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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and public role</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_public_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and public role subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_public_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kingdom of Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Roman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augurs,_auguria,_and_auspices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augurs,_auguria,_and_auspices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Augurs, <i>auguria</i>, and <i>auspices</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Augurs,_auguria,_and_auspices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Augurs, <i>auguria</i>, and <i>auspices</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Augurs,_auguria,_and_auspices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ritual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precedence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precedence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Precedence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precedence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Evasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attus_Navius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attus_Navius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attus Navius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attus_Navius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Augur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="عراف رومي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عراف رومي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avqur" title="Avqur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avqur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Аўгуры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўгуры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Авгур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Авгур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ugur" title="Àugur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àugur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADguristo" title="Aŭguristo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭguristo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augure" title="Augure – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Augure" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آگور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augure" title="Augure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Augure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EB%A5%B4" title="아우구르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우구르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ավգուրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավգուրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglasp%C3%A1ma%C3%B0ur" title="Fuglaspámaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fuglaspámaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augure" title="Augure – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Augure" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8" title="אוגור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ავგურები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავგურები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aug%C5%ABrai" title="Augūrai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Augūrai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Авгур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Авгур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB" title="アウグル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウグル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgurlar" title="Avgurlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avgurlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ugure" title="Áugure – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Áugure" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Авгур – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Авгур" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avgur" title="Avgur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avgur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Аугури – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аугури" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguuri" title="Auguuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Auguuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Авгурҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Авгурҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augur" title="Augur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Augur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Авгур – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Авгур" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%85%86%E5%AE%98" title="占兆官 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="占兆官" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Roman priest tasked with divination by the observation of birds</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Auger_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Auger (disambiguation)">auger (disambiguation)</a> or <a href="/wiki/Agar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Agar (disambiguation)">agar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Roman religious practice. For parallel practices in other cultures, see <a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Auguries" redirects here. For the 2022 "Westworld" TV episode, see <a href="/wiki/The_Auguries_(Westworld)" title="The Auguries (Westworld)">The Auguries (Westworld)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Augur_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Augur (disambiguation)">Augur (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augur,_Nordisk_familjebok.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Augur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/200px-Augur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Augur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png/300px-Augur%2C_Nordisk_familjebok.png 1.5x, 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology of religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/220px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/330px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg/440px-Some_results_of_recent_anthropological_exploration_in_Peru_BHL23999360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="2148" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Two ancient anthropomorphic figures from Peru</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Basic concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitas" title="Communitas">Communitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_language" title="Divine language">Divine language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">Laying on of hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liminality" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_cultures)" title="Mana (Oceanian cultures)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy" title="Nympholepsy">Nympholepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Oracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred%E2%80%93profane_dichotomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred–profane dichotomy">Sacred–profane dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred site">Sacred site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_dualism" title="Soul dualism">Soul dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Case studies</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt>Magic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Gardens_and_Their_Magic" title="Coral