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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16th-18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th-18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>16th-18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th-18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Polish_Reformed_without_Poland_(1795–1918)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Polish_Reformed_without_Poland_(1795–1918)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Polish Reformed without Poland (1795–1918)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Polish_Reformed_without_Poland_(1795–1918)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_Poland_(1918–39)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_Poland_(1918–39)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independent Poland (1918–39)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_Poland_(1918–39)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_persecution_(1939–45)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_persecution_(1939–45)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>World War II persecution (1939–45)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_persecution_(1939–45)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Communist_regime_(1945–89)" class="vector-toc-list-item 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reformed Protestant church in Poland established in the 16th century</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Kościół Ewangelicko-Reformowany w RP</i></span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_(Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue),_November_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_%28Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue%29%2C_November_2019.jpg/200px-Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_%28Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue%29%2C_November_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_%28Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue%29%2C_November_2019.jpg/300px-Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_%28Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue%29%2C_November_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_%28Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue%29%2C_November_2019.jpg/400px-Reformed_church_in_Warsaw_%28Solidarno%C5%9Bci_Avenue%29%2C_November_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Parish,_Warsaw" title="Evangelical Reformed Parish, Warsaw">Reformed church in Warsaw (Solidarności Avenue)</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data">Protestant</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data">Calvinism</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">16th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Congregations</th><td class="infobox-data">8</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">3,461 (2015)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Polish Reformed Church</b>, officially called the <b>Evangelical Reformed Church in the Republic of Poland</b> (Polish: <i>Kościół Ewangelicko-Reformowany w RP</i>) is a historic <a href="/wiki/Calvinistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinistic">Calvinistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> established in the 16th century, still in existence today. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_organisation">Structure and organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png/220px-Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png/330px-Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png/440px-Kosciol_Ewangelicko-Reformowany_parafie.png 2x" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Locations of all eight congregations</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Poland's Central Statistical Office, the Polish Reformed Church has 3,461 members (2015).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of church members live in central Poland; in 2014 out of a total number of 3464 adherents, 1800 lived in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Łódź Voivodeship">Łódź Voivodeship</a> and 1000 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are eight congregations in Poland: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Parish_in_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Reformed Parish in Warsaw">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zel%C3%B3w" title="Zelów">Zelów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%C5%82chat%C3%B3w" title="Bełchatów">Bełchatów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleszcz%C3%B3w,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Kleszczów, Łódź Voivodeship">Kleszczów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBychlin,_Greater_Poland_Voivodeship" title="Żychlin, Greater Poland Voivodeship">Żychlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzelin" title="Strzelin">Strzelin</a></li> <li>Pstrążna (part of the town of <a href="/wiki/Kudowa-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Kudowa-Zdrój">Kudowa-Zdrój</a>)</li></ul> <p>Furthermore, emerging congregations exist in some other cities, including <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>. In 2003, the Church ordained its first female <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a> and two more female students are in training. The Polish Reformed Church is a minority church in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, where roughly 87% of the people were <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th-18th_centuries">16th-18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 16th-18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Polish Reformed movement goes back to the half of the 16th century when the teachings of Swiss Reformers like <a href="/wiki/Zwingli" class="mw-redirect" title="Zwingli">Zwingli</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a> began to make their way to Poland. Earlier, Lutheranism had made way to Poland, especially in the cities. A great boost to the Calvinist Reformation movement happened when in 1525, the devout Catholic king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> (1506–48) accepted as his vassal in <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a>, the Lutheran prince <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert I, Duke of Prussia">Albert I, Duke of Prussia</a>, thus creating the first Protestant country in the World. Though the king opposed "new thought", humanists all across the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian union">Polish-Lithuanian union</a> began studying Calvinist theology. The most celebrated and influential group was found in the country's capital <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where they flocked around the <a href="/wiki/Book_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Book printer">book printer</a> and vendor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Trzecielski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Trzecielski (page does not exist)">Jan Trzecielski</a> grouping nobles, <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">burghers</a>, professors, priests. The first Calvinist church service was held in 1550 in <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="Pińczów">Pińczów</a><sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a little town nearby <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, where the local noble owner converted to the Reformed Faith, expelled the <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, ’purging’ the city church. Other nobles soon followed suit and the first Calvinist synod in Lesser Poland was held in 1554 in <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82omniki" title="Słomniki">Słomniki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> close to Kraków. