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aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-化学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>化学</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化学-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关化学子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-化学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-组成元素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#组成元素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>组成元素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-组成元素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成条件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成条件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>形成条件</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形成条件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元素替换" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元素替换"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>元素替换</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元素替换-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-配位结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#配位结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>配位结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-配位结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构转化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构转化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>结构转化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-结构转化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-礦物和岩石的區別" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#礦物和岩石的區別"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>礦物和岩石的區別</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-礦物和岩石的區別-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-礦物分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#礦物分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>礦物分類</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-礦物分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-物理性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>物理性質</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-物理性質-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关物理性質子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-物理性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-晶體結構及晶體慣態" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晶體結構及晶體慣態"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>晶體結構及晶體慣態</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-晶體結構及晶體慣態-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-硬度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#硬度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>硬度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-硬度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-光泽和透明度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光泽和透明度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>光泽和透明度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光泽和透明度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-比重" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#比重"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>比重</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-比重-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-條痕" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#條痕"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>條痕</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-條痕-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>其他特性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關類別" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關類別"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>相關類別</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關類別-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-腳註" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#腳註"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>腳註</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-腳註-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">礦物</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。139种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="খনিজ পদাৰ্থ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খনিজ পদাৰ্থ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="معدنی ماده – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معدنی ماده" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals" title="Minerals – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Minerals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінерал – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінерал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінэрал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінэрал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="খনিজ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খনিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maenad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99_%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85" title="ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کانزایی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minerál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwyn" title="Mwyn – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Ορυκτό – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορυκτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo" title="Mineralo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mineralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کانی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraali" title="Mineraali – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mineraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minéral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianra" title="Mianra – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mianra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Minéral" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27ehekove%27%E1%BB%B9va" title="Mba'ehekove'ỹva – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'ehekove'ỹva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="מינרל – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינרל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sv%C3%A1ny_(anyag)" title="Ásvány (anyag) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ásvány (anyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Միներալ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միներալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo" title="Mineralo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mineralo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steind" title="Steind – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9" title="鉱物 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉱物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaral" title="Minaral – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Minaral" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მინერალები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინერალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8A" title="Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C" title="ಖನಿಜ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖನಿಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC" title="광물 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraj" title="Mineraj – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mineraj" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ແຮ່ທາດ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຮ່ທາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralas" title="Mineralas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mineralas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C4%81ls" title="Minerāls – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minerāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraly" title="Mineraly – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mineraly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ധാതു – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ധാതു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Эрдэс – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрдэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်း – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal_(geologie)" title="Mineraal (geologie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mineraal (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Minerau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਖਣਿਜ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਣਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera%C5%82" title="Minerał – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minerał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معدنیات – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معدنیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="منرال – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منرال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqlla" title="Qiqlla – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qiqlla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralu" title="Mineralu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mineralu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Мінералы – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мінералы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="खानिजः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खानिजः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minirali" title="Minirali – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Minirali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeneral" title="Meeneral – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Meeneral" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C9%A3uz" title="Amɣuz – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amɣuz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2" title="ඛනිජ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඛනිජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minerál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchegwa" title="Muchegwa – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muchegwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdan" title="Macdan – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macdan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madini" title="Madini – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/si%27elac" title="si'elac – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="si'elac" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனிமம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bblbaliq" title="bblbaliq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bblbaliq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕನಿಜೊ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕನಿಜೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="ఖనిజం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖనిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="แร่ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แร่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінерал – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінерал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Khoáng vật – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoáng vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimbiwa" title="Izimbiwa – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izimbiwa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מינעראל – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינעראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvangvuz" title="Gvangvuz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gvangvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2ng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khòng-bu̍t – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMbiwa" title="IMbiwa – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMbiwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">礦物質</a></b>。