Gardens and Their Magic">Coral Gardens and Their Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of<br />Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Neo-Paganism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ritual</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angakkuq" title="Angakkuq">Angakkuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">Babaylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobohizan" title="Bobohizan">Bobohizan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomoh" title="Bomoh">Bomoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_(Australian)" title="Bora (Australian)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukun" title="Dukun">Dukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miko" title="Miko">Miko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jh%C4%81kri" title="Jhākri">Jhākri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawang" title="Pawang">Pawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slametan" title="Slametan">Slametan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Revitalization movements</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">Cargo cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handsome_Lake" title="Handsome Lake">Handsome Lake</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related articles</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elementary_Forms_of_the_Religious_Life" title="The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life">The Elementary Forms<br />of the Religious Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purity_and_Danger" title="Purity and Danger">Purity and Danger</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_religion_and_ritual" title="Archaeology of religion and ritual">Archaeology of religion and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Poles in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major theorists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Calmet" title="Antoine Augustin Calmet">Augustin Calmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_Ahmed" title="Akbar Ahmed">Akbar S. Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talal_Asad" title="Talal Asad">Talal Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Douglas" title="Mary Douglas">Mary Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_van_Gennep" title="Arnold van Gennep">Arnold van Gennep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">E. E. Evans-Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James Frazer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Fustel de Coulanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geertz" title="Clifford Geertz">Clifford Geertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_W._G._Horton" title="Robin W. G. Horton">Robin Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ranulph_Marett" title="Robert Ranulph Marett">Robert Marett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Steven Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Rappaport" title="Roy Rappaport">Roy Rappaport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Mahmood" title="Saba Mahmood">Saba Mahmood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Sahlins" title="Marshall Sahlins">Marshall Sahlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melford_Spiro" title="Melford Spiro">Melford Spiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jeyaraja_Tambiah" title="Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah">Stanley Tambiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Turner" title="Victor Turner">Victor Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Edward Burnett Tylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_Varisco" title="Daniel Martin Varisco">Daniel Martin Varisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_F._C._Wallace" title="Anthony F. C. Wallace">Anthony F. C. Wallace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Journals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_Perspectives_on_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological Perspectives on Religion">Anthropological Perspectives on Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Folklore_Society" title="The Folklore Society">Folklore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hibbert_Journal" title="The Hibbert Journal">The Hibbert Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Religion" title="The Journal of Religion">The Journal of Religion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oceania_(journal)" title="Oceania (journal)">Oceania</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowraplinks hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-American religion">Afro-American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaska Native religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">Atua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Böö mörgöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanitu" title="Hanitu">Hanitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noaidi" title="Noaidi">Noaidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Shindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Shamanism in Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Hindu denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartism" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartism">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Template talk:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>augur</b> was a priest and official in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">classical Roman</a> world. His main role was the practice of <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">augury</a>, the interpretation of the will of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">gods</a> by studying events he observed within a predetermined sacred space (<i>templum</i>). The <i>templum</i> corresponded to the heavenly space above. The augur's decisions were based on what he personally saw or heard from within the <i>templum</i>; they included thunder, lightning and any accidental signs such as falling objects, but in particular, birdsigns; whether the birds he saw flew in groups or alone, what noises they made as they flew, the direction of flight, what kind of birds they were, how many there were, or how they fed. This practice was known as "<i>taking the auspices</i>". As circumstance did not always favour the convenient appearance of wild birds or weather phenomena, domesticated chickens kept for the purpose were sometimes released into the templum, where their behaviour, particularly how they fed, could be studied by the augur.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The augural ceremony and function of the augur was central to any major undertaking in Roman society – public or private – including matters of war, commerce, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">religion</a>. Augurs sought the divine will regarding any proposed course of action which might affect Rome's <i>pax</i>, <i>fortuna</i>, and <i>salus</i> (peace, good fortune, and well-being).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although ancient authors believed that the term "augur" contained the words <i>avis</i> and <i>gerō</i> – <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "directing the birds", historical-linguistic evidence points instead to the root <i>augeō</i>: "to increase, to prosper".