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> Brethren (Jednota Małopolska) was formed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the meantime, in the North of Poland, another Calvinist church was formed. The <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Czech Brethren</a>, persecuted by the <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand I Habsburg</a> fled to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a> (1548), where they settled in the estates of the local aristocrats whom they very quickly converted to their faith. The number of their congregations quickly swelled from 20 in 1555 to 64 in 1570. Their main centre was the city of <a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-J_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where they were settled under the patronage of the devotedly Reformed <a href="/wiki/Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Leszczyński">Leszczyński</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the Czech Brethren, also called the Greater Poland Brethren (Jednota Wielkopolska), was formed. The Greater Poland and the Lesser Poland Brethren did try to cooperate more closely and even signed in 1555 a Union agreement but the Lesser Poland's Reformed nobles who formed the bulwark of the church members found the Czechs to be too hierarchical and undemocratic, and in the end the Lesser Poland Brethren became a strongly synodal structure, while the Greater Poland church became more <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG/220px-Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG/330px-Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG/440px-Miko%C5%82aj_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_Czarny.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Black%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Reformation in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) date to 1552 when the local aristocrat <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Black%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł</a> received a Reformed preacher, although some of Reformation ideas were known in <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> palace<sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of returned educated Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Abraomas_Kulvietis" title="Abraomas Kulvietis">Abraomas Kulvietis</a>, who had founded school and taught children in Lutheran manner. He was generally unpopular among the Catholic hierarchy because of his Lutheran beliefs, and when the queen was away in 1542 Abraomas was forced to leave the country. Soon he (Radziwiłł "The Black") was followed by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Red%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other aristocrats. The reformer <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81aski" title="Jan Łaski">Jan Łaski</a> worked for King Sigismund II from 1556 onwards. The first synod was held in 1557, and two years later the Lithuanians signed a Union agreement with the Lesser Poland Brethren. A huge number of converts were attracted from Orthodox nobility. While the nobles used Polish in church services, an effort was made to convert the Lithuanian-speaking peasants and serfs, but since Lithuanian did not have a written form till the second half of the 19th century, Polish stayed as the official church language. Thus, the Lithuanian Brethren (Jednota Litewska) came into being. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1556, <a href="/wiki/John_a_Lasco" class="mw-redirect" title="John a Lasco">John a Lasco</a> (Jan Łaski) returned from Western Europe to help with the organisation of the Polish Reformed church. Seeing that the new king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> was sympathetic to the Calvinist cause,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he tried to write a confession that would be agreeable not only to all the three Calvinist churches but to the Lutherans as well. Unfortunately, exhausted from overwork, he died in 1560, having achieved only the consolidation of the Lesser Reformed Brethren, which shortly afterwards was weakened by the split of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> (1563). In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Helvetic_Confession" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Helvetic Confession">Second Helvetic Confession</a> was translated to Polish and was adopted by the Lithuanian and Lesser Poland Brethren. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Łaski has been called the ‘Father of the Polish Reformed Church’.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a posthumous tribute to John a Lasco, the Czech Brethren, the two Calvinist and Lutheran churches in Poland agreed in 1570 to the Confession of Sandomir (Konfesja Sandomierska), which was an <a href="/wiki/Irenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenic">irenic</a> translation of the Second Helvetic Confession and in theory formed one, united, Protestant church. The strength of the Polish Protestants was shown when in 1573 a law was passed foreboding any persecution based on religion, an act unprecedented in Europe of that time. The Protestants formed also over 65% members of the Lower and just about a half of the Upper Houses of Parliament. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg/220px-Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg/330px-Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg/440px-Religie_w_I_Rz-plitej_1573.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Religions in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1573<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b279b2; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> Reformed areas </span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Calvinists opened schools in <a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w" title="Pińczów">Pińczów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leszno" title="Leszno">Leszno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C4%97dainiai" title="Kėdainiai">Kėdainiai</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%82uck" class="mw-redirect" title="Słuck">Słuck</a>. They also printed the first complete <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_(Polish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translations (Polish)">Bible in Polish</a>, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_%22the_Black%22_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł">Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł</a> in 1563 in <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a>.and translated by Jan Łaski.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radziwiłł also worked to change state laws to bring equal rights for reformers, as well as creating several churches in his estates.