</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_minerals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/250px-Different_minerals.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/375px-Different_minerals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Different_minerals.jpg/500px-Different_minerals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>各式的礦物</figcaption></figure> <p><b>礦物</b>是指在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="地质作用">地质作用</a>下天然形成的結晶狀<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E5%87%80%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="纯净物">纯净物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%B4%A8" title="单质">单质</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>）。绝对的纯净物是不存在的，所以这里的纯净物是指物质<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>相对单一的物质。矿物是组成<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">岩石</a>的基础（像<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石">方解石</a>都是常见的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="造岩矿物">造岩矿物</a>），但礦物和岩石不同，礦物可以用其化學式表示，而岩石是由許多礦物及非礦物所合成，沒有一定的化學式。 </p><p>礦物多半是非生物產生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="无机化合物">无机化合物</a>，一般为固体，具有有序的原子結構，但也有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="液态">液态</a>的矿物，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞</a>（水銀）。有關礦物的精確定義尚有爭議，有爭議的是非生物產生，以及有序原子結構這二個條件。像<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="褐鐵礦">褐鐵礦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="黑曜岩">黑曜岩</a>等類似礦物，但沒有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%99%B6%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="结晶性">結晶性</a>的物質，會稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%86%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="准矿物">準礦物</a>。 </p><p>研究礦物的自然科學稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="礦物學">礦物學</a>。世界上<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="完整礦物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of minerals (complete)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8C%E6%95%B4%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="完整礦物列表（页面不存在）">已知的礦物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minerals_(complete)" class="extiw" title="en:List of minerals (complete)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of minerals (complete)</span></a></span>）</span></span>超過5300種，其中5,070種已由<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="国际矿物学学会">国际矿物学学会</a>（IMA）批准過。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中有超過75%是由矽和氧組成，因此許多的矿物是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="硅酸盐矿物">硅酸盐矿物</a>。礦物可以依其<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="物理性质">物理性質</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="化学性质">化學性質</a>區分，可以依其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%88%90%E4%BB%BD" title="化學成份">化學成份</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶體結構</a>分為幾類，而在礦物形成時的溫度壓力等因素會影響其中一些性質。岩石所在的溫度、壓力及其主成份的變化，都會影響其中的礦物。也有可能礦物的主成份不變，但其中的礦物因溫度壓力改變而變化。 </p><p>礦物可以用許多的物理性質來描述，而這些性質也和其化學結構及組成有關。常見的礦物物理性質有晶體結構及<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E6%83%AF%E6%80%81" title="晶体惯态">晶体惯态</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摩氏硬度">硬度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%BE%A4_(%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="光澤 (礦物學)">光澤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="透明度">透明度</a>、顏色、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E7%97%95" title="條痕">條痕</a>、韌性、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E7%90%86" title="解理">解理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AD%E5%8F%A3" title="断口">斷口</a>、裂理（parting）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8D" title="比重">比重</a>。進一步的特性包括對酸的反應、磁性、氣味或味道，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>。 </p><p>礦物可以依其主要化學成份分類，最主要的兩種分類系統分別是Strunz礦物分類及Dana礦物分類。矽酸鹽可以依其化學結構的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%B3%AA%E5%A4%9A%E6%99%B6%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="同質多晶形性">同質多晶形性</a>再細分為六小類。所有的矽酸鹽都有[SiO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>的矽酸根四面體，是一個矽原子和四個氧原子以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94" title="四面體">四面體</a>的方式鍵結。矽酸鹽又可以分為原矽酸鹽（orthosilicates，矽酸根沒有聚合）、二矽酸鹽（disilicates，二個矽酸根互相聚合）、环状硅酸盐（cyclosilicates，環狀的矽酸根）、链状硅酸盐（inosilicates，鏈狀的矽酸根）、层状硅酸盐（phyllosilicates，層狀的矽酸根）及網矽酸鹽（tectosilicates，三維的矽酸根結構）。其他重要的礦物分類有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="自然元素矿物">自然元素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="硫化物矿物">硫化物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物矿物">氧化物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="卤化物矿物">鹵化物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="碳酸鹽礦物">碳酸鹽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="硫酸盐矿物">硫酸鹽</a>、<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="磷酸鹽礦物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sulfate minerals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="磷酸鹽礦物">磷酸鹽</a></span></span>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化学"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6"></span>化学</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：化学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="组成元素"><span id=".E7.BB.84.E6.88.90.E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0"></span>组成元素</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：组成元素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>矿物的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a>和多样性由所含<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化学元素</a>控制，进而取决于地球中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">元素</a>的丰度。观察到的大多数矿物质都来自<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>。由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中含量丰富的八种元素占据了矿物的大部分关键成分。这八种元素合计占地壳重量的 98% 以上，按照<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a>递减的顺序排列为：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">硅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">铁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">镁</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">钠</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">钾</a>。氧和硅是迄今为止最重要的两种——氧占地壳重量的 47%，硅占 28%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="形成条件"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.88.90.E6.9D.A1.E4.BB.B6"></span>形成条件</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：形成条件"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>形成的矿物是那些在形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%BC%BA" title="压强">压力</a>下最稳定的矿物，在母体的本体化学所施加的限制内<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。例如，在大多数<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">火成岩</a>中，存在的铝和碱金属（钠和钾）主要与氧、硅和钙结合形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a>矿物。 </p><p>然而，如果岩石中碱金属含量异常丰富，则不会有足够的铝与所有钠结合成长石，过量的钠会形成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%A0%E9%97%AA%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钠闪石（页面不存在）">钠闪石</a>（Riebeckite）。如果<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>丰度异常高，多余的铝就会形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%9B%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="白雲母">白云母</a>或其他富铝矿物<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。如果缺乏硅，部分长石将被长石矿物替代<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。精确预测在特定温度和压力下形成的特定成分的岩石中将存在哪些矿物需要复杂的热力学计算。然而，可以使用相对简单的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="經驗法則">经验法则</a>进行近似估计，例如 <a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="標準礦物學">CIPW 范数</a>，它对干<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%BC%BF" title="岩漿">岩浆</a>形成的火山岩给出了合理的估计<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%BA%B6%E4%BD%93" title="固溶体">固溶体</a>系列的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AB%AF%E5%85%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="端元（页面不存在）">端元</a>种类之间的化学成分可能有所不同。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="斜长石">斜长石</a>包括从富<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">钠</a>端元钠<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a> (NaAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) 到富<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="钙长石">钙长石</a> (CaAl<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) 的连续系列，其中有四个公认的中间品种（按从富<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">钠</a>到富<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">钙</a>的顺序给出）： <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="奥长石">奥长石</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="中長石">中长石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="拉長石">拉长石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%8D%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="倍长石">倍长石</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。系列的其他例子包括富镁<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%82%E6%A9%84%E6%AC%96%E7%9F%B3" title="鎂橄欖石">镁橄榄石</a>和富铁<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="铁橄榄石">铁橄榄石</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="橄榄石">橄榄石</a>系列，以及富<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">锰</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%89%E9%94%B0%E7%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辉锰矿（页面不存在）">辉锰矿</a>（Hübnerite）和富铁<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%81%E9%94%B0%E7%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铁锰矿（页面不存在）">铁锰矿</a>（Ferberite）的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%92%A8%E7%9F%BF" title="黑钨矿">黑钨矿</a>系列<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="元素替换"><span id=".E5.85.83.E7.B4.A0.E6.9B.BF.E6.8D.A2"></span>元素替换</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：元素替换"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在自然界中，矿物质不是纯物质，并且会受到化学系统中存在的其他元素的污染；化学取代和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="配位多面体（页面不存在）">配位多面体</a>解释了矿物的这一共同特征。