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_public_role">History and public role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and public role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;background:ivory; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:275px; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#b23938"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_religious_titles" title="Category:Ancient Roman religious titles"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on the</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#b23938"><span style="color:white">Priesthoods<br />of ancient Rome</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_flamen,_Louvre_museum,_Paris,_Ma431.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg/169px-Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg/254px-Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg/338px-Portrait_of_a_flamen%2C_Louvre_museum%2C_Paris%2C_Ma431.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1784" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamen</a> <i>(AD 250–260)</i></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Major <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">colleges</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">Pontifices</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen" title="Flamen">Flamines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">Septemviri epulonum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindecimviri_sacris_faciundis" title="Quindecimviri sacris faciundis">Quindecimviri sacris faciundis</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Other colleges or <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sodalitas" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">sodalities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fetial" title="Fetial">Fetiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arval_Brethren" title="Arval Brethren">Fratres Arvales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titii" title="Titii">Titii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#Luperci" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Luperci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Priests</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Sacrorum" title="Rex Sacrorum">Rex Sacrorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Dialis" title="Flamen Dialis">Flamen Dialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Martialis" title="Flamen Martialis">Flamen Martialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Quirinalis" title="Flamen Quirinalis">Flamen Quirinalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Nemorensis" title="Rex Nemorensis">Rex Nemorensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curio_maximus" title="Curio maximus">Curio maximus</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Priestesses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin#Vestalis_Maxima" title="Vestal Virgin">Virgo Vestalis Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamen_Dialis#Flaminica_dialis" title="Flamen Dialis">Flaminica Dialis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_sacrorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina sacrorum">Regina sacrorum</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#b23938;background:#F0ACAC"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman religion</a> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">Glossary of ancient Roman religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Priesthoods of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Priesthoods of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Priesthoods_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Priesthoods of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Political, military and civil actions were sanctioned by augury and by <a href="/wiki/Haruspices" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruspices">haruspices</a>. </p><p>Historically, augury was performed by priests of the college of augurs on behalf of senior magistrates. The practice itself likely comes from the neighboring region of Etruria, where augurs were highly respected as officials. Magistrates were empowered to conduct augury as required for the performance of their official duties. Magistracies included senior military and civil ranks, which were therefore religious offices in their own right, and magistrates were directly responsible for the <i>pax</i>, <i>fortuna</i>, and <i>salus</i> of Rome and everything that was Roman. </p><p>The presiding magistrate at an augural rite held the "right of augury" (<i>ius augurii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The right of <i>nuntiatio</i> – announcing the appearance of <i>auspicia oblativa</i> (unexpected sign) – was reserved for the officiating augur, which would require the interruption of the proceedings then underway.<sup id="cite_ref-Catalano1965_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalano1965-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Rome">Kingdom of Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> stressed the importance of the augurs: "Who does not know that this city was founded only after taking the auspices, that everything in war and in peace, at home and abroad, was done only after taking the auspices?"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Rome">Regal period</a>, which ended 509 BC, tradition holds that there were three augurs at a time; they numbered nine by the third century BC; <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> increased their number to fifteen. By the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, their numbers swelled even further to an estimated 25 members.<sup id="cite_ref-HoffmanLewis1955_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoffmanLewis1955-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Republic">Roman Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Republic, priesthoods were prized as greatly as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consulship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censorship</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a>. Membership gave the lifelong right to participate prominently in processions at <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi" title="Ludi">ludi</a></i> and in public banquets; augurs proudly displayed the symbol of the office, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lituus" title="Lituus">lituus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoffmanLewis1955_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoffmanLewis1955-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roman augurs were part of a college (Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">collegium</a></i>) of priests who shared the duties and responsibilities of the position. At the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a> in 510 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> held sole claim to this office; by 300 BC, the office was open to <a href="/wiki/Plebeian" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian">plebeian</a> occupation as well. Senior members of the <i>collegium</i> put forth nominations for any vacancies, and members voted on whom to <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-opt</a>. </p><p>According to Cicero, the <i>auctoritas</i> of <i>ius augurum</i> included the right to adjourn and overturn the process of law: Consular election could be – and was – rendered invalid by inaugural error. For Cicero, this made the augur the most powerful authority in the Republic. Cicero himself was co-opted into the college only late in his career.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later Republic, augury was supervised by the college of <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifices" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifices">pontifices</a></i>, a priestly-magistral office whose powers were increasingly woven into the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>. The office of <i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a></i> eventually became a <i>de facto</i> consular prerogative.