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though grouping mainly nobles and aristocrats, it managed to have some following among the peasantry as well. In some regions the number of Reformed parishes completely outnumbered the Roman Catholic ones, though in proportion the movement probably never exceeded 20% of the total population and 45% of nobility. At the same time the movement was rising in strength, there were signs of Catholic revival. Jesuits were invited to Poland by the clergy in 1565, and these friars soon advocated more stringent methods of combating ‘heresy’. Religious riots followed, which managed to expel Protestants from the main cities of Poland (Kraków, Poznań, Lublin) with the important exception of Wilno. The Unitarian split seriously weakened the church, and in 1595, the Calvinist-Lutheran Union fell apart. </p><p>The new staunchly Catholic king, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa">Sigismund III Vasa</a>, refused to promote any Protestants and from the beginning of the 17th century the church found itself in a serious defensive, with all three Brethren losing churches and followers. The brief respite they got during the reign of king <a href="/wiki/Wladyslaw_IV_Vasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wladyslaw IV Vasa">Wladyslaw IV Vasa</a> (1632–48) was followed by civil wars, wars with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Turkey</a> which ravaged the country for latter half of the century. By then, only a handful of faithful remained in all three Brethren, with the Lithuanian one now leading the other three. Nearly all the aristocrats converted to Catholicism, and the last Protestant in the Senate (a Lutheran) died in 1668. The rise of intolerance began in 1658, when <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> were expelled from the country,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conversion from Catholic Christianity was punishable by death. Finally, in 1717 the Protestant nobility were stripped of all their political rights,<sup id="cite_ref-J_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were only reinstated to them in 1768. Though a small number of Huguenots settled in Poland at the end of the 17th century (Gdańsk, Warsaw), the numbers dwindled. By 1768, the number of Reformed churches has dwindled to 40 from 500 by 1591. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1768, under pressure from Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> and Protestant <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, the Polish Diet reluctantly reinstated political rights to the Polish nobility, as well as granting nearly full freedom of worship and religion - only the prohibition of abjuring from Catholicism was maintained. Under the enlightened king <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> (1764–95), the Calvinists quickly began to rebuild themselves from ruins. New churches in Poznań, Piaski etc. were constructed. In the capital Warsaw, a new congregation organised itself and erected a new church (1776). This congregation had a multicultural outlook, as apart from Polish nobles it consisted of merchants of Scottish, English, Swiss, <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a>, Dutch and German origin. Services were held in Polish, German and French. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Church organisation also consolidated and in 1777, in the Lesser Poland's congregation of Sielec, a union was signed between the Polish Reformed and Lutherans, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Sandomir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Sandomir (page does not exist)">Union of Sandomir</a> was once again reaffirmed. A common consistory was established with six members, in equal number from the Calvinists and Lutherans, two being clergy, two being burghers and two being nobles. Though this union was short-lived (dissolved in 1782), the Protestants in Poland continued to grow and expand, especially in Warsaw, whose congregation soon overshadowed any other church centre. This optimistic period was cut short by the three <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> by Prussia, Russia and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a> (1772, 1793, 1795) which led to the disappearance of Poland for over a century from the map of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Polish_Reformed_without_Poland_(1795–1918)"><span id="The_Polish_Reformed_without_Poland_.281795.E2.80.931918.29"></span>The Polish Reformed without Poland (1795–1918)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Polish Reformed without Poland (1795–1918)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings were not easy. The Greater Poland Brethren was incorporated in 1817 to the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church in Prussia">Evangelical Union Church</a> as a separate district (Kirchenprovinz Posen, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province#Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" title="Ecclesiastical province">ecclesiastical province</a> of Posen) but without any <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>. Between 1829 and 1853, Bishop Carl Andreas Wilhelm Freymark (1785–1855) led the Posen ecclesiastical province as general superintendent.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under constant pressure from the Prussian government by the mid-19th century, the United Church abandoned Polish in its <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> and most of the old Calvinist nobles chose to convert to Catholicism rather than to become Germans. In Austria too, the parishes were incorporated to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Church_of_Augsburg_and_Helvetian_Confession_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Church of Augsburg and Helvetian Confession in Austria (page does not exist)">Evangelical Church of Augsburg and Helvetian Confession in Austria</a>, but forming a seniorate of its own separate from those for the Lutherans. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the 19th century the number of Polish Reformed parishes shrank from 4 to just one in Kraków. There, the Calvinists shared the parish with Lutherans, and these became so dominant that from 1828, only Lutheran pastors were called to the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a>, though a handful of Calvinists survived. </p><p>Polish Calvinism was maintained in land taken by Russia. The Warsaw congregation led by outstanding members dominated the rump Lesser Poland Brethren and became a leader of the denomination. The Lithuanian Brethren maintained its synodal structure and Polish outlook, and in the beginning of the 19th century erected a monumental church in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The number of Reformed were growing too: in 1803, a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> of Czech settlers founded a town and congregation of <a href="/wiki/Zel%C3%B3w" title="Zelów">Zelów</a>. Under the energetic <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">Superintendent</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karol_Diehl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karol Diehl (page does not exist)">Karol Diehl</a> (who died in 1831) in 1829 another administrative union was signed with Lutherans. The predominance of the more numerous Lutherans in the new consistory of the Calvinists, as well as the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a> in 1830 led the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicolas_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicolas I of Russia">Tsar Nicolas I of Russia</a> to dissolve the Union in 1849. Under the new decree separate Lutheran and Reformed churches were formed. The Lesser Poland Brethren was dissolved its six parishes merged into one (in Sielec) and now put under the charge of the Consistory in Warsaw. This new church was called (unofficially) the Warsaw Brethren. The Lithuanian Brethren was spared dissolution, though its schools were taken away by the Russian state. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rest of the 19th century saw a slow growth of the Reformed movement in Poland, though proportionally to the rest of the Polish population their percentage declined. New congregations were established in <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> (1852), <a href="/wiki/Seirijai" title="Seirijai">Seirijai</a> (1852), <a href="/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a> (1852). The Czechs from Zelów migrated to other parts of Poland and there they formed new congregations: in Kuców (1852), Żyrardów (1852) and <a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> (1904). Despite severe Russian repression after the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> (1863) in which many Reformed nobles were implicated and active, the church remained Polish and slowly absorbed and Polonised new immigrant groups that settled in the country. The growth of the church would have been more impressive, had it not suffered from an acute shortage of ministers: for example in the 1880 there were just 5 pastors serving 10 congregations. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Things were not going so well for the Lithuanian Brethren. Its estates were confiscated in 1841 and after 1866 the church was forced to conduct its administrative business and synods in Russian. The number of congregations went down to 12, though 2 new were founded in the course of the 19th century by Czech settlers from Zelów. The church managed to avoid any nationalistic conflict between its Lithuanian peasant members and the still predominant Polish nobles. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the beginning of the 20th century, a number of Polish Calvinists from <a href="/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w" title="Żyrardów">Żyrardów</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuc%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuców (page does not exist)">Kuców</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zel%C3%B3w" title="Zelów">Zelów</a> emigrated to the United States and in 1915, a Polish <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> parish was formed in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>; this parish existed until 1941. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_Poland_(1918–39)"><span id="Independent_Poland_.281918.E2.80.9339.29"></span>Independent Poland (1918–39)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent Poland (1918–39)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:371px;max-width:371px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Congregations (examples)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg/121px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg/182px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg/242px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Warszawie_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1671" data-file-height="2377" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Parish,_Warsaw" title="Evangelical Reformed Parish, Warsaw">Warsaw</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_(1803).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_%281803%29.jpg/135px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_%281803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_%281803%29.jpg/203px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_%281803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_%281803%29.jpg/270px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangielicko-reformowany_w_Zelowie_%281803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1926" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Zel%C3%B3w" title="Zelów">Zelów</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:172px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg/103px-2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg/155px-2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg/206px-2016_Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_ewangelicko-reformowany_w_Pstr%C4%85%C5%BCnej_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="3711" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Kudowa-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Kudowa-Zdrój">Pstrążna</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Immediately after Poland regained its independence, both the Warsaw and Lithuanian Brethren expressed joy at the occasion and a desire to unite into one church. In 1918, the Warsaw Brethren allowed women full voting rights in church assemblies, congregations and synods. Until the 1930s both churches grew rapidly. The Warsaw Brethren organised new congregations in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, Poznań, <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> (today Lviv in Ukraine) and Kraków. Due to missionary activity, a few thousands of Ukrainians were converted to Calvinism from Eastern Orthodoxy and organised into a semi-independent synod within the Warsaw Brethren. In 1926, the church started to publish a two-weekly church newspaper "Jednota" (Brethren) which still exists today. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Lithuanian Brethren suffered huge loses, when the Lithuanian parishes formed themselves into a separate church in independent Lithuania, as well as they lost to Soviet Russia the old church centres such as Słuck, <a href="/wiki/Kojdan%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Kojdanów">Kojdanów</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> etc. The Brethren, now left with only 4 congregations (Wilno, Izabellin, Niepokojczyce, Michajłówka) rebuilt itself by incorporating Polish Anglicans (mainly converts from Judaism) into a separate synod, as well as by mission to <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>. Despite repeated attempt to unite themselves, the two churches remained separate, and in the 1930s even hostile after the Wilno Consistory engaged itself into a lucrative yet dubious business of granting easy divorces. Union talks were resumed in 1939 but were interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By 1939, the Warsaw Brethren had over 20,000 members, and the Lithuanian Brethren ca. 5,000 members. Apart from these two churches, the <a href="/wiki/United_Evangelical_Church_in_Poland" title="United Evangelical Church in Poland">United Evangelical Church in Poland</a> (Kościół Ewangelicko-Unijny w Polsce), which had assumed independence from the Church of the old-Prussian Union, had ca. 3,000 Calvinists, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Church_of_Augsburg_and_Helvetian_Confession_in_Lesser_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Church of Augsburg and Helvetian Confession in Lesser Poland (page does not exist)">Evangelical Church of Augsburg and Helvetian Confession in Lesser Poland</a> (Kościoł Ewangelicki Augsburskiego i Helweckiego Wyznania w Małopolsce), having emerged from the Polish part of the old united Austrian Church, had ca. 2,000,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus bringing the total number of Reformed in Poland to ca. 30,000 members. These included Poles of Polish, Czech, Lithuanian, German, Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Jewish backgrounds. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_persecution_(1939–45)"><span id="World_War_II_persecution_.281939.E2.80.9345.29"></span>World War II persecution (1939–45)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II persecution (1939–45)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> and on 17 September, so did the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. After a desperate fight, Poland was occupied by Russia and Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">government went into exile</a> by the end of the month. Both the Nazis and Soviets instigated a true reign of terror in the conquered territory. These measures affected the Reformed denominations. In the Nazi sector the entire Anglican Synod of the Wilno Brethren (ca. 1000 members) was wiped out. In Łódź, the pastor was first forbidden to preach in Polish. When he started to do so in Czech, was arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> after the Christmas Eve service in 1940, deported to the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> where he was murdered. The congregation was suppressed and services ceased. The same happened to congregations in Toruń, Poznań and Lublin. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Warsaw parish survived under the leadership of General Superintendent Stefan Skierski, but, following the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a>, it was dispersed. Deportations, executions and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labor</a> decimated the church. Persecution persisted under the Soviet Union, with the Ukrainian Protestant population subject to deportations and nearly completely wiped out. The Wilno congregation was first subjected to the Lithuanian synod, and then Polish services were ordered to cease. The nobility and <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> were hunted down and either executed or deported to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. By 1945 the Wilno Brethren ceased to exist. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Communist_regime_(1945–89)"><span id="Under_Communist_regime_.281945.E2.80.9389.29"></span>Under Communist regime (1945–89)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under Communist regime (1945–89)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It took the Polish Reformed two years before they met in a Synod (1947). The old Rev. Skierski was chosen again as superintendent but he died exhausted and broken by the atrocities of the war. The situation of the church was dramatic: only three ministers were in Poland; the churches in present-day Lithuania and Belarus were lost to Soviets; the church in Sielec, and Tabor were seized as "German" by the Catholic population; Warsaw was completely <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Warsaw" title="Destruction of Warsaw">destroyed by the Germans</a>, although the church managed to survive. </p><p>The number of members was estimated to be at 5000, or nearly 1/6 the 1939 number. Still, it was dropping even more, as the German and Czech Calvinists were emigrating from Poland. Old Calvinist churches in West Poland were taken over by the Catholics who refused to give them back; the lack of pastors was acute till the end of the 1950s. Some Polish Reformed stayed in the West rather than come back to a Communist regime and formed the London Reformed Polish Church, that existed till 1991. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikolaj_Wysocki" title="Mikolaj Wysocki">Mikolaj Wysocki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.pl/files/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5515/1/18/1/maly_rocznik_statystyczny_polski__2017_r.pdf"><i>Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warsaw: Central Statistical Office. 2017. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1640-3630">1640-3630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Statistical+Yearbook+of+Poland&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=Central+Statistical+Office&rft.date=2017&rft.issn=1640-3630&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Ffiles%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5515%2F1%2F18%2F1%2Fmaly_rocznik_statystyczny_polski__2017_r.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stat.gov.pl/download/gfx/portalinformacyjny/pl/defaultaktualnosci/5500/5/1/1/oz_wyznania_religijne_stow_nar_i_etn_w_pol_2012-2014.pdf"><i>Wyznania religijne w Polsce 2012-2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Warszawa: Główny Urząd Statystyczny. 2016. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788370276126" title="Special:BookSources/9788370276126"><bdi>9788370276126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wyznania+religijne+w+Polsce+2012-2014&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788370276126&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fdownload%2Fgfx%2Fportalinformacyjny%2Fpl%2Fdefaultaktualnosci%2F5500%2F5%2F1%2F1%2Foz_wyznania_religijne_stow_nar_i_etn_w_pol_2012-2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/1139984/poland-religious-affiliation/">Statista website, <i>Poland: Religious Affiliation</i>, retrieved 2023-12-12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/poland/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions">European Commission website, Eurydice section, <i>Poland</i>, retrieved 2023-12-19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRykała2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rykała, Andrzej (2009). Heffner, Krystian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11089/3783">"Origin and geopolitical determinants of Protestantism in Poland in relation to its modern spatial range"</a>. <i>Region and Regionalism</i>. Historical regions divided by the borders. Cultural heritage and multicultural cities. <b>9</b> (2). University of Łódź, Silesian Institute in Opole, Silesian Institute Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Region+and+Regionalism&rft.atitle=Origin+and+geopolitical+determinants+of+Protestantism+in+Poland+in+relation+to+its+modern+spatial+range&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ryka%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F11089%2F3783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolish+Reformed+Church" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-J-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-J_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4146600?seq=4">JStor website, <i>Protestant Solidarity in the Eighteenth Century: Relief Efforts of the Walloons for the Polish Reformed Churches</i> by Kazimierz Bem, page 93, published in Church History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (March 2004)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midamerica.edu/uploads/files//pdf/journal/01dejong199281.pdf">Mid-America Reformed Seminary website, <i>A Reformation Without Deep Roots</i>, by Peter Y. De Jong (1992), page 45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/yes-there-are-polish-protestants">Polish Culture website, <i>Yes! There are Polish Protestants</i>, article by Zachary Mazur, dated February 25, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rcl/11-3_295.pdf">Bible Studies UK website, <i>Polish Protestants: Ecumenism in a Dual Diaspora</i> by Paul Keim, page 301</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.placefortruth.org/blog/jan-laski-the-polish-reformer">Place For Truth website, <i>Jan Laski - The Polish Reformer</i>, article by Simonetta Carr, dated January 28, 2020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/mikalojus-radvila-rudasis/">Visuotine Lietuviu Enciklopedia website, <i>Mikalojus Radvila Rudasis</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unitarian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/1910_significance.pdf">Unitarian website, <i>The Story and Significance of the Unitarian Movement</i> by W. G. Tarrant (195=47), page 64</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/the-polish-brethren-the-first-reformed-peace-church-polands-first-banned-religion">Polish Culture website, <i>The Polish Brethren: The First Reformed Peace Church & Poland’s First Banned Religion</i>, article by Adrian Sobolewski, dated September 10, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://russiaglobal.omeka.fas.harvard.edu/items/show/7">Harvard University