一种元素可以替换另一种元素<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>大小和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">电荷</a>相似的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a>之间会发生化学取代，例如Si<sup>4+</sup>被Al<sup>3+</sup>取代，它们在地壳中的电荷、大小和丰度都很接近。以斜长石为例，存在三种取代情况： </p><p>1、<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="长石">长石</a>均为骨架<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="硅酸盐">硅酸盐</a>，其硅氧比为2:1，其他元素的空间由Al<sup>3+</sup>取代Si<sup>4+</sup>给出，基本单元为 [AlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>]<sup>−</sup>； </p><p>2、如果没有取代，该公式将像<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>SiO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3327aacf25f8b223287c0ed07fa33e69effd008a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.802ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiO2}}}"></span>一样电荷平衡，得到<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这种结构的重要性将通过<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="配位多面体（页面不存在）">配位多面体</a>进一步解释。 </p><p>3、二次取代，第二次取代发生在Na<sup>+</sup>和Ca<sup>2+</sup> 之间；然而，必须通过用Al<sup>3+</sup>第二次取代Si<sup>4+</sup>来解决电荷差异<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>尺寸和电荷的巨大差异导致化学和结构不相容，例如K<sup>+</sup>不会取代Si<sup>4+</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="配位结构"><span id=".E9.85.8D.E4.BD.8D.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>配位结构</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：配位结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%A2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="配位多面体（页面不存在）">配位多面体</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">阳离子</a>被<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="阴离子">阴离子</a>包围的几何表示。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="矿物学">矿物学</a>中，配位多面体通常根据氧来考虑，因为它在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>中含量丰富。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%85%B8%E7%9B%90%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="硅酸盐矿物">硅酸盐矿物</a>的基本单元是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="二氧化硅">二氧化硅</a>四面体——一个Si<sup>4+</sup>被四个 O2− 包围。描述<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="矽酸鹽">硅酸盐</a>配位的另一种方式是用数字：在二氧化硅四面体的情况下，硅的配位数为 4。各种阳离子具有特定的可能配位数范围；对于硅来说，它几乎总是4，除了非常高压的矿物，在这些矿物中，化合物被压缩，使得硅与氧处于六重（八面体）配位。<b>较大的阳离子具有较大的配位数</b>，因为与氧相比，相对尺寸增加（较重原子的最后一个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93" title="原子轨道">轨道亚层</a>也不同）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E4%BD%8D%E6%95%B0" title="配位数">配位数</a>的变化会导致物理和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="矿物结构（页面不存在）">矿物结构</a>上的差异；例如，在高压下，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%B9%94" title="地幔">地幔</a>中，许多矿物，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="橄榄石">橄榄石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石">石榴石</a>等硅酸盐，将转变为<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99%E9%92%9B%E7%9F%BF_(%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84)" title="钙钛矿 (结构)">钙钛矿结构</a>，其中硅处于八面体配位。其他例子有铝硅酸盐<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝晶石">蓝晶石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%9F%B1%E7%9F%B3" title="红柱石">红柱石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%B7%9A%E7%9F%B3" title="矽線石">硅线石</a>（多晶型物，因为它们的化学式为 Al2SiO5），它们的不同之处在于Al<sup>3+</sup> 的配位数；这些矿物质随着压力和温度的变化而相互转变<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在硅酸盐材料的情况下，由于需要平衡电荷，用Al<sup>3+</sup>代替Si<sup>4+</sup>允许使用多种矿物质<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>由于 8 种最常见的元素构成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%A3%B3" title="地壳">地壳</a>的 98% 以上，因此通常存在的少量其他元素被替换为常见的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9" title="造岩矿物">造岩矿物</a>。大多数元素的独特矿物都非常稀有，只有在这些元素被地质过程（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E6%B6%B2%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="熱液系統">热液循环</a>）浓缩到无法再容纳在普通矿物中的地方才能找到<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="结构转化"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84.E8.BD.AC.E5.8C.96"></span>结构转化</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：结构转化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>温度、压力和成分的变化会改变<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3" title="岩石">岩石</a>样品的矿物结构。成分的变化可能是由<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E5%8C%96%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="风化作用">风化作用</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="交代作用">交代作用</a>等过程引起的。当主岩经历<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="构造（页面不存在）">构造</a>（Tectonics）或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%BC%BF" title="岩漿">岩浆</a>运动进入不同的物理状态时，温度和压力就会发生变化。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学">热力学</a>条件的变化有利于矿物组合相互反应生成新矿物；因此，两种岩石可能具有相同或非常相似的块体岩石化学性质，但不具有相似的矿物学。这种矿物蚀变过程与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="岩石循環">岩石循环</a>有关。一系列矿物反应的例子如下所示<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="正長石">正长石</a> (KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>) 是一种常见于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%B4%97%E5%B2%A9" title="花崗岩">花岗岩</a>（一种<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="深成岩">深成岩</a>&<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%88%90%E5%B2%A9" title="火成岩">岩浆岩</a>）中的矿物。当暴露于风化时，它会反应形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B2%AD%E5%9C%9F" title="高岭土">高岭土</a>（Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub>，一种沉积矿物和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E9%85%B8" title="硅酸">硅酸</a>）： </p><p>2 KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> + 5 H<sub>2</sub>O + 2 H<sup>+</sup> → Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub> + 2 K<sup>+</sup> </p><p>在低级变质条件下，<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B2%AD%E5%9C%9F" title="高岭土">高岭土</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>反应形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%9C%A1%E7%9F%B3" title="叶蜡石">叶腊石</a>(Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>): </p><p>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>(OH)<sub>4</sub> + SiO<sub>2</sub> → Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O </p><p>随着变质程度的增加，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E8%9C%A1%E7%9F%B3" title="叶蜡石">叶腊石</a>反应形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝晶石">蓝晶石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>： </p><p>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub> → Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub> + 3 SiO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O </p><p>或者，矿物可能会因温度和压力的变化而改变其晶体结构，但不会发生反应。例如，石英会在高温下转变为各种SiO2<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="同质异形体">多晶型物</a>，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B3%9E%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鳞石英（页面不存在）">鳞石英</a>（Tridymite）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方石英（页面不存在）">方石英</a>（Cristobalite），在高压下转变为<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="柯石英">柯石英</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="礦物和岩石的區別"><span id=".E7.A4.A6.E7.89.A9.E5.92.8C.E5.B2.A9.E7.9F.B3.E7.9A.84.E5.8D.80.E5.88.A5"></span>礦物和岩石的區別</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：礦物和岩石的區別"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>礦物是自然形成的純物質或化合物，化學成份組成變化不大，有結晶結構。岩石是一或多種礦物的聚合體，化學成份不定，通常無結晶結構。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="礦物分類"><span id=".E7.A4.A6.E7.89.A9.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>礦物分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：礦物分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Strunz礦物分類（9大分類）</li></ul> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="元素">元素</a>（Elements）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="硫化物">硫化物</a>（Sulphides）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="卤化物">鹵化物</a>（Halides）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="氢氧化物">氫氧化物</a>（Oxides & Hydroxides）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="硝酸鹽">硝酸鹽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="碳酸鹽">碳酸鹽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="硼酸鹽">硼酸鹽</a>（Nitrates, Carbonates & Borates）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="硫酸鹽">硫酸鹽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻酸鹽">鉻酸鹽</a>、鉬酸鹽（Sulphates, Chromates, Molybdates）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="磷酸鹽">磷酸鹽</a>、砷酸鹽、釩酸鹽（Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" title="矽酸鹽">矽酸鹽</a>（Silicates）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a>（Organic Compounds）</li></ol> <ul><li>Dana礦物分類第8版（78大分類）</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>舊Dana分類</th> <th>新Dana分類 </th></tr> <tr> <td>I.自然元素矿物（Native Elements）</td> <td>第1類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>II.硫化物（Sulfides）</td> <td>第2 & 3類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>III.氧化物和氢氧化物（Oxides and Hydroxides）</td> <td>第4, 5, 6, 7 & 8類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>IV.卤化物（Halides）</td> <td>第9, 10, 11 & 12類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>V.碳酸盐、硝酸盐、硼酸盐（Carbonates, Nitrates, Borates）</td> <td>第13, 14, 15, 16 & 17類（碳酸盐）<br />第18, 19 & 20類（硝酸盐）<br />第21, 22 & 23類（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="碘酸鹽">碘酸鹽</a>）<br />第24, 25, 26 & 27類（硼酸盐） </td></tr> <tr> <td>VI.硫酸盐、鉻酸鹽、鉬酸鹽（Sulfates, Chromates, Molybdates）</td> <td>第28, 29, 30, 31 & 32類（硫酸盐）<br />第33類（硒酸鹽及碲酸鹽）<br />第34類（亞硒酸鹽、亞碲酸鹽及亞硫酸鹽）<br />第35 & 36類（鉻酸鹽） </td></tr> <tr> <td>VII.磷酸盐、砷酸鹽、釩酸鹽（Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates）</td> <td>第37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 & 43類（磷酸盐）<br />第44, 45 & 46類（銻酸鹽）<br />第47類（釩酸鹽）<br />第48 & 49類（鉬酸鹽及鎢酸鹽） </td></tr> <tr> <td>IX.有機化合物（Organic Minerals）</td> <td>第50類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>VIII.硅酸盐矿物（Silicates）</td> <td>第51 - 78類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 孤立岛状硅酸盐矿物（Nesosilicates）</td> <td>第51, 52, 53 & 54類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 多岛状硅酸盐矿物（Sorosilicates）</td> <td>第55, 56, 57 & 58類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 环状硅酸盐矿物（Cyclosilicates）</td> <td>第59, 60, 61, 62, 63 & 64類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 链状硅酸盐矿物（Inosilicates）</td> <td>第65, 66, 67, 68, 69 & 70類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 层状硅酸盐矿物（Phyllosilicates）</td> <td>第71, 72, 73 & 74類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 架状硅酸盐矿物（Tektosilicates）</td> <td>第75, 76 & 77類 </td></tr> <tr> <td>-- 未分类硅酸盐矿物（Not Classified Silicates）</td> <td>第78類 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物理性質"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>物理性質</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：物理性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="晶體結構及晶體慣態"><span id=".E6.99.B6.E9.AB.94.E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B.E5.8F.8A.E6.99.B6.E9.AB.94.E6.85.A3.E6.85.8B"></span>晶體結構及晶體慣態</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：晶體結構及晶體慣態"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Topaz-235220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Topaz-235220.jpg/220px-Topaz-235220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Topaz-235220.jpg/330px-Topaz-235220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Topaz-235220.jpg/440px-Topaz-235220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E7%8E%89" title="黄玉">黄玉</a>有特殊的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%9C%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="斜方晶系">斜方晶系</a>外形</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶體結構</a>是礦物中原子依其內在結構，所進行的有序幾何排列。