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Empire">Roman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effectiveness of augury could only be judged retrospectively; the divinely ordained condition of peace (<i>pax deorum</i>) was an outcome of successful augury. Those whose actions had led to divine wrath (<i>ira deorum</i>) could not have possessed a true right of augury (<i>ius augurum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all the protagonists in the Civil War, only <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> could have possessed it, because he alone had restored the <i>pax deorum</i> to the Roman people. Lucan, writing during the <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a>, described the recent Civil War as "unnatural" – a mirror to supernatural disturbances in the greater cosmos. His imagery is apt to the traditional principles of augury and its broader interpretation by Stoic apologists of the Imperial cult.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Stoic cosmology the <i>pax deorum</i> is the expression of natural order in human affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When his colleague <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(triumvir)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (triumvir)">Lepidus</a> died, Augustus assumed his office as <i>pontifex maximus</i>, took priestly control over the State oracles (including the <a href="/wiki/Sibylline_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibylline books">Sibylline books</a>), and used his powers as <a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">censor</a> to suppress the circulation of "unapproved" oracles.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite their lack of political influence under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Empire</a>, the augurate, as with its fellow <i>quattuor amplissima collegia</i>, continued to confer prestige on its members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Augurs,_auguria,_and_auspices"><span id="Augurs.2C_auguria.2C_and_auspices"></span>Augurs, <i>auguria</i>, and <i>auspices</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Augurs, auguria, and auspices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In ancient Rome the <i>auguria</i> (augural rites) were considered to be in equilibrium with the <i><a href="/wiki/Sacra_(ancient_Rome)" title="Sacra (ancient Rome)">sacra</a></i> ("sacred things" or "rites") and were not the only way by which the gods made their will known. </p><p>The <i>augures publici</i> (public augurs) concerned themselves only with matters related to the state. The role of the augur was that of consulting and interpreting the will of gods about some course of action such as accession of kings to the throne, of magistrates and major <i>sacerdotes</i> to their functions (<a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">inauguration</a>) and all public enterprises. It sufficed to say that the augur or magistrate had heard a clap of thunder to suspend the convocation of the <a href="/wiki/Comitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia">comitia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <i>auguria publica</i> and inaugurations of magistrates are strictly connected to political life this brought about the deterioration and abuses that condemned augury to progressive and irreversible debasement, stripping it of all religious value. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_tradition">Ancient tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Varro,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before his time augures had distinguished five kinds of territory: ager Romanus, ager Gabinus, ager peregrinus, ager hosticus, ager incertus. These distinctions clearly point to the times of the prehistory of Latium and testify the archaic quality of the art of augury.<sup id="cite_ref-Catalano1965_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalano1965-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>jus augurale</i> (augural law) was rigorously secret, therefore very little about the technical aspects of ceremonies and rituals has been recorded. We have only the names of some <i>auguria</i>: </p> <ul><li>The <i>augurium salutis</i> took place once a year, before the magistrates and the people, in which the gods were asked whether it was auspicious to ask to for the welfare of the Romans,</li> <li>The <i>augurium canarium</i> required the sacrifice of red dogs and took place after wheat grains had formed and before they were shelled.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Catalano1965_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catalano1965-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>vernisera auguria</i> – we know only the name that implies a ritual related to the harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The terms <i>augurium</i> and <i>auspicium</i> are used indifferently by ancient authors.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars have debated the issue at length but have failed to find a distinctive definition that may hold for all the known cases. By such considerations Dumezil<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thinks that the two terms refer in fact to two aspects of the same religious act: </p> <ul><li><i>auspicium</i> would design the technical process of the operation, i.e. <i>aves spicere</i>, looking at the birds;</li> <li><i>augurium</i> would be the resulting interpretation i.e. the determination, acknowledgement of the presence of the <i>*auges</i>, the action favoured by the god(s), the intention and the final product of the whole operation.</li></ul> <p>In Varro's words "<i>Agere augurium, aves specit</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "to conduct the <i>augurium</i>, he observed the birds". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The auspicia were divided into two categories: requested by man (<i>impetrativa</i>) and offered spontaneously by the gods (<i>oblativa</i>). Both <i>impetrativa</i> and <i>oblativa</i> auspices could be further divided into five subclasses: </p> <ul><li>ex caelo (<a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">lightning</a>)</li> <li>ex avibus (birds)</li> <li>ex tripudiis (attitude to food, and feeding manner of Mars' sacred chickens)</li> <li>ex quadrupedibus (<a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">fox</a>)</li> <li>ex diris (ominous events).</li></ul> <p>Only some species of birds (<i>aves augurales</i>) could yield valid signs<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose meaning would vary according to the species. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodpecker" title="Woodpecker">woodpeckers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bearded_Vulture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearded Vulture">ossifragae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>. </p><p>Signs from birds were divided into <i>alites</i>, from the flight, and <i>oscines</i>, from the voice: The <i>alites</i> included region of the sky, height and type of flight, behaviour of the bird and place where it would come to rest. The <i>oscines</i> included the pitch and direction of the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ritual">Ritual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ritual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Magistrates endowed by the law with the right of <i>spectio</i> (observation of auspices) would establish the requested <i>auspicium</i> (observation platform) before taking the <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#auspicia_impetrativa" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">auspicia impetrativa</a></i> ("requested" or "sought" auspices; see above). The <i>templum</i>, or sacred space within which the operation would take place had to be established and delimited (it should be square and have only one entrance)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and purified (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#effatio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><i>effari</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#liberatio" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><i>liberare</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enunciation of the requested auspicia that began the observation portion of the ceremony was called <i>legum dictio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Observation conditions were rigorous and required absolute silence for validity of the operation. Technically the sky was divided into four sections or regions: <i>dextera</i>, <i>sinistra</i>, <i>antica</i>, and <i>postica</i> (right, left, anterior and posterior).