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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Minerau" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Minerau" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Minerau" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Minerau" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_contribucions" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia_e_definicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia_e_definicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia e definicion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etimologia_e_definicion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Etimologia e definicion</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etimologia_e_definicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definicion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definicion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Definicion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definicion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lei_premierei_classificacions_mineralogicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_premierei_classificacions_mineralogicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lei premierei classificacions mineralogicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_premierei_classificacions_mineralogicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_classificacions_modèrnas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_classificacions_modèrnas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lei classificacions modèrnas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_classificacions_modèrnas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_teoria_de_l'evolucion_minerala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_teoria_de_l'evolucion_minerala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>La teoria de l'evolucion minerala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_teoria_de_l'evolucion_minerala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genèsi_e_formacion_dei_mineraus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genèsi_e_formacion_dei_mineraus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Genèsi e formacion dei mineraus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genèsi_e_formacion_dei_mineraus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proprietats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proprietats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Proprietats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proprietats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Proprietats</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proprietats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'exfoliacion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'exfoliacion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>L'exfoliacion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'exfoliacion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>La color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_duretat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_duretat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>La duretat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_duretat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'esclat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'esclat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>L'esclat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'esclat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_color_de_la_linha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_color_de_la_linha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>La color de la linha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_color_de_la_linha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_macla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_macla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>La macla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_macla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_proprietats_opticas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_proprietats_opticas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Lei proprietats opticas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_proprietats_opticas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_magnetisme_e_la_radioactivitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_magnetisme_e_la_radioactivitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Lo magnetisme e la radioactivitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_magnetisme_e_la_radioactivitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificacion_dei_mineraus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion_dei_mineraus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classificacion dei mineraus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classificacion_dei_mineraus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Classificacion dei mineraus</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classificacion_dei_mineraus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classificacion_per_origina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion_per_origina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classificacion per origina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificacion_per_origina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classicacion_de_Strunz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classicacion_de_Strunz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Classicacion de Strunz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classicacion_de_Strunz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classificacion_de_Kostov" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classificacion_de_Kostov"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Classificacion de Kostov</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classificacion_de_Kostov-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilizacions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilizacions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Utilizacions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilizacions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astromineralogia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astromineralogia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Astromineralogia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astromineralogia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minerau</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 139 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5" title="খনিজ পদাৰ্থ - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="খনিজ পদাৰ্থ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87" title="معدنی ماده - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="معدنی ماده" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals" title="Minerals - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Minerals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінерал - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінерал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінэрал - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мінэрал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C" title="খনিজ - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খনিজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maenad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99_%E1%8F%82%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85" title="ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏙ ᏂᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کانزایی - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کانزایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minerál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwyn" title="Mwyn - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mwyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C" title="Ορυκτό - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορυκτό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo" title="Mineralo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mineralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کانی - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraali" title="Mineraali - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mineraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minéral" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Mineraal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianra" title="Mianra - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mianra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min%C3%A9ral" title="Minéral - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Minéral" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27ehekove%27%E1%BB%B9va" title="Mba'ehekove'ỹva - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'ehekove'ỹva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9C" title="מינרל - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינרל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sv%C3%A1ny_(anyag)" title="Ásvány (anyag) - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ásvány (anyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Միներալ - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միներալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralo" title="Mineralo - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mineralo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steind" title="Steind - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Steind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%89%B1%E7%89%A9" title="鉱物 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鉱物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minaral" title="Minaral - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Minaral" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მინერალები - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინერალები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91%C9%A9%C9%A3l%C9%A9m_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8A" title="Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ñɩɣlɩm tɛtʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C" title="ಖನಿಜ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಖನಿಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EB%AC%BC" title="광물 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerale" title="Minerale - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minerale" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraj" title="Mineraj - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mineraj" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AE%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ແຮ່ທາດ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແຮ່ທາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralas" title="Mineralas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mineralas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C4%81ls" title="Minerāls - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minerāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraly" title="Mineraly - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mineraly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="ധാതു - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ധാതു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Эрдэс - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эрдэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်း - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တွင်းထွက်ပစ္စည်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C" title="खनिज - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खनिज" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraal_(geologie)" title="Mineraal (geologie) - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mineraal (geologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C" title="ਖਣਿਜ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਣਿਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minera%C5%82" title="Minerał - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minerał" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="معدنیات - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معدنیات" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84" title="منرال - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منرال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qiqlla" title="Qiqlla - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qiqlla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralu" title="Mineralu - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mineralu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Мінералы - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мінералы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="खानिजः - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="खानिजः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minirali" title="Minirali - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Minirali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meeneral" title="Meeneral - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Meeneral" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C9%A3uz" title="Amɣuz - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amɣuz" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A2" title="ඛනිජ - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඛනිජ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1l" title="Minerál - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minerál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muchegwa" title="Muchegwa - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Muchegwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macdan" title="Macdan - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Macdan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minerali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Минерал - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минерал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="article recomanat"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madini" title="Madini - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Madini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/si%27elac" title="si'elac - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="si'elac" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கனிமம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bblbaliq" title="bblbaliq - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bblbaliq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕನಿಜೊ - toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕನಿಜೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="ఖనిజం - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఖనిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="แร่ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แร่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінерал - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінерал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86" title="معدن - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معدن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kho%C3%A1ng_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Khoáng vật - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khoáng vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mineral" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izimbiwa" title="Izimbiwa - xhòsa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Izimbiwa" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhòsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="מינעראל - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינעראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gvangvuz" title="Gvangvuz - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gvangvuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B2ng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khòng-bu̍t - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khòng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="礦物 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="礦物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMbiwa" title="IMbiwa - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IMbiwa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7946#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Minerau&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minerau"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/30px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/45px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_Provence.svg/60px-Flag_of_Provence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipèdia, l'enciclopèdia liura.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Citrina.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Citrina.png/220px-Citrina.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Citrina.png/330px-Citrina.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Citrina.png/440px-Citrina.png 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">Cristaus</a> de <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Citrina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citrina (la pagina existís pas)">citrina</a>, un exemple de minerau.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un <b>minerau</b> (var. <b>mineral</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) es una <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">substància quimica</a> generalament <a href="/wiki/Quimia_inorganica" title="Quimia inorganica">inorganica</a>, formada <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">naturalament</a> ò non, qu'es caracterizada per sa composicion quimica e per l'agençament espaciau de seis <a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòms</a> segon una periodicitat e una <a href="/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria">simetria</a> precisa. Lei mineraus son generalament <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solids</a> e associats entre elei per formar de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca">ròcas</a>. Pasmens, es possible de lei trobar a l'estat pur dins la natura, generalament sota la forma de <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristaus</a> ò de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vena_(geologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vena (geologia) (la pagina existís pas)">venas</a> eissits de mecanismes <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologics</a> permetent la formacion de depaus mineraus. L'estudi d'aquelei <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">compausats</a> es una branca importanta de la <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologia</a> car lei mineraus an de proprietats importantas per l'<a href="/wiki/Economia" title="Economia">economia</a> modèrna. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia_e_definicion">Etimologia e definicion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Etimologia e definicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Etimologia e definicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Etimologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Etimologia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mot</a> « minerau » sembla de venir dau <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> <i>minera</i> que significava « mina » ò « miniera ». Durant l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a>, designèt pauc a cha pauc lo monde sosterranh e <a href="/wiki/Mina_(ja%C3%A7)" title="Mina (jaç)">minier</a>. Prenguèt son sens durant lo periòde de transicion entre l'<a href="/wiki/Alquimia" title="Alquimia">alquimia</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a>. D'efiech, per lei sabents dau periòde, existiá una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitalisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitalisme (la pagina existís pas)">diferéncia fondamentala</a> entre lei <a href="/wiki/Compausat_quimic" title="Compausat quimic">substàncias</a> eissidas dau <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vivent</a> e de l'inèrt. Per exemple, i aviá un « carbon minerau » e un « carbon animau » qu'èran respectivament eissit de l'esplecha miniera e de la calcinacion dei <a href="/wiki/Carn" title="Carn">carns</a>. Lo tèrme minerau foguèt ansin associat a l'inorganic e leis expressions <a href="/wiki/Quimia_inorganica" title="Quimia inorganica">quimia inorganica</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quimia_minerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quimia minerala (la pagina existís pas)">quimia minerala</a> designan la meteissa branca de la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definicion">Definicion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Definicion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Definicion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I a ges de definicion consensuala de la nocion de minerau<sup id="cite_ref-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, lei règlas definidas per l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Associacion_Internacionala_de_Mineralogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associacion Internacionala de Mineralogia (la pagina existís pas)">Associacion Internacionala de Mineralogia</a> an una influéncia importanta au sen de la comunautat scientifica<sup id="cite_ref-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : </p> <ul><li>un minerau es una substància que se forma segon de procès <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologics</a> naturaus</li> <li>un minerau es una substància solida dins lei condicions normalament observadas dins la <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">natura</a>. Lo <a href="/wiki/Mercuri_natiu" title="Mercuri natiu">mercuri natiu</a> es una excepcion a aquela règla car son ponch de fusion se situa a −38,842 °C<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Segon aquela règla, l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquida</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Dioxid_de_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Dioxid de carbòni">dioxid de carbòni</a> gasós presents a la superficia terrèstra son pas de mineraus. En revènge, es lo cas de l'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> solida.