (progenitress) and <i>alma</i> (nourishing); in the early Imperial era she becomes an Imperial deity, and receives joint cult with <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a>, Ceres' own mother in Imperial guise and a bountiful genetrix in her own right.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of Ceres' ancient Italic precursors are connected to human fertility and motherhood; the Pelignan goddess <i><a href="/wiki/Angitia" title="Angitia">Angitia</a> Cerealis</i> has been identified with the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Angerona" title="Angerona">Angerona</a> (associated with childbirth).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws">Laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceres was patron and protector of <a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">plebeian laws</a>, rights and <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribunes</a>. Her Aventine Temple served the plebeians as cult centre, legal archive, treasury and possibly law-court; its foundation was contemporaneous with the passage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lex_Sacrata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lex Sacrata (page does not exist)">Lex Sacrata</a>, which established the office and person of plebeian aediles and tribunes as inviolate representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally immune to arrest or threat, and the lives and property of <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sacer" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">those who violated this law</a> were forfeit to Ceres.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Lex_Hortensia" title="Lex Hortensia">Lex Hortensia</a> of 287 BC extended plebeian laws to the city and all its citizens. The official decrees of the Senate (<i>senatus consulta</i>) were placed in Ceres' Temple, under the guardianship of the goddess and her aediles. Livy puts the reason bluntly: the consuls could no longer seek advantage for themselves by arbitrarily tampering with the laws of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Temple might also have offered asylum for those threatened with <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary arrest</a> by patrician magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceres' temple, games and cult were at least part-funded by fines imposed on those who offended the laws placed under her protection; the poet Vergil later calls her <i>legifera Ceres</i> (Law-bearing Ceres), a translation of Demeter's Greek epithet, <i><a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">thesmophoros</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Ceres' first plough-furrow opened the earth (Tellus' realm) to the world of men and created the first field and its boundary, her laws determined the course of settled, lawful, civilised life. Crimes against fields and harvest were crimes against the people and their protective deity. Landowners who allowed their flocks to graze on public land were fined by the plebeian aediles, on behalf of Ceres and the people of Rome. Ancient laws of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a> forbade the magical charming of field crops from a neighbour's field into one's own, and invoked the death penalty for the illicit removal of field boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An adult who damaged or stole field-crops should be hanged "for Ceres".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any youth guilty of the same offense was to be whipped or fined double the value of damage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poppies">Poppies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Poppies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceres' signs and iconography, like Demeter's from early Mycenae onwards, include poppies - symbolic of fertility, sleep, death and rebirth. Poppies readily grow on soil disturbed by ploughing, as in wheatfields, and bear innumerable tiny seeds. They were raised as a crop by Greek and Roman farmers, partly for their fibrous stems and for the food value of their seeds<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the poppy capsule alone is shown, this probably belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy">opium poppy</a> (<i>papaver somniferum</i>, the "sleep-bearing poppy"). The Roman poet Vergil, in <i>Georgics</i>, 1.212, describes this as <i>Cereale papaver</i>, or "Ceres' poppy", which eases pain and brings sleep - the deepest sleep of all being death. Poppies are often woven into Ceres' wheat-stalk crown, the <i>corona spicea</i>, worn by her priestesses and devotees. <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funerals">Funerals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Funerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_funerary_practices#Sacrifices" title="Roman funerary practices">Roman funerary practices § Sacrifices</a></div> <p>Ceres maintained the boundaries between the realms of the living and the dead, and was an essential presence at funerals. Given acceptable rites and sacrifice, she helped the deceased into the afterlife as an underworld shade, or deity (<a href="/wiki/Di_Manes" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Manes">Di Manes</a>). Those whose death was premature, unexpected or untimely were thought to remain in the upper world, and haunt the living as a wandering, <a href="/wiki/Vengeful_ghost" title="Vengeful ghost">vengeful ghost</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lemures" title="Lemures">Lemur</a>). They could be exorcised, but only when their death was reasonably due. For her service at burials or cremations, well-off families offered Ceres sacrifice of a pig. The poor could offer wheat, flowers, and a libation.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expected afterlife for the exclusively female initiates in the <i>sacra Cereris</i> may have been somewhat different; they were offered "a method of living" and of "dying with better hope".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg/310px-Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg/465px-Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg/620px-Ovid_Met_5_-_Star_Lizard_-_Adam_Elsheimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2917" /></a><figcaption>During her long, torch-lit search for her daughter, Proserpina, Ceres drinks water given her by Hecuba, and is mocked by the boy, Askalabos, for spilling some of it. She will transform him into a lowly "star-lizard' or <a href="/wiki/Newt" title="Newt">newt</a> (Latin; stellio) as punishment. The episode is in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s, Metamorphoses V, lines 449-450. Oil-paint on copper, by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Elsheimer" title="Adam Elsheimer">Adam Elsheimer</a> and workshop, copy circa 1605, held by the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obra-de-arte/ceres-en-casa-de-hecuba/c234310d-d284-4095-b8cf-f21896765fa9">Museo Nacional del Prado</a>. From an original in the collection of Alfred and Isabel Bader</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_mundus_of_Ceres">The <i>mundus</i> of Ceres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The mundus of Ceres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>mundus cerialis</i> or <i>Caereris mundus</i> ("the world of Ceres") was a hemispherical pit or underground vault in Rome, now lost.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was usually sealed by a stone lid known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lapis_manalis" title="Lapis manalis">lapis manalis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 24, October 5 and November 8, it was opened with the official announcement <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mundus patet</i></span> ("the <i>mundus</i> is open") and offerings were made there to agricultural or underworld deities, including Ceres as goddess of the fruitful earth and guardian of its underworld portals. Its opening offered the spirits of the dead temporary leave from the underworld to roam lawfully among the living, in what Warde Fowler describes as 'holidays, so to speak, for the ghosts'.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The days when the mundus was open were among the very few occasions that Romans made official contact with the collective spirits of the dead, the <i>Di Manes</i> (the others being <a href="/wiki/Parentalia" title="Parentalia">Parentalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemuralia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuralia">Lemuralia</a>). This possibly secondary or late function of the <i>mundus</i> is first attested in the Late Republican Era, by <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The jurist <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Porcius_Cato_Licinianus" title="Marcus Porcius Cato Licinianus">Cato</a> understood the shape of the <i>mundus</i> as a reflection or inversion of the dome of the upper heavens.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di Luzio observes that the Roman <i>mundus</i> shared functional and conceptual similarities with certain types of underground "pit altar" or <a href="/wiki/Megaron" title="Megaron">megaron</a>, used in Demeter's Thesmophoria.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman tradition held that the <i>mundus</i> had been dug and sealed by <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a> as part of Rome's foundation; Plutarch compares it to pits dug by Etruscan colonists, containing soil brought from their parent city, used to dedicate the first fruits of the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Warde Fowler speculates the <i>mundus</i> as Rome's first storehouse (<i>penus</i>) for seed-grain, later becoming the symbolic <i>penus</i> of the Roman state.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the oldest known Roman calendar, the days of the <i>mundus</i> are marked as C(omitiales) (days when the <a href="/wiki/Comitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia">Comitia</a> met). Later authors mark them as <i>dies <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#religiosus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">religiosus</a></i> (when no official meetings could be held). Some modern scholars seek to explain this as the later introduction and accommodation of Greek elements, grafted onto the original <i>mundus</i> rites.