website, <i>Russia in Global Perspective</i> section, <i>Partitions of Poland (part 2)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baza-nazwisk.de/erw-suche.php?data=40844&hits=1718&ds=457&title=Freymark,%20Karl">"Freymark, Karl"</a>, on: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baza-nazwisk.de/"><i>Baza osób polskich - polnische Personendatenbank</i></a>, retrieved on 6 May 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Lesser Polish Reformed Protestants were organised in four congregations. Cf. Małgorzata Kośka: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/pomoce/AKEAH427.xml">"Akta Gmin Kościoła Ewangelickiego Augsburskiego i Helweckiego Wyznania 1786 — 1939"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110817004429/http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/pomoce/AKEAH427.xml">Archived</a> 2011-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/">Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych w Warszawie (AGAD; Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417201916/http://www.agad.archiwa.gov.pl/">Archived</a> 2012-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; retrieved on 6 May 2012.</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Reformed_Church&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformowani.pl/">Official website of the Polish Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lodz.reformowani.net.pl/">Official website of the parish in Łódź</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poznan.reformowani.net.pl/">Official website of the church in Poznan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wroclawref.blox.pl/">Official website of the church in Wroclaw</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040818190455/http://www.reformowani.pl/zychlin/">Official website of the 16th century parish in Zychlin</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_religions_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Poland" title="Template:Religion in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Poland" title="Template talk:Religion in Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_religions_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">religions of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Catholic Church in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl%E2%80%93Warsaw" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw">Ukrainian Catholic Archdiocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodzima_Wiara" title="Rodzima Wiara">Rodzima Wiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Polish_Church" title="Native Polish Church">Native Polish Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Catholic_Church_in_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Polish-Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland">Polish-Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Old Catholic Church in Poland">Old Catholic Church in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polish Reformed Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical-Augsburg Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariavite_Church" title="Catholic Mariavite Church">Catholic Mariavite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariavite_Church" title="Mariavite Church">Old Catholic Mariavite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Christian_Church_of_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Baptist Christian Church of the Republic of Poland">Baptist Christian Church of the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Poland" title="Islam in Poland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Not state-recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Poland" title="Hinduism in Poland">Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Poland" title="Irreligion in Poland">Irreligion in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Poland" title="Protestantism in Poland">Protestantism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith_in_Poland" title="Slavic Native Faith in Poland">Slavic Native Faith in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity_in_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_in_Poland" title="Template:Christianity in Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Christianity_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Christianity in Poland (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_in_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity in Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_in_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Polish Orthodox Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl%E2%80%93Warsaw" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of Przemyśl–Warsaw">Przemyśl–Warsaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Wroc%C5%82aw%E2%80%93Koszalin" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Wrocław–Koszalin">Wrocław–Koszalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Olsztyn%E2%80%93Gda%C5%84sk" title="Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Olsztyn–Gdańsk">Olsztyn–Gdańsk</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Catholic Church in Poland">Roman Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Catholic">Old Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish-Catholic_Church_in_the_Republic_of_Poland" title="Polish-Catholic Church in the Republic of Poland">Polish Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent</a><sup id="cite_ref-note_n1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariavite_Church" title="Catholic Mariavite Church">Catholic Mariavite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariavite_Church" title="Mariavite Church">Mariavite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Old Catholic Church in Poland">Old Catholic Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Poland" title="Protestantism in Poland">Main article</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Poland">Baptist Union of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Nazarene_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of the Nazarene in Poland (page does not exist)">Church of the Nazarene in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Wesleyan_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Wesleyan Church (page does not exist)">Polish Wesleyan Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Restorationist">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Poland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Poland">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdenominational<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Alliance_in_the_Republic_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Alliance in the Republic of Poland (page does not exist)">Evangelical Alliance in the Republic of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Ecumenical_Council" title="Polish Ecumenical Council">Polish Ecumenical Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Utrecht_(Old_Catholic)" title="Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic)">Union of Utrecht</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_n1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n1_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not in <a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">communion</a> with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communion_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe_member_churches" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CPCE" title="Template:CPCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:CPCE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:CPCE (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CPCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CPCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communion_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe_member_churches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communion_of_Protestant_Churches_in_Europe" title="Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe">Communion of Protestant Churches in Europe</a> member churches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<sup id="cite_ref-note_n0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_n0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />"Federations"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Protestant_Churches_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine">Alsace and<br />Lorraine</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(0.25 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Alsace_and_Lorraine" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine">Reformed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Germany</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(19.2 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="United churches">United</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(8.1 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Anhalt" title="Protestant Church of Anhalt">Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Baden" title="Protestant Church in Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Berlin,_Brandenburg_and_Silesian_Upper_Lusatia" title="Evangelical Church in Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia">Berlin, Brandenburg and Silesian Upper Lusatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Bremen" title="Evangelical Church of Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Central_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Central Germany">Central Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Hesse_Electorate-Waldeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Hesse Electorate-Waldeck">Hesse Electorate-Waldeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Hesse_and_Nassau" title="Protestant Church in Hesse and Nassau">Hesse and Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Palatinate" title="Evangelical Church of the Palatinate">Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_the_Rhineland" title="Evangelical Church in the Rhineland">Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Westphalia" title="Evangelical Church of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(10.8 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Bavaria" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Brunswick" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_of_Hanover" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Oldenburg" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_of_Saxony" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church in Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(0.3 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Lippe" title="Church of Lippe">Church of Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Switzerland" title="Protestant Church of Switzerland">Switzerland</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(2.4 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reformed" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_of_Aargau" title="Reformed Church of Aargau">Aargau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_Appenzell" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of Appenzell">Appenzell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_Basel-Landschaft" title="Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton Basel-Landschaft">Basel-Landschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_Basel-Stadt" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton Basel-Stadt">Basel-Stadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_of_the_Canton_Bern-Jura-Solothurn" title="Reformed Churches of the Canton Bern-Jura-Solothurn">Bern-Jura-Solothurn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_Freiburg" title="Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Geneva" title="Protestant Church of Geneva">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Glarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton of Glarus (page does not exist)">Glarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-Reformierte_Landeskirche_des_Kantons_Glarus" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-Reformierte Landeskirche des Kantons Glarus">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_Graub%C3%BCnden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of Graubünden (page does not exist)">Graubünden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-reformierte_Landeskirche_Graub%C3%BCnden" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-reformierte Landeskirche Graubünden">de</a>; <a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baselgia_evangelica_refuormada_dal_Grischun" class="extiw" title="rm:Baselgia evangelica refuormada dal Grischun">rm</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reformed Church of the Canton of Neuchâtel (page does not exist)">Neuchâtel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_r%C3%A9form%C3%A9e_%C3%A9vang%C3%A9lique_du_canton_de_Neuch%C3%A2tel" class="extiw" title="fr:Église réformée évangélique du canton de Neuchâtel">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_Nidwalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of Nidwalen (page does not exist)">Nidwalen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-Reformierte_Kirche_Nidwalden" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-Reformierte Kirche Nidwalden">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Evangelical-Reformed_Churches_in_the_Canton_of_Obwalden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association of Evangelical-Reformed Churches in the Canton of Obwalden (page does not exist)">Obwalden</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verband_der_evangelisch-reformierten_Kirchgemeinden_des_Kantons_Obwalden" class="extiw" title="de:Verband der evangelisch-reformierten Kirchgemeinden des Kantons Obwalden">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_St._Gallen" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangalical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Schaffhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangalical-Reformed Church of the Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Schwyz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton of Schwyz (page does not exist)">Schwyz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-reformierte_Kantonalkirche_Schwyz" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-reformierte Kantonalkirche Schwyz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Solothurn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton of Solothurn (page does not exist)">Solothurn</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-Reformierte_Kirche_im_Kanton_Solothurn" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-Reformierte Kirche im Kanton Solothurn">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical_Reformed_Church_of_Ticino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical Reformed Church of Ticino (page does not exist)">Ticino</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiesa_evangelica_riformata_nel_Ticino" class="extiw" title="de:Chiesa evangelica riformata nel Ticino">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Thurgau" title="Evangelical Church of the Canton of Thurgau">Thurgau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_Uri" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of