</li> <li>un minerau a una estructura cristallina ben definida ò, au mens, un agençament ordenada d'<a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòms</a>. Segon aquela règla, un compausat amòrf coma l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Obsidiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obsidiana (la pagina existís pas)">obsidiana</a> es pas un minerau.</li> <li>un minerau a una composicion quimica ben definida. Pasmens, aquò permet de variacions se son previsiblas. Per exemple, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mackinawita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mackinawita (la pagina existís pas)">mackinawita</a> es un sulfur de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a> qu'es considerat coma un minerau. Sa formula quimica es (Fe, Ni)<sub><small>9</small></sub>S<sub><small>8</small></sub>. Es a dire que se l'estructura demòra la meteissa, la plaça dau metau pòu èsser ocupada per un <a href="/wiki/At%C3%B2m" title="Atòm">atòm</a> de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> ò un atòm de <a href="/wiki/Niqu%C3%A8l" title="Niquèl">niquèl</a>.</li></ul> <p>Lei contestacions principalas regardant aquelei linhas directritz son nombrosas e divèrsas. I a tanben de diferéncias dins lor aplicacion. Per exemple, lei compausats artificiaus, compres aquelei que presentan totei lei caracteristicas d'un minerau, son excluchs d'aquela definicion. Mai i a de cas pauc clars coma aqueu de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chornobilita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chornobilita (la pagina existís pas)">chornobilita</a> que se formèt durant la <a href="/wiki/Catastr%C3%B2fa_de_Chornobil" title="Catastròfa de Chornobil">catastròfa de Chornobil</a> a partir dau <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B2ri" title="Còri">còri</a>. Un autre ponch problematic pertoca la soliditat de l'estructura dins lei condicions presentas dins la natura. Per exemple, i aguèt un lòng debat per reconéisser la natura de minerau de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meridianiita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meridianiita (la pagina existís pas)">meridianiita</a> que son <a href="/wiki/Ponch_de_fusion" title="Ponch de fusion">ponch de fusion</a> se situa a 2 °C. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">Mineralogia</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_premierei_classificacions_mineralogicas">Lei premierei classificacions mineralogicas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei premierei classificacions mineralogicas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei premierei classificacions mineralogicas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg/220px-Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg/330px-Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Georg_Agricola-Titelblatt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_re_metallica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De re metallica (la pagina existís pas)">De re metallica</a></i>, obratge major de <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Un interès per lei mineraus presents dins la <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">natura</a> es atestat tre la <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%AFst%C3%B2ria" title="Preïstòria">Preïstòria</a>. Per exemple, durant lo <a href="/wiki/Calcolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcolitic">Calcolitic</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Coire_natiu" title="Coire natiu">coire natiu</a> èra utilizat per renforçar d'<a href="/wiki/Esplech" title="Esplech">otís</a> de pèire. Pus tard, lo desvolopament de la <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgia</a> necessitèt de basas en mineralogia per identificar lei mineraus <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallics</a> destinats a la produccion de <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> e de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>. De mineraus, coma l'<a href="/wiki/Aur_natiu" title="Aur natiu">aur natiu</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Lapislazuli" title="Lapislazuli">lapislazuli</a>, èran tanben utilizats coma <a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">moneda</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò menèt a l'aparicion d'un saber dedicat que foguèt en partida formalizat per de <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosòfs</a> e de sabents <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">grècs</a> que prepausèron de classificacions dei mineraus coneguts a aquela epòca. La pus importanta es probablament aquela de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teofrast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teofrast (la pagina existís pas)">Teofrast</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_IV_apC" title="Sègle IV apC">372</a>-<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_III_abC" title="Sègle III abC">288 avC</a>) que definiguèt lei <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca">ròcas</a>, lei tèrras e lei <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metaus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Staples_1983_pp._247-249_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staples_1983_pp._247-249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Durant lo <a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">periòde medievau</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologia</a> se desvolopèt principalament gràcias ai progrès realizats en <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> e dins lo monde arabomusulman. Leis <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabis</a> <a href="/wiki/Traduccion" title="Traduccion">traduguèron</a> leis obratges grècoromans e desvolopèron lei <a href="/wiki/Coneissen%C3%A7a" title="Coneissença">conoissenças</a> geologicas generalas en prepausant de mecanismes, sovent erronèus, de formacion dei relèus. Lei <a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">Chinés</a> inventèron la <a href="/wiki/Sismologia" title="Sismologia">sismologia</a> e comprenguèron lei principis de l'<a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> e de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedimentacion (la pagina existís pas)">sedimentacion</a>. Pasmens, dins lei doas regions, l'estudi dei mineraus elei meteissei foguèt mai que mai laissat ai <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgistas</a>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">mineralogia</a> modèrna se formèt en <a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> a la fin de l'<a href="/wiki/Edat_Mejana" title="Edat Mejana">Edat Mejana</a> ò durant la <a href="/wiki/Renaissen%C3%A7a" title="Renaissença">Renaissença</a> amb <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/1193" class="mw-redirect" title="1193">1193</a>-<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIII" title="Sègle XIII">1280</a>) e <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1490" title="Ans 1490">1494</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1550" title="Ans 1550">1555</a>). <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a> critiquèt lei tèxtes grècs e prepausèt de descripcions novèlas dei mineraus dins son tractat <i>De mineralibus.</i> <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola</a>, considerat coma lo paire de la <a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">mineralogia</a>, prepausèt una sintèsi dei sabers <a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">metallurgics</a> de son periòde, una descripcion de certanei mecanismes de formacion dei mineraus e un sistèma de classificacion<sup id="cite_ref-Staples_1983_pp._247-249_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staples_1983_pp._247-249-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son trabalh demorèt una referéncia fins a la <a href="/wiki/Revolucion_industriala" title="Revolucion industriala">Revolucion Industriala</a>. Foguèt completat per la <a href="/wiki/Classificacion_scientifica" title="Classificacion scientifica">classificacion scientifica</a> dau <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vivent</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria">matèria</a> inèrta prepausada en <a href="/wiki/Ans_1730" title="Ans 1730">1735</a> per <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Carl von Linné">Carl von Linné</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ans_1700" title="Ans 1700">1707</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ans_1770" title="Ans 1770">1778</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_classificacions_modèrnas"><span id="Lei_classificacions_mod.C3.A8rnas"></span>Lei classificacions modèrnas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei classificacions modèrnas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei classificacions modèrnas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei classificacions modèrnas apareguèron durant lo sègle XIX. Son una consequéncia dei progrès de la <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> durant aquela epòca car permetèron de descubrir la composicion quimica dei mineraus. Ansin, de familhas foguèron pauc a cha pauc identificadas. Venguèron la basa dei classificacions que gropèron desenant lei mineraus en foncion de sei caracteristicas <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimicas</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Dwight_Dana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Dwight Dana (la pagina existís pas)">James Dwight Dana</a> (<a href="/wiki/1813" class="mw-redirect" title="1813">1813</a>-<a href="/wiki/1895" class="mw-redirect" title="1895">1895</a>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Hugo_Strunz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Hugo