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rites of August 24 were held between the agricultural festivals of <a href="/wiki/Consualia" title="Consualia">Consualia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opiconsivia" title="Opiconsivia">Opiconsivia</a>; those of October 5 followed the <i><a href="/wiki/Ieiunium_Cereris" title="Ieiunium Cereris">Ieiunium Cereris</a></i>, and those of November 8 took place during the <a href="/wiki/Ludi_Plebeii" title="Ludi Plebeii">Plebeian Games</a>. As a whole, the various days of the <i>mundus</i> suggest rites to Ceres as the guardian deity of seed-corn in the establishment of cities, and as a door-warden of the afterlife, which was co-ruled during the winter months by her daughter Proserpina, queen-companion to <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expiations">Expiations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expiations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Roman theology, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#prodigium" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">prodigies</a> were abnormal phenomena that manifested <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#ira_deorum" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">divine anger</a> at human impiety. In Roman histories, prodigies cluster around perceived or actual threats to the Roman state, in particular, famine, war and social disorder, and are expiated as matters of urgency. The establishment of Ceres' Aventine cult has itself been interpreted as an extraordinary expiation after the failure of crops and consequent famine. In Livy's history, Ceres is among the deities placated after a remarkable series of prodigies that accompanied the disasters of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>: during the same conflict, a lightning strike at her temple was expiated. A fast in her honour is recorded for 191 BC, to be repeated at 5-year intervals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 206, she was offered at least 11 further official expiations. Many of these were connected to famine and manifestations of plebeian unrest, rather than war. From the Middle Republic onwards, expiation was increasingly addressed to her as mother to Proserpina. The last known followed <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Rome's Great Fire of 64 AD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cause or causes of the fire remained uncertain, but its disastrous extent was taken as a sign of offense against <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>, and Ceres-with-Proserpina, who were all given expiatory cult. Champlin (2003) perceives the expiations to Vulcan and Ceres in particular as attempted populist appeals by the ruling emperor, <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Myths_and_theology">Myths and theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Myths and theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg/220px-Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg/330px-Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg/440px-Ceres_-_Dominikus_Auliczek_um_1770-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>Ceres with cereals, a late 18th century work by <a href="/wiki/Dominik_Auliczek" title="Dominik Auliczek">Dominik Auliczek</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Porcelain_Manufactory" title="Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory">Nymphenburg Porcelain Manufactory</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The complex and multi-layered origins of the Aventine Triad and Ceres herself allowed multiple interpretations of their relationships, beyond the humanised pattern of relations within the Triad; while Cicero asserts Ceres as mother to both Liber and Libera, consistent with her role as a mothering deity, Varro's more complex theology groups her functionally with Tellus, Terra, Venus (and thus Victoria) and with Libera as a female aspect of Liber.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No native Roman myths of Ceres are known. According to <i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca#Roman_version" title="Interpretatio graeca">interpretatio romana</a></i>, by which Roman deities were identified with their Greek counterparts, she was an equivalent to Demeter, one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a> of Greek religion and mythology; this made Ceres one of Rome's twelve <a href="/wiki/Di_Consentes" class="mw-redirect" title="Di Consentes">Di Consentes</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> by Jupiter and sister of <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dis_Pater" title="Dis Pater">Dis</a>. Ceres' known mythology is indistinguishable from Demeter's: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When Ceres sought through all the earth with lit torches for Proserpina, who had been seized by Dis Pater, she called her with shouts where three or four roads meet; from this it has endured in her rites that on certain days a lamentation is raised at the crossroads everywhere by the <i>matronae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> likens Ceres' devotion to her own offspring to that of a cow to its calf; but she is also the originator of bloody animal sacrifice, a necessity in the renewal of life. She has a particular enmity towards her own sacrificial animal, the pig. Pigs offend her by their destructive rooting-up of field crops under her protection; and in the myth of Proserpina's abduction on the plains of <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a> (Enna), her tracks were obscured by their trampling. If not for them, Ceres might have been spared the toils and grief of her lengthy search and separation, and humankind would have been spared the consequent famine. The myth is also a reminder that the gift of agriculture is a contract, and comes at a price. It brings well-being but also mortality. <sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enna, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, had strong mythological connections with Ceres and Proserpina, and was the site of Ceres most ancient sanctuary. Flowers were said to bloom throughout the year on its "miraculous plain".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples">Temples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a> (c.80 – 15 BC) describes the "Temple of Ceres near the Circus Maximus" (her Aventine Temple) as typically <a href="/wiki/Araeostyle" title="Araeostyle">Araeostyle</a>, having widely spaced supporting columns, with <a href="/wiki/Architrave" title="Architrave">architraves</a> of wood, rather than stone. This species of temple is "clumsy, heavy roofed, low and wide, [its] <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a> ornamented with statues of clay or brass, gilt in the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization#Architecture" title="Etruscan civilization">Tuscan fashion</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recommends that temples to Ceres be sited in rural areas: "in a solitary spot out of the city, to which the public are not necessarily led but for the purpose of sacrificing to her. This spot is to be reverenced with religious awe and solemnity of demeanour, by those whose affairs lead them to visit it."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early Imperial era, soothsayers advised <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> to restore an ancient, "old and narrow" temple to Ceres, at his rural property near <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>. It contained an ancient wooden cult statue of the goddess, which he replaced. Though this was an <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Religio_and_the_state" title="Religion in ancient Rome">unofficial and privately funded cult</a> (<i>sacra privata</i>), its annual feast on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar#Days" title="Roman calendar">Ides</a> of September was attended by pilgrims from all over the region; this feast was also the same day as the <a href="/wiki/Epulum_Jovis" title="Epulum Jovis">Epulum Jovis</a>. Pliny considered this rebuilding a fulfillment of his civic and religious duty.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Images_of_Ceres">Images of Ceres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Images of Ceres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg/330px-Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg/495px-Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Denarius_C._Memmius_C._F._Romulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> picturing <a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">obverse</a>, and Ceres enthroned on the reverse, a commemoration by a moneyer in 56 BC of a Cerialia, perhaps her first <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a></i>, presented by an earlier Gaius <a href="/wiki/Memmia_gens" title="Memmia gens">Memmius</a> as <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedile</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>No images of Ceres survive from her pre-Aventine cults; the earliest date to the middle Republic, and show the Hellenising influence of Demeter's iconography. Some late Republican images recall Ceres' search for Proserpina. Ceres bears a torch, sometimes two, and rides in a chariot drawn by snakes; or she sits on the sacred <i>kiste</i> (chest) that conceals the objects of her mystery rites.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes she holds a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>, a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a> (Roman goddess of Peace).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustan reliefs show her emergence, plant-like from the earth, her arms entwined by snakes, her outstretched hands bearing poppies and wheat, or her head crowned with fruits and vines.