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The prototype of the ritual of inauguration of people is described in Livy's<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> description of the inauguration of king <a href="/wiki/Numa_Pompilius" title="Numa Pompilius">Numa Pompilius</a>:</p><blockquote><p>The augur asks Jupiter:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<i>Si fas est</i>" (i.e. if it is divine justice to do this) "... send me a certain <i>signum</i> (sign)" then the augur listed the <i>auspicia</i> he wanted to see. When they appeared Numa was declared king.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precedence">Precedence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Precedence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the observation was complex, conflict among signs was common.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hierarchy among signs was devised: e.g. a sign from the eagle would prevail on that from the woodpecker and the ossifragae (parra).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last centuries of the republic the auspices <i>ex caelo</i> and <i>ex tripudiis</i> supplanted other types, as the other forms could be easily used in a fraudulent way, i.e. bent to suit the desire of the asking person.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero condemned the fraudulent use and denounced the decline in the level of knowledge of the doctrine by the augurs of his time,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in fact the abuse developed from the evasion of negative signs, described in the next subsection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evasion">Evasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Evasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The interpretation of signs was vast and complex, and magistrates devised protective tricks to avoid being paralysed by negative signs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against the negative <i>auspicia oblativa</i> the admitted procedures included: </p> <ul><li>actively avoiding seeing them</li> <li><i>repudiare</i> – refuse them through an interpretative sleight of hand</li> <li><i>non observare</i> – by assuming one had not paid attention to them</li> <li>declaring something that in fact had not appeared</li> <li><i>tempestas</i> – choosing the time of the observation at one's will</li> <li><i>renuntiatio</i> – making a distinction between observation and formulation</li> <li><i>vitia</i> – resorting to acknowledging the presence of mistakes</li> <li>repeating the whole procedure.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attus_Navius">Attus Navius</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attus Navius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to other divinatory practices present in Rome (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">haruspicina</a>, consultation of the <a href="/wiki/Libri_Sibyllini" class="mw-redirect" title="Libri Sibyllini">libri Sibyllini</a>) Roman augury appears to be <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/autochthonous" class="extiw" title="wikt:autochthonous">autochthonous</a> and pre-historical, originally Latin or Italic, and attested in the <a href="/wiki/Iguvine_Tables" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguvine Tables">Iguvine Tables</a> (<i>avif aseria</i>) and among other Latin tribes. </p><p>The very story or legend of the foundation of Rome is based on augury. the ascertaining of the will of gods through observation of the sky and of birds. Romulus and Remus indeed acted as augurs and Romulus was considered a great augur throughout the course of his life. </p><p> The character that best represented and portrayed the art however was Attus Navius. His story is related by Cicero:</p><blockquote> <p>He was born into a very poor family. One day he lost one of his pigs. He then promised the gods that if he found it, he would offer them the biggest grapes growing in his vineyard. After recovering his pig he stood right at the middle of his grape yard facing South. He divided the sky into four sections and observed birds: when they appeared he walked in that direction and found an extraordinary large grape that he offered to the gods. </p><p> His story was immediately famous and he became the augur of the king (see above the episode with king Tarquinius narrated by Livy). Henceforth he was considered the patron of the augurs.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">Augury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguraculum" title="Auguraculum">Auguraculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Divinatione" title="De Divinatione">De Divinatione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration" title="Inauguration">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithomancy" title="Ornithomancy">Ornithomancy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beard, <i>et al</i>, volume 1, pp.22-24, 27-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent (1999), p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent (1999), pp. 17, 20: Brent describes augury as the "spiritual equivalent of consulting the polls".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Catalano1965-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catalano1965_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalano1965_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catalano1965_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFP._Catalano1965" class="citation book cs1">P. Catalano (1965). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lineedelsistemas00cata"><i>Linee del sistema sovrannazionale romano</i></a></span>. Turin, IT: Giappichelli. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lineedelsistemas00cata/page/n51">40</a> note 20, p. 60 note 86, 273–280, 346–351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788834816608" title="Special:BookSources/9788834816608"><bdi>9788834816608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linee+del+sistema+sovrannazionale+romano&rft.place=Turin%2C+IT&rft.pages=40+note+20%2C+p.+60+note+86%2C+273-280%2C+346-351&rft.pub=Giappichelli&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=9788834816608&rft.au=P.+Catalano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flineedelsistemas00cata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, VI. 41: <i>auspiciis hanc urbem conditam esse, auspiciis bello ac pace domi militiaeque omnia geri, quis est qui ignoret?</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoffmanLewis1955-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoffmanLewis1955_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoffmanLewis1955_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartha_W._Hoffman_Lewis1955" class="citation book cs1">Martha W. Hoffman Lewis (1955). <i>The Official Priests of Rome under the Julio-Claudians</i>. Rome: American Academy. pp. 9–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Official+Priests+of+Rome+under+the+Julio-Claudians&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=American+Academy&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Martha+W.