Strunz (la pagina existís pas)">Karl Hugo Strunz</a> (<a href="/wiki/1910" class="mw-redirect" title="1910">1910</a>-<a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>) foguèron lei doas figuras principalas dau desvolopament d'aqueu trabalh<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Regularament modernizadas, lei classificacions de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_de_Dana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion de Dana (la pagina existís pas)">Dana</a> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_de_Strunz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion de Strunz (la pagina existís pas)">Strunz</a> son encara fòrça utilizadas au començament dau sègle XXI<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, d'autrei sistèmas son tanben ben difusats en certanei país coma la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Classificacion_de_Kostov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Classificacion de Kostov (la pagina existís pas)">classificacion de Kostov</a>. Aquelei metòdes partejan de ponchs comuns, mai an tanben de diferéncias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_teoria_de_l'evolucion_minerala"><span id="La_teoria_de_l.27evolucion_minerala"></span>La teoria de l'evolucion minerala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : La teoria de l'evolucion minerala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La teoria de l'evolucion minerala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_de_l%27evolucion_minerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria de l'evolucion minerala (la pagina existís pas)">Teoria de l'evolucion minerala</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_de_l%27evolucion_minerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria de l'evolucion minerala (la pagina existís pas)">teoria de l'evolucion minerala</a> es una teoria prepausada en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a> per lo mineralogista <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Hazen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Hazen (la pagina existís pas)">Robert Hazen</a> (nascut en <a href="/wiki/1948" class="mw-redirect" title="1948">1948</a>) e sa còla<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A per objectiu de definir un contèxte <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istoric</a> per la mineralogia. Segon ela, lei mineraus dei <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planetas</a> e, pus generalament deis objèctes dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_Solar" title="Sistèma Solar">Sistèma Solar</a>, son venguts mai e mai complèxs dempuei sa creacion. Aquò seriá lo resultat de l'evolucion dei condicions <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisico</a><a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimicas</a> que permetriá l'aparicion de mineraus novèus. </p><p>Dins lo cas de la <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_de_l%27evolucion_minerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria de l'evolucion minerala (la pagina existís pas)">teoria de l'evolucion minerala</a> prepausa tres temps principaus. Au començament dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_Solar" title="Sistèma Solar">Sistèma Solar</a>, après la formacion dei <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planetas</a> e deis <a href="/wiki/Astero%C3%AFde" title="Asteroïde">asteroïdes</a>, lo nombre de mineraus seriá estat d'aperaquí 250. Puei, lei movements <a href="/wiki/Tectonica_dei_placas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonica dei placas">tectonics</a> e lei remanejaments au sen de la <a href="/wiki/Crosta_terr%C3%A8stra" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosta terrèstra">crosta</a> permetèron l'aparicion de mineraus novèus. Ansin, a la fin d'aqueu segond periòde, 1 500 mineraus serián estats presents a la superficia de la <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a>. Enfin, durant la tresena fasa, lei mecanismes dau <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vivent</a> aurián favorizat l'aparicion de 4 000 compausats suplementaris. </p><p>Aquela teoria obtenguèt rapidament un certan succès e foguèt represa per d'autrei <a href="/wiki/Sci%C3%A9ncia" title="Sciéncia">scientifics</a>. Es tanben sovent presentada dins de <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A8u" title="Musèu">musèus</a>. Pasmens, en despiech d'aqueu costat prometeire, la validitat dau concèpte d'evolucion minerala es pas encara confiermada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genèsi_e_formacion_dei_mineraus"><span id="Gen.C3.A8si_e_formacion_dei_mineraus"></span>Genèsi e formacion dei mineraus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Genèsi e formacion dei mineraus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Genèsi e formacion dei mineraus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La formacion dei mineraus despend dei condicions fisicoquimicas de lor environament de cristallizacion. Dins un premier temps, lei mineraus se forman a partir dau refrejament dau <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lavas</a> emesas durant d'erupcions <a href="/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan">volcanicas</a>. La <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Pression" title="Pression">pression</a> e la preséncia de <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> principaus que dictan la cristallizacion dei mineraus. Entre 800 e 1 500 °C, la fasa ortomagmatica de la cristallizacion mena a la formacion de mineraus a basa de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Magn%C3%A8si" title="Magnèsi">magnèsi</a> coma l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Olivina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olivina (la pagina existís pas)">olivina</a>, lei <a href="/wiki/Pirox%C3%A8n" class="mw-redirect" title="Piroxèn">piroxèns</a>, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plagioclasis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plagioclasis (la pagina existís pas)">plagioclasis</a> e leis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amfib%C3%B2l&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amfibòl (la pagina existís pas)">amfibòls</a>. Entre 600 e 800 °C, a luòc la fasa pegmatitia qu'es sovent associada a la formacion de <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granit</a>. Lo <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a> e lei <a href="/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat">feldspats</a> son lei mineraus principaus d'aquela partida dau refrejament magmatic. Puei, entre 374 e 600 °C, vèn la fasa pneumotolitica. Lo qüars contunia de se formar durant aquela fasa, mai se tròban pereu de mineraus coma la <a href="/wiki/Cassiterita" title="Cassiterita">cassiterita</a>. Enfin, a de temperaturas inferioras a 374 °C, comença la fasa idrotermala qu'es caracterizada per la formacion dei sulfurs metallics, de la <a href="/wiki/Baritina" title="Baritina">baritina</a> ò de la <a href="/wiki/Fluorina" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorina">fluorina</a>. </p><p>Aquelei mineraus son somés a l'<a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Sei compausants son alora susceptibles de participar a la formacion de mineraus sedimentaris. Au mens dos mecanismes permèton de lei formar. Dins lo premier cas, de compausats solubles dins l'aiga se concentran dins un volum d'aiga. L'evaporacion d'aquela aiga entraïna la precipitacion de <a href="/wiki/Sau_(quimia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sau (quimia)">saus</a> que pòdon intrar dins la composicion de mineraus. La <a href="/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita">calcita</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Gip" title="Gip">gip</a> ò la <a href="/wiki/Silvita" title="Silvita">silvita</a> son de mineraus d'aquela categoria. Lo segond mecanisme regarda lei compausats insolubles dins l'aiga. La destructuracion de la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca">ròca</a> onte se tròban inicialament pòu entraïnar son transpòrt vèrs de zònas de sedimentation. I forman alora de concentracions que son dichas « <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placer (la pagina existís pas)">placers</a> ». Aquò necessita un pes volumic important e una bòna resisténcia a l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrasion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrasion (la pagina existís pas)">abrasion</a>. Per aquela rason, lei placers concentran generalament de mineraus metallics ò de mineraus durs. </p><p>Enfin, lei mineraus pòdon subir de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metamorfisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metamorfisme (la pagina existís pas)">transformacions metamorficas</a>. Aquò se debana generalament a proximitat d'una intrusion de <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> ò dins de zònas de <a href="/wiki/Subduccion" title="Subduccion">subduccion</a>. Lei variacions de <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperatura</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Pression" title="Pression">pression</a> engendra alora de transformacions dins l'estructura dei mineraus. Una partida importanta dei mineraus actualament coneguts fan partida d'aqueu grop coma lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Granat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Granat (la pagina existís pas)">granats</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Muscovita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muscovita (la pagina existís pas)">muscovita</a> ò lo <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proprietats">Proprietats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Proprietats" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Proprietats"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/2023" class="mw-redirect" title="2023">2023</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Associacion_Internacionala_de_Mineralogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associacion Internacionala de Mineralogia (la pagina existís pas)">Associacion Internacionala de Mineralogia</a> aviá reconegut la descripcion de 5 955 mineraus<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La màger part pòrtan lo nom d'una persona, lo nom d'un luòc ò un nom liat a sa composicion quimica<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Son caracterizats per divèrsei proprietats. Lei pus visiblas son la forma <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristallina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs">duretat</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Densitat" title="Densitat">densitat</a>, lei proprietats <a href="/wiki/Optica" title="Optica">opticas</a> (esclat, indici de <a href="/wiki/Refraccion" title="Refraccion">refraccion</a>, etc.), la linha laissada sus un supòrt e la color. De proprietats fisicoquimicas simplas (<a href="/wiki/Ponch_de_fusion" title="Ponch de fusion">ponch de fusion</a> particular, <a href="/wiki/Fluoresc%C3%A9ncia" title="Fluorescéncia">fluorescéncia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reaccion_quimica" title="Reaccion quimica">reaccion</a> ò abséncia de reaccion en preséncia d'<a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acid_f%C3%B2rt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acid fòrt (la pagina existís pas)">fòrts</a>, etc.) e leis associacions amb d'autrei mineraus, aguent de condicions de formacion similaras, son tanben frequentament mencionadas dins lei descripcions per levar d'ambigüitats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'exfoliacion"><span id="L.27exfoliacion"></span>L'exfoliacion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : L'exfoliacion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'exfoliacion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Fluorita_green.