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In free-standing statuary, she commonly wears a wheat-crown, or holds a wheat spray. <a href="/wiki/Moneyer" title="Moneyer">Moneyers of the Republican era</a> use Ceres' image, wheat ears and garlands to advertise their connections with prosperity, the annona and the popular interest. Some Imperial coin images depict important female members of the Imperial family as Ceres, or with some of her attributes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Priesthoods">Priesthoods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Priesthoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceres was served by several public priesthoods. Some were male; her senior priest, the <i>flamen cerialis</i>, also served Tellus and was usually plebeian by ancestry or adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her public cult at the <a href="/wiki/Ambarvalia" title="Ambarvalia">Ambarvalia</a>, or "perambulation of fields" identified her with <a href="/wiki/Dea_Dia" title="Dea Dia">Dea Dia</a>, and was led by the <a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Arval Brethren</a> ("The Brothers of the Fields"); rural versions of these rites were led as private cult by the <a href="/wiki/Pater_familias" title="Pater familias">heads of households</a>. An inscription at <a href="/wiki/Capua" title="Capua">Capua</a> names a male <i>sacerdos Cerialis mundalis</i>, a priest dedicated to Ceres' rites of the <i>mundus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">plebeian aediles</a> had minor or occasional priestly functions at Ceres' Aventine Temple and were responsible for its management and financial affairs including collection of fines, the organisation of <i>ludi Cerealia</i> and probably the Cerealia itself. Their <i>cure</i> (care and jurisdiction) included, or came to include, the <a href="/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome#Grain_supply_made_an_official_responsibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain supply to the city of Rome">grain supply</a> (<i>annona</i>) and later the plebeian grain doles (<i>frumentationes</i>), the organisation and management of public <a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">games</a> in general, and the maintenance of Rome's streets and public buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Otherwise, in Rome and throughout Italy, as at her ancient sanctuaries of Henna and Catena, Ceres' <i><a href="/wiki/Ritus_graecus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritus graecus">ritus graecus</a></i> and her joint cult with Proserpina were invariably led by female <i>sacerdotes</i>, drawn from local and Roman elites: Cicero notes that once the new cult had been founded, its earliest priestesses "generally were either from Naples or Velia", cities allied or federated to Rome. Elsewhere, he describes Ceres' Sicilian priestesses as "older women respected for their noble birth and character".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celibacy may have been a condition of their office; sexual abstinence was, according to Ovid, required of those attending Ceres' major, nine-day festival.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Sacerdos_Cereris" title="Sacerdos Cereris">public priesthood</a> was reserved to respectable matrons, be they married, divorced or widowed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of their selection and their relationship to Ceres' older, entirely male priesthood is unknown; but they far outnumbered her few male priests, and would have been highly respected and influential figures in their own communities.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cult_development">Cult development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cult development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_and_Regal_eras">Archaic and Regal eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Archaic and Regal eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roman tradition credited Ceres' eponymous festival, <a href="/wiki/Cerealia" title="Cerealia">Cerealia</a>, to Rome's second king, the semi-legendary <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a>. Ceres' senior, male priesthood was a <a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">minor flaminate</a> whose establishment and rites were supposedly also innovations of Numa.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her affinity and joint cult with Tellus, also known as <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Mater">Terra Mater</a> (Mother Earth) may have developed at this time. Much later, during the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">early Imperial era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> describes these goddesses as "partners in labour"; Ceres provides the "cause" for the growth of crops, while Tellus provides them a place to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_era">Republican era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Republican era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceres_and_the_Aventine_Triad">Ceres and the Aventine Triad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ceres and the Aventine Triad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 496 BC, against a background of economic recession and famine in Rome, imminent war against the Latins and a threatened secession by Rome's <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a> (citizen commoners), the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Postumius_Albus_Regillensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis">A. Postumius</a> <a href="/wiki/Votum" title="Votum">vowed</a> a temple to Ceres, <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libera_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Libera (mythology)">Libera</a> on or near the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Hill" title="Aventine Hill">Aventine Hill</a>. The famine ended and Rome's plebeian citizen-soldiery co-operated in the conquest of the Latins. Postumius' vow was fulfilled in 493 BC: Ceres became the central deity of the new <a href="/wiki/Triple_deity#List_of_triple_deities" title="Triple deity">Triad</a>, housed in a <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Triad" title="Aventine Triad">new-built Aventine temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also – or became – the patron goddess of the <i><a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebs</a></i>, whose enterprise as tenant farmers, estate managers, agricultural factors and importers was a mainstay of Roman agriculture. </p><p>Much of Rome's grain was imported from territories of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, which later Roman <a href="/wiki/Mythographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythographer">mythographers</a> describe as Ceres' "earthly home". Writers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic#Late_Republic_(147–30_BC)" title="Roman Republic">late Roman Republic</a> and early Empire describe Ceres' Aventine temple and rites as conspicuously Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern scholarship, this is taken as further evidence of long-standing connections between the plebeians, Ceres and Magna Graecia. It also raises unanswered questions on the nature, history and character of these associations: the Triad itself may have been a self-consciously Roman cult formulation based on Greco-Italic precedents.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a new form of Cerean cult was officially imported from Magna Graecia, it was known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#ritus_graecus" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">ritus graecus</a></i> (Greek rite) of Ceres, and was distinct from her older Roman rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older forms of Aventine rites to Ceres remain uncertain. Most Roman cults were led by men, and the officiant's head was <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#capite_velato" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">covered</a> by a fold of his toga. In the Roman <i>ritus graecus</i>, a male celebrant wore Greek-style vestments, and remained bareheaded before the deity, or else wore a wreath. While Ceres' original Aventine cult was led by male priests, her "Greek rites" (<i>ritus graecus Cereris</i>) were exclusively female.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Republic">Middle Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Middle Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceres_and_Proserpina">Ceres and Proserpina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ceres and Proserpina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, around 205 BC, an officially recognised joint cult to Ceres and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a> was brought to Rome from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>) along with Greek priestesses to serve it.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rome, this was known as the <i>ritus graecus Cereris</i>; its priestesses were granted <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> so that they could pray to the gods "with a foreign and external knowledge, but with a domestic and civil intention"; the recruitment of respectable matrons seems to acknowledge the civic value of the cult. It was based on ancient, ethnically Greek cults to Demeter, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Thesmophoria" title="Thesmophoria">Thesmophoria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, whose cults and myths also provided a basis for the <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusinian mysteries">Eleusinian mysteries</a>. </p><p>From the end of the 3rd century BC, Demeter's temple at <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, was acknowledged as Ceres' oldest, most authoritative cult centre, and Libera was recognised as Proserpina, Roman equivalent to Demeter's daughter <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their joint cult recalls Demeter's search for Persephone, after the latter's abduction into the underworld by <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>. The new, women-only cult to "mother and maiden" took its place alongside the old; it made no reference to Liber. Thereafter, Ceres was offered two separate and distinctive forms of official cult at the Aventine. Both might have been supervised by the male <a href="/wiki/Flamen#Flamines_minores" title="Flamen">flamen Cerialis</a> but