+Hoffman+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero replaced <a href="/wiki/Publius_Licinius_Crassus_(son_of_triumvir)" title="Publius Licinius Crassus (son of triumvir)">Publius Crassus</a> after the latter's death at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carrhae" title="Battle of Carrhae">Carrhae</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent (1999), pp. 19–25: citing Cicero, <i>De Natura Deorum</i>, 2.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenstein (1990), pp. 57–58: the <i>post hoc</i> search for <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#vitium" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">vitium</a></i> in Republican ritual seems motivated by a need to limit aristocratic responsibility for military disaster, and offer some protection against accusations of incompetence by rivals.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent (1999), p. 48, citing Lucan, <i><a href="/wiki/Pharsalia" title="Pharsalia">Pharsalia</a>,</i> 1.522–605: "as if the stars themselves had strayed from their courses".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent (1999), pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brent (1999), p. 59: citing Suetonius, <i>Augustus</i> 31.1–2. cf. official reactions to "foreign cult" during the Punic crises, above.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Divinatione</i>, 2.72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 5.53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny <i>Nat. Hist.</i> 18.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Festus, p. 386 L2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paulus ex Festus s.v. p. 467 L2: "<i>auguria messalia</i>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. in Cicero, <i>De Legibus</i>, <i>De Divinatione</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Dumezil1974" class="citation book cs1">G. Dumezil (1974). <i>La religion Romaine archaique</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+religion+Romaine+archaique&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1974&rft.au=G.+Dumezil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 5.83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Divinatione</i>, 2.76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Festus, p. 348 L2; Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 6.76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurus Servius Honoratus, <i>In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii</i>, 3.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU._Norden1939" class="citation book cs1">U. Norden (1939). "Die Spruchformel des Augur auf dem Burg". <i>Aus Altroemischer Priestenbuchen</i>. pp. 3–106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Spruchformel+des+Augur+auf+dem+Burg&rft.btitle=Aus+Altroemischer+Priestenbuchen&rft.pages=3-106&rft.date=1939&rft.au=U.+Norden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 7.8–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurus Servius Honoratus, <i>In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii</i>, 3.89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varro, <i>Lingua Latina</i>, 7.7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, <i><a href="/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri_(Livy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab Urbe Condita Libri (Livy)">Ab Urbe Condita</a></i>, 1.18, 5.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#signum" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion"><i>signa</i></a> belong to Jupiter</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurus Servius Honoratus, <i>In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii</i>, 4.462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurus Servius Honoratus, <i>In Vergilii Aeneidem commentarii</i>, 2.374</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Divinatione</i>, 2.72–73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Divinatione</i>, 1.25; <i>Leg. Agr.</i>, 2.32 and 2.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Ovid, <i>Fasti</i> 3.339–344, for an instance in the conversation between king Numa and Jupiter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>De Divinatione</i>, 1.17</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Beard, M.</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_North_(classicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John North (classicist) (page does not exist)">North, J.</a>, Price, S., <i>Religions of Rome</i>, Volume I, illustrated, reprint, Cambridge University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31682-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31682-0">0-521-31682-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrent,_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Brent, A. (1999). <i>The imperial cult and the development of church order: Concepts and images of authority in paganism and early Christianity before the Age of Cyprian</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11420-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11420-3"><bdi>90-04-11420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+imperial+cult+and+the+development+of+church+order%3A+Concepts+and+images+of+authority+in+paganism+and+early+Christianity+before+the+Age+of+Cyprian&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11420-3&rft.au=Brent%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblowerSpawforth1996" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Anthony (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780198661726"><i>The Oxford Classical Dictionary</i></a></span> (3 ed.). Oxford, UK.: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866172-6"><bdi>978-0-19-866172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK.&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866172-6&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Spawforth%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780198661726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span> s.v. <i>augures</i>.</li> <li>Rosenstein, Nathan S. <i>Imperatores Victi: Military Defeat and Aristocractic Competition in the Middle and Late Republic</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft967nb61p/">[1]</a> (e-book, open access)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augur&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Augurium.html">article <i>Augurium</i> in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Augurs"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Augurs">"Augurs" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 903–904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augurs&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=903-904&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/view/pwretranslations/all-articles/2-apollon-barbaroi/augures">Wissowa, <i>Augures</i> in Paulys Realencyclopaedie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaften vol. II (trans. into English)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augur&oldid=1169574658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augur&oldid=1169574658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_augurs" title="Category:Roman augurs">Roman augurs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Divination" title="Category:Divination">Divination</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 August 2023, at 23:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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