Uri">Uri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Vaud" title="Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Vaud">Vaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Valais" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Valais">Valais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" title="Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evangelical-Reformed_Church_of_the_Canton_of_Zug&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evangelical-Reformed Church of the Canton of Zug (page does not exist)">Zug</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisch-reformierte_Kirchgemeinde_des_Kantons_Zug" class="extiw" title="de:Evangelisch-reformierte Kirchgemeinde des Kantons Zug">de</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="United churches">United</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1.94 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church_in_Belgium" title="United Protestant Church in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Czech_Brethren" title="Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church_of_France" title="United Protestant Church of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Methodist_and_Waldensian_Churches" title="Union of Methodist and Waldensian Churches">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Liechtenstein" title="Evangelical Church in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_Luxembourg" title="Protestant Church of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_the_Netherlands" title="Protestant Church in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Evangelical_Church" title="Spanish Evangelical Church">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(8.6 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Austria" title="Protestant Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_the_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Evangelical Church in the Republic of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession" title="Silesian Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church" title="Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_Kazakhstan_and_Central_Asia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_in_Hungary" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Iceland" title="Church of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_Ireland" title="Lutheran Church in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Italy" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li>Latvia <ul><li>German Lutheran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_Worldwide" title="Latvian Evangelical Lutheran Church Worldwide"><span style="color:Orange;">Abroad</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Lithuania" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Romania" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania">German Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Romania" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Romania">Hungarian Lutheran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_Kazakhstan_and_Central_Asia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Serbia" title="Slovak Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovakia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Slovenia" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Evangelical_Lutheran_Churches_in_Switzerland_and_the_Principality_of_Liechtenstein" title="Federation of Evangelical Lutheran Churches in Switzerland and the Principality of Liechtenstein">Switzerland</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Russia,_Ukraine,_Kazakhstan_and_Central_Asia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Central Asia">German Lutheran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(3.06 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Austria" title="Reformed Church in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian_Church_in_Croatia" title="Reformed Christian Church in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Brethren_(Czech_Republic)" title="Church of the Brethren (Czech Republic)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Synod_of_Denmark" title="Reformed Synod of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church" title="Greek Evangelical Church">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Hungary" title="Reformed Church in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Evangelical_Reformed_Church" title="Lithuanian Evangelical Reformed Church">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Church_of_Luxembourg" title="Protestant Reformed Church of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_Portugal" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania" title="Reformed Church in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li>Scotland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian_Church_in_Serbia" title="Reformed Christian Church in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian_Church_in_Slovakia" title="Reformed Christian Church in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Sub-Carpathia/_Reformed_Church_in_Transcarpathia" title="Reformed Church in Sub-Carpathia/ Reformed Church in Transcarpathia">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(12.23 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_in_Ireland" title="Methodist Church in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church"><span style="color:Orange;">United Methodist Church</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(1 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Hussite_Church" title="Czechoslovak Hussite Church">Czechoslovak Hussite Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church"><span style="color:Orange;">Moravian Church</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remonstrants" title="Remonstrants">Remonstrant Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Europe<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(0.04 million)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_River_Plate" title="Evangelical Church of the River Plate">United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches_in_Argentina" title="Reformed Churches in Argentina">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_in_Argentina" title="Evangelical Methodist Church in Argentina">Methodist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Ecuador" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensian_Evangelical_Church_of_the_River_Plate" title="Waldensian Evangelical Church of the River Plate">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Sweden" title="Uniting Church in Sweden">Uniting Church in Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Latvia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_n0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_n0_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Those are legal umbrella bodies which represent their member churches before the national government. They encompass multiple individual autonomous churches of differnet traditions which are themselves members of the CPCE.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><span style="color:Orange;">International churches</span> </p> <div class="reflist"> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209974#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209974#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209974#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121891031">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/161991533">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009093728">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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