otherwise, their relationship is unclear. The older form of cult included both men and women, and probably remained a focus for plebeian political identity and discontent. The new form identified its exclusively females initiates and priestesses as upholders of Rome's traditional, <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a>-dominated social hierarchy and <a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">morality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceres_and_Magna_Mater">Ceres and Magna Mater</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ceres and Magna Mater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A year after the import of the <i>ritus cereris</i>, patrician senators imported cult to the Greek goddess <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a> and established her as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Mater" class="mw-redirect" title="Magna Mater">Magna Mater</a> (The Great Mother) within Rome's <a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">sacred boundary</a>, facing the Aventine Hill. Like Ceres, Cybele was a form of Graeco-Roman earth goddess. Unlike her, she had mythological ties to <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, and thus to the Trojan prince <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>, mythological ancestor of <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Rome's founding father</a> and first patrician <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>. The establishment of official Roman cult to Magna Mater coincided with the start of a new <i>saeculum</i> (cycle of years). It was followed by <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s defeat, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a> and an exceptionally good harvest. Roman victory and recovery could therefore be credited to Magna Mater and patrician piety: so the patricians dined her and each other at her festival banquets. In similar fashion, the plebeian nobility underlined their claims to Ceres. Up to a point, the two cults reflected a social and political divide, but when certain prodigies were interpreted as evidence of Ceres' displeasure, the senate appeased her with a new festival, the <i>ieiunium Cereris</i> ("<a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast</a> of Ceres").<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 133 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Nobiles" title="Nobiles">plebeian noble</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gracchus" title="Tiberius Gracchus">Tiberius Gracchus</a> bypassed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">Senate</a> and appealed directly to the popular assembly to pass his proposed <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_law" title="Agrarian law">land-reforms</a>. Civil unrest spilled into violence; Gracchus and many of his supporters were murdered by their conservative opponents. At the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline oracle</a>, the senate sent the <a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">quindecimviri</a> to Ceres' ancient cult centre at <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the goddess' supposed place of origin and earthly home. Some kind of religious consultation or propitiation was given, either to expiate Gracchus' murder – as later Roman sources would claim – or to justify it as the lawful killing of a would-be king or <a href="/wiki/Demagogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demagogy">demagogue</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_sacer" title="Homo sacer">homo sacer</a></i> who had offended Ceres' laws against tyranny.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Republic">Late Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Late Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusinian mysteries">Eleusinian mysteries</a> became increasingly popular during the late Republic. Early Roman initiates at <a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a> in Greece included <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>; thereafter many <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperors</a> were initiated, including <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, who founded an Eleusinian cult centre in Rome itself.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Late Republican politics, <a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">aristocratic traditionalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">popularists</a> used coinage to propagate their competing claims to Ceres' favour. A coin of <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> shows Ceres on one side, and on the other a ploughman with yoked oxen: the images, accompanied by the legend <i>"conditor"</i> ("he who stores the grain") claim his rule (a military dictatorship) as regenerative and divinely justified.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popularists used her name and attributes to appeal their guardianship of plebeian interests, particularly the <i>annona</i> and <i>frumentarium</i>; and plebeian nobles and aediles used them to point out their ancestral connections with plebeians as commoners.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the decades of Civil War that ushered in the Empire, such images and dedications proliferate on Rome's coinage: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>, his opponents, his assassins and his heirs alike claimed the favour and support of Ceres and her plebeian proteges, with coin issues that celebrate Ceres, <i><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></i> (liberty) and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a> (victory).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_era">Imperial era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Imperial era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nero_Lugdunum_sestertius_691535.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nero_Lugdunum_sestertius_691535.jpg/300px-Nero_Lugdunum_sestertius_691535.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nero_Lugdunum_sestertius_691535.jpg/450px-Nero_Lugdunum_sestertius_691535.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Nero_Lugdunum_sestertius_691535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="229" /></a><figcaption>Emperors claimed a partnership with Ceres in grain provision, as in this <a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sestertius</a> of 66 AD. Left: <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, garlanded. Right: <a href="/wiki/Annona_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annona (goddess)">Annona</a> stands with <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopiae</a> (horns of Plenty); enthroned Ceres holds grain-ears and torch; between is a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_units_of_measurement#Dry_measure" title="Ancient Roman units of measurement">modius</a> (grain measure) on a garlanded altar; in the background is a ship's stern.</figcaption></figure> <p>Imperial theology conscripted Rome's traditional cults as the divine upholders of Imperial <a href="/wiki/Pax_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax (mythology)">Pax</a> (peace) and prosperity, for the benefit of all. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> began the restoration of Ceres' Aventine Temple; his successor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> completed it.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the several figures on the Augustan <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a>, one doubles as a portrait of the Empress <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, who wears Ceres' <i>corona spicea</i>. Another has been variously identified in modern scholarship as Tellus, Venus, Pax or Ceres, or in Spaeth's analysis, a deliberately broad composite of them all.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>' reformed the grain supply and created its embodiment as an Imperial goddess, <a href="/wiki/Annona_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annona (goddess)">Annona</a>, a junior partner to Ceres and the Imperial family. The traditional, Cerean virtues of provision and nourishment were symbolically extended to Imperial family members; some coinage shows Claudius' mother <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augusta</a>, wearing the <i>corona spicea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Villa_Carmiano_triclinio_2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="847" /></a><figcaption>Fresco from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Villa_Carmiano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Villa Carmiano (page does not exist)">Villa Carmiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stabiae" title="Stabiae">Stabiae</a>, 1st century. Nude Greco-Roman deity <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> (right), god of wine, freedom and male fertility, identified with Greek <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and Rome's native <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a>. Ceres (left) is usually identified as his mother</figcaption></figure> <p>The relationship between the reigning emperor, empress and Ceres was formalised in titles such as <a href="/wiki/Augusta_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augusta (honorific)">Augusta</a> mater agrorum<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("The august mother of the fields) and <i>Ceres Augusta</i>. On coinage, various emperors and empresses wear her <i>corona spicea</i>, showing that the goddess, the emperor and his spouse are conjointly responsible for agricultural prosperity and the all-important provision of grain. A coin of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (reigned AD 96–98) acknowledges Rome's dependence on the princeps' gift of <i>frumentio</i> (corn dole) to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Nerva's later dynastic successor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>, Imperial theology represents the death and <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a> of the Empress <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Elder" title="Faustina the Elder">Faustina the Elder</a> as Ceres' return to Olympus by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter's</a> command. Even then, "her care for mankind continues and the world can rejoice in the warmth of her daughter Proserpina: in Imperial flesh, Proserpina is <a href="/wiki/Faustina_the_Younger" title="Faustina the Younger">Faustina the Younger</a>", empress-wife of Pius' successor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, a soldier's inscription of the 2nd century AD attests to Ceres' role in the popular syncretism of the times. She is "the bearer of ears of corn", the "Syrian Goddess", identical with the universal heavenly Mother, the Magna Mater and <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)#Mythology" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a>, virgin mother of the gods. She is peace and virtue, and inventor of justice: she weighs "Life and Right" in her scale.