晶體結構是依內部原子或離子的規則排列方式而定，而且常以晶體的幾何形狀命名。即使礦物晶粒太小，或看似不規則的排列，但透過<a href="/wiki/X%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="X光">X光</a>繞射仍可以看出其內部的週期性排列<sup id="cite_ref-DG2_4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG2_4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。晶體結構常會以其對稱性來描述，依<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="晶体局限定理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="晶体局限定理"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="晶体局限定理">晶体局限定理</a></span></span>，晶體結構只存在32種對稱性不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6%E7%82%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="晶体学点群">点群</a>，可以再做進一步的分類，其中以<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="六方晶系">六方晶系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E7%BE%A4" title="空间群">空間群</a>最多<sup id="cite_ref-DG69-80_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG69-80-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%B6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晶族（页面不存在）">晶族</a>可以用其三個晶軸的長度、各軸之間的夾角來定義，這些關係會對應其對稱性，而點群就是以對稱性來定義。以下是晶族的列表，a, b和c為晶軸長度，α, β, γ是不和各軸相鄰的夾角角度，例如α是b和c二晶軸的夾角:<sup id="cite_ref-DG69-80_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG69-80-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>晶族 </th> <th>晶軸長度 </th> <th>夾角 </th> <th>常見例子 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">立方晶系</a> </td> <td>a=b=c </td> <td>α=β=γ=90° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石">石榴石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E9%B9%BD" title="石鹽">石鹽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="黃鐵礦">黃鐵礦</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="四方晶系">四方晶系</a> </td> <td>a=b≠c </td> <td>α=β=γ=90° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%BA%A2%E7%9F%B3" title="金红石">金红石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%AF%E7%9F%B3" title="鋯石">鋯石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="橄榄石">橄欖石</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="正交晶系">正交晶系</a> </td> <td>a≠b≠c </td> <td>α=β=γ=90° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="橄榄石">橄欖石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B0%E7%9F%B3" title="霰石">霰石</a>、斜方<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%89%E7%9F%B3" title="辉石">辉石</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="六方晶系">六方晶系</a> </td> <td>a=b≠c </td> <td>α=β=90°, γ=120° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石">方解石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="電氣石">電氣石</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%96%9C%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="单斜晶系">單斜晶系</a> </td> <td>a≠b≠c </td> <td>α=γ=90°, β≠90° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E6%96%9C%E8%BC%9D%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="單斜輝石">單斜輝石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="正長石">正長石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏">石膏</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%9C%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="三斜晶系">三斜晶系</a> </td> <td>a≠b≠c </td> <td>α≠β≠γ≠90° </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99%E9%95%BF%E7%9F%B3" title="钙长石">钙长石</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鈉長石">鈉長石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝晶石">藍晶石</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E6%83%AF%E6%80%81" title="晶体惯态">晶體慣態</a>是指整個晶體的外形。常見的晶體慣態如有刺而呈放射狀的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="針狀 (晶體慣態)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acicular (crystal habit)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%9D%E7%8B%80_(%E6%99%B6%E9%AB%94%E6%85%A3%E6%85%8B)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="針狀 (晶體慣態)（页面不存在）">針狀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular_(crystal_habit)" class="extiw" title="en:Acicular (crystal habit)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acicular (crystal habit)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鈉沸石" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="natrolite"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%89%E6%B2%B8%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈉沸石（页面不存在）">鈉沸石</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/natrolite" class="extiw" title="en:natrolite"><span lang="en" dir="auto">natrolite</span></a></span>）</span></span>），刀刃狀、樹枝狀（像<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E9%8A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="天然銅">天然銅</a>）、等軸晶（像<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%9F%B3" title="橄榄石">橄欖石</a>）、往一方向延伸的角柱狀及平板狀。和結晶形狀有關，晶面的品質也是確認礦物的方式，一般會用岩相顯微鏡來觀測。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自形與他形" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Euhedral and anhedral"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%BD%A2%E8%88%87%E4%BB%96%E5%BD%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自形與他形（页面不存在）">自形</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhedral_and_anhedral" class="extiw" title="en:Euhedral and anhedral"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Euhedral and anhedral</span></a></span>）</span></span>（Euhedral）的晶體有明確的外形，而他形晶（anhedral）的就沒有，介於自形晶及他形晶之間的稱為半自形<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="硬度"><span id=".E7.A1.AC.E5.BA.A6"></span>硬度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：硬度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摩氏硬度">摩氏硬度</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/220px-Rough_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/330px-Rough_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>鑽石是最堅硬的天然材料，摩氏硬度為10</figcaption></figure> <p>礦物的硬度是其抵抗刮損的能力。礦物的硬度和礦物的化學成份及晶體結構有關。礦物的硬度是其結構的函數，各方向的硬度不一定是定值，可能一些晶格弱点會使一方向的硬度比另一方向要低<sup id="cite_ref-DG2829_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG2829-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。像<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E6%99%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="蓝晶石">藍晶石</a>在平行[001]的方向，其摩氏硬度為5½，但在平行[100]的方向，其摩氏硬度為7<sup id="cite_ref-Kyanite_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyanite-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>最常用的礦物硬度標準是<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摩氏硬度">摩氏硬度</a>，有十種參考用的礦物，從摩氏硬度為1的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E7%9F%B3" title="滑石">滑石</a>到摩氏硬度為10的<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>，摩氏硬度較高的礦物會在硬度較低的礦物表面留下刮痕。摩氏硬度計就是指這十種礦物，表列如下<sup id="cite_ref-DG2829_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG2829-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>硬度 </th> <th>礦物 </th> <th>絕對硬度 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E7%9F%B3" title="滑石">滑石</a>（Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>） </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F" title="石膏">石膏</a>（CaSO<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O） </td> <td align="center">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A7%A3%E7%9F%B3" title="方解石">方解石</a>（CaCO<sub>3</sub>） </td> <td align="center">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%A2%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="螢石">螢石</a>（CaF<sub>2</sub>） </td> <td align="center">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" title="磷灰石">磷灰石</a>（Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(OH,Cl,F)） </td> <td align="center">48 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" title="正長石">正長石</a>（KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub>） </td> <td align="center">72 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>（SiO<sub>2</sub>） </td> <td align="center">100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%8E%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黃玉">黃玉</a>（Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(OH,F)<sub>2</sub>） </td> <td align="center">200 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E7%8E%89" title="剛玉">剛玉</a>（Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>） </td> <td align="center">400 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>（C） </td> <td align="center">1500 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>當鑑定硬度時，如果沒有以上的摩氏硬度計，可用其他東西代替，如小刀（或钢针）其硬度約為5.5、銅幣約為3.5至4、指甲約為2至3、玻璃硬度為6。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="光泽和透明度"><span id=".E5.85.89.E6.B3.BD.E5.92.8C.E9.80.8F.E6.98.8E.E5.BA.A6"></span>光泽和透明度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：光泽和透明度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyrite_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pyrite_2.jpg/220px-Pyrite_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pyrite_2.jpg/330px-Pyrite_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pyrite_2.jpg/440px-Pyrite_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="1279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="黃鐵礦">黃鐵礦</a>有金屬光澤</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%B3%BD_(%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9)" title="光泽 (矿物)">光泽</a>是指礦物表面對光反射的能力，和其礦物品質及光的強度有關。有許多描述礦物光澤的詞，主要可分為金屬光澤及非金屬光澤。金屬光澤及次金屬光澤的反射率高，類似金屬，像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%89%9B%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="方鉛礦">方鉛礦</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%90%B5%E7%A4%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="黃鐵礦">黃鐵礦</a>都有金屬光澤。非金屬光澤有金剛光澤（adamantine，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>）、玻璃光澤（vitreous，例如矽酸鹽礦物）、珍珠光澤（pearly，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E7%9F%B3" title="滑石">滑石</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E7%9C%BC%E7%9F%B3" title="魚眼石">魚眼石</a>）、樹脂光澤（resinous，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A6%B4%E7%9F%B3" title="石榴石">石榴石</a>）、絹絲光澤（silky，像<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%A3%89" title="石棉">石棉</a>等纤维状矿物）<sup id="cite_ref-DG2628_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG2628-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>礦物的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="透明度">透明度</a>是指其透光的程度。當光通過透明礦物時，其強度不會減少，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%9B%B2%E6%AF%8D" title="白雲母">白雲母</a>，有些礦物甚至透明到可以用在窗戶上。半透明的礦物允許部份光線通過，但強度比通過透明礦物要低。像<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%A1%E7%BF%A0" title="翡翠">翡翠</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%8E%89" class="mw-redirect" title="軟玉">軟玉</a>就是半透明的礦物。