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fluorita_green.jpeg/220px-Fluorita_green.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fluorita_green.jpeg/330px-Fluorita_green.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Fluorita_green.jpeg/440px-Fluorita_green.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Exfoliacion octaedric de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorita (la pagina existís pas)">fluorita</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Exfoliacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exfoliacion (la pagina existís pas)">exfoliacion</a> es la proprietat caracteristica d'un minerau de se rompre segon de plans e de direccions privilegiats. L'existéncia d'aquelei plans d'exfoliacion depend de la <a href="/wiki/Simetria" title="Simetria">simetria</a> e de l'estructura <a href="/wiki/Cristal" title="Cristal">cristallina</a> dau minerau. Existisson de tipes generics d'exfoliacion: </p> <ul><li>ges d'exfoliacion se, après èsser estat espeçat, lo minerau presenta solament de superficias irregularas e ordinàrias. Aquelei mineraus son rars.</li> <li>exfoliacion amb una direccion privilegiada (ò <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clivatge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clivatge (la pagina existís pas)">clivatge</a> basau), se lo minerau se romp per formar de pampalhetas ò de fuelhs parallèls.</li> <li>exfoliacion amb doas direccions privilegiadas (ò clivatge prismatic), se lo minerau s'espèça en rompent lei prismas dau cristau iniciau dins lo sens de la longor.</li> <li>exfoliacion amb tres direccions privilegiadas se lo minerau se romp per formar de cristaus compactes, sensa alongament marcat.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_color">La color</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : La color" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La color"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> es una caracteristica importanta dei mineraus per lor identificacion o seis aplicacions. D'efiech, certanei mineraus tènon divèrsei varietats amb de colors diferentas. Per exemple, es lo cas dau <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a> que sa varietat violeta es dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ametista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ametista (la pagina existís pas)">ametista</a> e sa varietat incolòra es dicha <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristau_de_r%C3%B2ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristau de ròca (la pagina existís pas)">cristau de ròca</a>. En revenge, de mineraus an de còps una color fòrça caracteristica coma la <a href="/wiki/Malaquita" title="Malaquita">malaquita</a> qu'es verd viu. </p><p>La color dei mineraus es causada per l'absorcion ò lo rebat deis ondas que compausan la <a href="/wiki/Lutz" title="Lutz">lutz</a>. Ansin, la color blanca es la consequéncia d'un rebat de totei lei radiacions fasent la lutz solara. La preséncia d'impuretats permet egalament d'explicar una color determinada. Per exemple, la preséncia d'oxids de <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme">cròme</a> dins l'estructura dau <a href="/wiki/Corindon" title="Corindon">corindon</a> es a l'origina de la color <a href="/wiki/Roge" title="Roge">roja</a> dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin (la pagina existís pas)">robin</a>. </p><p>En foncion de sa coloracion, lei mineraus son dichs : </p> <ul><li><b>Acromatics</b> per lei mineraus sensa color. I a pas d'absorcion de la lutz solara e lo minerau es vist transparent. Per exemple, es lo cas dau <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristau_de_r%C3%B2ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristau de ròca (la pagina existís pas)">cristau de ròca</a> e dei diamants transparents.</li> <li><b>Idiocromatics</b> per lei mineraus que tènon una color en causa de l'estructura dau minerau e non de la preséncia d'una impuretat. Per exemple, es lo cas de l'<a href="/wiki/Azurita" title="Azurita">azurita</a> o de la <a href="/wiki/Malaquita" title="Malaquita">malaquita</a>.</li> <li><b>Alocromatics</b> per lei mineraus que tènon divèrsei colors en foncion deis impuretats presentas dins lo cristau. Es lo cas, per exemple, dau <a href="/wiki/Corindon" title="Corindon">corindon</a> o de divèrsei varietats de <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a>.</li> <li><b>Pseudocromatics</b> per lei mineraus amb de colors que son la consequéncia de fenomèns optics coma la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Difraccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difraccion (la pagina existís pas)">difraccion</a>. Un exemple es la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labradorita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labradorita (la pagina existís pas)">labradorita</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Lagardette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo cristau de ròca, varietat acromatica dau qüars"><img alt="Lo cristau de ròca, varietat acromatica dau qüars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lagardette.jpg/104px-Lagardette.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lagardette.jpg/156px-Lagardette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lagardette.jpg/208px-Lagardette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1690" data-file-height="1945" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristau_de_r%C3%B2ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristau de ròca (la pagina existís pas)">cristau de ròca</a>, varietat acromatica dau <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L'ametista, una varietat alocromatica dau qüars"><img alt="L'ametista, una varietat alocromatica dau qüars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/98px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/147px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/195px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="3552" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ametista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ametista (la pagina existís pas)">ametista</a>, una varietat alocromatica dau <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Venachat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lo qüars fumat, una autra varietat alocromatica dau qüars"><img alt="Lo qüars fumat, una autra varietat alocromatica dau qüars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Venachat.jpg/88px-Venachat.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Venachat.jpg/131px-Venachat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Venachat.jpg/175px-Venachat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="2761" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%C3%BCars_fumat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qüars fumat (la pagina existís pas)">qüars fumat</a>, una autra varietat alocromatica dau <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Azurite_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L'azurita, un exemple de minerau idiocromatic"><img alt="L'azurita, un exemple de minerau idiocromatic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Azurite_2.jpg/120px-Azurite_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Azurite_2.jpg/180px-Azurite_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Azurite_2.jpg/240px-Azurite_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">L'<a href="/wiki/Azurita" title="Azurita">azurita</a>, un exemple de minerau idiocromatic</div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:LabradoriteAMD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="La labradorita, un exemple de minerau pseudocromatic"><img alt="La labradorita, un exemple de minerau pseudocromatic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LabradoriteAMD.jpg/120px-LabradoriteAMD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LabradoriteAMD.jpg/180px-LabradoriteAMD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/LabradoriteAMD.jpg/240px-LabradoriteAMD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1533" data-file-height="1384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labradorita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labradorita (la pagina existís pas)">labradorita</a>, un exemple de minerau pseudocromatic</div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_duretat">La duretat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : La duretat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La duretat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La duretat es la resisténcia d'un còrs fàcia a l'abrasion, la penetracion o la raiadura. L'<a href="/wiki/Escala_de_Mohs" title="Escala de Mohs">escala de Mohs</a> es lo metòde principau per determinar una duretat. Es un sistèma simple onte cada minerau raia lo precedent o es raiat per lo seguent. Lei mineraus de l'escala son <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table class="wikitable center"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Duretat</b> </td> <td><b>Nom</b> </td> <td><b>Fòto</b> </td> <td><b>Estructura quimica</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Talc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Talc.jpg/100px-Talc.