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Late Imperial era, Ceres gradually "slips into obscurity"; the last known official association of the Imperial family with her symbols is a coin issue of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (AD 193–211), showing his empress, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, in the <i>corona spicea</i>. After the reign of <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a>, no coinage shows Ceres' image. Even so, an initiate of her mysteries is attested in the 5th century AD, after the official abolition of all non-Christian cults.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg/150px-Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg/225px-Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg/300px-Ceres_by_Eug%C3%A8ne-Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption>Ceres by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Andr%C3%A9_Oudin%C3%A9" title="Eugène André Oudiné">Eugène-André Oudiné</a> on a French coin of 1873 (<a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">3rd Republic</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereal</a> derives from Ceres' association with edible grains.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whereas Ceres represents food, her son <a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a> (later indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>) represents wine and "good living". The Roman comedian <a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a> (c. 195/185 – c. 159 BC) uses the line <i><a href="/wiki/Sine_Cerere_et_Baccho_friget_Venus" title="Sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus">sine Cerere et Baccho friget Venus</a></i> which at its simplest translates as "without food and drink, love freezes" or "love needs food and wine to thrive" - probably proverbial and widespread in his own day. It was adopted variously as a brewer's motto, celebration, warning, and a subject of art in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> Europe, especially the north and the Dutch Republic. Ceres represented the grains that produced <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> through the brewing process. Imagery that represented the profitable business of commercial brewing showed the grain-goddess as a respectable matron and Liber-Bacchus as a gentleman; a wholesome picture of moral sobriety and restraint.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceres is featured both as a goddess and Queen of Sicilly in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Mulieribus_Claris" title="De Mulieribus Claris">De Mulieribus Claris</a></i>, a collection of biographies of historical and mythological women by the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> author <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, composed in 1361–62 and notable as the first collection devoted exclusively to biographies of women in Western literature.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_xi_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_xi-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceres appears briefly to bless the wedding of Ferdinand and Miranda, in a <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> at the ending of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></i> (1611). </p><p>In 1801, a newly discovered <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">named after her</a>. Two years later, the newly discovered element <a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> was named after the dwarf planet.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 200px; height: 125px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -22px; left: -170px; width: 500px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-T46-$10-1861_(1862_in_error).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="In the US, Ceres appears on several CSA banknotes. On this $10 note she reclines on a cotton bale holding a caduceus. Cropped image from National Numismatic Collection, National Museum of American History." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CSA-T46-%2410-1861_%281862_in_error%29.jpg/500px-CSA-T46-%2410-1861_%281862_in_error%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CSA-T46-%2410-1861_%281862_in_error%29.jpg/750px-CSA-T46-%2410-1861_%281862_in_error%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/CSA-T46-%2410-1861_%281862_in_error%29.jpg/1000px-CSA-T46-%2410-1861_%281862_in_error%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6197" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:CSA-T46-$10-1861_(1862_in_error).jpg" title="File:CSA-T46-$10-1861 (1862 in error).jpg"> </a></div>In the US, Ceres appears on several <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">CSA banknotes</a>. On this $10 note she reclines on a cotton bale holding a <a href="/wiki/Caduceus" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>. Cropped image from <a href="/wiki/National_Numismatic_Collection" title="National Numismatic Collection">National Numismatic Collection</a>, National Museum of American History. </div> </div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg/150px-20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg/225px-20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg/300px-20120929_Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building_top_recrop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption>The 3-storey faceless depiction of Ceres atop the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building" title="Chicago Board of Trade Building">Chicago Board of Trade Building</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An aria in praise of Ceres is sung in Act 4 of the opera <i>The Trojans</i> (first performance 1863) by <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>. </p><p>A misanthropic poem recited by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitri">Dmitri</a> in Dostoevsky's 1880 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Karamazov" title="The Brothers Karamazov">The Brothers Karamazov</a>, (part 1, Book 3, chapter 3)</i> reflects on Ceres' heartbroken search for her lost daughter, and her encounter with the worst and most degraded of humanity. </p><p>In the US, Ceres is one of the three "goddess offices" held in <a href="/wiki/The_National_Grange_of_the_Order_of_Patrons_of_Husbandry" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry">The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry</a>. She is depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of New Jersey">Seal of New Jersey</a>. Statues of her top the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Capitol" title="Missouri State Capitol">Missouri State Capitol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont_State_House" title="Vermont State House">Vermont State House</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Board_of_Trade_Building" title="Chicago Board of Trade Building">Chicago Board of Trade Building</a>, all of which have historical links with agriculture and agricultural trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn mother">Corn mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consus" title="Consus">Consus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Sop" class="mw-redirect" title="Po Sop">Po Sop</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various candidates for its location include the site of Rome's <a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>, within the city's ritual boundary (<a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apparently not the same <a href="/wiki/Lapis_manalis" title="Lapis manalis">Lapis manalis</a> used by the pontifices to alleviate droughts.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Ceres">"Ceres"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i>. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ceres&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DCeres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeres+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103044226/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Ceres">"Ceres"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Ceres">the original</a> on November 3, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ceres&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2FCeres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeres+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whos-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whos_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whos_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Room, Adrian, <i>Who's Who in Classical Mythology</i>, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-5469-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-5469-X">0-8442-5469-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lar-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lar_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Book_People" title="The Book People">The Book People</a>, Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaan2008110–111_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Vaan2008">de Vaan 2008</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Watkins" title="Calvert Watkins">Watkins, Calvert</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Kill_a_Dragon" title="How to Kill a Dragon">How to Kill a Dragon</a></i>. Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 127-128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195085957" title="Special:BookSources/0195085957">0195085957</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1990, pp. 1, 33, 182. See also Spaeth, 1996, pp. 1–4, 33–34, 37. Spaeth disputes the identification of Ceres with warlike, protective Umbrian deities named on the <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tablets" title="Iguvine Tablets">Iguvine Tablets</a>, and Gantz' identification of Ceres as one of six figures shown on a terracotta plaque at Etruscan <a href="/wiki/Murlo" title="Murlo">Murlo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poggio_Civitate" title="Poggio Civitate">Poggio Civitate</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Scheid" title="John Scheid">John Scheid</a>, in <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_R%C3%BCpke" title="Jörg Rüpke">Rüpke, Jörg</a> (Editor), <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 264; and Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 5.98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, p. 35: "The pregnant victim is a common offering to female fertility divinities and was apparently intended, on the principle of sympathetic magic, to fertilise and multiply the seeds committed to the earth." See also Cato the Elder, <i>On Agriculture</i>, 134, for the <i>porca praecidanea</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 35–39: the offer of <i>praemetium</i> to Ceres is thought to have been an ancient Italic practice. In Festus, "Praemetium [is] that which was measured out beforehand for the sake of [the goddess] tasting it beforehand".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linderski, J., in Wolfgang Haase, Hildegard Temporini (eds), <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i>, Volume 16, Part 3, de Gruyter, 1986, p. 1947, citing Ovid, Fasti, 4.411 - 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, 1995, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 36–37. Ovid offers a myth by way of explanation: long ago, at ancient Carleoli, a farm-boy caught a fox stealing chickens and tried to burn it alive. The fox escaped and fired the fields and their crops, which were sacred to Ceres. Ever since (says Ovid) foxes are punished at her festival.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A plebeian aedile, C. Memmius, claims credit for Ceres' first ludi scaeneci. He celebrated the event with the dole of a new commemorative <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a>; his claim to have given "the first Cerealia" represents this innovation. See Spaeth, 1996, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceres' 12 assistant deities are listed in <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, <i>On Vergil's Georgics</i>, 1.21. Cited in Spaeth, 1996, p. 36. Servius cites the historian <a href="/wiki/Fabius_Pictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a> (late 3rd century BC) as his source.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher">Wilhelm Heinrich Roscher</a>, <i>Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie</i> (Leipzig: Teubner, 1890–94), vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 187–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price_p11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price_p11_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price_p11_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_BeardJohn_NorthSimon_Price1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._North_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. North (classicist) (page does not exist)">John North</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Price_(classicist)" title="Simon Price (classicist)">Simon Price</a> (1998). <i>Religions of Rome: Volume 1: A History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521316828" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521316828"><bdi>978-0521316828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Rome%3A+Volume+1%3A+A+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0521316828&rft.au=Mary+Beard&rft.au=John+North&rft.au=Simon+Price&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeres+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, citing <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i>Historia Naturalis</i>, 30.75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 5, 6, 44–47. ; the relevant passage from Varro is <i>Rerum Rusticarum</i>, 2.4.10. <a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a>, <i>On Vergil's Aeneid</i>, 4.58, "implies that Ceres established the laws for weddings as well as for other aspects of civilized life." For more on Roman attitudes to marriage and sexuality, Ceres' role at marriages and the ideal of a "chaste married life" for Roman matrons, see Staples, 1998, pp. 84–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benko, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, 103 - 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 42–43, citing Vetter, E., 1953, <i>Handbuch der italienischen Dialekte</i> 1. Heidelberg, for connections between Ceres, Pelignan <i>Angitia Cerealis</i>, <i>Angerona</i> and childbirth.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For discussion of the duties, legal status and immunities of plebeian tribunes and aediles, see Andrew Lintott, <i>Violence in Republican Rome</i>, Oxford University Press, 1999,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QIKEpOP4lLIC&q=Ceres&pg=PA92">pp. 92–101</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy's proposal that the <i>senatus consulta</i> were placed at the Aventine Temple more or less at its foundation (Livy, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i>, 3.55.13) is implausible. See Spaeth, 1996, pp. 86–87, 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The evidence for the temple as asylum is inconclusive; discussion is in Spaeth, 1996, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cornell, T., <i>The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)</i>, Routledge, 1995, p. 264, citing Vergil, <i>Aeneid</i>, 4.58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ogden, in Valerie Flint, <i>et al.</i>, <i>Athlone History of Witchcraft and Magic in Europe: Ancient Greece and Rome</i>, Vol. 2, Continuum International Publishing Group Ltd., 1998, p. 83: citing Pliny, Natural History, 28.17–18; Seneca, Natural Questions, 4.7.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cereri necari, literally "killed for Ceres".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, p. 70, citing Pliny the elder, Historia naturalis, 18.3.13 on the Twelve Tables and <i>cereri necari</i>; cf the terms of punishment for violation of the sancrosancticity of Tribunes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, S., p. 39, and note 9, citing Pliny the Elder, <i>Natural History</i>, 8.74.195 in Sebesta, Judith Lynn; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a>, eds. (1994). The World of Roman Costume: Wisconsin Studies in Classics. The University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299138509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp.128-129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 55–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 60–61, 66; citing Cicero, <i>de Legibus</i>, 2.36. As initiates of mystery religions were sworn to secrecy, very little is known of their central rites or beliefs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>, 2, 1912, pp. 25–26: Warde Fowler notes the possibility that pigs were offered: also (pp. 35–36) seed-corn, probably <i>far</i>, from the harvest.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Macrobius, 1.16.18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Festus p. 261 L2, citing's Cato's commentaries on civil law.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DiLuzio, M. J., <i>A Place at the Altar. Priestesses in Republican Rome</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016, pp. 113-114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Romulus</i>, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Spaeth, pp. 63–5: W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/JRS/2/Mundus*.html">available online at Bill Thayer's website</a>: M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-urbaine-2004-2-page-43.htm">French language, full preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Humm, "Le mundus et le Comitium : représentations symboliques de l'espace de la cité," Histoire urbaine, 2, 10, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-histoire-urbaine-2004-2-page-43.htm">French language, full preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Festus, the <i>mundus</i> is an entrance to the underworld realm of <a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a>, broadly equivalent to Dis Pater and Greek <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>. For more on Ceres as a <a href="/wiki/Liminal_deity" title="Liminal deity">liminal deity</a>, her earthly precedence over the underworld and the <i>mundus</i>, see Spaeth, 1996, pp. 5, 18, 31, 63-5. For further connection between the <i>mundus</i>, the penates, and agricultural and underworld deities, see W. Warde Fowler, "Mundus Patet" in <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>, 2, (1912), pp. 25–33: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Journals/JRS/2/Mundus*.html">available online at Bill Thayer's website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a>, 36.37.4-5. Livy describes the fast as a cyclical <i>ieiunium Cereris</i>; but see also Viet Rosenberger, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 296; if expiatory, it may have been a once-only event.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14–15, 65–7(?).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the circumstances of this expiation, and debate over the site of the Cerean expiation, see Edward Champlin, <i>Nero</i>, Harvard University Press, 2003, pp. 191–4: this expiation is usually said to be at the Aventine Temple. Champlin prefers the mundus (at or very near the <a href="/wiki/Comitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia">Comitia</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30Wa-l9B5IoC&dq=Ceres+expiation+64&pg=PA192">Google-books preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.M.C. Green, "Varro's Three Theologies and their influence on the Fasti", in Geraldine Herbert-Brown, (ed)., <i>Ovid's Fasti: historical readings at its bimillennium</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002. pp. 78–80.