若礦物完全不允許光線通過，則稱為不透明<sup id="cite_ref-B72_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DG24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DG25_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG25-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="比重"><span id=".E6.AF.94.E9.87.8D"></span>比重</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：比重"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%87%8D" title="比重">比重</a>是礦物的重量與相同體積的水的比率，也就是礦物與1atm4℃純水之<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>比值，沒有單位。對於大部份的礦物而言，不太適合用比重來識別礦物。造岩礦物主要是以矽酸鹽及碳酸鹽為主，其密度介於2.5–3.5之間<sup id="cite_ref-DG4344_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG4344-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一些特殊的礦物有較高的比重，若氧化物及硫化物中含有原子質量較大的原子，比重就會較重，一般有金屬光澤或是金剛光澤的岩石其比重會比非金屬光澤甚至無光澤的要重，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="赤铁矿">赤铁矿</a>的Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>比重就有5.26<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%93%85%E7%9F%BF" title="方铅矿">方铅矿</a>PbS的比重為7.2–7.6，<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>都是因為其中含有高原子質量的鐵及鉛。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天然金屬" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Native metal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天然金屬（页面不存在）">天然金屬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_metal" class="extiw" title="en:Native metal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Native metal</span></a></span>）</span></span>的比重也相當的高，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E7%B4%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="錐紋石">錐紋石</a>是一種常出現在<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3" title="鐵隕石">鐵隕石</a>中的鐵鎳合金，比重7.9,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而金的比重甚至到15和19.3之間<sup id="cite_ref-DG4344_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG4344-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="條痕"><span id=".E6.A2.9D.E7.97.95"></span>條痕</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：條痕"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E7%97%95" title="條痕">條痕</a></div> <p>顏色是礦物最明顯的特性之一，不過不容易用顏色來識別礦物<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E7%97%95" title="條痕">條痕</a>是礦物在條痕板留下的顏色，也就是礦物粉末的顏色。條痕的顏色不一定會和礦物的顏色相同<sup id="cite_ref-DG24_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。測試條痕的方式是在礦物在條痕板上摩擦，條痕板一般是陶瓷的，顏色是黑色或白色，條痕的顏色不受礦物中的痕量元素<sup id="cite_ref-B72_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或礦物的表面风化影響<sup id="cite_ref-DG24_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。像<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%93%81%E7%9F%BF" title="赤铁矿">赤铁矿</a>的顏色可能是黑色、銀色或紅色，但條痕顏色為樱桃红<sup id="cite_ref-B72_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B72-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到紅棕色<sup id="cite_ref-DG24_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過條痕測試對礦物的硬度有一定的限制，若硬度大於7，礦物和條痕板摩擦後反而會在礦物上留下條痕板的粉末<sup id="cite_ref-DG24_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DG24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他特性"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>其他特性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：其他特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E7%90%86" title="解理">解理</a>：礦物分離的方式。</li> <li>斷口：礦物折斷時，邊緣的形狀。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關類別"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E9.A1.9E.E5.88.A5"></span>相關類別</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：相關類別"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="礦業">礦業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE%E7%9B%90" title="钾盐">钾盐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0%E7%9B%90" class="mw-redirect" title="钠盐">鈉鹽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E7%A4%A6" title="硼礦">硼矿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%90%E7%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盐矿（页面不存在）">盐矿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%B7%E7%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磷矿（页面不存在）">磷矿</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="矿物学">矿物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="矿物列表">矿物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">礦物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="膳食礦物質">膳食礦物質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="腳註"><span id=".E8.85.B3.E8.A8.BB"></span>腳註</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：腳註"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ertl, A.; Dyar, M. D.; Hughes, J. M.; Brandstatter, F.; Gunter, M. E.; Prem, M.; Peterson, R. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.3.661">PERTLIKITE, A NEW TETRAGONAL Mg-RICH MEMBER OF THE VOLTAITE GROUP FROM MADENI ZAKH, IRAN</a>. 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Mineralogy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mineralogyforama0000sink">/</a>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1964. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-442-27624-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-442-27624-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-442-27624-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Mineralogy&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Sinkankas&rft.btitle=%2F&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-442-27624-9&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmineralogyforama0000sink&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Blatt, Harvey; Tracy, Robert J.; Ehlers, Ernest G. Petrology: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/petrologyigneous0000blat_2edi">/</a> 2nd ed. New York: W.H. Freeman. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7167-2438-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7167-2438-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7167-2438-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Petrology%3A+igneous%2C+sedimentary%2C+and+metamorphic&rft.au=Ehlers%2C+Ernest+G.&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Robert+J.&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.btitle=%2F&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-2438-4&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpetrologyigneous0000blat_2edi&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nesse, S.; Brun, B. T.; Kvendseth, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2118/61119-ms">Ekofisk I Disposal – Impact Assessment</a>. All Days (SPE). 2000-06-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2118%2F61119-ms"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2118/61119-ms</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Ekofisk+I+Disposal+%E2%80%93+Impact+Assessment&rft.au=Brun%2C+B.+T.&rft.au=Kvendseth%2C+S.&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Nesse&rft.date=2000-06-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=All+Days&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2118%2F61119-ms&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2118%2F61119-ms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/231581100">/</a> 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. 2009 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-04-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-88006-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-88006-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-88006-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/231581100"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 231581100</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823062454/https://www.worldcat.org/title/231581100">存档</a>于2022-08-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.au=Ague%2C+Jay+J.&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.btitle=%2F&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88006-0&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F231581100&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F231581100&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ertl, A.; Dyar, M. D.; Hughes, J. M.; Brandstatter, F.; Gunter, M. E.; Prem, M.; Peterson, R. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.3.661">PERTLIKITE, A NEW TETRAGONAL Mg-RICH MEMBER OF THE VOLTAITE GROUP FROM MADENI ZAKH, IRAN</a>. The Canadian Mineralogist. 2008-06-01, <b>46</b> (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4476"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0008-4476</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.3.661"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.3749/canmin.46.3.661</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=PERTLIKITE%2C+A+NEW+TETRAGONAL+Mg-RICH+MEMBER+OF+THE+VOLTAITE+GROUP+FROM+MADENI+ZAKH%2C+IRAN&rft.au=Brandstatter%2C+F.&rft.au=Dyar%2C+M.+D.&rft.au=Gunter%2C+M.+E.&rft.au=Hughes%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Prem%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Ertl&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0008-4476&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Mineralogist&rft.volume=46&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.3.661&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3749%2Fcanmin.46.3.661&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kruger, Daniel J.; Nesse, Randolph M.; Vinokur, Amiram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/e413812005-352">Factors Influencing the Psychological Well Being of Elderly Americans</a>. 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C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.3.661">PERTLIKITE, A NEW TETRAGONAL Mg-RICH MEMBER OF THE VOLTAITE GROUP FROM MADENI ZAKH, IRAN</a>. 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De Gruyter. 1964-12-31: 238–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.atitle=Patentschau&rft.btitle=Mai+1964&rft.date=1964-12-31&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=238-239&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783112488881-009&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Ertl, A.; Dyar, M. D.; Hughes, J. M.; Brandstatter, F.; Gunter, M. E.; Prem, M.; Peterson, R. C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.3.661">PERTLIKITE, A NEW TETRAGONAL Mg-RICH MEMBER OF THE VOLTAITE GROUP FROM MADENI ZAKH, IRAN</a>. 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Mindat.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803151804/http://www.mindat.org/min-2303.html">存档</a>于2012-08-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.btitle=Kyanite&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-2303.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG2628-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DG2628_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyar and Darby, pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B72-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-B72_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B72_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B72_22-2"><sup><b>22.