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Talc.jpg/150px-Talc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Talc.jpg/200px-Talc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5744" data-file-height="3063" /></a></span> </td> <td>Mg<sub>3</sub>Si<sub>4</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gip" title="Gip">Gip</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gypse_Arignac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gypse_Arignac.jpg/100px-Gypse_Arignac.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gypse_Arignac.jpg/150px-Gypse_Arignac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gypse_Arignac.jpg/200px-Gypse_Arignac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3055" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span> </td> <td>CaSO<sub>4</sub>, 2H<sub>2</sub>O </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita">Calcita</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Calcitebruniquel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Calcitebruniquel.jpg/100px-Calcitebruniquel.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Calcitebruniquel.jpg/150px-Calcitebruniquel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Calcitebruniquel.jpg/200px-Calcitebruniquel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4429" data-file-height="2818" /></a></span> </td> <td>CaCO<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorina" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorina">Fluorina</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/7/7d/Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg/100px-Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/7/7d/Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg/150px-Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/oc/thumb/7/7d/Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg/200px-Fluorita_de_Josat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="368" /></a></span> </td> <td>CaF<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apatita" title="Apatita">Apatita</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Apatite_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/100px-Apatite_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/150px-Apatite_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Apatite_Canada.jpg/200px-Apatite_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4808" data-file-height="6112" /></a></span> </td> <td>Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>(HO<sup>-</sup>, Cl<sup>-</sup>, F<sup>-</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Feldspat" title="Feldspat">Feldspat</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:OrthoclaseBresil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OrthoclaseBresil.jpg/100px-OrthoclaseBresil.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OrthoclaseBresil.jpg/150px-OrthoclaseBresil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/OrthoclaseBresil.jpg/200px-OrthoclaseBresil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="3056" /></a></span> </td> <td>KAlSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>8</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">Qüars</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Quartz_oisan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Quartz_oisan.jpg/100px-Quartz_oisan.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Quartz_oisan.jpg/150px-Quartz_oisan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Quartz_oisan.jpg/200px-Quartz_oisan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="4031" /></a></span> </td> <td>SiO<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Topazi" title="Topazi">Topazi</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/100px-Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/150px-Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg/200px-Topaze_Br%C3%A9sil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4216" data-file-height="3734" /></a></span> </td> <td>Al<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>(HO<sup>-</sup>, F<sup>-</sup>)<sub>2</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corindon" title="Corindon">Corindon</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Corindon_azulEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Corindon_azulEZ.jpg/100px-Corindon_azulEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Corindon_azulEZ.jpg/150px-Corindon_azulEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Corindon_azulEZ.jpg/200px-Corindon_azulEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> </td> <td>Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">Diamant</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:DiamanteEZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/100px-DiamanteEZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/150px-DiamanteEZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/DiamanteEZ.jpg/200px-DiamanteEZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="458" /></a></span> </td> <td>C </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'esclat"><span id="L.27esclat"></span>L'esclat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : L'esclat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'esclat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'esclat indica la natura dau rebat de la lutz a la superficia dau minerau. Depend subretot de l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ind%C3%A8x_de_refraccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indèx de refraccion (la pagina existís pas)">indici de refraccion</a> dau minerau. I a tres tipes principaus d'esclat : </p> <ul><li><b>metallic</b> : es caracterizat per un indici de reflexion fòrça important, entre 0,4 e 0,6, e una absorcion de la <a href="/wiki/Lutz" title="Lutz">lutz</a> per lo minerau. Es lo cas deis elements natius coma l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> ò lei sulfurs. L'indici de refraccion es generalament superior a 3.</li> <li><b>submetallic</b> : es caracterizat per un indici de refraccion situat entre 2,6 e 3 e una reflexion pas totala de la lutz. Un exemple es la <a href="/wiki/Cuprita" title="Cuprita">cuprita</a>.</li> <li><b>non metallic</b> : es l'esclat dei mineraus transparents. Tèn divèrsei tipes segondaris : <ul><li><b>veirenc</b> : es l'esclat dau veire e dei mineraus amb un indici de refraccion entre 1,3 e 1,9. 70 % dei mineraus fan partida d'aqueu grop coma lei silicats, lei carbonats, lei <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfats</a>, leis alogenurs e certaneis oxids e idroxids.</li> <li><b>adamantin</b> : es caracteristic dei mineraus amb un indici de refraccion entre 1,9 e 2,6 e un indici de reflexion entre 0,1 e 0,2. Per exemple, es lo cas dau <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a>.</li> <li><b>nacrat</b> : es caracterizat per una estructura de fibras finas.</li> <li><b>perlejat</b> : es caracteristic dei mineraus dau tipe dau <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>.</li> <li><b>cierós</b> : lo minerau pareis cubèrt per un jaç de ciera.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Dins fòrça cas, un minerau pòu aver d'esclats diferents segon la <a href="/wiki/Qualitat" title="Qualitat">qualitat</a> de sa cristallizacion. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat metallic de la pirita"><img alt="Esclat metallic de la pirita" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg/120px-Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg/180px-Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg/240px-Pyrite_foolsgold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat metallic de la <a href="/wiki/Pirita" title="Pirita">pirita</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:4101M-cuprite1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat submetallic de la cuprita"><img alt="Esclat submetallic de la cuprita" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/4101M-cuprite1.jpg/118px-4101M-cuprite1.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/4101M-cuprite1.jpg/176px-4101M-cuprite1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/4101M-cuprite1.jpg/235px-4101M-cuprite1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2229" data-file-height="2276" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat submetallic de la <a href="/wiki/Cuprita" title="Cuprita">cuprita</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat veirenc dau qüars"><img alt="Esclat veirenc dau qüars" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg/120px-Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg/180px-Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg/240px-Quartz_Japan_Twin_Huaron_Peru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6100" data-file-height="5806" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat veirenc dau <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_(V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat adamantin dau diamant"><img alt="Esclat adamantin dau diamant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_%28V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la%29.jpg/120px-Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_%28V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_%28V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la%29.jpg/180px-Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_%28V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_%28V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la%29.jpg/240px-Diamant_verd%C3%A2tre_%28V%C3%A9n%C3%A9zu%C3%A9la%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat adamantin dau <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Talc-177586.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat nacrat dau talc"><img alt="Esclat nacrat dau talc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Talc-177586.jpg/103px-Talc-177586.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Talc-177586.jpg/154px-Talc-177586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Talc-177586.jpg/205px-Talc-177586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat nacrat dau <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Mica_3155.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat perlejat dau mica"><img alt="Esclat perlejat dau mica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mica_3155.jpg/120px-Mica_3155.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mica_3155.jpg/180px-Mica_3155.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mica_3155.jpg/240px-Mica_3155.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat perlejat dau <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a></div></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Zairite-520948.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Esclat cierós de la zairita"><img alt="Esclat cierós de la zairita" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zairite-520948.jpg/120px-Zairite-520948.