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeFErNPdXOMC&dq=Ovid's%20Fasti%3A%20historical%20readings%20at%20its%20bimillennium%20%20By%20Geraldine%20Herbert-Brown&pg=PA78">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Servius on <a href="/wiki/Vergil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vergil">Vergil</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i>, 4.609. Cited in Spaeth, 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis Feeney, "Sacrificial Ritual in Roman Poetry", in Barchiesi, Rüpke, Stephens, <i>Rituals in Ink: A Conference on Religion and Literary Production in Ancient Rome Held at Stanford University in February 2002</i>, Franz Steiner Verlag, 2004, pp. 14, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius, On Architecture, 3.1.5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/3*.html#1.5">available at penelope. edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vitruvius, On Architecture, 1.7.2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Vitruvius/1*.html#7.2">available at penelope. edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny the Younger, <i>Epistles</i>, 9.39: cited by Oliver de Cazanove, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Orlin, <i>Foreign Cults in Rome: Creating a Roman Empire</i> (Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, pp. 11, 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, pp. 28, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, p. 37, illustrated at fig. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, pp. 97–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rome's legendary second King, <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa</a> was thought to have instituted the flamines, so Ceres' service by a <i>flamen cerialis</i> suggested her oldest Roman cult as one of great antiquity.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> X 3926.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Responsibility for the provision of grain and popular games lent the aedileship a high and politically useful public profile. See <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 104-5, citing Cicero, <i>Pro Balbus</i>, 55, and Cicero, <i>Contra Verres</i>, 2.4.99. The translations are Spaeth's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most modern scholarship assumes Cerean priestesses celibate during their term of office but the evidence is inconclusive. See Schultz, 2006, pp. 75–78, for full discussion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Schultz, pp. 75–78: also Schultz, Celia E., Harvey, Paul, (Eds), <i>Religion in Republican Italy</i>, Yale Classical Studies, 2006, pp. 52–53: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=paoDK0afIcIC&q=Ceres&pg=PA52">googlebooks preview</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Roman matron was any mature woman, married or unmarried, usually but not exclusively of the upper class. While females could serve as <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestal Virgins">Vestal Virgins</a>, few were chosen, and those were selected as young maidens from families of the upper class.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4–5, 9, 20 (historical overview and Aventine priesthoods), 84–89 (functions of plebeian aediles), 104–106 (women as priestesses): citing among others Cicero, <i>In Verres</i>, 2.4.108; Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1; Plutarch, <i>De Mulierum Virtutibus</i>, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">More epigraphic evidence survives for priestesses of Ceres than for any other priesthood; it shows Cerean cults as less exclusively female than contemporary Roman authors would have it; while most Cerean priestesses were assisted by females, two in the Italian province are known to have had male assistants (<i>Magistri Cereris</i>). See Schultz, p. 72 and footnote 90 (p. 177).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whether or not Numa existed, the antiquity of Ceres' Italic cult is attested by the threefold inscription of her name c.600 BC on a Faliscan jar; the Faliscans were close neighbours of Rome. See Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 5, 33–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ovid, <i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i>, 1.673–684.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5g3YDlPvbeMC&q=lavinium&pg=PA142">8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5g3YDlPvbeMC&q=Liber%20Cicero&pg=PA44">44.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, 1995, p. 133 and notes 20, 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a> were written in Greek; according to later historians, they had recommended the inauguration of Roman cult to the Greek deities <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>. See also Cornell, T., <i>The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c.1000–264 BC)</i>, Routledge, 1995, p. 264, for Greek models as a likely basis in the development of plebeian political and religious identity from an early date.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spaeth_1996,_pp._4,_6_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13. For discussion of <i>ritus graecus</i> and its relation to Ceres' cult, see Scheid, pp. 15–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 4, 6–13, citing <a href="/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius">Arnobius</a>, who mistakes this as the first Roman cult to Ceres. His belief may reflect the high profile and ubiquity of the "reformed" cult during the later Imperial period, and possibly the fading of older, distinctively Aventine forms of her cult.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheid, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, 15, 60, 94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 14, 94–97. See also the legend of <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Quinta" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudia Quinta">Claudia Quinta</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Both interpretations are possible. On the whole, Roman sources infer the expedition as expiatory; for background, see Valerius Maximus, 1.1.1., and Cicero, <i>In Verres</i>, 2.4.108 <i>et passim</i>, cited by Olivier de Cazanove, in Rüpke, Jörg (Editor), <i>A Companion to Roman Religion</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, 2007, p 56. For debate and challenge to Roman descriptions of the motives for this expedition, see Spaeth, 1990, pp. 182–195. Spaeth finds the expedition an attempt to justify the killing of T. Gracchus as official, right and lawful, based on senatorial speeches given soon after the killing; <i>contra</i> Henri Le Bonniec, <i>Le culte de Cérès à Rome. Des origines à la fin de la République</i>, Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1958. Le Bonniec interprets the consultation as an attempt to compensate the plebs and their patron goddess for the murder.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 13, citing Cicero, Balbus, 55.5., and p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fears, J. Rufus, <i>The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology</i>, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, p. 795.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QK1M2VD1tsAC&q=Sulla%20conditor&pg=PA795">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The plebeian L. Assius Caeicianus, identifies his plebeian ancestry and duties to Ceres on a denarius issue, c.102 BC. Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 97–100, with further coin images between pp. 32–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 6–8, 86ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth argues for the identification of the central figure in the Ara Pacis relief as Ceres. It is more usually interpreted as Tellus. See Spaeth, 1996, 127–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 26, 30. See also Fears, J. Rufus, <i>The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology</i>, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, pp. 894–5.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QK1M2VD1tsAC&dq=The+Cult+of+Virtues+and+Roman+Imperial+Ideology%2C&pg=PA827">[3]</a>: Ceres Augusta can be considered, along with Pax, Libertas <i>et al.</i>, as one of several Imperial Virtues.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a>Xl, 3196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fears, J. Rufus, <i>The Cult of Virtues and Roman Imperial Ideology</i>, in Hildegard Temporini, Wolfgang Haase (eds), Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt, Part 2, Volume 17, Walter de Gruyter, 1981, pp. 905–5, footnote 372 1, 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benko, pp. 112–114: see also pp. 31, 51, citing Apuleius, Metamorphoses, 11.2, in which Isis reveals to Lucius that she, Ceres and Proserpina, Artemis and Venus are all aspects of the one "Heavenly Queen"; cf <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)#Epithets" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno Caelestis</a>, "Queen of Heaven", the Romanised form of <a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spaeth, 1996, pp. 30, 62, citing EE 4.866 for the 5th century <i>mystes Cereris</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford Languages</i> online <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=Cereal+etymology&client=safari&channel=mac_bm&sxsrf=ALiCzsZHiUNZ4mKoOvHKvkmCaUCn59oRIg%3A1668420371579&source=hp&ei=ExNyY8byIOeAhbIP7daWsAg&iflsig=AJiK0e8AAAAAY3IhI-P_0aphIsDcA9HfHPrZfGQE3uJW&ved=0ahUKEwiGyNOctq37AhVnQEEAHW2rBYYQ4dUDCBE&uact=5&oq=Cereal+etymology&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAMyBQgAEIAEMggIABAWEB4QDzIICAAQFhAeEA8yCAgAEBYQHhAPMggIABAWEB4QDzIFCAAQhgMyBQgAEIYDMgUIABCGAzIFCAAQhgM6BAgjECc6EQguEIAEELEDEIMBEMcBENEDOgsIABCABBCxAxCDAToLCC4QgAQQsQMQgwE6CwguELEDEIMBENQCOggILhCxAxCDAToICAAQsQMQgwE6CwguEIMBELEDEIAEOggIABCABBCxAzoICC4QgAQQ1AI6CwguEIAEELEDENQCOg4ILhDHARCxAxDRAxCABDoGCAAQFhAeUABY-Uhgn3poEHAAeACAAQCIAQCSAQCYAQCgAQE&sclient=gws-wiz">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Santos, R. de Mambro, "The Beer of Bacchus. Visual Strategies and Moral Values in Hendrick Goltzius’ Representations of Sine Cerere et Libero Friget Venus", in <i>Emblemi in Olanda e Italia tra XVI e XVII secolo</i>, ed. E. Canone and L. Spruit, 2012, Olschki Editore, Florence, pp. 21 ff, 26-27, 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_xi-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_xi_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoccaccio2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccio, Giovanni</a> (2003). <i>Famous Women</i>. I Tatti Renaissance Library. Vol. 1. Translated by Virginia Brown. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01130-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01130-9"><bdi>0-674-01130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famous+Women&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=I+Tatti+Renaissance+Library&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01130-9&rft.aulast=Boccaccio&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeres+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emsley, John (2011). <i>Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements.</i> Oxford University Press. pp. 120–125. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benko, Stephen, The virgin goddess: studies in the pagan and Christian roots of mariology, BRILL, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michiel_de_Vaan" title="Michiel de Vaan">de Vaan, Michiel</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecZ1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004167971" title="Special:BookSources/9789004167971"><bdi>9789004167971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Latin+and+the+other+Italic+Languages&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789004167971&rft.aulast=de+Vaan&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DecZ1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeres+%28mythology%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Room, Adrian, <i>Who's Who in Classical Mythology</i>, p. 89-90. NTC Publishing 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-5469-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-5469-X">0-8442-5469-X</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scheid" title="John Scheid">Scheid, John</a>, "Graeco Ritu: A Typically Roman Way of Honoring the Gods," <i>Harvard Studies in Classical Philology</i>, 97, Greece in Rome: Influence, Integration, Resistance, 1995, pp. 15–31.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Schultz" title="Celia Schultz">Schultz, Celia E.</a>, <i>Women's Religious Activity in the Roman Republic (Studies in the History of Greece and Rome)</i>, University of North Carolina Press, 2006.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbette_Spaeth" title="Barbette Spaeth">Spaeth, Barbette Stanley</a>, "The Goddess Ceres and the Death of Tiberius Gracchus", <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>, Vol. 39, No. 2, 1990.</li> <li>Spaeth, Barbette Stanley, <i>The Roman goddess Ceres</i>, University of Texas Press, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77693-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77693-4">0-292-77693-4</a>.</li> <li>Staples, Ariadne, <i>From Good Goddess to vestal virgins: sex and category in Roman religion</i>, Routledge, 1998.</li> <li>Wiseman, T.P., <i>Remus: a Roman myth</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1995</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceres_(mythology)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lares_Familiares" title="Lares Familiares">Lares Familiares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber" title="Liber">Liber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas" title="Libertas">Libertas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(goddess)" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nox_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nox (goddess)">Nox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ops" title="Ops">Ops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus" title="Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Di_Penates" title="Di Penates">Penates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_(mythology)" title="Pomona (mythology)">Pomona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapus" title="Priapus">Priapus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpina" title="Proserpina">Proserpina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinus" title="Quirinus">Quirinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salacia" title="Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvanus_(mythology)" title="Silvanus (mythology)">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summanus" title="Summanus">Summanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas" title="Veritas">Veritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertumnus" title="Vertumnus">Vertumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #F0ACAC;">Abstract deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundantia" title="Abundantia">Abundantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aequitas" title="Aequitas">Aequitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeternitas" title="Aeternitas">Aeternitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(goddess)" title="Africa (goddess)">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annona_(mythology)" title="Annona (mythology)">Annona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averruncus" title="Averruncus">Averruncus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_(mythology)" title="Concordia (mythology)">Concordia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feronia_(mythology)" title="Feronia (mythology)">Feronia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontus" title="Fontus">Fontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laverna" title="Laverna">Laverna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_(goddess)" title="Pax (goddess)">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma (mythology)">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salus" title="Salus">Salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securitas" title="Securitas">Securitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spes" title="Spes">Spes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquillitas" title="Tranquillitas">Tranquillitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_(mythology)" title="Terra (mythology)">Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lupa_Capitolina,_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/100px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/150px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg/200px-Lupa_Capitolina%2C_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7489" data-file-height="4876" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_Silvia" title="Rhea Silvia">Rhea Silvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servius_Tullius" title="Servius Tullius">Servius Tullius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancus_Marcius" title="Ancus Marcius">Ancus Marcius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Priscus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Priscus">Lucius Tarquinius Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">Lucius Tarquinius Superbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Alba_Longa" title="Kings of Alba Longa">Kings of Alba Longa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hersilia" title="Hersilia">Hersilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Legendary beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">She-wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_goose_myth" title="Barnacle goose myth">Barnacle goose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)">Fasti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Antiquitates_rerum_humanarum_et_divinarum" title="Antiquitates rerum humanarum et divinarum">Res divinae</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Books" title="Sibylline Books">Sibylline Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Concepts<br />and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_festivals" title="Roman festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Interpretatio graeca</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Charity" title="Roman Charity">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_(classical_antiquity)" title="Palladium (classical antiquity)">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theology_of_victory" title="Roman theology of victory">Theology of victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">Pomerium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitolium" title="Capitolium">Capitolium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cella" title="Cella">Cella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Celtic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicureanism" title="Epicureanism">Epicureanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_school" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bough_(mythology)" title="Golden Bough (mythology)">Golden Bough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape of the Sabine Women">Rape of the Sabine Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacus_Curtius" title="Battle of Lacus Curtius">Battle of Lacus Curtius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gubernaculum_(classical)" title="Gubernaculum (classical)">Gubernaculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parabiago_Plate" title="Parabiago Plate">Parabiago Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pignora_imperii" title="Pignora imperii">Pignora imperii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">Variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F0ACAC;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Classical mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiography of Christianization of the Roman Empire">Decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q32102#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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