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Busbey et al., p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DG24_23-0"><sup><b>23.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG24_23-1"><sup><b>23.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG24_23-2"><sup><b>23.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG24_23-3"><sup><b>23.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG24_23-4"><sup><b>23.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyar and Gunter, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG25-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DG25_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyar and Gunter, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DG4344-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DG4344_25-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DG4344_25-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyar and Gunter, pp. 43–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1856.html">Hematite</a>. Mindat.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180706104104/https://www.mindat.org/min-1856.html">存档</a>于2018-07-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.btitle=Hematite&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-1856.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html">Galena</a>. Mindat.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119204744/https://www.mindat.org/min-1641.html">存档</a>于2017-11-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.btitle=Galena&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-1641.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Kamacite.shtml">Kamacite</a>. Webmineral.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171213044915/http://webmineral.com/data/Kamacite.shtml">存档</a>于2017-12-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.btitle=Kamacite&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Webmineral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fdata%2FKamacite.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-1720.html">Gold</a>. Mindat.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-02</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914151742/http://www.mindat.org/min-1720.html">存档</a>于2012-09-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.btitle=Gold&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-1720.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyar and Gunter, p. 23</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Busbey, A.B.; Coenraads, R.E.; Roots, D.; Willis, P. Rocks and Fossils. San Francisco: Fog City Press. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-74089-632-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-74089-632-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-74089-632-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.au=Coenraads%2C+R.E.&rft.au=Roots%2C+D.&rft.au=Willis%2C+P.&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft.aulast=Busbey&rft.btitle=Rocks+and+Fossils&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-74089-632-0&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Fog+City+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Chesterman, C.W.; Lowe, K.E. Field guide to North American rocks and minerals. Toronto: Random House of Canada. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-394-50269-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-394-50269-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-394-50269-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.au=Lowe%2C+K.E.&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rft.aulast=Chesterman&rft.btitle=Field+guide+to+North+American+rocks+and+minerals&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-394-50269-8&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House+of+Canada&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Dyar, M.D.; Gunter, M.E. Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy. Chantilly, Virginia: Mineralogical Society of America. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-939950-81-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-939950-81-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-939950-81-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&rft.au=Gunter%2C+M.E.&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft.aulast=Dyar&rft.btitle=Mineralogy+and+Optical+Mineralogy&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-939950-81-2&rft.place=Chantilly%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Mineralogical+Society+of+America&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digimuse.nmns.edu.tw/FieldIndex.jsp?Domin=g&Field=m0&FieldName=%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9">國立自然科學博物館──自然與人文數位博物館──礦物</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepu.com.cn/gb/earth/mineral/">中國科普-礦物博物館</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20041208041324/http://www.kepu.com.cn/gb/earth/mineral/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://140.115.123.30/mineral/mineral.htm">國立中央大學應用地質研究所工程地質研究室－地科教室──台灣主要礦物與岩石</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20041208024517/http://140.115.123.30/mineral/mineral.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080113154232/http://digitalne.nju.edu.cn/museum/mineral/summerize/index.htm">南京大学地球科学数字博物馆──矿物</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geosci.cn/mineral/default.htm">全球矿物数据库</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年4月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.pku.edu.cn/exp/mineral/home/index.asp">北京大学地质数字博物馆──矿物</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080828013844/http://museum.pku.edu.cn/exp/mineral/home/index.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070708062803/http://geodb.gig.ac.cn/">中国矿物数据库</a></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/Catalog/List.jsp?CID=4875">數位典藏聯合目錄：礦物的分類</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120924080951/http://catalog.digitalarchives.tw/Catalog/List.jsp?CID=4875">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（繁體中文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchives.tw/Simpleviewer/gallery28.jsp">數位典藏與數位學習成果入口網：地質科學典藏</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120926224422/http://digitalarchives.tw/Simpleviewer/gallery28.jsp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）一些礦石標本圖片集</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="空氣污染">污染 / 质量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国家环境大气质量标准" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国家环境大气质量标准（页面不存在）">环境标准<span style="font-size:smaller;">（美国）</span></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" class="extiw" title="en:National Ambient Air Quality Standards"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Ambient Air Quality Standards</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="空气质量指数">指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%85%A7%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA" title="室內空氣品質">室内</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="发展中国家室内空气污染" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indoor air pollution in developing nations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%A4%E5%86%85%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发展中国家室内空气污染（页面不存在）">发展中国家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoor_air_pollution_in_developing_nations" class="extiw" title="en:Indoor air pollution in developing nations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indoor air pollution in developing nations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空气质量法律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Air quality law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空气质量法律（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality_law" class="extiw" title="en:Air quality law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Air quality law</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国空气清洁法案" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clean Air Act (United States)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%94%E6%B8%85%E6%B4%81%E6%B3%95%E6%A1%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美国空气清洁法案（页面不存在）">空气清洁法案<span style="font-size:smaller;">（美国）</span></a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" class="extiw" title="en:Clean Air Act (United States)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clean Air Act (United States)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AD%E6%B0%A7%E5%B1%82%E7%A9%BA%E6%B4%9E" title="臭氧层空洞">臭氧层空洞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">排放</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Airshed" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Airshed"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airshed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airshed（页面不存在）">Airshed</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airshed" class="extiw" title="en:Airshed"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Airshed</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E6%9D%83%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="排放权交易">排放权交易</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%8F%E5%B0%91%E6%AF%81%E6%9E%97%E5%92%8C%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E9%80%80%E5%8C%96%E6%89%80%E8%87%B4%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量（页面不存在）">减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="extiw" title="en:Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo"><img alt="Carson Falls on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/100px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/150px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg/200px-Carson_Fall_Mt_Kinabalu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="能源">能源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_law" class="extiw" title="en:Energy law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界能源（页面不存在）">资源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC" title="石油峰值">哈伯特顶点</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="地熱能">地熱能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD" title="太阳能">太阳能</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89" title="太阳光">太阳光</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荫蔽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Shade (shadow)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8D%AB%E8%94%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="荫蔽（页面不存在）">荫蔽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" class="extiw" title="en:Shade (shadow)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Shade (shadow)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E8%83%BD" title="潮汐能">潮汐能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%B5%AA%E8%83%BD" title="波浪能">波浪能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%95%E5%9C%B0" title="耕地">耕地</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="peak farmland" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="peak farmland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_farmland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peak farmland（页面不存在）">peak farmland</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/peak_farmland" class="extiw" title="en:peak farmland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">peak farmland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%9F%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%B1" title="水土流失">水土流失</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%B3%95" title="土地法">法律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2%E6%B3%95" title="財產法">财产</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="土地管理">管理</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="栖息地保护" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="habitat conservation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%96%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="栖息地保护（页面不存在）">栖息地保护</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/habitat_conservation" class="extiw" title="en:habitat conservation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">habitat conservation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">礦物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="采矿法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mining law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="采矿法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_law" class="extiw" title="en:Mining law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mining law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%A0%82" title="采砂">采沙</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="峰值矿产" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peak minerals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峰值矿产（页面不存在）">峰值</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_minerals" class="extiw" title="en:Peak minerals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peak minerals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="矿产权利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mineral rights"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%BF%E4%BA%A7%E6%9D%83%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="矿产权利（页面不存在）">权利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights" class="extiw" title="en:Mineral rights"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mineral rights</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="土壤">土壤</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7" title="土壤保護">保护</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E8%82%A5%E5%8A%9B" title="土壤肥力">肥力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土壤健康" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil health"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤健康（页面不存在）">健康</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_health" class="extiw" title="en:Soil health"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil health</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土壤活力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil resilience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤活力（页面不存在）">活力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_resilience" class="extiw" title="en:Soil resilience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil resilience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8" title="土地利用">土地利用</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土地使用规划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Land-use planning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%A7%84%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土地使用规划（页面不存在）">规划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land-use_planning" class="extiw" title="en:Land-use planning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Land-use planning</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开放空间保护区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open space reserve"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E7%A9%BA%E9%97%B4%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开放空间保护区（页面不存在）">保护区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_space_reserve" class="extiw" title="en:Open space reserve"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open space reserve</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物勘探" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bioprospecting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%98%E6%8E%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物勘探（页面不存在）">生物勘探</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioprospecting" class="extiw" title="en:Bioprospecting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioprospecting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A2%E6%9E%97%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" title="叢林食物">丛林食物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9B%E6%9E%97%E8%82%89" title="丛林肉">丛林肉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A" title="渔业">渔业</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="渔业法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fisheries law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="渔业法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_law" class="extiw" title="en:Fisheries law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fisheries law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="漁業管理">管理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9" title="食物">食物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="森林">森林</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林基因资源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forest genetic resources"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林基因资源（页面不存在）">基因资源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" class="extiw" title="en:Forest genetic resources"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forest genetic resources</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="森林法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Forestry law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="森林法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry_law" class="extiw" title="en:Forestry law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Forestry law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%B6%93%E7%87%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="森林經營學">管理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E7%89%A9" title="獵物">狩猎</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="狩猎法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Game law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%A9%E7%8C%8E%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="狩猎法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_law" class="extiw" title="en:Game law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Game law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GenBank" title="GenBank">基因银行</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of plants used in herbalism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of plants used in herbalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of plants used in herbalism（页面不存在）">Herbalist plants</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" class="extiw" title="en:List of plants used in herbalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of plants used in herbalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋保护" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine conservation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋保护（页面不存在）">海洋保护</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation" class="extiw" title="en:Marine conservation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine conservation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非木质林产品" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-timber forest product"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%9C%A8%E8%B4%A8%E6%9E%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非木质林产品（页面不存在）">非木质林产品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" class="extiw" title="en:Non-timber forest product"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-timber forest product</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%9C%B0" title="牧地">牧地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%AB" title="種子庫">種子庫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="野生动物">野生生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4" title="野生生物保护">保护</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="野生生物管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wildlife management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野生生物管理（页面不存在）">管理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_management" class="extiw" title="en:Wildlife management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wildlife management</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9D%90" title="木材">木材</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">种类/位置</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%B4%E5%B1%82" title="含水层">含水层</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="含水层储水与恢复" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aquifer storage and recovery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%B4%E5%B1%82%E5%82%A8%E6%B0%B4%E4%B8%8E%E6%81%A2%E5%A4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="含水层储水与恢复（页面不存在）">储水与恢复</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" class="extiw" title="en:Aquifer storage and recovery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aquifer storage and recovery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%AE%E7%94%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="饮用水">饮用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4" title="淡水">淡水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4" title="地下水">地下水</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="地下水污染">污染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E8%A3%9C%E7%B5%A6" title="地下水補給">补给</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地下水治理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Groundwater remediation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%B0%B4%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地下水治理（页面不存在）">治理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" class="extiw" title="en:Groundwater remediation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Groundwater