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zairite-520948.jpg/180px-Zairite-520948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Zairite-520948.jpg/240px-Zairite-520948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><div class="center">Esclat cierós de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zairita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zairita (la pagina existís pas)">zairita</a></div></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_color_de_la_linha">La color de la linha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : La color de la linha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La color de la linha"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La color de la linha es obtenguda per fretament dau minerau a la superficia d'una porcelana non esmautada. Coma la linha es gaire sensibla ais impuretats, aquela tecnica permet d'aver d'entresenhas sus la color dau minerau, especialament dins lo cas de varietats diferentas per la color. Per exemple, lei varietats roja (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robin (la pagina existís pas)">robin</a>) e blava (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Safir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Safir (la pagina existís pas)">safir</a>) dau <a href="/wiki/Corindon" title="Corindon">corindon</a> an una linha blanca identica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_macla">La macla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : La macla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La macla"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La macla es l'associacion orientada d'unei cristaus identics liats per una operacion de simetria. La classificacion d'aquelei simetrias es relativament complèxa, mai pòu permetre l'identificacion de mineraus susceptibles de presentar de formas caracteristicas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_proprietats_opticas">Lei proprietats opticas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei proprietats opticas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei proprietats opticas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei rais <a href="/wiki/Lutz" title="Lutz">luminós</a> permèton d'observar mai d'una proprietat caracteristica de certaneis espècias mineralas. Au mens tres fenomèns son frequentament presentats dins lei descripcions : </p> <ul><li>la refraccion dobla s'obsèrva dins lei materiaus que son capables de devesir un rai luminós en dos rais distints. S'obsèrva aisament amb de cristaus de <a href="/wiki/Calcita" title="Calcita">calcita</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Gip" title="Gip">gip</a> de quauquei centimètres d'espessor.</li> <li>l'indici de refraccion es una proprietat caracteristica dau materiau transparent qu'intra en jòc dins lei fenomèns de refraccion. Existís d'aparelhs per o calcular d'un biais precís a partir dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A8is_de_Snell-Descartes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lèis de Snell-Descartes (la pagina existís pas)">lèis de Snell-Descartes</a>.</li> <li>lei fenomèns de luminescéncia comprènon l'ensemble deis emissions luminosas entraïnadas per una sollicitacion especiala dau minerau. Per exemple, de mineraus emeton una lutz après un fretament (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Triboluminesc%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triboluminescéncia (la pagina existís pas)">triboluminescéncia</a>), après un caufatge (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Termoluminesc%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termoluminescéncia (la pagina existís pas)">termoluminescéncia</a>), après un tractament quimic (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Quimiluminesc%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quimiluminescéncia (la pagina existís pas)">quimiluminescéncia</a>) ò après una exposicion a un raionament <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetisme" title="Electromagnetisme">electromagnetic</a>. Lo pus important d'aquelei fenomèns es probablament la <a href="/wiki/Fluoresc%C3%A9ncia" title="Fluorescéncia">fluorescéncia</a> que s'obsèrva après una exposicion a un raionament <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> car permet de caracterizar un certan nombre de mineraus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_magnetisme_e_la_radioactivitat">Lo magnetisme e la radioactivitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo magnetisme e la radioactivitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo magnetisme e la radioactivitat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetisme (la pagina existís pas)">magnetisme</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">radioactivitat</a> son de proprietats pus raras que pòdon s'observar per certanei mineraus. Leis espècias magneticas son generalament d'oxids de fèrre coma la <a href="/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita">magnetita</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Ematita" title="Ematita">ematita</a> que pòdon formar d'<a href="/wiki/Asimant" title="Asimant">asimants</a> naturaus. Lo <a href="/wiki/Camp_magnetic" title="Camp magnetic">camp magnetic</a> produch es feble, mai observable amb una <a href="/wiki/Boss%C3%B2la" title="Bossòla">bossòla</a> ò amb d'agulhas finas de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a>. Lei mineraus <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat">radioactius</a> son sovent d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxid_d%27urani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxid d'urani (la pagina existís pas)">oxids d'urani</a>. La radioactivitat engendrada varia segon la concentracion dei materiaus radioactius, mai es aisament detectabla amb un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comptaire_Geiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comptaire Geiger (la pagina existís pas)">comptaire Geiger</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classificacion_dei_mineraus">Classificacion dei mineraus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion dei mineraus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classificacion dei mineraus"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classificacion_per_origina">Classificacion per origina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion per origina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classificacion per origina"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei mineraus pòdon èsser classats en foncion de lor origina volcanica, plutonica, sedimentària ò metamorfica. Aqueu sistèma es practic per estudiar lei <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca">ròcas</a>, mai es limitat quand un nombre important de mineraus son presents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classicacion_de_Strunz">Classicacion de Strunz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Classicacion de Strunz" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classicacion de Strunz"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La classificacion de Strunz es basada sus la composicion quimica dei mineraus e permet lor classament entre dètz classas <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <ol><li>Lei elements natius fachs d'un element quimic unic coma lo <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Sofre" title="Sofre">sofre</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Argent_(metal)" title="Argent (metal)">argent</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a> o lo <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>.</li> <li>Lei sulfurs amb l'ion S<sup>2-</sup></li> <li>Leis oxids e leis idroxids amb leis ions O<sup>2-</sup> o HO<sup>-</sup>. Aquela classa tèn de mineraus coma lo <a href="/wiki/Corindon" title="Corindon">corindon</a>.</li> <li>Leis alogenurs coma lei clorurs e lei fluorurs.</li> <li>Lei nitrats e lei carbonats amb leis ions NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> o CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>.</li> <li>Lei borats amb l'ion BO<sub>3</sub><sup>3-</sup></li> <li>Lei sulfats (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>), lei cromats (Cr<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>), lei molibdenats (MO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>) e lei wolframats (WO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>).</li> <li>Lei <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfats</a> (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>), lei vanadats (VO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>), leis arsenats (AsO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>).</li> <li>Lei silicats (SiO<sub>x</sub>).</li> <li>Lei mineraus organics.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classificacion_de_Kostov">Classificacion de Kostov</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Classificacion de Kostov" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Classificacion de Kostov"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La classificacion de Kostov utiliza dotze classas egalament basada sus la composicion quimica dei mineraus : </p> <ol><li>Leis elements natius.</li> <li>Lei sulfurs e sulfosals</li> <li>Lei alogenurs.</li> <li>Leis oxids e idroxids</li> <li>Lei silicats</li> <li>Lei borats</li> <li>Lei <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfats</a>, arseniats e vanadats</li> <li>Lei wolframats</li> <li>Lei sulfats, seleniurs e tellururs</li> <li>Lei cromats</li> <li>Lei carbonats</li> <li>Lei nitrats e iodats.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilizacions">Utilizacions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Utilizacions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Utilizacions"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg/220px-Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg/330px-Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg/440px-Louis_XIV_Gold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Moneda francesa en <a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei mineraus tènon una gamma importanta d'aplicacions dirèctas o indirèctas dins la <a href="/wiki/Societat" title="Societat">societat</a> modèrna. Son ansin lo còr de l'industria miniera que s'ocupa de recercar e d'esplechar lei concentracions mineralas economicament interessentas. Après son extraccion, un minerau pòu èsser utilizat dins mai d'un domeni. D'exemples importants son : </p> <ul><li>la joielariá qu'utiliza certanei mineraus preciós ò semipreciós, dichs <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemma (la pagina existís pas)">gemmas</a>, per la fabricacion d'objèctes coma d'anèus o de braçalets. Lei varietats transparentas dau <a href="/wiki/Diamant" title="Diamant">diamant</a> son un exemple de minerau preciós mai de desenaus de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemma (la pagina existís pas)">gemmas</a> existisson<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> qu'utiliza lei <a href="/wiki/Nitrat" title="Nitrat">nitrats</a> e lei <a href="/wiki/Fosfat" title="Fosfat">fosfats</a> coma <a href="/wiki/Engrais" title="Engrais">engrais</a>.</li> <li>l'<a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">industria metallurgica</a> qu'utiliza lei mineraus metallics tenent un percentatge important d'atòms metallics per produrre de lingòts de <a href="/wiki/Metau" class="mw-redirect" title="Metau">metau</a> pur. Per exemple, es lo cas de la <a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a> que pòu permetre de produrre de <a href="/wiki/Plomb" title="Plomb">plomb</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>la construccion amb lo <a href="/wiki/Gip" title="Gip">gip</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">monedas</a>. Per exemple, es lo cas de l'<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>l'industria dau veire per de mineraus coma lo <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCars" title="Qüars">qüars</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astromineralogia">Astromineralogia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Astromineralogia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Astromineralogia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astromineralogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astromineralogia (la pagina existís pas)">Astromineralogia</a>.</div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomineralogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomineralogia (la pagina existís pas)">astronomineralogia</a> es l'estudi dei mineraus formats en defòra de la <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a>. S'interèssa donc ai <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorits</a> e ai descubèrtas realizadas durant lei missions d'exploracion dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_Solar" title="Sistèma Solar">Sistèma Solar</a>. Dins una mendra mesura, la disciplina estúdia tanben lei signes de mineraus identificats dins d'autrei sistèmas estellars, mai aquò es fòrça limitat per lei dificultats tecnicas de l'exercici. Aqueleis estudis permèton d'obtenir d'<a href="/wiki/Informacion" title="Informacion">informacions</a> sus l'istòria dau <a href="/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_Solar" title="Sistèma Solar">Sistèma Solar</a> e sus lo foncionament <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geologic</a> deis objèctes en <a href="/wiki/Orbita" title="Orbita">orbita</a> a l'entorn dau <a href="/wiki/Solelh" class="mw-redirect" title="Solelh">Soleu</a>. Permèton tanben de cercar de traças de <a href="/wiki/Vida_extraterr%C3%A8stra" title="Vida extraterrèstra">vida extraterrèstra</a> car la formacion de certanei mineraus pòu èsser lo resultat de procès <a href="/wiki/Biologia" title="Biologia">biologics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Liames intèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristau">Cristau</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemma (la pagina existís pas)">Gemma</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">Geologia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joielari%C3%A1" title="Joielariá">Joielariá</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgia" title="Metallurgia">Metallurgia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(ja%C3%A7)" title="Mina (jaç)">Mina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">Mineralogia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">Quimia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca">Ròca</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoria_de_l%27evolucion_minerala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoria de l'evolucion minerala (la pagina existís pas)">Teoria de l'evolucion minerala</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vena_(geologia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vena (geologia) (la pagina existís pas)">Vena</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. i Zussman, J.: <i>Orthosilicates</i>, volum 1 de: <i>Rock-forming minerals</i>. Longman, Londres, 2a edició, 1982.</li> <li>Florence Mégemont: <i>Dictionnaire des pierres et minéraux</i>, Edicions Exclusif, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/9782848910048" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-2-84891-004-8</a></li> <li>Kleber, W.: <i>Einführung in die Kristallographie</i>, Oldenbourg, 18<sup>a</sup> edicion. 1998, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/3486273191" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-486-27319-1</a></li> <li>Rösler, H. J.: <i>Lehrbuch der Mineralogie</i>, Deutscher Verlag für Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig, 1991 <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/3342002883" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-342-00288-3</a></li> <li>Edition Dörfler: <i>Mineralien Enzyklopädie</i>, Nebel Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/3895550760" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89555-076-0</a></li> <li>Stefan Weiß: <i>Das große Lapis Mineralienverzeichnis</i>. 4<sup>a</sup> edicion. Christian Weise Verlag, Munic 2002, <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/3921656176" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-921656-17-6</a></li> <li>Landmann, Dr. Andreas: <i>Edelsteine und Mineralien</i>, Verlag EDITION XXL, edicion de 2004. <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/389736705X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89736-705-X</a></li> <li>Schumann, Prof. Dr. Walter: <i>Edelsteine und Schmucksteine</i>, BLV Verlags GmbH (11<sup>a</sup> edicion, 1999), <a href="/wiki/Especial:Obratge_de_refer%C3%A9ncia/3405158087" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-405-15808-7</a></li> <li>Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minerau&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lo Congrès Permanent de la Lenga Occitana, <i>Dicod'Òc</i>, cèrca « minéral », consultat lo 12 de decembre de 2023, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://dicodoc.eu/fr/dictionnaires?option=com_dicodoc&view=search&Itemid=683&type=fr-oc&dic%5B%5D=BASIC&dic%5B%5D=RBVD&dic%5B%5D=ALPC&dic%5B%5D=ATAU&dic%5B%5D=PROV&dic%5B%5D=PNST&dic%5B%5D=OMLH&dic%5B%5D=LAUS&dic%5B%5D=LAGA&dic%5B%5D=LEMO&q=min%C3%A9ral&q2=&submit=Rechercher">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4_2-0">2,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dyar_Gunter_2007_pp._2-4_2-1">2,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Melinda Darby Dyar e Mickey E. Gunter, <i>Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America</i>, Mineralogical Society of America, 2007, pp. 2-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">D'efiech, lo <a href="/wiki/Mercuri_natiu" title="Mercuri natiu">mercuri natiu</a> èra considerat coma un minerau avans l'adopcion d'aquelei règlas per l'AIM.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Bertrand Lafont, Aline Tenu, Philippe Clancier e Francis Joannès, <i>Mésopotamie : De Gilgamesh à Artaban (3300-120 av. J.-C.)</i>, París, Belin, coll. « Mondes anciens », 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> N. Cahill e J. Kroll, « New Archaic Coin Finds at Sardis », <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, vol. 109, n° 4,‎ octòbre de 2005, p. 613.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staples_1983_pp._247-249-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Staples_1983_pp._247-249_6-0">6,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Staples_1983_pp._247-249_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> L. W. Staples, « Mineral classification: History », dins <i>Encyclopedia of Mineralogy. Encyclopedia of Mineralogy</i>, Boston, Springer, 1983, pp. 247-249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> H. Wilk, « Systematic Classification of Minerals », dins H. Wilk, <i>The Magic of Minerals</i>, Berlin, Springer, 1986, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> M. D. Dyar e M. E. Gunter, <i>Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy</i>, Chantilly, Mineralogical Society of America, 2008, pp. 558-559.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason e Abraham Rosenzweig, <i>Dana's New Mineralogy</i>, 8<sup>a</sup> edicion, John Wiley & Sons, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Stuart J. Mills, Frédéric Hatert, Ernest H. Nickel e Giovanni Ferraris, « The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals », <i>Eur. J. Mineral</i>, vol. 21, n° 5, 2009, pp. 1073-1080.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Robert Miller Hazen, Dominic Papineau, Wouter Bleeker, Robert T. Downs, John M. Ferry, Timothy J. McCoy, Dimitri A. Sverjensky e Hexiong Yang, « Mineral evolution », <i>American Mineralogist</i>, vol. 93, n° 11–12,‎ novembre de 2008, pp. 1693–1720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> Marco Pasero et al., « The New IMA List of Minerals – A Work in Progress »,, <i>The New IMA List of Minerals</i>, IMA – CNMNC (Commission on New Minerals Nomenclature and Classification), consultada lo 20 de julhet de 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">En <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>, lo nombre de mineraus descrichs èra de 4 100 (<i>A table of systematic mineralogy IV: numbers of minerals</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610115001/http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/Fundamentals/SystematicMinTable10-IVLS.pdf">[2]</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> M. D. Dyar e M. E. Gunter, <i>Mineralogy and Optical Mineralogy</i>, Chantilly, Mineralogical Society of America, pp. 20-22 e 556.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, p.14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, pp. 17-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nicola Cipriani, <i>Minéraux et Roches</i>, Edicions Gründ, 1996, p. 74.</span> </li> </ol> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minerau&oldid=2413727">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minerau&oldid=2413727</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals (la pagina existís pas)">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categoria amagada : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Paginas_utilizant_de_ligams_magics_ISBN" title="Categoria:Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN">Paginas utilizant de ligams magics ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 24 decembre de 2023 a 13.49.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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