remediation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9C%88" title="水圈">水圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0" title="冰">冰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B1%B1" title="冰山">冰山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="冰川">冰川</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="极地冰盖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polar ice cap"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%81%E5%9C%B0%E5%86%B0%E7%9B%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="极地冰盖（页面不存在）">极地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" class="extiw" title="en:Polar ice cap"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polar ice cap</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E6%BA%89" title="灌溉">灌溉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨">雨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A8%E6%B0%B4%E6%92%B2%E6%BB%BF" title="雨水撲滿">雨水收集</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="暴雨水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stormwater"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9A%B4%E9%9B%A8%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="暴雨水（页面不存在）">暴雨水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwater" class="extiw" title="en:Stormwater"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stormwater</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%A1%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="地表水">地表水</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%B0%B4" title="廢水">廢水</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4" title="中水">中水</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">其他方面</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E6%B7%A1%E5%8C%96" title="海水淡化">海水淡化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E6%B0%B4" title="洪水">洪水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水资源法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水资源法（页面不存在）">法律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_law" class="extiw" title="en:Water law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Leaching (agriculture)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leaching (agriculture)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leaching_(agriculture)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leaching (agriculture)（页面不存在）">Leaching</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" class="extiw" title="en:Leaching (agriculture)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leaching (agriculture)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sanitation" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sanitation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanitation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanitation（页面不存在）">Sanitation</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation" class="extiw" title="en:Sanitation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sanitation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水资源冲突" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water conflict"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%86%B2%E7%AA%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水资源冲突（页面不存在）">冲突</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conflict" class="extiw" title="en:Water conflict"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water conflict</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E6%B0%B4" title="節水">節水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="峰值水" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peak water"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B3%B0%E5%80%BC%E6%B0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="峰值水（页面不存在）">峰值水</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_water" class="extiw" title="en:Peak water"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peak water</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="水污染">污染</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水务民营化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water privatization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%A1%E6%B0%91%E8%90%A5%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水务民营化（页面不存在）">民营化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_privatization" class="extiw" title="en:Water privatization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water privatization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%AA" title="水質">水質</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%AC%8A" title="水權">水权</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="水资源">资源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="水管理">管理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水资源政策" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water resource policy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水资源政策（页面不存在）">政策</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_policy" class="extiw" title="en:Water resource policy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water resource policy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Commons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公地（页面不存在）">公地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons" class="extiw" title="en:Commons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Commons</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%88%E5%9C%B0%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="圈地运动">圈地</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球公地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global commons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球公地（页面不存在）">全球公地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_commons" class="extiw" title="en:Global commons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global commons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公有土地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Common land"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公有土地（页面不存在）">公有土地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_land" class="extiw" title="en:Common land"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Common land</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87" title="公地悲劇">悲剧</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资源经济" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural resource economics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然资源经济（页面不存在）">经济</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" class="extiw" title="en:Natural resource economics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural resource economics</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="生態經濟學">生态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0_(%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8)" title="土地 (經濟學)">土地</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="生態系統服務">生態系統服務</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E9%96%8B%E6%8E%A1" title="自然資源開採">开采</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="過度開發">過度開發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%B6%85%E8%BD%BD%E6%97%A5" title="地球超载日">地球超载日</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资源管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural resource management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="自然資源管理">管理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_resource_management" class="extiw" title="en:Natural resource management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural resource management</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="适应性管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adaptive management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="适应性管理（页面不存在）">适应性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptive_management" class="extiw" title="en:Adaptive management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adaptive management</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资产" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural capital"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="自然資產">自然资产</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_capital" class="extiw" title="en:Natural capital"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural capital</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然资产会计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural capital accounting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E4%BA%A7%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然资产会计（页面不存在）">会计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" class="extiw" title="en:Natural capital accounting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural capital accounting</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA" title="自然保护区">自然保护区</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统生态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统生态（页面不存在）">系统生态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="都市生態學">都市生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%8E" title="原野">原野</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="资源">资源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公共池塘资源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Common-pool resource"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B1%A0%E5%A1%98%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公共池塘资源（页面不存在）">公共池塘资源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common-pool_resource" class="extiw" title="en:Common-pool resource"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Common-pool resource</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="衝突資源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conflict resource"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="衝突資源（页面不存在）">衝突資源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="extiw" title="en:Conflict resource"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conflict resource</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E8%A9%9B%E5%92%92" title="資源詛咒">資源詛咒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%9E%AF%E7%AB%AD" title="资源枯竭">枯竭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="自然资源">提取</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资源民族主义">民族主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="可再生資源">可再生</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="不可再生能源">不可再生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%96%E9%A0%81" title="Portal:首頁">主题</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:农业和农学">农业和农学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="Portal:環境">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8D%95%E9%B1%BC" title="Portal:捕鱼">捕鱼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Natural resources">自然资源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7946#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7946#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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